Chapter 1: COMPUTER SYSTEM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain the definition of a computer Understand the development of computers Identify the parts of a computer Differentiate between Operating Systems, Applications Software and Utilities Software Know the advantages of Local Area Network (LAN) computer systems Differentiate between Windows XP and Windows Vista
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What Is Computer ?
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

DO YOU KNOW THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER?????

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
3000

BC Abacus (sempoa) : No Operating System OS required.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1617 Napier Bone (Tulang Napier) for multiplication No Operating System OS required.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1642 Pascal invented the simple calculator No Operating System OS required.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1801 Herman Horrerith invented the Punch Card machine. No Operating System OS required.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

1822 Charles Babbage built the Analytical Engine similar to modern computers Analytical Engine, a general purpose, programmable calculator.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1937 Mark 1 - Howard Aiken introduced the calculating machine. Machine language is used

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1ST GENERATION OF COMPUTER

1939 -1954 : Vacuum tube big size, release heat and consumed high power Example : (i) ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator ) (ii) UNIVAC I ( Universal Automatic Calculator )

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2nd GENERATION OF COMPUTER

1954 -1959 : Transistor & Diod Computer named Minicomputer : IBM 7090 & IBM 7094. Release heat but the size is smaller & cheaper. FORTRAN & COBOL

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3rd GENERATION OF COMPUTER

1959 - 1971 : IC ( Integrated Circuit ) computer named microcomputer Apple II, IBM PC, NEC PC & Sinclair small size, cheap & fast. BASIC, Pascal & PL/1

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4th GENERATION OF COMPUTER

1971 - 1984 : VLSI ( Very Large Scale Integration ) integrated with transistors in semiconductor Apple PC with Motorola Power PC603 1975,Bil Gates wrote the 1st Programming Language (Basic) Compiler.
World 1st microprocess or

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5th GENERATION OF COMPUTER

1985 today : microprocessor computer named supercomputer
x486, Pentium, Celeron, P4, Athlon, Core2 Duo, Phenom, Core2 Quad etc.

affordable, very fast & reliable. OS : PC Dos, Macintosh, Linux, Windows Vista etc

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FORTHCOMING GENERATION OF COMPUTER

forthcoming : Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) CPU as human minded, revolution of miniature & smarter.

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TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PC)

Desktop Computers is a computer where the system unit and all the peripheral are placed on top of a desk or a table.

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TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PC)

Mobile Computers - are the personal computers that you can carry anywhere you go. - the most common mobile computers are Laptop and Tablet PC

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Looking Inside the Computer System

Parts of the Computer System

Computer systems have four parts

Hardware Software Data User

Parts of the Computer System

Hardware
Mechanical devices in the computer Anything that can be touched

Software
Tell the computer what to do Also called a program Thousands of programs exist

Parts of the Computer System

Data
Pieces of information Computer organize and present data

Users
People operating the computer Most important part Tell the computer what to do

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

Performing a task using a computer involves 3 stages: INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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Basic Operations
Input data is to feed information which can be supplied by any person, environment or other computer. Processing data is manipulating data by performing calculations, sorting lists of words or numbers, drawing pictures. Storing data is for future retrieval and processing. Memory holds data that is waiting to be processed, and storage areas hold data permanently until the data is deleted. Output data is the result produced by a computer, which includes reports, documents, music, graphs and pictures.

Functions of the Microcomputer

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INPUT DEVICES
Hardware used to insert data Keyboard Mouse

Optical Scanner Bar Code Reader

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OUTPUT DEVICES

Monitor Speaker

Printer
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Essential Computer Hardware

Input and output devices

Allows the user to interact Input devices accept data
Keyboard, mouse

Output devices deliver data

Monitor, printer, speaker, system unit, storage devices

Some devices are input and output

Touch screens

Essential Computer Hardware

Storage devices
Hold data and programs permanently Magnetic storage
Floppy and hard drive Uses a magnet to access data

Optical storage
CD and DVD drives Uses a laser to access data

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

CPU is also called as a Processor. It is responsible for executing the given instructions. It comprises of the following units: a) Control Unit b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit c) Registers

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a) Control Unit - controls the overall function of a computer. - it interprets the instructions given in a program and performs the necessary actions to carry out the instructions. - it controls the flow of instructions and the data between the various units of a computer. b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - All the arithmetic operations and comparisons are carried out in ALU. - Arithmetic operation include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. c) Register - Is a small temporary storage location present inside the CPU. - There are different types of registers, which can store the instructions, location of data, data itself for the ALU to perform calculations and the results of those calculations.

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MOTHERBOARD
Motherboard refers to the physical arrangement of printed circuits and electronic components. Motherboard is also called as system board or main board. Various components are slot on the motherboard like sound card, display card (graphic card), network card, modem (internal)

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STORAGE DEVICES
In a computer system, the fixed or removable device used for saving data is called as storage device. The basic storage device used in the computer are: a) Hard Disk Drive (HDD) b) Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) c) CD-ROM / CD-Writer / DVD-ROM Drive

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a) Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - is an internal hardware component that stores and provide access to large amount of data. - You can write as well as read the data from the hard disk. - Apart from storing user data, hard disk also stores the operating system and other application software needed for the system to function. - Normally, the capacity of the hard disk is measure in gigabytes. 20GB 40GB 80GB 260GB
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b) Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) - You can store data in it and transfer it to any system. - The floppy disk that is available now is the 31/2 inch floppy disk with storage capacity of 1.44 MB. - A device that enables you to read and write data to a floppy disk.

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c) CD-ROM / CD-Writer / DVD-ROM Drive

650 MB

Compact Disk - Compact disk (CD) is a simple external storage device. - Normally, a CD can hold approximately 650MB of data. - There are two types of CDs a) Compact Disk Read only (CD-R) - you can store information only once but read and copy as many times as required. b) Compact Disk Read and Write (CD-RW) - you can read, erase and write information as many times as required.

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OTHER STORAGE DEVICES

Pen Drive / Thumb Drive - Pen drive is a device that are used to transfer large data across computers. - It is removable hard disk drive with USB connection. - It can store up to 1GB. Latest 32 GB. - Pen drive is a plug and play device. - You can simply plug it into any USB port in your computer. - The computer will automatically detect it as a removable drive. - You can read, write, copy, delete and move data from your hard disk drive to the pen drive or from the pen drive to your hard disk.

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LET US UNDERSTAND PARTS OF THE COMPUTER..

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COMPUTER HARDWARE
The physical parts of a computer

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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE

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Computer data
Fact with no meaning on its own Stored using the binary number system Data can be organized into files

STANDALONE COMPUTERS
A standalone computer is a self-sufficient system. There is no connection to any other computer.

NETWORK COMPUTERS
A network computer is a computer that connects to one or more computers for the main purpose of communicating.

STANDALONE VS NETWORK For various tasks such as writing a memo or creating a spreadsheet, the software applications installed on the COMPUTERS standalones hard drive are used.
The standalone may also have a printer, scanner, or external hard drive attached to its CPU to use to print or scan a document, or implement a backup system. Advantage: It is more secure than computers that are part of a network - possibility eliminates the concern that hackers, spyware, or viruses can compromise confidential information by accessing it. Disadvantage : not being part of a network is not being able to accomplish any tasks that require an internet connection such as e-mail, browsing the internet or sharing files with other users anything that is not locally stored on the computers hard drive.

Advantage : it shares resources such as

software applications, printers, disk drives and data files with the other networked computers.

Disadvantage : real possibility of becoming a

victim of computer hackers, viruses or spyware. With the possibility of a real threat, it would be in your best interest to install a virus protection and malware software.
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Network System

A network provides connections among computers to enable computers on a network to share data (e.g. documents), hardware (e.g. printers), and software resources (e.g. application programs). Network users can also send messages to each other. A network must be secured to protect data from unauthorized usage (e.g. using login name and password to gain access to a network).

Network connection components: Network Interface Card (NIC) Modem Phone line or cable Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Internet

To The Internet

To The Internet

To The Internet

To The Internet

ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

The local-area network (LAN) normally covers an area less than two miles. It is a privately owned and links devices in a single office, building, or campus.A LAN can be a simply design of two personal computers and a printer or can be more complex and extend throughout a company and include audio and video peripherals. Advantages:A LAN enables share resources, hardware, software or data, between personal computers or workstations.The newest LAN technology is wireless LANs.

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What Is Software ?
Software is a set of programs that activate the hardware. A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to perform and how to perform the given task.
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Software
Software can be broadly classified as Operating System and Computer Application Software. System software is software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
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Operating System

Operating system is system software that controls all the activities of the hardware and it provides an effective communication between the user , hardware and other application software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless. Example : Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/XP/Vista, Linux Red Hat, Solaris, Apple Macintosh.

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Application Software
Software Application is a set of programs that is used to perform a specific
task.
1. Word Processing 2. Spreadsheet For letter, memo, assignment, report, etc. Microsoft Word, Word Pad, Word Perfect For graph plotting, accounts, calculation, etc. Microsoft excel, Lotus 123 For graphical designs, pamphlet, presentation Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe, Photoshop, etc It provides all the tools you need for effecting planning, tracking, problem solving, sharing and completing a project in keeping with conventional management principles and practices. Microsoft Project

3. Graphics & Presentation

4. Project Management

5. Web Browser

Internet Explorer, Netscape, Mozilla

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INTRODUCTION TO WINDOW XP

OBJECTIVES:

To discuss the parts of the Windows XP desktop. To discuss the parts of the Start menu. To locate the Taskbar. To Log off. To restart and turn of the computer properly. To using Help and Support Menu. To work with Window, Menus, Dialog Box and Shortcuts.

WINDOW XP
Is an operating system that lets you use different types of applications or software. Is a graphical user interface (GUI). It has pictures (graphical) that you use (user) to communicate (interface) with the computer. This OS has multitasking capabilities, meaning it can run several applications at the same time. Multitasking allows you to view this module on the Internet at the same time that you practice using other applications with Window XP.

THE WINDOWS XP DESKTOP

Window XP uses a desktop for the standard interface. You can think the desktop as workspaces where you can access everything you need to operate your computer, such as system components, applications, the Internet, etc.

The desktop contains:

One of the most important tools you will use while working with Windows XP. The Start button allows you to open menus and start application.

START BUTTON

Primarily used to switch between open windows and applications.

TASKBAR

ICONS (or graphical pictures)

Represents applications, files and other parts of the operating system. By default Windows XP provides you with one desktop icon, the Recycle Bin.

THE START MENU

To begin exploring Windows XP, click the Start button.

When you click the Start button, the Start menu appears. The Start menu is your gateway to the applications that are on your computer. Allows access to common Windows folders.

Lists Programs

Provides access to Help and Support, Search and Run.

If a cascading menu is available, a small black triangle appears next to the name of the application or function.

If you select All Programs, a pop up menu appears.

Pop up menus like this are called cascading menus.

EXPLORING THE START MENU

PROCEDURE: 1) Click the Start button. 2) Move the mouse to each option and view the various cascading menus. 3) Click All Programs. 4) Move the mouse pointer to the right and view other cascading menus. 5) To exit the menu: - click outside the menu area OR - press Esc on your keyboard.

The Start menu remembers items youve recently opened and places the icon on the Start menu so you can easily open it next time you open the Start menu.

If you recently opened Microsoft Word using Start All Programs Microsoft Word the next time you open the Start menu, simply click the Word icon on the left side of the Start menu.

ICONS

The small pictures on the desktop are called icons. Shortcut icons allows you to open an application quickly. This icons appear on your desktop and with little arrow in the left corner. Desktop shortcuts are links to files and programs. You can add or delete shortcuts without affecting the programs on your computer.

THE TASKBAR

The taskbar is the small blue bar you see at the bottom of your

desktop.
Start Menu How to click an icon to open a program?

Quick Launch bar contains icons for Internet Explorer, Show Desktop and window Media Player.

Click Show Desktop to quickly view your desktop without closing any programs or windows.

Continue.

The box on the right is called the Notification Area. Here you will find the clock and several other icons depending on what you have installed on your computer. Other icons appear in the Notification Area detailing the status of your activity.

When you open or minimize a window or program, a rectangular button appears on the taskbar that shows the name of the application.This buttons disappear when you close a window.

LOG OFF,TURN OFF AND RESTART THE COMPUTER

LOG OFF - Windows XP enables you to log off the computer so that someone else can log on without having to restart the computer. PROCEDURE: 1) Click the Start menu and click Log Off. 2) A dialog box appears asking you if you want to Log Off.

3) If you choose Log Off, your applications will close.

Continue
TURN OFF - When youve finished using Windows XP, be sure to turn off (or shut down) the computer correctly. Procedure : 1) Click the Start menu. 2) Click Turn Off Computer. 3) A dialog box appears. Click Turn Off.

Continue

RESTART - If youre experiencing computer problems or have installed something new, you can simply restart your computer. Procedure: 1) Click the Start menu. 2) Click Turn Off Computer. 3) A dialog box opens. Click Restart.

 Always turn off or restart your computer using this method. Do not turn off your computer by switching the power off and on. If you do so, you may damage Windows XP.

USING HELP AND SUPPORT

Click a topic to browse.

 This opens a two pane window.

Left pane : click the subject area you want.

Right pane :A list of help articles appears. Then, click the name of the help article you want to read.

The topic you want to know will appear. Now you can learn what you want regarding Windows XP. Just press Esc in your keyboard to go back to existing interface.

* Home & Back button.

WINDOW XP BARS AND BUTTONS

The rectangular work area for a program, file or other task is called window. Below is an example of a Microsoft Word window. The workspace is the white area inside the window.This is where you do your work with a program, such as writing a letter. Depending on what program youre working with, the workspace will appear differently.

Workspace

(e) Control Menu

PARTS OF WINDOWS (d) Toolbars

(a) Title Bar

(c) Menu Bar

(b ) Window Control

(f) Explorer bar

(g) Scrollbars

Explanation of each part.

TITLE BAR WINDOW CONTROLS MENU BAR
The colored bar across the top of the window.

The three buttons at the right end of the title bar, which you can use to change the size of the window.

The row of words directly below the title bar. Each word represents a menu that drops down when you click on it, displaying commands you can issue.

TOOLBARS CONTROL MENU EXPLORER BAR

SCROLL BAR

One or more rows of graphical buttons that provide shortcuts to common activities in the program you are working with.

Is the icon at the far left end of the title bar. The control menu button opens a menu you can use to control the window.

A pane that shows details about the selected file(s) or folder(s) in a file management window.
A bar that appears to the right of (or sometimes below) the window content when there is more content that can fit in the window at once. It enables you to scroll the not displayed content into view.

CLOSING WINDOW MINIMIZING WINDOW MAXIMIZING WINDOW

RESTORE BUTTON When you maximize a window, the Maximize button is replaced with a Restore button, which you can click to return the window to its normal size.

MOVING AND RESIZING A WINDOW

To move a window, drag it by its title bar.The title bar functions as a handle for repositioning the window anywhere you want it. You can resize a window by dragging the left, right or bottom border.When you position the mouse pointer over a border, the pointer changes to a double-headed arrow, indicating that you can hold down the mouse button and move the mouse to change the windows size. If you point to a corner of window, the pointer changes to a diagonal two-headed arrow, and you can change both the height and the width of the window at the same time by dragging.

Working with menus shortcut menu Working with Dialog Boxes

Command button

Option button

Increment button

Text box Drop-down list Check box

Check box Click to toggle on or off. Click the up or down arrow next to a text box to increase or decrease a numeric value incrementally, as an optional alternative to typing the number manually. Increment button -

Option button Click a button to select a single item from a group of options.When you make a new selection, the previous selection becomes deselected.

Text box Type the desired value or setting. Click the down arrow next to the present selection, and then make a new selection from the list that appears. Drop-down list -

MANAGE A FILE AND FOLDER

OBJECTIVES: - To identify and use Windows XP toolbars. - To create a file. - To create a folder.

WHAT IS A FILE?
Files are collections of information. Almost all of the information stored in a computer is stored in a file. There are many different types of files, including operating system files, program files and your own files. Each file is given a filename and has threeletter filename extension that identifies the file type.

MANAGING FILES

The main function for Windows Explorer is to display all the content of file in the storage. Windows Explorer also could help in managing files and finding files.

1. 2. 3. 4.
2

Click Start Click All Programs Click Accessories Click Window Explorer

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Managing Files using My Computer

Double click Hard Disk Drive label (C:).

Double Click on My Computer OR

Click on drop down menu and select My Computer

CREATE FOLDER

1 2 3

1. 2. 3.

Click the File menu, Select New Choose Folder.

New Folder have been created.

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RENAME FOLDER

1. 2.

Right hand click your new Folder and select Rename. Type a new folder name.

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Finding Files
1

1. Click the Search button

Example: If you want to find files and folders: 2. Click on All Files and folders. 2 3. Type of the files that you need to find. 4. Select where you want to look in your folder. 4. Click Search button.

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COPY FILE
Click the Edit menu 2

The popup of Copy Items will appear

3 6 5. Select where you want to locate 1 Select Copy to Folder Select any file to copy your copy folder 6. Click Copy.

RENAME FILE

1.

Right hand click the file you want to rename. Select Rename.Then, type a new name for the file.

2.

DELETE FILE
1

1.

Right hand click the file you want to Delete. Select Delete. The popup Confirm Folder Delete will appear. If you click Yes button, the file will be deleted. If you click No button, the file will not be deleted.
3 2

2. 3.

Transfer Files to a New Folder

4 Click the Edit menu 2 5 The popup of Move Items will appear

3 6 1 Select any file to copy 5. Select where you want to locate your move folder 6. Click Move.

Select Move to Folder

Explain to student how to : - use keyboard to delete files - copy and paste the files without using Edit Menu (Copy to Folder) - cut and paste the files without using Edit Menu (Move to Folder)

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End

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