Chapter 1 Introduction of GLTPP

The GIRAL LIGNITE THERMAL POWER STATION is ideally located in the Barmer in the Village Giral. Thermal power station is to produce electrical power for supply undertakings. G.L.T.P.P. is designed for ultimate capacity of2*125 MW. The state Rajasthan is predominantly rural and agricultural while Rajasthan mineral sources are immense; its sources for power generation werent commensurable with its requirements. The large expense of water stored by the RESEVIOUR provides, as efficient direct circulation, cooling system for the power station thus avoiding installation of cooling towers. Keeping in view, the higher demands of power, it was decided to house initially a 1 x 125 MW thermal power station at Kota on technoeco economical reason as follows:availability of clean water recuired for station . location of station on board gauge main railay line. Proximity to R.S.M.M coal fields. Concentration of load in BARMER Reagion due to large no. of industries located transmission and grid Substation are quit near to site The coal linkage for the power plant is brought from R.S.M.M mines of barmer lignite fields which is near from plant.R.S.M.M mines where development; the lignite is being made available from R.S.M.M. The source of water is resoirvor formed by indra Gandhi.The water is from this resirvor near the left and after use released near the left main canal, A single chimney of 180 m height two separate flues for the two unites each of 125MW is provided..

1.1 HOW ELECTRICTIY IS PRODUCED :

Thermal power stations burn fuels and use the resutant heat to raise steam, which drive the turbo generator. The fuel may be fossil ( coal, oil or natural gas ) of it may be fissionable. Whichever fuel is used the object is same to convert heat into mecharical energy in the turbine, and to convert that mechanical engergy into electricity by rotating a magnet inside a set of windings. In the thermal power stations other raw materials are air and water. The coal, brought to the station by the trains or by other means, travels from the coal handling 1

plant by conveyor belt to the coal bunkers, from where it is fed to the pulverzing mills whichgrind it as fine as face powder. The finely powdered coal is then mixed with pre-heated are in the blown into the boiler by a fan called Primary Air Fan where it burns, more like a gas then as solid in the conventional domestic of industrial gate, with additional amount of are called secondary air supplied by Forced Draft Fan. As the coal has been ground so finely the resultant ash is also a fine powder. Some of it binds together to from lumps which fall into the ash pits at the bottom of the furnace is conveyed to pits for subsequent disposal of sale. Most of ash, still in fine particle form is carried out of the boiler to precipitators as sust where it is trapped by electrodes charged with high voltage electricity. The dust is then conveyed by the water to the disposal areas or to the Bunkers for sale while the cleaned flue gases pass on through I.D.G.S.N to discharged up the chimney. Meanwhile the heat released from the coal has been absorbed by the many kilometers of tubing which line the boiler walls. Inside the tubes is the Boiler feed water, which is transformed by the heat into the steam into steam at higher pressure and temperature. The steam, superheated in further tubes passed through the turbine where it is discharged through nozzles on the turbine blades. Just as the energy of wind turns the sails of the windmill, so the energyof steam, striking the blades, makes the turbine rotate. Coupled to the end of the turbine is the rotor of generator a large cylindrical magnet so that when to turbine rotates there rotor turns with is. The rotor is housed inside the stator having heavycoils of copper bars in which electricity is produced through the movement of magnetic field created bythe rotor. The Electricity passes trough the stator winding to the stepup transformer, which increases its voltage so that it can be tranmitted effieiently over the power line of the grid. The steam which has given up its heat energy is changed back to water in a condenser so that it is ready for reuse. The condenser contains many kilometer of tubes losses heat and is rapidly changed back to water. But the two lots of water (i.e. boiler feed water and cooling water) must never mix. The cooling water is drawn form the river / sea, but boiler feed water must be absolutely pure, far purer than the drinking water, so that it does not damage the boiler tubes. Indeed the chemistry at a power station is largely the chemistry of water. In most of power stations the same water is to be over aga9n and again. So the heat which the water extract from the steam in the condenser is removed by pumping 2

the water out of cooling towers. The cooling towers are simple concrete shell acting as huge chimneys creating a draught of air. The water is sprayed out at topof the tower and as it falls into the pond beneath it is cooled by the upward draught of air. The cold the pumps to the condenser then recirculate water in the pond.

1.2 Need for power station :

Rajasthan is the largest state in the country about 30% population lives in village which are local point of development while Rajasthans mineral recourse are immense , but its resources for power station generation not immiscible with the requirement more over the state government has drawn up a rural of electrification program with a large demand on agricultural load with rapid adoption and morden method of agricultural and industrialization of towns . The mode of living of people in rural and urban areas as changing rapidly with requirement of more power . Rajasthan state electricity board (R.S.E.B.) completed the construction which is done by Raj Bridge Construction Corporation (R.B.C.C.) and other auxiliaries are supplied by Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (B.H.E.L.)

1.3 Energy generated in GLTPP :

Total installed capacity = 250 MW Total generated Eletricity (In one hour) = 250 x 1 x 103 = 2.50 lack units (Kwh). Amount of electricity generated (in 24 hours) = 2.50 x 24 = 60 lack units (Kwh) . Coal required for generating 1 unit = 0.5 kg. Coal req. per day in GLTPP = 0.5 x 60 x 105 = 30 million kg.

1.4 A VIEW OF GLTPP :

TABLE 1.1 SILENT FEATURE OF GLTPP . BARMER

1. 2.

LOCATION CAPACITY [A] FIRST UNIT [B] SECOND UNIT

THUMBLI VILLEGE 250MW 125 MW 125 MW INDRA GANDHI NAHRA

3. 4.

SOURCE OF WATER BOILER

[A]TYPE CIRCULATION

TANGENTIALLY FIRED FORCED

TUBE BALANCED DRAFT WATER [B] CAPACITY [C] PRESSURE OF STEAM [D] TEMP OF STEAM [E] No. OF Lime MILL [F] NO OF WARM UP GUNS [G] EFFICIENCY 5. FUEL A. COAL 1. TYPE 2. CALRIFIC VALUE 3. QUANTITY USED 4. ASH CONTENT 5. TYPE OF HANDELING B. OIL 1. TYPE OIL 2. FUEL OIL 6. ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION 1. No OF STOCKS 2. No OF CHIMENY 3. HEIGHT OF CHIMENY 4. VOLUME OF FLUE GAS 5. TEMP OF GAS 6. ANTI POLLUTION DEVICE 7. COOLING TECHNIQUE One 8. TURBINE 4 3 + 2 + 1 PER UNIT 1 180 M 108 cubic M / sec 1400C 1 ESP/UNIT 1. DIRECT COOLING 2. COOLING TOWER FOR 28800 Mt/day HIGH SPEED OIL & FUEL STACK COAL 4450 Kcal/kg 3074 Tones/day 40 % BELT CONVEYER 375 TONS/Hr 139 kg/sq. cm 5400C 1 4 86.6 =_ 1 %

COOLING AND CIRCULATION WATER SYSTEM

1. NUMBER 2. ACTUAL CAPACITY 3. TYPE CONDENSING 4. SPEED 5. NO OF STAGES 6. EXHAUST PRESSURE 9. GENERATOR 1. NO OF UNITS 2. MAKE 3. TYPE 4. CAPACITY 5. VOLTAGE 6. POWER FACTOR 7. SPEED 8. MAIN EXCITER 9. STEAM CONSUMPTION

1 8275 cubic M/sec ACTUAL FLOW REHEAT 3000 rpm 9 IN HP . 12 IN IP, 4 IN LP 0.10kg/sq CM 1 BHEL TGP 234260/2H 125000 kw, 147060 Kva 10.5 kv (1 STAGE) 0.85 LAGGING 3000 rpm Brushless EXCITATION 3.31 Kg/Kwh

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

BMR-II
29-L 52

BMR-I
29-L 52

JSMR
29-L 52

29-A

29-B

29-A

29-B

29-A

29-B

BUS-2 BUS-1
29-A 29-B 29-A 29-B 29-A 29-B

52 52 52

GT GEN

29

ST

Figure 1.1 single line diagram

Chapter 2 PLANTS IN GLTPP

The principal problem in high pressure boiler is to control corrosion and steam quality. Intemal corrosion cost power stations a lot of loss of money. So to avoid this situation we purify the water and remove impurities from it The major impurities are Un dissolved and suspended solid material Dissolved salts and minerals Dissolved gases Microbiological organism

2.1 Process of purification :

1. 2. 3. The raw water is taken from cooling water plant & reservoir. The chemicals (ALUM + LIME/PAC & CL2) are added in water to remove impurities. This water is fed to flash mixer, which consist of a 90 0 rotated path for purpose of mixing chemicals, which are added to water . In GLTPP natural mixing is used 4. Then this water is fed to chloriflocculatar tank which consist of cylindrical shape & two stage water is fed in internal stage & from bottom it comes to outer stage & all impurities form flock and settle down in inner portion so it is said . Flocculator zone . The pure water comes to outer portion in which Cl 2 is dissolved so it is said clarifier zone . 5. 6. 7. The water from clariflacculatar tank is fed to filter bed in GLTPP gravity bed are used to remove impurities . Then the water is fed to sump which is a big tank with no portion open . It is to store pure water . With help of pumps the water is fed to place of utilization various pumps are

A. B. C. D.

Potable water pump : for supplying drinking water . Back wash water pump : for reversing cycle of water for washing filter bed . Filtered water pump : to supply water to make steam . Filter water treatment pump : To fed water to D.M. plant .

2.2 De mineralizing plant :

Water mainly in plant is used for cooling purpose . In this process water must be free from all dissolved impurities . Equipments for demineralization cum soflening plant is supplied erected by m/s wanson(ind) ltd pune . This plant consist of two stream each stream with activated carbon filter , weak acid , carbon exchanger and mixed bed exchanger . The filter water to DM water plant through 250 dia header from where a header top off has been taken off to softening plant . Two filtered water booster pumps are provided on filtered water line for meeting the pressure requirement in D.M. plant . Sodium sulphate solution of required is dosed into different filtered water by mean of dosing pump to neutralize cl2 prior to activated carbon filter . When water passes on activated carbon filter will remove the residual chlorine from water provision is made for back washing the activated carbon filter enter works acid carbon unit the deletion water enter the weak base anion exchanger unit water then enter degasified unit where free co2 is scrubbed out of water by upward counter flow of low pressure air flow through degasified lower and degassed water is pumped to strong base exchanger . 2.2.1 CATION EXCHANGER : R H + Ca+

R2 Ca + H1

2.2.2 ANION EXCHANGER : R OH + Cl

R Cl + OH H2O H3 + OH

Arrangement for designing ammonia solution into de mineralized water after mixed bed unit has been provided for phcprrection before water is taken into becondensate transfer pump the DM eater to unit condenser as make up The softening plant is a designed to produce 100 cubic m/hr of softened water per stream . DM water quality PH IRON FREE CO2 CONDUCTIVITY TOTAL SILICA TOTAL ELECTROLYTE 6.0 8.0 NON TRACEABLE NON TRACEABLE LESS THEN 0.3 SHEMONS/CM AT 200C LESS THAN 0.020 RPM LESS THAN 1 PPM AS CACO3

2.3 COAL HANDLING PLANT :

The coal for GLTPP is received from RAJSTHAN STATE MINES & MINERALS BARMER In plant there are wagon tippler to take lignite from wagons each wagon tippler has rated unloading capacity of twelve wagon per hour including shunting and spotting time of huge equipment for vibrating feeder of capacity 350 tons/hr each have been provided feeding unload lignite . A steel hoper has been provided in crusher house to receive coal and distribute it through manually operated rack and pinion gate to two vibrating screens of 675ton/hr capacity each . Coal above 20 mm size passes on granules for crushing and reduction in size lihnite below 20 mm size passes granular and discharge on to crushed lignitconveyer belt . Following permutation and combination of operation and possible with installed system 1. To transfer all crushed coal received from crusher house to live storage pipe . 2. To transfer part of received crushed lignite to plant and to balance to storage yard . 3. To deliver the raw lignite banker part and received crushed lignite mixed with balanced coal from the live storage pipe .

4. To transfer the plant crushed ligniteat 750 ton/hr from the reclaim live pipe and simultaneously stock . The vibrating once started above can be obtained by the use of flap gates, which are installed on various chute and two vibrating feeders, installed on lower . The coal carried on various conveyer shall be main mentioned to ensure proper loading and distributing weightless and vibration .
TABLE 2.1 Technical data :

Nos CAPACITY TIPPER MOTOR MAKE TYPE O/P VIBRATING FEEDERS TYPE CAPACITY METAL DETECTOR TYPE POWER SUPLY BUNKER LEVEL DETECTOR TYPE Nos CRUSHER. TYPE GRANULATOR CAPACITY FEED TO CRUSHER CLEANING MOTOR RATING* VIBRATING SCREENS *

TWO 12 BOX/Hr SIEMENS SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR 71 Kw ELECTRO MAGNET 350 Ton/Hr

METHOD OF OPERATION PULSATING DIRECT CURRECT TWO CHANNAL POWER UNIT 230 V TWO CHANNAL BUNKER 4 PER BUNKER DIRECT 550 Ton/Hr WATER JET CLEANING 500HP DRIVE RING

TYPE SCREENS LOCATION* CAPACITY STACKER TYPE EFFECTIVE STACK HIGHT TRAVEL SPEED

MECHANICAL CRUSHER HOUSE 675 Ton/Hr REVERSIBLE STACKER 9m 7.5 15 m/min

VIBRATING

2.4 ASH HANDLING PLANT :

The complete ash handling plant is supplied, erected and commissioned by m/s Indore pvt ltd Delhi on a turnkey basis. The furnace health and its intermittent removal by hydro ejectors to a common slurry sump. It also provides for removal of fy ash precipitator for collecting the fly ash from the flew gases with high efficiency of collection to minimize the dust from where it is mixed with water to form slurry and deposited off to pumping areas by means of hydro ash pumps. Bottom ash from the boiler furnace is passed through slag crushers and then slurred to the slurry chamber at the suction of the ash disposal pumps. These are high pressure and low pressure pumps for this purpose. At a time one pump is working and other two are stand by. From the ash disposal pump house ash slurry is pumped through pipes line to the ash dump are within about 1.5 km away from the ash disposal pump house. Too separate discharge line are provided one for each unit but only one line is seed. The ash slurry from two units is taken in discharge line through electrically operated valves.
TABLE 2.2 Technical details of A.H.P :

Number of chimeny Height of chimney Volume of flue gas Temperature of gas Anti pollution device

1 180 m 108 cubic meter per sec 140 o c 1 ESP / unit

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Chapter 3 BOILER
Boiler is a chamber where the water is being converted into steam with buming of lignite . The lignite is burnt on the hopper and the ash is then sent to ASH HANDLING PLANTthe heat vaporizes. The water in the tubes and the steam is generated .

3.1 Description :
The boiler installed in GL,TPP are manufactured by BHEL. The 110 mw units boiler weights about 6000 Mega tones tangentially fired water tube naturally circulated , over handed type is designed for pulverized fuel coal firing using the direct firing system . The boiler have a maximum continuous rating (MCR) at 375 Tons/Hr at 138kg/sq cm pressure and 5400C temperature . The thermal efficacy of each boiler at MCR is 86.8% four nos of ball mills at 34 Mt/hr\. capacity each have been installed for each boiler . Oil burner is provided for initial start up and stabilization of low loads. The feed water temp at MCR to economizer is expected to be the order of 2400C. The boiler is provided with a balanced with draft fan and 2Nos of induced draft fan. Flue gases are utilized to heat the secondary air for combustion in air pre heater installed in the boiler rear part . The pressure . Inside boiler is maintained tive i.e. less then atomospheric pressure . So as to minimize the pollution and losses & to prevent the accidents outside the boiler . 3.1.1 Puherized fuel firing system : The boiler fuel firing system is tangentially firing system in which the fuel is introduced from wind nozzle located in the four comers inside the boiler . The fuel firing system consist of two elevation of outside igniters . The crused coal from the coal crusher is transferred into the unit coalbunker where the coal is meant to rise stored for feeding into pulverizing mill through rotary feeders . The rotary feeders feed the coal to pulverized mill at a definite rate .

11

3.1.2 Air pre heater : It is a heat exchanger in which some of further heat is extracted from the flue gases and is used to heat the incoming air for combustion . Cooling of flue gases by 20% rise the plant efficiency by 1.0% . There are two type of pre heater . Recuperative type Regenerative type

In KSTPS regenerative type of air pre heater is used . They use a cylindrical rotor made of corrugate steel plate . The rotor is fixed on an electrical shaft rotating at a speed of 2 4 rpm . As the rotor rotates the flew gases are pass through alternatively gas . 3.1.3 Re heater : Re heater consist of two section (a) Front pendent vertical spaced (b) Rear pendant vertical spaced The first section is located between the rear wall hanger tubes and super heater section . The rear pendent vertically spaced section is located above the furnace between the water cooled system steam wall tube and rear wall hanger tube . After being reheated to the required temperature of 5400C the steam is returned to hp turbine through hot reheat line . A de super heater section is the cold super heated lines to control the temperature of reheat system being admitted into turbine . 3.1.4 Super heater : These are meant to raise the temp of steam to saturation temp of steam by absorbing heat from outgoing gas . They also eliminate the formulation of condensate during transportation of steam in pipelines & inside the early stage of pipe line . Desuperheaters are provided between the final super heaters & preheaters to control superheated steam temp . Feed water is also used as spray to control temperature . Superheated steam is led through turbine main steam stop valve . After doing work in high pressure turbine stean is returned to reheater through cold reheat lines .

12

3.1.5 Economizer : The function of it is to use heat of flue gas to heat up boiler fed water . It is made up of large number of small thin walled tubes . Which are placed . Between two headers . Water come through one head & leave through other . Oil cooler Oil filters Pressure gauze Pump

3.2 CYCLE OF OIL

TABLE 3.1 Technical data of Boilers

Pulverized

Manufactureer Type Coal hanging type

BHEL

Trichi

Tangentially fired radiant

Maximum continuous rating Minimum continuous rating Rated steam pressure Rated temp of steam at outlet Efficiency

375 Tph 214 Tph 138 bar 5400c 87%

TABLE 3.2 Coal as a fuel

Calorific value Moisture content Ash content Fixed carbon Volatile matter 35% 35% 20% 10%

4450 Kcal/kg

3.3 SOOT BLOWER :

13

It is the process by which we clean the boiler tubes with the help of steam . We are well known that a great no tubes are presented inside the boiler slowly slowly the fine ash particles are collected on the tube surface and from a layer this is called soot . It is required to remove . Increase thermal conductivity soot is a thermal insulator . The steam use for this process at a pressure of 22 Kg/cm2 and temp of 5400C There are mainly three typeos of soot blower are used in GLTPP 1. Water wall 2. Super heater soot blower (SH S B) 3. Air pre heater soot blower (APH) 3.3.1 Water wall : There are 40 number and having travel time 1.5 minute at initial these are out side the boiler . When soot blower starts processing the glance of it is entered inside the boiler and then rotate and come out side again . * * Traversing motor Rotatory Motor 0.56 KW 0.05 KW

3.3.2 Super heater soot blower : There are 28 in number and travel time . It has transverse traveling is five meter inside the boiler . It is enter and come out in rotated motion so it is rotated in the both cases . * * Traversing motor Rotatory Motor 0.37KW 0.45 KW

3.4 TURBINE :
Turbine is a machine which consists of a shaft & it rotates sleadity by the impact of reaction of steam of working substances upon blades of a wheel . It converts the potential energy or heat energy of the working substance into me mechanical energy . When working substance is steam it is called STEAM - TURBINE . In the steam turbine the pressure of the steam is utilized to overcome external resistance and the dynamic action of the steam is negligibly small . Principal of working

14

Working of steam turbine depends upon the dynamic action of steam . The steam is caused to fall with pressure in a passage of nozzle due to this fall in pressure a whole amount of heat energy is converted into mechanical energy & steam is set moving with reactor velocity . The rapidly moving particle of steam enter the moving part of turbine and here suffers a change in the direction of motion which gives rise to change of momentum and therefore to a force . This constitutes a driving force to a machine . The passage of the m/c through the moving part of the turbine commonly called the blade may take place in such a manner that the pressure at the outlet side of the blades is equal to that of the inlet side . Such a turbine is broadly termed as Outlet turbine/impulse turbine. On the other hand the pressure of the steam at outlet from the moving blade may be less than that at the inlet side of the blade the drop of pressure suffered by the steam during its flow through the moving blades causes a further generation of kinetic energy within the blades and add to the propelling force which is applied to the turbine rotor such as turbine is said Reaction - turbine . The majority of steam turbine has two important elements 1. 2. Nazzle : In which the steam expands from a high pressure and a state Blade : in which the steam of turbine particle changes its direction of comparative rest to the lower pressure and a state of comparative rapid motion . and here its momentum changes . The blades are attached to the stationary elements of the m/c or rotor whereas in general the nozzles are attached to the stationary part of the turbine which is usually termed as stator casing . Although the fundamental principal on which all steam turbine operates are same , yet the method by which these principles carried into effect vary and as a result certain type of turbine have come into existence . 3.4.1 Description : There are three cylinder containers of turbine for each unit they are 1. HIGH PRESSURE :- it is the smallest one in it pressure of steam is highest its inlet is connected with boiler feed Steam & outlet with intermediates inlet . 2. INTERMEDIAT PRESSURE : It is a little bit big than high pressure its inlet is fed by outlet of high pressure & outlet is connected with low pressure turbine low . 15

3. 4.

LOW PRESSURE : It is biggest in size among all cylinders it is feed by outlet of intermediate & outlet is connected with condenser . central shaft of turbine is mechanically coupled with alternators rotor .

3.4.2 Specification * * * * * * * SPEED DIRECTION OF ROTATION MAX PRESSURE OF STEAM MAX TEMP OF STEAM RATED OUTPUT ECONOMIC OUTPUT QUANTITY FOR FRIST FILLING 3000 rpm CLOCKWISE 176 atm 5350C 125MW 95MW 19000MW

3.5 TURBO GENERATOR :

An electrical generator is a electro mechanical machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy Generator is the main part of a power plant . The generator has stator in gas cooling construction enclosing the stator winding , core & hydrogen coolers . The cooling Medium hydrogen is containing within the frame and circulation by fans mounted either at the ends of the rotor the generator is driven by directly coupled prime mover (steam turbine in thermal plant) at const speed of 3000rpm . Provision has been made for circulating the cooling water in order to maintain a constant temp of a coolant i.e. H2 as measured at the fan section side which is in touch with the temp of the winding , core & other parts as per load . Both units have been provides with B.H.E.L. make a 3 phase turbo generator . The generator mashes a closed loop of hydrogen gas system for cooling the stator and rotor . Hydrogen gas at a pressure of 2atm is filled in a gas tight outer closing of the generator . Hydrogen gas circulates inside the closing by two single stage rotor mounted fans on either side of the rotor . The heated H 2 is in turn cooled by six surface type water coolers axial mounted inside the generator casting . The cooled water is supplied to H2 coolers from bew over head tank .

16

Each generator has terminal led out of its closing and a star point is formed by sorting the neutral sides terminal by a sorting bar. 1 phase 11000/220,37.5kva neutral grounding Xmer whose secondary is laminated by laminated strip with mechanical ventilating holes grounds the neutral

TABLE3.3 TURBO GENERATOR SPECIFIC ATION

(A) Stage 1 MAKE MANUFACTURER TYPE APPRENT O/P ACTIVE O/P POWER FACTOR RATED VOLTAGE RATED CURRENT RATED SPEED FREQUENCY PHASE CONNECTION NO OF TERMINALS MAXIMUM O/P WITH AIR COOLING EXCITAION VOLTAGE PARTS OF GENERATOR 3.5.1 STATOR BODY : The stator body is a totally enclosed gas tight fabricated structure suitable ribbed to rigidity . It is designed mechanically to with stand internal pressure & forces as an event of unlikely event of explosion of hydrogen & oil mixture with stand pressure . The function of stator frame is to contain and support the stator core winding, hydrogen coolers and also path for distribution of cooling hydrogen through the generator . 3.5.2 STATOR CORE : The rotating magnetic field flows with the core . In order to reduce the magnetizing (eddy) current losses in the active portion of the stator core the entire 6 68.75MVA 230V RUSSIAN BHEL T.G.P 137.5MVA 125MW 0.80 lagg 11 KV 7200 Amp 3000rpm 50Hz DOUBLE STAR

17

core is built up of thin lamination . The segments are stamped out from CRGO . The core contain several pockets separated by steel spaces for radial cooling of the core . 3.5.3 STATOR WINDING : The stator has 3 phase double layer short pitched end bar type of winding having two parallel paths . Each slot accommodates two bars. The lower & upper bar are displaced from each other by one winding pitch and connected at their ends so as to form coil groups . Each bar consists of solid as well as hollow conductors with cooling water passing through the later alternator. Arrangment of hallows and solid conductor ensures an optimum solution for increasing current and losses . The high voltage insulation is provided by thermo setting insulator using mica paper type (Resin Rich) 3.5.4 Distillate header : Ring type , water header made up of copper is provided separate for distillate inlet & outlet in the stator of turbine side . The headers are support on insulator and insulated from stator body . At turbine side each individual bas is connected with inlet/outlet header . The vent pipe connection is at the top of the both inlet & outlet header . The vent pipes are connected at gas trap desire to measure the extent of hydrogen leakage into water circuit . 3.5.5 Terminal bushing : Three phases and six neutral terminal are brought out from the stator through bushing which are capable of with standing high voltage and provided with gas tight joints the bushing is assembled and tested for flow, leakage to ensure tightness and continuous flow of water . 3.5.6 End shield : To make the stator body gas tight the end shield are fitted gas tightness is achieved by putting a rubber sealing cord . The end shields are made in two halves convenience during crection and installation .

18

Figure 3.1 End shield

Figure 3.2 End shield

3.5.7 Rotor : The rotor shaft is a single piece forging the longitudinal slot for inserting the field winding . The slots are distributed over the circumference so that two field solid poles are obtained . After complection of rotor assembly the rotor is balanced at different speed test at 120% of rated speed for 2minutes the rotor conductor is of silver bearing copper . The field copper current is supplied to the rotor winding through two semiconductor copper bars arranged in hollow bars of rotor through radial current carrying bolts .

19

Figure 3.3 rotor

3.5.8 Bearing : The generator bearings are of pedestal type with spherical seating . It allows self-alignment and supported on a separate pedestal on slip ring side . The bearing has a provision of hydraulic shaft lifting during start up and turning gear operation to eliminate shaft current shaft bearing and its pipes are insulated from earth . 3.5.9 Brush gear : The current carrying gear assembly is rigidly fixed on the extent peat of the bearing pedestal on the exciter side . There are two brushes gear stand for +tive and tive supply . The field to stator winding provides the brush gear . The brushes are loaded to maintain required contact pressure of 0.2kg/cm2 and the brushes during normal operation condition have low coefficient of friction and are self lubricating . 3.5.10 Starting of generator To start the generator the following procedure is followed 1. 2. 3. 4. Generator field breakers should be opened . Generator circuit breaker should be opened . The shaft seal oil is system should be kept under the operation . Hydrogen filling must be completed .

20

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

As generator is brought up to the speed The following must be checked . Oil pump delivery pressure and quantity of oil Oil leakage from bearing Mechanical balance by taking shaft variation The steady state temp of bearing and lubricating oil at rated speed must be checked The generator field breaker is closed and drying out of turbo generator is carried out . Auto voltage regulator may be adjusted and the viltage adjusting unit on regulator may set to get the desired voltage Including 130% of rated voltage & maintaining it for five minutes can test insulation of stator winding . Now generator is ready to be synchronized with system .

To synchronized the Generator with system below conditions must be satisfied Phase sequence must be same Frequency must be same Voltage generated must be same

3.5.11 Shutting down of generator To shut down a generator we follow below procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. Cut off load gradually from the machine and open generator C.B. The switch for de excitation provides A.V.R is switched on . The water to the hydrogen coolers and steam to turbine is to be cut off . The speed of Generator is reduced to 20 25 % of rated .

3.5.12 Excitation system : The electrical power requires D.C. excited magnets for its field system . The excitation system must be stable in operation and must respond quickly to excitation current requiorment . When excitation control is by a fast regulating or a supply is given from transformer and then rectified .

21

The main function of excitated system is to supply the required excitation current at the rated load or any operating load condition. It should be able to adjust the field current of the generator either by normal control or but automatic control so that for all operation between known load and rated the terminal voltage of the synchronous machine is maintained at its value. Types of excitation: There have been many developed in excitation system design and research is continuing. The ultimate aim is to achieve one system idle in rate of response, simplicity, reliability and accuracy. Excitation systems are: Conventional DC system Brushless excitation system Static excitation system

22

Chapter 4 MOTORS
Motor is a clectro mechanical energy conversing devise which convert electrical energy in mechanical energy . There are several types of motors found in a thermal plant in GLTPP several thousand motors are used.

4.1 Classification of motors :

1. High tension motor ( 6.6 kv) 2. Low-tension motor (440v) It is obliviously that motor working on 440 v is called LT motors and motors working on 6.6 KV are HT motors. I will discuss only HT motors of stage I st which have two units of 110Mw each one special feature of motors section is that almost we use stand by motors (pump, fan). To make the continuity anyhow if any running pump or fan is fail to work automatically other stand by motor will starts . S.No. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Name I.D FAN F.D FAN P.A.FAN MPTOR COAL MILLMOTOR BFP MOTOR CEP MOTOR CW MOTOR AHP/HP MOTOR Capacity 850 300 820 340 4000 225 560 290 Running 4 2 2 6 4 4 4 4 Stage No 2 2 2 2 2 2

4.1.1C.W pumps: These are used at bottom of condenser a hot well is placed to shuck water from condenser 4.1.2C.E.P pumps : These are used to hot well boiler drum

23

H.PMOTOR (High pressure motor) : This helps use in disposal of ash one another L.P motor mix in the ash and convert into that steam is send out of the plant with help of this motor LIGNITE MILL MOTOT ; to mill raw coal & pulverized it

4.2 CONTROL ROOM:

Various measurements are taken at the control room simultaneously. The second important part of control room is realy part various realys are provided here. There are one control room for each stage like from control room I two unit of 125 MW is controlled. In addition there are local panel at the boiler, turbine generator set & boiler feed pump. Unit control room basically controls the operation of unit. The operation from various vents and chains are done locally as per the requirement. The unit control room has a vertical panel for indicating or recording the parameter of boiler and turbine. The parameter which are recorded in the unit control board includes pressure & temperature of line steam reheated steam, fed water and fuel oil, drum level, flue gas, oxhgen content, air flow mill, outlet temperature, turbine speed, control valve operation, back pressure in condenser, metal arrangement and also provided. Announcement facility is also available in the control room. The unit control room also house most of electronic regulator, relay recorder, other devices in the rear side of the room. Control room panels CP-1 1. FAN CONTROLLED DESK a. ID fan (induced draft fan , 3 nos) b. FD fan (forced draft fan , 2 nos) c. PA fan (primary air fa, 3 nos) 2. PRESSURE CONTROL DESK a. Fumace pressure (5 10 mm) b. Primary air header pressure (750 800 mm)

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3. FO- wind box pressure or wind box differential pressure . CP-II FUEL CONTROL DESK a. b. c. d. e. CP-III a. b. c. d. CP IV Turbine desk a. b. c. CP V Generator control panel a. voltage, current, load mode control b. stator, rotor temperature . c. for stator cooling 1. 2. Hydrogen pressure control water pressure control Pressure control, load mode control . Speed control Ejector, control valves Drum level control Flow of steam & water Pressure of steam & water Temprature of steam Coal oil flow Oil pressure Temprature of mill Flow of air Differential pressure of mill

in case of any defect or the unusual behavior of any of the equipment , the alarm ring and the light on the control panel indicates the problem. The plant

25

or the unit trips if the problem is raised above the permissible range . the unit I & II has a panel to control switch yard

4.3 ELCETOR-STATIC PRECIPITOR :

If suspended partials are not removed from the flue gases and it is allowed to be released in environment, then it would cause a serious threat to the environments it become necessary to extract suspended partials from the flue gases and for this purpose ESP is widely used. An electorstatic preceptor is defined as a device, which utilized electrical force to separate suspended partials. The electrostatic preceptor consist of two sets of electordes, one in form of thin wire called Dischagre electrodes and other set is called collection electrodes in the form of plates. The emitting electrodes are placed in the center of two plates and are connected usually two negative polarity o high voltage D.C source of 37 Kv collecting electrodes are connected to the positive polarity. The voltage gradient between the two electrodes create corona discharge ionizing the gas molecules The dust particles present in the flue gases acquire negative chagre and experience a force which drive them towards the collecting electordes where they get deposited the deposited partials are removed by knocking the electrode by a processor of manually, this process is known by rapping. In GLTPP rapping is done by rapping motor operated hammer. 4.3.1 Construction : The main parts of ESP are a. Casing b. Hoppers c. Collecting system d. Collecting system e. Rapping mechanism for collecting system f. Rapping mechanism for emitting system g. Insulator house

26

a. Casing : It is designed for horizontal gas flow to provide for heat expansion, the casing is supported by roller bearing support. b. Hoppers : They are pyarmidal shape. Angle between hopper corner and horizontal is never less than 55 o c. Collector system The profiled collecting electrodes are based on the concept of dimensioned electrode stability. The upper plate has hookers and lower edge has a receiving plate. d. Emitting system The framework is thoroughly braced and forms a rigid box like structure, The emitted electrode are made of hard stainless steel wires. e. Rapping mechanism for collecting system : The system employs fumbling hammer, which are mounted on a horizontal shaft in a staggered fashion. A uniform rapping effect is provided for all collective plates in one row. Rapping frequency is very low to minimize the dust loss. The hammers are operated by motor so that they strikes the plate at a fix frequency. f. Rapping mechanism for emitting system : During electrostatic precipitation a fraction of the dust will be collected on the emitted electrodes and the corona will be gradually be suppressed as the dust quantity grows. It is therefore necessary to rap the emitting electrodes occasionally. This rapping is done with a rapping system employing Tumbling Hammers which are mounted on a horizontal shaft in a staggered fashion. 4.3.2 Power supply:

27

For optmum functional efficient of the preceptor, the supply voltage should be maintained near about the flush level between the precipitator electrodes, which is obtained by an electric control system, which raises the output voltage to flush level and reduce it automatically by a small amount in the event of flash over.

Chapter 5
28

TRANSFORMER & SWITCH GEAR

Figure 5.1 transformer

Transformer is a highly efficient static device which is used to transform electrical energy from one voltage level to other voltage level Transformer is made up of following parts 1. Core 2. Winding 3. On load tap changer 4. Conservator tank 5. 6. 7. Brushing Auxaliry equipments Cooing system

5.1 Core :
It is an essential feature of power transformemer. Magnetic circuit is three-limb core type construction. Each limb has interleaved points with top & bottom yoke. The three limbs have winding. The lamination are made up of high grade none aging, ocld rolled grain oriented silicon steel. This yolk are clamped by mean of bolts and nuts . The tapping leads are connected on tap changer which is mounted ouside the transformer. 29

5.2 Winding :
The inner most coil near the core term low voltage winding. This is spiral coil. Axial coil ducts are provided inside and the coil. Outside it is the high voltage winding. These are also disc tyoe winding provided with axial and radial ducts. Line load is taken out from top of coil. Static rings have been provided and the line ends of H.V coil for better inpulse distribution across the coil.

5.3 Off load tap changer :

An on load tap changer is a device used for changing the taping connection of winding . Suitable for operation while the Xmer is energized on load. The tap changer is a operated by motor operated. Driving m/c by load or remoter control and handle is fined for manual operation in any emergency tank bodies for transformer are made from rolled steel plates which is fabricated to from the container.

5.4 Conservator tank :

Conservator tank is of steel plate. It is desingned to withstand a vacuum pressure of 755mm. They also made of rolled steel, which is fabricated to form one cntainer. Internal fitting and clamps are poisoned and welded intemally small transformer, which have cooling tubes such transformers, have plane tank with provision for pipe and valves to direct and control the oil flow.

5.5 Brushing :
When transformer has been connected to high voltage line care must be taken to prevent flashover one H.V connection to earthed tank. This is done by means of bushing. The simplest bushing is a molded high quality glazed porcelain insulated with the conductor through its center these busing can be used up to 33kv.

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5.6 Cooling system :

The losses in any trasformer can be of the order of several hundreds KW and the efficiency will be about 90.5 % on full load to prevent deterioration of insulation due to temperature. This waste heat must be dissipated by carefully designing the cooling system. The losses comprise of copper losses, hysterics losses and eddy current losses. In large transformer the usual method of exciting the heat from the core subsequently colled by another means of radiator over which circulation by natural convection air is blown. The later be known as air blast cooling to assist in colling most large unit have forced oil circulation. The oil have been pumped through transformer & cooling tubes. Various cooling are as belowAir natural cooling. Oil natural cooling. Forced air cooling. Forced oil blast. Forced oil water cooling.

5.7 Generating transformer :

In GLTPP there is one generating transformer for each unit. Rating of transformer depends on capacityof unit. The generating electricity from main generator is being feed into feed through transformer is said generating transformer. It is three phase power transformer it converts electrical power from low voltage to high voltage for better transmission purpose. It is also known as main transformer. There is provision of movement of transformer on rail in the power station. Premise during erection an for repair and maintenance.

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TABLE5.1 Generating transformer for unit 1 & 2 :

MANUFACTURER TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION NO. OF PHASE TYPE OF CONNECTION NO. OF TAPS RATING TYPE OF WINDING MULTILASER

BHEL CORE TYPE 3 H.V-STAR, L.V-DELTA 9 125 MVA 11/220 KV H.V-SHIELDED L,V-HELICAL

TYPE OF COOLING RATED DATA (A) ON AN COOLING (B) ON AF COOLING (C) OF AF COOLING ON LOAD LOSSES MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY MAX. PERMISSABLE TEMP OF OIL CORE LAMINATION CORE TO LW INSULATION HW TO LW INSULATION VOL. OF AIR FOR INITIAL

ON/OB/OFB 100000 KVA 130000 KVA 160000 KVA 78 KW 99.72 % 40 0 C CARGO SHEET STEEL BAKELITE PAPER/PRESS BOARD 5750 L

5.8 Unit auxiliary transformer :

Power required for all units auxiliary are ment by UAT. One for each unit and there anre six units so six UAT are required for plant each transformer is provided with an on load tap changer on high voltage winding each permits variation of voltage up to 10 % in ten equal parts. UTA gets power by taping from bus bar of primary winding of G.T. Its primary winding is connected to 11 kv bar and secondary is connected to 6.6 kv switch gear.

32

When unit is running, the power requirement for the low tension panels or low tension switch gears are provided by this transformer.
TABLE 5.2 UTA Specification for unit 1 & 2 :

MANUFACTURER TYPE OF COOLING RATING OIL TEMP RISE WINDING TEMP RISE CORE & WINDING WEIGHT WEIGHT OF OIL OIL QUANTITY

BHEL ON/AN 15 MVA 11/6.6 KV 40 O C 50 O C 1830 KG 8220 KG 9670 L

5.9 Station transformer :

A transformer used to full fill lightning load of plant ( fan, lights of control room, chamber of staff ) is said station Xmer . It is a turtery type transformer which consist of two secondary winding one is said main & other is turtery.

5.9.1 Specification :
MANUFACTURE TYPE OF CONSTRACTION TYPE OF COOLING TATED O/P RATED VOLATAGE TYPE OF WINDING MAX TEMP OF OIL MAX TEMP OF WINDING FREQUENCY CROMPTON CORE TYPE ON/AN 50/25/25 MV 220/7 KV L.V-HELICAL, H.V-DISC 40 C 50 C 50 HZ

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5.10 Instrument transformer :

In GLTPP instrument transformer have very wide range in application such as Measurement of voltage, current, power, and energy. Power factor, frequency. Application with realy in protection of system from faults like under voltage, over current earth faults. In all the above application the main prupose is of measurement is to convert instruments do electrical quantity from high rating to low rating to low rating & actual measurement. These are associate with a instrument hence named as instrument transformer instrument transformer can be classified as below. 1. current transformer. 2. Potential transformer.

Figure 5.2 potential transformer

5.10.1 Current transformer : Current transformer is used for nonitoring the current for the purpose of measuremnt and protection the can be classified as 34

Dead tank Inverter type

The dead tank type accommodates the secondary core inside the tank which is at ground potential. The insulated primay passed through the porcelain and the tank and then terminals into top chamber. The primary used in such type of construction is of u type. The inserted secondary core are insulated to the system voltage and hence inside the top chamber which is at the line potential before commissioning of the current transformer, the earthing of the power terminals and base is essential otherwise excessive high voltage appears at the power factor terminals .

5.11 SWITCH YARD :

The 220 KV switchyard has ventional two bused arrangement with a bus-coupled breaker. Both the generator transformer, and these line feeder taking off from switch yard can be taken to any of the bused, similarly two station transformer can be fed from any two buses. Each of these line feeders has been provided with bypass isolators connected across line isolators and breaker isolator to facilitate the maintenance ofline breaker. Each 220 kv line has provision of local break up protection. In event of breaker which corresponding to bus bar differential protection schemen and trips out all the breakers and connected zero bus bar coupler, breaker will trip in event of fault in that zone. Each of two bus bars has one P.T one for each phase connected to it . Potential transformer are make in BHEL oil filled, nitrogen sealed have two core rated for 220 kv/10/110 one core each for netering & protection. Each netering and protection are nulti cored single phase, oil filled, nitrogen sealed and provided at reat of one per phase. A description of electrical equipments at 220 kv system is as below. 1. Mininum oil circuit breaker (MOCB) 2. Isolator 3. Current transformer (C.T) 35

4. Potential transformer (P.T) 5. Lightning arresters 6. Earthing isolator 7. Capacitor voltage transformer (C.V.T) MOCB provided for stage I are BHEL made are rated for 245 kv 2500 amp, 134 Mva. Each pole has three interrupters, which are oil filled with nitrogen sealed. The three pole of MOCB are designed for single phase individual operation of any ploe. Breaker operation can be done only form respective pole operating mechanism by putting selector switch on local. Inter locking scheme of circuit breaker. Gendrator breaker Station breaker Line breaker Bus coupler breaker

Breakers are used to break the circuit either in the load condition or in the no load condition
TABLE 5.3 220 kv MOCB Specification :

MAKE TYPE VOLTAGE FREQUENCY MASS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER NORMEL CURRENT GAS PRESSURE MELTING CURRENT TRIPPING COIL CLOSING COIL

BHEL HYDERABAD HLR 245/250 2 E 245 KV 50 Hz 320 kg 2500 amp 0.3 TO 0.7 kg / sq cm 100 kamp DC 220 V DC 220 V

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5.12 Circuit breaker :

A circuti breaker is a complex circuit breaking with below duties Make or breake the circuit Appropriately manage the high energy are associated with current interruption the problem has become more acute due to interconnection of power station resulting in very high fault levels. Rapid and successive automatic breaking and making to aid stabel system operation.

5.13 Isolator :
An Isolator is a switch connected after a circuit breaker, when a circuit or a bus bar is taken out of service by tripping the circuit breaker, The isolator is then open circuited and the isolated line is earthed through earth switch so that trapped line charges are safely conducted to ground.

5.14 Lightning arrester :

Lightening arrestors are used to protect the sub station. A transmission line arrester is earthed. Valve type lightening arrester is called surge diverter. It consists of a spark gap in series with non-linier resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the equipment to be protected while other is effectively grounded. The length of the gapes so adjusted that normal line voltage is unable to cause an are across the gap but a dangerously high voltage will break down the air insulation & form an arc.

37

Figure 5.3 lightning arrester

The property of on linier resistance is that its resistance decreased as the voltage or current increase & vice-versa. Operation wills starts when the voltage increases to 10 % of the rated voltage. As the gap sparks over due to over voltage the are would be a short ckt on the power system & may cause power follow current in the arrester. Since the characteristics of the resistor are to offer high resistance to high voltage, it prevents the effect of short ckt. After the surge is over, The resistor offers high voltage, it prevents the effect of short circuit. After surge is over the resistor offers high resistance to make the gap non-conducting.
TABLE5.4 Specification of lighting arrester :

TYPE MAXIMUM VOLTAGE CURRENT NO OF UNITS

CPC-II 198 KV / UNIT 10 KA 5

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5.15 SWITCH GEAR :

Switchgear is one, which makes or breaks electric circuit. Numerous problems arises in erection, testing and commissioning of switch gear and various precaution to be made in operation and maintenance of switch gear. 5.15.1 Requirement of switchgear : 1. To permit apparatus and circuits to be conveni8ently put into or taken out of service. 2. To permit safe isolation of apparatus automatically in faulty condition. The switchgear used in KSTPS are outdoor type and they may be classified in the below groups. Stationary cubical type: In this type circuit element occupy fixed position. Draw out type (Truck type): In this type of switchgear the circuit breaker is installed on a carriage which can be provide isolation. Compound filled (sf6 filled type): In this type of switch gear enclosed is filled with sf6 gas.. Plan proof: This type of switchgear is explosion proof. Circular type: In which brick wall and RCC slabs separate the unit. Corridor Switch gear: A switchboard no which the device are mounted on two opposite side separated by the corridor. MIMIC diagram board: A switchgear on which the components are arranged in separate compartment with metal enclosed intended to be earthed. The switchgear used in GLTPP draw out (truck type) indoor switch gear. Draw out type switch gear: In this type of switchgear the circuit breaker and other components are mounted with durable carriage. For isolation after opening their circuit breaker is lowered is lowered mechanically by manual gears, therefore the carriage is pulled out. The main components of draw out indoor switchgear are given below

39

1. Bus bar type 2. Iolating type 3. Current transformer 4. Potential transformer 5. Circuit breaker 6. Earthing arrangement 7. Label connection 8. Relay

Figure 5.4 relays

9. Inter-locking arrangements 10.Enclosing box The following type of interlocking are provided (a) The circuit breaker must be in open position before it is lowered in this position. (b) The circuit breaker can be closed only raising the final plug in position. (c) The circuit breaker can be closed before raising plug in position . (d) Interlocking between isolator, Earthing switches and circuit breakers are provided.

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5.15.2 Switching isolators : 1. They are capable of (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Interrupting the transformer magnetizing current Interrupting line changing current. Interrupting load transformer The main application is in connectin with feed or bank transformer feeders & there units Make it possible to switch out one transformer while the other is still on load. 5.15.3 Circuit breaker : The are capable of breaking the circuit on faults. It is heavy duty equipment naily utilized for protection of various circuits and separation of loads. The circuit brushes on a relay by a manual signal. The circuit breaker which is used in switch gear is minimum oil circuit breaker. Air circuit breaker, Vacuum circuit breaker and Sf 6 circuit breaker are also used in switchgear. The required firm of switchgear is that it should be capable of {i} Carry continuous maximum current of system. {ii}Break the circuit under abnormal condition. So the switchgear can also be said as motor control as the singal from like in case of short circuit, over load, earth faults. The work is very essential so as to protect the motor against any damage. 5.15.4 Bus bar : Bus bars are defined as the conductors to which several incoming and outgoing lines are connected. They essential components of switchgear they are made up of Cu & AI, The type and design of switchgear depends upon rated nominal current and short circuit capacity. The bus bar of neighboring link units is connected by AI links. The incoming and outgoing cables are provided for metering purpose. The C.T normally of ring type is fitted on insulator primary. Cast resin fitting provides the insulation. In KSTPS there are two type of indoor type switchgear 41

(i) 6.6 Kv / High tension. (ii) 0.415 Kv / Low tension

Figure 5.5 bus bar

5.15.5 Earthed switches : Earthing switch is connected between line conductors and earth. Normally it is open when line is disconnected. The earthing switch is closed so as to discharge the voltage tripped on line for high voltage and so the capacitor between line and earth is charged to high voltage. For maintenance work their voltage are discharge to earth by closing switch.

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Chapter 6
EFFIENCEY & PROTECTION
In GLTPP chemical energy of fuel is converted in heat energy by combustion the heat is given to the water and it converts its form to steam. The pressure of steam rotates turbine which is now in kinetic energy form (Mechanical energy) this Mechanical energy is utilized in generator for producing electrical energy which is sent to different localities for utilization.

6.1 Plant efficiency:

We divide whole plant efficiency in four components: 1. 2. 3. 4. cycle efficiency turbo generator efficiency boiler efficiency auxiliary power efficiency

6.1.1 Overall efficiency: Boiler n X Turbine n X Cycle n X generator n . 6.1.2 Cycle efficiency : Cycle efficiency being the maximum possible heat energy that could obtain from any particular set of steam conditions employed . The operation of heat reduction of condenser , which is almost 50 % of the total available heat , makes Rankin cycle relatively inefficient Energy available for conversion in work Cycle n = Energy given in boiler as heat It can be controlled by 43

Condenser vacuum Steam condition of CV&IV Regenerative feed heating 6.1.3 Alternator efficiency : The alternator is very efficient machine it has efficiency of order of 98% in it losses can be categorized as ; [a] [b] Copper & iron losses Winding losses Operationally the plant is governed by grid requirement . For voltage we use the set out from generator transformer . 6.1.4 Boiler efficiency : It depends upon 6.1.5 Dry flue gas loss Wet flue gas loss Moisture in combustion Radiator & in accounted loss

Turbine efficiency : It means the efficiency of steam turbine in converting the heat energy made available in the cycle into actual mechanical work .

6.2 PROTECTION :
The machinery used at power plant is very costly so in case of fault if machinery gets dagaged so it causes a lot of loss to company so they make a lot of provision for protection. 6.2.1 Stator protection : The faults, which may occur in stator winding are : (i) Phase to phase fault

44

(ii) Phase to ground fault (iii) Short circuit between line (iv) Overheating These faults are due to below regions, [a] Over voltage is because of system transients, lighting switching surges or sudden loss of load. [b] Insulation, deterioration due to any matter, noisture, corona discharge, vibration. It is very necessary to minimize the tripping time during any fault so that the lamination is not damaged. The repairing being affected by replacing the faulty stator bar. A delayed clearance may damage the lamination, so fire may be caused and partial reinsulation of core may be necessary. 6.2.2 Rotor protection : Fault which may occur in rotor Winding are First fotor fault. Second rotor fault. Inter turn fault. Alternator is not earthed therefore a single earth fault in not itself dangerous. However its presence increases the chance of further more faults due to increase of stress between earth and other parts of the winding when stator transient induces rotor voltage. A stator earth fault may result in part of rotor winding being short circuit. And may cause serious and permanent damage. The magnetic unbalance consequence can produce serious vibration and distortion fo rotor shaft. So for the protection there is alarm in case of first rotor fault, afterfirst rotor fault monitoring instrument are provided to trip the unit in case of second rotor earth fault.

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6.2.3 Generator protection : The generator is required to be tripped or isolated on below types of faults (i) Failure of generating insulation. (ii) Failure of prime mover or boiler. (iii)Failure of generator auxiliaries like hydrogen gas system. (iv) Failure of grid. The tripping connand to the generator transformer breaker is given by master trip relay 866, 86GT & 86GB. To make it feasible the master triprelay is connected to a command bus. All the protection relays are connected between the position of 220V D.C protection and this common bus. Protection devices are that detect abnormal condition in electrical circuit by measuring the electrical quantity. Which are different under normal & fault condition. The basic electrical quantities are voltage, current, phase angle & frequency. They relay doesnt operate for normal voltage, current phase angle, frequency. 6.2.4 DIFFERENT TYPE OF PROTECTIONS ARE : 1. Current operated protection. 2. Differentil operated protection. 3. Voltage-operated protection 4. Impedance type protection. 5. Frequency typt protection.

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Chapter 7 CONCLUSION
The first phase of practical training has provided to quite faithful. It provides an opportunity for encounter with such huge machines like tippler 210 MW Turbines, Generator etc. The architecture of the power plant the way various units are linked and the way working of whole plant is controlled make the students realize that engineering is not jist learning the structural description and working of various machine but the greater part is of planning proper management. It also provide on opportunity to learn technology used at proper place and time can save a lot of labor like Wagon tippler. But there are few factors that require special mention. Training is not carried out into its trees sprit. It is reconnended that there should be some projects specially made for students where the presence of authority should be ensured. There should be strict monitoring of the perfromance of student and system of grading be improved on the basis of work done. How ever training has provided too is quite faithful. It has allowed as on opportunity to get an exposure of the practical implementation to theoretical fundamentals.

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