In memory of our Friend and Colleague J.R.

Klepaczko
WORKSHOP Dynamic Behaviour of Materials
ENIM, Metz, May 13-15, 2009

EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE ON DUCTILE FRACTURE.

A NEW METHODOLOGY

R.B. Pęcherski
&
W.K. Nowacki, Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
 Introduction

Experimental tests – global response

Microstructural observations

Modelling and numerical calculations

Cooperation with:

Alexis Rusinek – ENIM Metz

Ramon Zaera
Jose A. Rodrigues-Martinez
University Carlos III of Madrid
 MOTIVATION - investigations of DH-36 steel leading
to the new methodology of ductile fracture analysis

Microstructure in the strongly

deformed shear zone volume Evolution of temperature in the
800
DH-36 steel .
γ = 5.77*10 s
-2 -1 strongly deformed region
compression comp.
eq. simple shear
600
True stress (MPa)

400

200

0
The double shear testing set 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
True strain
constructed in the Division
of Applied Plasticity IPPT The SD effect
Warsaw (W.K. Nowacki), σ YT ≠ σ YC
G. Gary, W.K. Nowacki [1994] W.K. Nowacki et al., Report [2006]
 Examples of experimental investigations of
DH-36 steel
400 . -1 -1 4
DH-36 steel γ = 10 s 400 20
DH-36 steel . 0 -1
γ = 10 s
σ

Temperature variation (K)

σ

Temperature variation (K)

300 3 300 15
Shear stress (MPa)

Shear stress (MPa)

∆Τ
∆Τ

200 2 200 10

100 1 100 5

0 0 0 0

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Shear strain Shear strain
600
DH-36 steel
. 3 -1
Stress-strain and mean
γ = 6.3*10 s

temperature curves at the

Shear stress (MPa)

400 11

strain rates: 10-1 and 1 s-1.

5

2
. -3 -1
2 - γ. = 10 s
-1 -1
5 - γ = 10 s
200 . 0 -1
11 - γ = 10 s

Comparison of stress-strain curves

0 obtained in quasi-static and dynamic tests
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
Shear strain
 Outline of the methodology
1. Experimental tests under different loading
rates with:
- in-situ thermographic observations,
- microstructural observations.
1. Numerical simulations of the process:
- to identify the model,
- to simulate the test until fracture initiation.
3. Evaluation of the local equivalent strain in
the mostly strained region.
4. Analysis of the effects of strain rate and
stress triaxiality.
 Presentation of theoretical
foundations
In the viscoplasticity model the following
effects should be accounted:

• the strength differential effect,

• the effects of shear banding.
 SD effect - Burzyński yield condition
• W. Burzyński, Study on Material Effort Hypotheses,1928 , PhD Thesis (in Polish)
• W. Burzyński, Ueber die Anstrengungshypothesen, Schweiz. Bauzeitung,1929.
• W. Burzyński, Theoretical foundations of the hypotheses of material effort,
Engineering Transactions, 56, No. 3, 269–305, 2008
– the English translation of the paper published in Polish, 1929, 1-41, Lwów.
An energy-based yield criterion:
η = 1 − B e ltr a m i
Φ f + η ( σ m ) Φ v = Φ cr , 0 ≤η ≤1 η = 0 − H uber
σY ≠ σY
T C

σYσY 2  3σ Y σ Y  2
T C T C

σe + 9 − σ m − 3 (σ Y − σ Y ) σ m − σ Y σ Y = 0
C T T C

3τ 0 τ0 


2 2
2 2
3τ Y = σ Y , τ Y ≡ τ 0

σ m = 1 tr σ , σ e = 2
3
'
σ :σ ' σ YT = σ YC = σ Y
3 Huber − Mises − Hencky
Φf - density of elastic energy of distortion condition
Φ v - density of elastic energy of volume change R.M. Christensen [2007]
 τY 3 = σ σ T
Y
C
Y
τY 3 = σ = σ
T
Y
C
Y

(σ e , σ m )

3τ Y 2 > σ YT σ YC
The depiction of particular cases of Burzyński yield condition in
the plane with (pressure, equivalent stress) axes
(W. Burzyński [1928], M. śyczkowski [1999]).
 Plastic potential with the effects of
SD and micro-damage

G (σ ) =
1
2κˆ
{3(κˆ − 1)σ m + 9(κˆ − 1) 2 σ m2 + 4κσ }
ˆ e2 − σ YT

σ YC
= κˆ = κ ( λξ ) , λξ = α ξ , κˆ = + 1, λξ ∈ [λ0 , ∞)
1/3 A
σY T
λξ
κˆ − the strength differential parameter
λξ − a mean distance between voids
ξ − void volume fraction (micro-damage parameter)
A − constant to be calibrated
 The depiction of Burzyński yield condition
(T. Frąś, R.B. Pęcherski [2009])
The section of the
Burzyński paraboloid
yield condition

C.A. Schuh, A.C. Lund (MIT),

Atomistic basis for the plastic yield
criterion of metallic glass, Nature
Coulomb-Mohr Materials, 2, 449-452, 2003.
condition
 Multiscale hierarchy of shear banding in
polycrystals

msb – micro-shear bands

CSB
CSB – coarse slip band

msb
Trace of
msb cluster

msb clusters

shear bands
[Dziadoń, 1993]
(The micrograph provided by A. Korbel)
 S. Nemat-Nasser, W.-G. Guo [2003]

Traces of
micro-shear
band clusters

Microstructure of a sample strained to γ = 74%

at 800K and 0.001/s - DH-36 steel.
 S. Nemat-Nasser, W.-G. Guo [2003]

Traces of
micro-shear
band clusters

Microstructure of a sample strained to γ = 59% at

77K and 3000/s - DH-36 steel.
 Macroscopic measure of the rate of deformation
accounting for shear banding
R.B. Pęcherski, Arch. Mech. 49, (1997)
D = D S + D SB
p p p

D Sp − rate of plastic deformation by slip

p
D SB − rate of plastic deformation by shear banding
d = D p , d SB = D SB
p
γɺ = 2d − shear strain ra
rate
te
d SB
f SB = − instantaneous shear banding contribution
d

γɺ = γɺS + f SBγɺ γɺSB

f SB =
γɺ (1 − f SB ) = γɺs γɺ
Instantaneous shear banding contribution
function f SB identification with use of channel die
test of ANAND et al. (1994).
0
f
f SB = SB
(a − b ε 33 )
1+ e
1. R.B. Pęcherski, „Continuum
mechanics description of
plastic flow produced by
micro-shear bands”,
Technische Mechanik (1998)
2. Z. Nowak, R.B. Pecherski,
Plastic strain in metals ...
II. Numerical identification
and verification of plastic
flow law, Arch. Mech. (2002)
 Influence of the change of deformation path
K. Kowalczyk – Gajewska et al., Archives of Metallurgy
and Materials, 50,575-593, (2005)

0 χ (ε p ) = 3
ε eqp (1 − α cos(3θ ) ), 0 ≤ α ≤ 1
f 2

fSB = SB
(a −bχ(ε ))  Dp  p
1+ e cos(3θ ) = 3 6 det  p
 D
 , εɺeq =

2
3 Dp : Dp
 
 Vs Viscoplastic flow law
V accounting for shear
banding in application for
ufg metals
(Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna, R.B.
Pecherski, Arch. Metall.
VSB Materials, 2007)

γɺ = γɺS + γɺSB
Representative
Volume Element
traversed by shear
bands V = Vs + VSB
Inst. contr. γɺSB V SB
of shear f SB = Volume fraction
f SB =
V

banding γɺ of shear banding

V
 Balance of plastic deformation power in RVE

assumption - no hardening

P = Ps + PSB ,
P = kγɺV , Ps = k sγɺ s (V − VSB ), PSB = k SBγɺ SBVSB
VSB
kγɺ = k sγɺ (1 − f SB )(1 − fV ) + k SBγɺ SB fV , f V
SB =
V
k = k s (1 − f SB )(1 − f )
V
SB for k SB ≈ 0
instantaneous volumetric
 Viscoplastic flow law accounting for shear banding
Z.Nowak, P.Perzyna, R.B.Pęcherski, Arch. Metall. Mat.,[2007]

γɺSB
fSB - inst. shear banding
γɺ (1 − f SB ) = γɺS , 0 ≤ f SB <1, f SB = contribution function
γɺ
 F (σ) 
γɺS - by
shear strain rate
dislocation
γɺs = γɺo 〈Φ  − 1〉
 k controlled slip

γɺ0  F (σ)  Φ - excess stress
γɺ = 〈Φ  − 1〉
(1 − f SB )  k s (1 − f SB )(1 − f SB ) 
V function in Perzyna
1
viscoplasticity
t  2
k s = K (∈p ,ϑ , ξ ) , ∈p = ∫
2 p model [1971]

D :D p
dt ,
γɺ0
 
0  3 
 
- viscosity
F (σ ) =
1
2κˆ
{3(κˆ − 1)σ m + 9(κˆ − 1)2 σ m2 + 4κσ
ˆ e2 } parameter
 Viscoplasticity model accounting µG

for micro-damage
−1
∂G ∂G
D = γɺµG ,
p
µG =
∂σ ∂σ
G(σ) = F ( σ ) − σYT
γɺ0  F ( σ) 
ξɺ = g (ξ ,ϑ ) 〈Φ  − 1〉
(1 − f SB )  ktr (1 − f SB )(1 − f SB ) 
V

ktr = Ktr (∈p ,ϑ,ξ ) − the void growht threshold stress

A
κˆ = + 1, λξ ∈[λ0 , ∞), λξ = αξ 1/3 , σYT = 3ks (1 − f SB )(1 − f SBV )
λξ

F ( σ) =
1 =
2κˆ
{
3(κˆ − 1)σ m + 9(κˆ − 1)2σ m2 + 4κσ
ˆ e2 }
 Conclusions

The derived relations make a basis for

the analysis of ductile fracture

Experimental tests – global response

Microstructural observations

Modelling and numerical calculations
Thank you for your attention
 S. Nemat-Nasser, W.-G. Guo [2003]

pearlite
ferrite

DH-36 plate; microstructure in the rolling direction

of the plate.
 S. Nemat-Nasser, W.-G. Guo [2003]

pearlite
ferrite

DH-36 plate; microstructure transverse to the

rolling direction of the plate.