Wbl6 Ism Ch07

CHAPTER 7 CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION
1. 2. 3. (c). (c). This is by definition. 2 rad = 360, so 1 rad = 57.3 .
4.
No , points at different radius travel different distances. Yes , all points travel the same angular distance (angle).
2.0 = 53 . 15 .
5.
r=
(1.5 m)2 + (2.0 m)2 = 2.5 m ,
= tan1
6.
x = r cos = (5.3 m) cos 32 = 4.5 m . y = r sin = (5.3 m) sin 32 = 2.8 m .
7.
s = r = (1.5 10 m)(0.535)
11
rad
180
= 1.4 10 m .
9
8 .
(a) (15) (c) (90)
rad
180
= 0.26 rad . = 1.6 rad .
(b) (45) (d) (120)
rad
180
= 0.79 rad . = 2.1 rad .
rad
180
rad
180
9.
(a) (/6 rad) (c) (3/4 rad)
180 = 30 . rad 180 = 135 . rad
(b) (5/12 rad) (d) ( rad)
180 = 75 . rad
180 = 180 . rad
10.
s = r,
r=
5.0 m = 1.4 102 m . 2.0( rad/180)
11.
s 1.00 103 m = 4.00 rad . (a) = r = 0.250 103 m

(b) (4.00 rad)
rad
180
= 229 .
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110
Chapter 7
Circular Motion and Gravitation
12 .
In 30 min, the hour hand travels /12 rad, the minute hand rad, and the second hand 30(2) = 60 rad. Hour hand: Minute hand: Second hand:
s = r = (0.25 m)(/12 rad) = 0.065 m . s = (0.30 m)( rad) = 0.94 m . s = (0.35 m)(60 rad) = 66 m .
13.
= r =
(3.00 mi)(1600 m/mi) = 10.7 rad . 0.450 103 m
14.
The circumference is c = d = (12 in.)(00254 m/1 in.) = 0.958 m. So the arc length for each piece is s = 0958 m = 0.19 m arc length . 5 360 = 72 . 5
Or the angular width of each piece is =
15.
(a) 151 22 = 129 . (b) s = r = (6.4 103 km)(129)
rad
180
= 1.4 104 km .
16 .
(a) The radius of the wheel is (1) more than 25.0 cm , because when the angle is 1 rad = 57.3, arc length and radius are equal. At an angle less than 57.3, radius is more than arc length.
s (b) = r ,
r=
25.0 cm = 40.9 cm . (35) ( rad)/(180)
17.
2 rad s = r = (0.600 m)(7.50 rev) 1 rev = 28.3 m .
18.
(a) When s = r, = s/r = 1 rad = 57.3. This cannot be divided into an integer by 360. So no . (b) 2 = 6.28 rad. So we can cut 6 such pieces and one 0.28-rad piece .
19.
(a) The number of turns of wire that can be wound on the spool (across the height) is 24 cm 2 0.50 cm = 48 turns. So = (2 rad/turn)(48 turns) = 301 rad = 3.0 10 rad . (b) The radius at the center of the wire is R = 0.30 m + 0.0050 m/2 = 0.3025 m.
s = R = (0.3025 m)(301 rad) = 91 m .
111
Chapter 7
20.
(a) The length of one wrap is equal to the circumference of the axle, c = d = (1.00 cm) = 3.14 cm. 90.0 cm 2 rad 90.0 cm of wire can then wrap = 3.14 cm = 28.66 rev = (28.66 rev) 1 rev = 180 rad . (b) s = r = (5.00 cm)(180 rad) = 900 cm = 9.00 m .
21. 22. 23. 24 .
(b). (d). (d). Yes , they all sweep through the same angle. No , they do not have the same tangential speed, because the distances to the center of the wheel are different.
25.
Viewing from opposite sides would give different circular senses , i.e., make clockwise counterclockwise and vice versa.
26.
Your tangential speed decreases , because v = r. With a decreasing r and constant , v decreases. 1 min 2 rad = 21 rad/s . 1 rev 60 s 1 min 2 rad = 47 rad/s 60 s 1 rev
27.
200 rpm = (200 rev/min) 450 rpm = (500 rev/min)
28 .
2.5(2 rad) = (3.0 min)(60 s/min) = 0.087 rad/s . t , t 2 rad = 1.8 s . 3.5 rad/s 1 1 5 3 T = f = 12 500 rev/min = 8.000 10 min = 4.80 10 s .
29.
t =
30.
(a) f = 12 500 rev/min,
so
1 4 3 (b) T = 9 500 rev/min = 1.053 10 min = 6.32 10 s . (160)( rad/180) = = 1.40 rad/s, 2.00 s t 4 rad B = 8.00 s = 1.57 rad/s.
31.
A =
So particle B has greater angular speed.
112
Chapter 7
32 .
= =
3.0 m/s v = = 15 rad/s. 0.20 m r , t
t =
2 rad = 0.42 s . 15 rad/s
33.
(a) =
(24 rev)(2 rad/rev) = (3.0 min)(60 s/min) = 0.84 rad/s . t
(b) v = r. v4.0 m = (4.0 m)(0.838 rad/s) = 3.4 m/s and v5.0 m = (5.0 m)(0.838 rad/s) = 4.2 m/s . (35) ( rad)/(180) = = 0.509 rad/s . 1.20 s t
34.
(a) =
v = r = (40.9 cm)(0.509 rad) = 20.8 cm/s .
(b) is still 0.509 rad/s .
v = (1.50 cm)(0.509 rad) = 0.764 cm/s .
(c) The direction is towards observer .
35 .
(a) The rotating angular speed is greater, because the time is less (angular displacement is the same). (b) The Earth rotates once a day. = 2 rad 5 = (24)(3600 s) = 7.27 10 rad/s . t
2 rad 7 The Earth revolves the Sun once a year. = (365)(24)(3600 s) = 1.99 10 rad/s . x 2.55 m = 2.30 s = 1.11 m/s. t
36.
v =
v = r ,
= r =
1.109 m/s 1.75 m = 0.634 rad/s .
As calculated, the tangential speed is 1.11 m/s .
37.
(a) v = r,
= r = (120 m)/2 = 0.25 rad/s.
15 m/s
= t = (0.25 rad/s)(4.00 min)(60 s/min) = 60 rad .

(b) s = r = 120 m (60 rad) = 3.6 103 m . 2
38.
First find the time from kinematics (Chapter 2).
v = vo + at ,
t=
v vo 0 15.0 m/s a = 1.50 m/s2 = 10.0 s.
(1.75 rev) (2 rad)/(1 rev) = = 1.10 rad/s, down . 10.0 s t
39.
(d).
113
Chapter 7
40. 41. 42 .
(b). (d). There is insufficient centripetal force (provided by friction and adhesive forces) on the water drops, so the water drops fly out along a tangent, and the clothes get dry.
43.
The floats of the little mass will move in direction of acceleration inward . It works the same way as the accelerometer in Fig. 4.24. No , it does not make a difference since the centripetal acceleration is always inward.
feeling thrown outward
44.
The inertia of your body has a tendency to keep moving forward along a straight line (Newtons first law), and the car makes a turn by the centripetal force between the tires and the road. So we feel as if we were being thrown outward.
Straight line motion (Newtons first law)
45.
Centripetal force is required for a car to maintain its circular path. When a car is on a banked turn, the horizontal component of the normal force on the car is pointing toward the center of the circular path. This component will enable the car to negotiate the turn even when there is no friction.
46 .
120 km/h = 33.33 m/s.
v2 (33.33 m/s)2 ac = r = = 1.11 m/s2 . (1.00 103 m)
47.
v2 ac = r ,
v=
ac r =
(1.2 m/s2)(1.5 m) = 1.3 m/s .
48.
ac = r ,
2
ac = r
9.80 m/s2 = 0.053 rad/s or about 730 rev/day . (35000 m)

2
49.
2 rad 3 2 ac = r2 = (3.80 108 m) = 2.69 10 m/s . (27.3 day)(86400 s d ay)

T
50 .
(a) No , it cannot be exactly horizontal. There must be something upward (a
component of the tension) to balance the downward gravitational force.
Fc mg
d 2 r 2 (1.50 m) = 7.85 m/s . (b) v = t t = 1.20 s v2 (0.250 kg)(7.85 m/s)2 = 10.3 N . (c) Fc = mac = m r = 1.50 m
1
51.
= sin = sin T
mg
(0.250 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 11.3 . 12.5 N
114
Chapter 7
52.
The answer is No . 83.0 km/h = 23.06 m/s,
v2 (23.06 m/s)2 ac = r = = 1.33 m/s2 > 1.25 m/s2 . 0.400 103 m
53.
(a) The weight is supplying the centripetal force to maintain itself in the circular motion. Or it falls along a circle now.
v2 (b) mg = Fc = m r ,
v = gr =
(9.80 m/s2)(1.0 m) = 3.1 m/s .
54.
The tangential speed is v =
2(2.20 m) = 3.070 m/s. 4.50 s
(3.070 m/s)2 v2 = 4.28 m/s2, exceeds maximum . The required centripetal acceleration is ac = r = 2.20 m He needs to reduce the centripetal acceleration. He can reduce speed and/or increase time . 56.0 cm = 28.0 cm = 0.280 m. In one period, each mass travels a tangential distance that is equal to 2 2(0.280 m) = 2.345 m/s. 0.750 s
55.
The radius is
the circumference of a circle of radius 0.280 m. The tangential speed is then v =
v2 (2.345 m/s)2 Fc = m r = (1.50 kg) 0.280 m = 29.5 N < 100 N. The string will work .
56 .
(a) The normal force is greater at the bottom , because at that position, the normal force has
mg
N O
to provide the upward centripetal force, in addition to supporting the weight of the pilot. (b) 700 km/h = 194 m/s. At the bottom, the centripetal force is provided by the difference
N mg.
So
v2 Fc = N mg = m r ,
v2 (194 m/s)2 2 N = mg + m r = mg + m = mg + m(18.8 m/s ) = mg + 1.9mg = 2.9mg . 2.0 103 m

(b) At the top, the centripetal force is provided by N + mg.
mg
v2 (194 m/s)2 2 N = m r mg = m mg = m(18.8 m/s ) mg = 1.93mg mg = 0.93mg . 2.0 103 m
57.
(a) A normal force by the loop must act on the block to provide extra centripetal force. Minimum speed corresponds to a minimum normal force of zero so the only force on the block is gravity, which is the sole source of centripetal force. So
v2 Fc = mg = m r ,
v=
rg .
so
(b) From energy conservation:
mgh + 1 m(0)2 = + mg(2r) + 1 mv2, 2 2
rg h = 2r + 1 = (5/2)r . 2 g
115
Chapter 7
58.
To clear the gully, the truck must travel a minimum horizontal distance of 10.0 m + 4.25 m = 14.25 m. First use kinematics to calculate the velocity of the truck, which is a horizontal projectile. The time of flight is t = So 2y g = 2(2.96 m) 1 2 9.80 m/s2 = 0.777 s (from y = vot 2 gt ).
14.25 m vx = 0.777 s = 18.3 m/s.
Therefore
v2 (18.3 m/s)2 ac = r = 333 m = 1.01 m/s2 .
59.
(a) Choose the bottom position as the reference for height. From mechanical energy conservation,
1 2
m (0)2 + mgL =
1 2
mv2 + mg(0),
Tmax
vmax = 2gL .
v2 (b) From the free-body diagram at the bottom, Fc = T mg = m r .

When v is maximum at the bottom, T is also maximum. The radius is equal to the length of the string, L. So Tmax = m (g +
vmax2 2gL r ) = m (g + L ) = m ( g + 2g) = 3mg.
mg
60.
(d).
61.
(d).
62.
(a).
63.
Yes , a car in circular motion always has centripetal acceleration. Yes , it also has angular acceleration as its speed is increasing.
64 .
No , this is not possible. As long as the car is traveling around the circular track, it always has centripetal acceleration.
65.
The answer is no . When the tangential acceleration increases, the tangential speed increases, resulting in an increase in centripetal acceleration.
66.
700 rpm = 73.3 rad/s,
3000 rpm = 314 rad/s.
314 rad/s 73.3 rad/s 2 = = 80 rad/s . 3.0 s t Find:
67.
Given:
o = 0,
= 2.5 rpm = 0.262 rad/s,
= 5.0 rev = 10 rad.
2 = 2 + 2 , o
2 2 (0.262 rad/s)2 0 o = = 1.1 103 rad/s2 . 2(10 rad) 2
116
Chapter 7
68.
ac = g = r2 ,
) )
=
t=
g r =
9.80 m/s2 125 m = 0.280 rad/s.
= o + t ,
o 0.280 rad/s 0 3 = 0.00010 rad/s2 = 2.8 10 s .
69 .
(a) The answer is (3) both angular and centripetal accelerations . There is always centripetal acceleration for any car in circular motion. When the car increases its speed on a circular track, there is also angular acceleration. (b) Given:
o = 0,
= 4.5 103 rad/s2,
= 1 rev = 2 rad.
2
Find:
t.
= o t + 1 t2 = 0 + 1 t 2, 2 2
(c) After half a lap, so = 0.168 rad/s.
t=
2(2 rad) = 53 s . 4.5 103 rad/s2
2 = 2 + 2 = 0 + 2(4.5 103 rad/s2)( rad) = 0.0283 rad2/s2, o
The centripetal acceleration is ac = r2 = (0.30 103 m)(0.168 rad/s)2 = 8.5 m/s2, the tangential acceleration is at = r = (0.30 103 m)(4.5 103 rad/s2) = 1.4 m/s2. G r + (1.4 m/s2) ^ t . So the total acceleration is a = (8.5 m/s2) ^ The radial component is negative, because it is opposite to the radial direction.
70.
(a) Given:
o = 250 rpm = 26.18 rad/s,

=
= 350 rpm = 36.65 rad/s,
t = 5.75 s.
Find:
o
t
2
36.65 rad/s 26.18 rad/s = 1.82 rad/s2 . 5.75 s
(b) =
+ o
t=
26.18 rad/s + 36.65 rad/s (5.75 s) = 181 rad = 28.7 rev . 2
71.
ac = 10g = r2 ,
) )
= =
10g r =
10(9.80 m/s2) = 16.73 rad/s. 0.350 m
= o + t ,
o
t
16.73 rad/s 0 = 6.69 rad/s2 . 2.50 s
72 .
(a) In the tangential direction, F = mg sin = mat. So at = g sin = (9.80 m/s2) sin 15 = 2.5 m/s2 .
v2 (2.7 m/s)2 ac = r = 0.75 m = 9.7 m/s2 .

(b) At the lowest point of the swing, since v is maximum there.
mg sin
mg cos
mg
at = 0 since = 0 so sin = 0.
117
Chapter 7
73.
(a) From Exercise 72(a), at = g sin = (9.80 m/s2) sin 30 = 4.90 m/s2.
at = r ,
= rt = 2.00 m = 2.45 rad/s2 .
4.90 m/s2
(b) At the 30 position, the bob has fallen a vertical distance of h = L cos = (2.00 m) cos 30 = 1.732 m. The tangential speed at that position can be calculated using energy conservation.
1 2
m v2 + mg(0) =
1 2
m (0)2 + mgh,
v=
2gh =
2(9.80 m/s2)(1.732 m) = 5.826 m/s.
(5.826 m/s)2 v2 ac = r = = 16.97 m/s2 = 17.0 m/s2 . 2.00 m (c) Refer to the free-body diagram in Exercise 7-72. In the radial direction, F = T mg cos = mac.
T = mac + mg cos = (1.50 kg)[16.97 m/s2 + (9.80 m/s2) cos 30] = 38.2 N .
74. 75. (c). (d).
76.
GME 1 1 (d), because ag = (R + h)2 . When h = RE, ag becomes 22 = 4 as large. E
77.
No , these terms are not correct. Gravity acts on the astronauts and the spacecraft, providing the necessary centripetal force for the orbit, so g is not zero, and there is weight by definition (w = mg). The floating occurs because the spacecraft and astronauts are falling (accelerating toward Earth at the same rate).
78.
When the cup is held, water runs out the holes. However if the cup is released, water will not run out since both the cup and the water are in free fall.
79.
Yes , if you also know the radius of the Earth. The acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the Earth can be written as ag =
GME . RE2 agRE2 . G
By simply measuring ag, you can determine ME =
80 .
GMM (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(7.4 1022 kg) gM = R 2 = = 1.6 m/s2 . (1.75 106 m)2 M GMEMM (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg)(7.4 1022 kg) = = 2.0 1020 N . 2 rE-M (3.8 108 m)2
81.
F=
118
Chapter 7
82.
When the Earths gravitational force equals the lunar gravitational force,
FE =
GMEm GMMm x2 = FM = (3.8 108 m x)2 .
Earth
3.8 108 m x
Taking the square root on both sides gives

Moon
ME MM = , or x 3.8 108 m x
7.4 1022 kg x = Solving, 5.98 1024 kg (3.8 108 m x).
x = 3.4 108 m from Earth .
No , there are still other gravitational forces from the other planets and the Sun.
83.
Gm2 (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(2.5 kg)2 F1 = F3 = d 2 = = 4.17 1010 N, (1.0 m)2

The diagonal distance is so (1.0 m)2 + (1.0 m)2 =
2 2 2
2 m,
F1 F2 d
F3 =
(6.67 10
11
Nm /kg )(2.5 kg) = 2.08 1010 N. ( 2 m)2
m d
F3 m
From symmetry the net force is
F=
(4.17 1010 N)2 + (4.17 1010 m)2 + 2.08 1010 N
= 8.0 1010 N toward opposite corner .
84 .
GME (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg) ag = (R + h)2 = = 9.77 m/s2 . (6.38 106 m + 8.80 103 m)2 E
The 10% weight reduction is caused by a 10% reduction in gravitational acceleration.
85.
GME ag = (R + h)2 . E h= GME RE = ag

(6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg) 6.38 106 m = 3.4 105 m . 0.90(9.80 m/s2)
86.
(a) F =
1 Gm1m2 2 , r2 r
F2 r12 = 2 . F1 r2
When r2 = r1/2, F2 = 4F1. So the answer is (2) increases by a factor of 4 . (b) 12 1 F2 r12 = 2 = 2 = , 9 3 F1 r2 so
F2 =
0.90 N F1 = = 0.10 N . 9 9
87.
Fc Fg GMM (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(7.4 1022 kg) ac = m = m = gM = r2 = = 1.5 m/s2 . [1.75 106 m + (50 mi)(1609 m/mi) ]2
119
Chapter 7
88.
(a) Ug = (b) K =
1 2
GmM (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(5000 kg)(7.4 1022 kg) 10 10 = = 1.35 10 J = 1.3 10 J . r 1.75 106 m + (50 mi)(1609 m/mi)
|Ug| = 1.35 10 J 9 = 6.75 10 J. 2
3 9 10 9 9
E = K + Ug = 6.75 10 J 1.35 10 J = 6.75 10 J = 6.8 10 J .

(c) When the section escapes, it has zero total energy. So the energy needed is 0 (6.8 10 J) = 6.8 10 J .
9 9
89.
(a) Utot =
Gm1m2 Gm1m3 Gm2m3 r12 r13 r23

kg) [(1.0 0.80 m
2
= (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)
(1.0 kg)2 (1.0 kg)2 + 0.80 m + 0.80 m
]= 2.5 10
10
J .
(b) From symmetry, the force at the center is zero. So the force per unit mass is also 0 .
90.
(a) Since the escape speed depends on gravitational potential energy, Jupiter should be as far as way as possible. So the answer is (2) Earth should be as far as possible from Jupiter . The Earth should be directly opposite Jupiter when the launch occurs. (b) rEJ = rES + rJS = 1.5 10 m + 7.8 10 m = 9.3 10 m.
11 11 11
Up = UpE + UpJ + UpS =
GmmE GmmJ GmmS rE rEJ rES = Gm

24 6
[m r
27 11 15
mJ mS + r + r EJ ES
]
30 11
= m(6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)
10 kg 1.9 10 kg 2.0 10 kg [6.0 + + ] 6.4 10 m 9.3 10 m 1.5 10 m

17 19
= m(6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(9.4 10 kg/m + 2.0 10 kg/m + 1.3 10 kg/m) = m(6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(1.39 10 kg/m)
19
At the escape speed, E = K + U = So

1 2
1 2
m v2 + Up = 0.
19
mv2 = m(6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(1.39 10 kg/m),

2(6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(1.39 10 kg/m) = 4.3 10 m/s .
19 4
Thus, v =
From the potential energy calculation, the Sun clearly determines most of the escape speed.
91.
(c).
92.
(c), according to Keplers second law.
120
Chapter 7
93.
(d).
94.
(a) Zero , because the direction of the force and the displacement (velocity) are perpendicular, and work is equal to
W = Fd cos = 0 because cos 90 = 0.

(b) No . When the person comes down, it is still a free fall.
95.
(a) Rockets are launched eastward to get more velocity relative to space, because the Earth rotates toward the east. (b) The tangential speed of the Earth is higher in Florida , because Florida is closer to the equator than California, hence a greater distance from the axis of rotation. Also, the launch is over the ocean for safety.
96 .
(a) No , you cannot speed up in the same orbit with one rocket burst. Speed is dependent on orbital radius. Once you speed up, you will be at a different orbit of a different radius. (b) You have to decrease the orbital radius to increase speed and then increase the orbital radius to catch the equipment.
97.
(a) From energy conservation:

1 2
K + U = constant,
1 2
m v2
G MEm 1 GMEm = 2 m(0)2 (R + h)2 2 RE E
v2 =
(6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(6.0 1024 kg) (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(6.0 1024 kg) 6 6.4 10 m 6.4 106 m + 800 103 m
6
= 6.965 10 m2/s2, (b) The percentage is
therefore
v = 3.7 103 m/s .
3.7 103 m/s = 34% . 11 103 m/s
98.
The Kepler constant for orbiting Mars is 42 42 13 KM = Gm = = 9.24 10 s2/m3. 23 11 (6.67 10 Nm2/kg2)(6.4 10 kg) M
T = 1 day = 24(3600 s) = 86 400 s (synchronous satellite).

From
T 2 = Kr3 ,
r=
3 T2 KM =
(86400 s)2 7 = 2.0 10 m . 13 9.24 10 s2/m3
99.
T = 5.0 y = (5.0)(365)(24)(3600 s) = 1.58 108 s.

3
From
T 2 = Kr 3,
we have r =
T2 K =
(1.58 108 s)2 = 4.4 1011 m . 3.0 1019 s2/m3
121
Chapter 7
100 .
4 2 For the Earth orbiting the Sun, K = GM . S Replace the mass of the Sun with the mass of the Earth for satellites orbiting the Earth. 42 42 K = GM = = 9.90 1014 s2/m. 11 2 (6.67 10 Nm /kg2)(5.98 1024 kg) E
T = 1 day = 24(3600 s) = 86 400 s (synchronous satellite).

3
Since T 2 = Kr 3 = K(RE + h)3,
h=
T2 RE = K
(86 400 s)2 6.38 106 m = 3.6 107 m . 9.90 1014 s2/m
101.
4 2 For the Earth orbiting the Sun, K = GM . S Replace the mass of the sun with the mass of Venus for satellites orbiting Venus. 4 2 42 K = GM = = 1.21 1013 s2/m3. 11 2 2 (6.67 10 Nm /kg )[(0.8150)(5.98 1024 kg)] V
T = 1 day = 243(24)(3600 s) = 2.10 107 s (synchronous satellite).

From
3
T 2 = Kr 3 = K(RV + h)3, we have T2 RV = K

3
h=
(2.10 107 s)2 6.05 106 m = 1.53 109 m . 1.21 1013 s2/m3
102.
T = 48 h = (48 h)(3600 s/h) = 1.728 10 s.

5
r = 550 km + 1500 km = 2050 km = 2.05 10 m.

6
4 2 3 From Keplers third law, T 2 = r , GM 42 r3 42 (2.05 10 m)3 20 M = GT2 = = 1.7 10 kg . 5 (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(1.728 10 s)2
6
103.
(a) First calculate the speed of the car at the bottom using energy conservation.
1 2
m (0)2 + mgh =
1 2
m v2 + mg(0), so v =
2gh =
2(9.80 m/s2)(25.0 m) = 22.14 m/s.

fbraking mg
4
v2 (22.14 m/s)2 ac = r = = 8.91 m/s2, toward center . 55.0 m (b) Fc = N mg = mac , T = mac + mg = m(ac + g) = (750 kg)(8.91 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) = 1.40 10 N, toward car . (c) The only tangential force on the car is the braking force. fbraking = mat , at = fbraking (1700 N) = 750 kg = 2.27 m/s2 = 2.27 m/s2, opposite velocity . m ac2 + at2 = (8.91 m/s2)2 + (2.27 m/s2)2 = 9.19 m/s2 .
ac
at
(d) a =
8.91 = tan 1 = 75.7 from horizontal . 2.27
122
Chapter 7
104 .
The maximum static friction force is fs = s N = s mg = (0.600)(60.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 352.8 N. v2 (25.0 m/s)2 The centripetal force required is Fc = m r = (60.0 kg) 75.0 m = 500 N. The friction force is not enough to provide the centripetal force, so she cannot maintain the circular motion. Therefore, she will slide . (b) The normal force needed is the difference between the centripetal force and the friction force. N = 500 N 352.8 N = 147 N .
105.
(a) The friction force provides centripetal force. The maximum angular velocity can be calculated using the maximum static frictional force. Fc = fs = s N = s mg = m r 2 ,
) =
s g
r
(0.15)(9.80 m/s2) = 7.67 rad/s. 0.0250 m
= o + t ,
t=
o 7.67 rad/s 0 = 0.250 rad/s2 = 30.7 s = 31 s .

1 2
2 (b) = o t + 1 2 t = 0 +
(0.250 rad/s2)(30.7 s)2 = 118 rad = 19 rev .
106.
At 45, the height above the bottom of the arc is h = L (1 cos ) = (1.50 m)(1 cos 45) = 0.4393 m. (a) The speed at the bottom of the arc can be calculated using energy conservation.
1 2
m vo2 + mgh =
1 2
1 2
m v2 + mg(0) ,
1 2
so
(1.50 m/s)2 + (9.80 m/s2)(0.4393 m) = v = 3.295 m/s.
v2 + 0.
Solving,
v2 (3.295 m/s)2 = 7.24 m/s2 . ac = r = 1.50 m

mg
(b) Fc = T mg = mac , so T = mac + mg = m(ac + g) = (0.500 kg)(7.238 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) = 8.52 N .
107.
GM2 The gravitational force between the stars is Fg = D2 . Gravitational force provides centripetal force. So GM2 M v2 Fg = D2 = Fc = D/2 , 2v2 D D G , where v = T .
8
M=
T = 10 y = (10.0 y)(365.24 d/y)(24 h/d)(3600 s/h) = 3.156 10 s. Therefore M= 2( D/T)2 D 22D3 22 (1.0 10 m)3 30 = = 2.97 10 kg . 8 2 = G GT (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(3.285 10 s)2
12
123

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CHAPTER 7 CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION

1. 2. 3. (c). (c). This is by definition. 2 rad = 360, so 1 rad = 57.3 .

(1.5 m)2 + (2.0 m)2 = 2.5 m ,

x = r cos = (5.3 m) cos 32 = 4.5 m . y = r sin = (5.3 m) sin 32 = 2.8 m .

(a) (15) (c) (90)

= 0.26 rad . = 1.6 rad .

(b) (45) (d) (120)

= 0.79 rad . = 2.1 rad .

(a) (/6 rad) (c) (3/4 rad)

180 = 30 . rad 180 = 135 . rad

(b) (5/12 rad) (d) ( rad)

180 = 180 . rad

5.0 m = 1.4 102 m . 2.0( rad/180)

s 1.00 103 m = 4.00 rad . (a) = r = 0.250 103 m

Circular Motion and Gravitation

(3.00 mi)(1600 m/mi) = 10.7 rad . 0.450 103 m

Or the angular width of each piece is =

(a) 151 22 = 129 . (b) s = r = (6.4 103 km)(129)

25.0 cm = 40.9 cm . (35) ( rad)/(180)

2 rad s = r = (0.600 m)(7.50 rev) 1 rev = 28.3 m .

s = R = (0.3025 m)(301 rad) = 91 m .

Circular Motion and Gravitation

21. 22. 23. 24 .

200 rpm = (200 rev/min) 450 rpm = (500 rev/min)

(a) f = 12 500 rev/min,

So particle B has greater angular speed.

Circular Motion and Gravitation

3.0 m/s v = = 15 rad/s. 0.20 m r , t

2 rad = 0.42 s . 15 rad/s

(24 rev)(2 rad/rev) = (3.0 min)(60 s/min) = 0.84 rad/s . t

v = r = (40.9 cm)(0.509 rad) = 20.8 cm/s .

(b) is still 0.509 rad/s .

v = (1.50 cm)(0.509 rad) = 0.764 cm/s .

(c) The direction is towards observer .

1.109 m/s 1.75 m = 0.634 rad/s .

As calculated, the tangential speed is 1.11 m/s .

= r = (120 m)/2 = 0.25 rad/s.

= t = (0.25 rad/s)(4.00 min)(60 s/min) = 60 rad .

First find the time from kinematics (Chapter 2).

v vo 0 15.0 m/s a = 1.50 m/s2 = 10.0 s.

(1.75 rev) (2 rad)/(1 rev) = = 1.10 rad/s, down . 10.0 s t

Circular Motion and Gravitation

120 km/h = 33.33 m/s.

v2 (33.33 m/s)2 ac = r = = 1.11 m/s2 . (1.00 103 m)

(1.2 m/s2)(1.5 m) = 1.3 m/s .

9.80 m/s2 = 0.053 rad/s or about 730 rev/day . (35000 m)

2 rad 3 2 ac = r2 = (3.80 108 m) = 2.69 10 m/s . (27.3 day)(86400 s d ay)

(a) No , it cannot be exactly horizontal. There must be something upward (a

component of the tension) to balance the downward gravitational force.

(0.250 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 11.3 . 12.5 N

Circular Motion and Gravitation

The answer is No . 83.0 km/h = 23.06 m/s,

v2 (23.06 m/s)2 ac = r = = 1.33 m/s2 > 1.25 m/s2 . 0.400 103 m

(9.80 m/s2)(1.0 m) = 3.1 m/s .

The tangential speed is v =

2(2.20 m) = 3.070 m/s. 4.50 s

the circumference of a circle of radius 0.280 m. The tangential speed is then v =

v2 (194 m/s)2 2 N = mg + m r = mg + m = mg + m(18.8 m/s ) = mg + 1.9mg = 2.9mg . 2.0 103 m

v2 (194 m/s)2 2 N = m r mg = m mg = m(18.8 m/s ) mg = 1.93mg mg = 0.93mg . 2.0 103 m

(b) From energy conservation:

mgh + 1 m(0)2 = + mg(2r) + 1 mv2, 2 2

Circular Motion and Gravitation

14.25 m vx = 0.777 s = 18.3 m/s.