AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE (1898-1942, 1945-1946} > American colonial regime embarked on projects in the fields of: * Education

A. Priority was given to educate the Filipinos B. Focus of education 1. The spread of democracy and formation of good citizens, including the rights and responsibilities of the people 2. Reading and writing C. Allowed the Americnns o spread or share their culture, particularly the English languge D. Religion was not included in the curriculum of the schools E. Gave everyone the hance to study introduction of Public School Buildings 1. Child from age 7 was required to register in schools located in their own town or province and were given free school materials 2. 3 levels of education A.Elementary level 4 primary yrs and 3 intermediate yrs B. Secondary or hih school level 4 yrs; C. Third level college or tertiary level F. Volunteer Filipino soldiers 1st techersof the Filipinos. 1. Part of their mission was to build classrooms in every place where they were assigned. 2> Stopped teaching when a group of teachers from the U.S came to the Philipines in June 1901 3. August 1901, 600 teachers called Thomasites arrived. Their name from the ship they traveled on S.S. Thomas. G. Elementary and secondary schools were opened in cities and provinces. H. There were also colleges during the American period: 1. Philippine Normal School in 1901 ( now a university ) 2. National University ( 1901) ; 3. University of the Philippines was also founded in 1908

4. University of Manila ( 1914 ) 5. Philippine Women University ( 1919 ); and 6. Far Eastern University I. Attention was given to vocational and health practice J. Normal, vocational, agricultural, and business schools were also opened: 1. Philippine Nautical School 2. Philippine School of Arts and Trades 3. Central Luzon Agriculture School K. Students who excelled academically sent to the U.S to continue their studies and become expert in desired fields or professions called scholars. In return, they were to teach or work in government offices after they finished. Successful Filipino Scholars Judge Jose Abad Santos, Francisco Benitez, Dr. Honoria Sison and Francisci Delgado. L. Formal education was also provided to those who were of age. M. Schools were also built in non-Catholic areas like Sulu, Mindanao, and Mountain Provinces. * Health and Sanitation A. Construction of Public toilets and baths B. Health services * Public works * Communication * Transportation * Resources development * Conservation > The American Governors started to organized the structure of government. From the local municipalities to provincial governments and offices > American Architects A. Daniel H. Burnham Grand plan for Manila and Baguio

B. William E. Parsons ( 1904- 1914 ) 1. Burnhams plan for Manila, Baguio, prepared city plans for Cebu and Zamboanga 2. Major Buildings PGH, Normal School, Manila Hotel, Army and Navy, Elks Club, YMCA, provincial and government buildings, and schools C. George Fenhagen D. Ralph Harrington Doane ( 1916- 1918 ) Post Office, Dept. of Foreign Affairs E. Wilton Becket Jai Alai Bldg F. Richard Kisling Rizal Monument in 1905 > William Cameron Forbes American Commissioner, Organizer and promoter A. City of Baguio and construction of Mansion House ( Governor Generals Palace ) > Corp of Army Engineers in charge of the construction of ordinary buildings and other infrastructure > Division of Architecture in the Bureau under the Jones Law was created were American and Filipino architects were employed > Filipino pensionado architects studied architecture in America and Europe > Design in concrete and mortar beton brut William Parsons A. Prefabrication bldg. coponents such as walls section, floors, slabs, columns, beams are produced in factory, transported and assembld. B. Precast Cement ornaments and fixtures classical capitals, friees and reliefs for pediments. > Following Burnhams Dictum, Spanish colonial architecture should be the basis of the new style. A. Parsons made use of arches,, plain walls, and capiz windows > Materials Precast cement mouldings and relief. Glass blocks exterior and interior. Stained glass used in churches were used in domestic architecture. > Architectural Styles adopted. Government builders favored neoclassical style. New York design influence is strongly reflected. Art deco and Art nouveau style were introduced in 1930. * Revivalist Architecture A. historical fever revived other styles of architecture B. Classical tradition of the Romans and Greek dominated the 19th c

C. Romanticism movement was popularized. D. Gothic, Romanesque and Byzantine E. Also included are non-western styles Egyptians, Moorish, Indians, etc. F. Neoclassicism 1. Preferred sober dignity to the excesses of baroque 2. Advocated a break from post-renaissance that led to the revival of ancient Greek architecture pure honest and simple. 3. exact classic proportions and ornamented surfaces with correctly rendered pilasters, massed either singly or pairs under semi-circular or triangular pediments. 4. great impact to the Architects trained in the U.S under the Ecole de Beaux Arts as seen in our Government buildings. * New Art (French, Art Nouveau) A. Known as judendstil, bandwurmstil or tapeworm style, English style or stile liberty, modernimo, sezession B. Negative form of revolt against Eclecticism C. organic and dynamic forms D. curving designs E. whiplash lines * Art deco (French, art decorative) A. Originated from the 1925 Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes rise of Modernistic architecture 1. The exhibit covered a wide range of work, such as glass, ceramic and metal objects for domestic use, jewelry, textile, furniture, etc. B. Form and styles matters over function C. Introduction in the Philippines marked the end of neoclassic dominance. > EARLY FILIPINO ARCHITECTS * Arcadio De Guzman Arellano A. Studied at Escuela de Artes y Oficios Maestro de obras (Master builder) in 1895

B. Captain of Engineering Corps of Emilio Aguinaldos revolutionary army supervised repair of Barasoain Church. C. 1st Filipino employed in 1901 by Gov. Taft as consulting architect D. Set up the first architectural and surveying office E. Worked in revivalist style F. Designed the Gota de Leche and Casino Espanyol * Carlos A. Baretto A. 1st employed by Division of Architecture formerly a Bureau of Architecture in 1901 and Division of Building Construction and Repair in 1905 B. Government pensionado send to Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania C. 1st Filipino with academic title D. Worked in 1908 1913 * Antonio Manalac Toledo A. Finished architectural studies at Cornell University in 1910 B. employed at the Bureau of Public Works under William Parsons C. 1st professor at the Mapua Institute of Technology D. UP campus Plans, and Buildings UP Padre Faura complex, other UP buildings, Leyte Capitol, Department of Tourism and Finance city Hall of Manila E. Adheres to to neoclassical style * Tomas Bautista Mapua A. Graduate from Cornell University B. Worked in the Bureau of Public Works in 1911 1927 C. Founded Mapua Institute of Technology D. First board of Examiners for Architects in the Philippines E. Building De La Salle College, Centro Escolar University, Nurses Home PGH,, and others * Juan De Guzman Arellano A. Architect and Painter

B. Graduate from Drexel University and took post graduate work in Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania and attended the Beaux Arts School in New York C. Buildings Gota de Leche, Casino Espanyol, Legislative Bldg., Post Office, Metropolitan Theater, Villamor Hall UP, other government buildings D. Neoclassic, art deco and later nativist phases > 2ND GENERATION FILIPINO ARCHITECTS * Andres Luna de San Pedro A. Architect and painter B. Son of the painter Juan Luna C. Enrolled at the Ecole de Beaux Arts, France D. Served as architect of the City of Manila then went to private practice E. Revivalist, art deco and modern style F. Legarda Elementary School, Crystal Palace, Zobel Houses, Perez Samanillo Bldg, St. Cecilia Hall, St. Scholasticas College, etc. * Pablo Sebrero Antonio A. Worked in the Bureau of Public Works while attending high school at night B. Took correspondence school in architecture and structural engineering at the Mapua Institute of Technology C. Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila Railroad Co., Manila Polo Club, Galaxy Theater D. National Artist in Architecture * Fernando Hizon Ocampo A. Civil Engineer graduate at UST, and architecture degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1921. Took advance studies at the American Academy in Rome B. Worked in US Architectural firm and worked in the architecture division, Bureau of Public Works C. Formed a partnership with Tomas Arguelles D. One of the founders of the UST School of Architecture and Fine Arts established in 1930 E. Paterno Bldg, Mc. Arthur Bridge, UST Central Seminary Bldg., etc

F. Traditionalist with art deco style * Juan Felipe De Jesus Nakpil A. National Artist B. Took engineering at UP and University of Kansas C. Studied in France and obtained a diploma in architecture from the Fountainebleau Sool of fine arts D. Worked in the Bureau of Public Works and became partner of Andres Luna de San Pedro E. Quezon Institute Administration bldg., Manila Jockey Club, Avenue Hotel and Theater, Quiapo Church, etc. > BUILDING TYPES * GOVERNMENT OFFICE BUILDINGS A. Classification 1. National legislative, executive and judicial branches, depts. and bureaus under and other government institution such as banks 2. Provincial Kapitolyo (capitol) houses the governors office, provincial boards, courts and other offices 3. City or municipal city halls or municipality halls which houses the city or municipal government, mayors office, city or town council and local courts B. Local government buildings include post office, police station and fire stations C. Designed and constructed in line with the policy of preparing the Filipino people for democratic self government D. Provincial capitols were built in the 2nd decade of the 20th c. E. Symmetrical in plan, formal in massing with rooms along corridors or around courtyard F. Landscaping projects included the plazas in front of the provincial capital and parks G. Provincial capitols were located away from the town center and were set on spacious grounds. Some built on elevated areas or near seashore H. Monuments were focal points in the plaza I. Pre WWW II buildings were in neo classic style

** EXAMPLES** 1. LEGISLATIVE BUIDING (NATIONAL MUSEUM), Manila A. Started in 1918, by Archts. Ralph Doane, Antonio Toledo and Juan Arellano, completed in 1926 B. Originally designed as public library C. Congress of the Philippines, Executive Houses, Senate D. 4 storey rectangular building with 2 interior courts E. Appearance of 3 storey set on a podium formed by ramp and stairways F. Four column portico of Corinthian order with a triangular pediments, and both ends of the faade two column portico complimenting the central portico G. Neo-classic Greek revival H. Superb massing, siting and handling of the main approach. I. Faithfully reconstructed after WW II 2. Laguna Provincial Capitol ( 1912) 3. Bacolod Provincial Capitol Building 4. Lingayen Capitol, Pangasinan ( 1918 ) 5. Cebu Provincial Capitol 6. Batangas Capitol 7. Bulacan Provincial Capitol 8. Tagbilaran Capitol Building 9. Dumaguete Capitol building 10. CAGAYAN PROVINCIAL CAPITAL A. Completed in 1950 B. Sited on a large tract of land, approached via long vista of maintained garden C. Two-storey building made of concrete D. Symmetrical in plan E. Central portion of the faade with tall square columns supporting the rectangular pediment and bordered parapet termination main feature 11. Urdaneta Municipal Building, Pangasinan 12. Lemery Municipal Building, Batangas 13. Compostela Presidencia, Cebu 14. Lopez Municipal Building, Tayabas ( 1928 ) 15. Camalig Municipal Building, Albay 16. Alang-Alang Public School, Leyte 17. Romblon Municipal Building, Romblon * PUBLIC SCHOOL AND COLLEGES A. When the government started to function smoothly the Americans brought in teachers to educate the young and offered later professions to Filipinos B. Spanish government built around 1,000 school buildings in the Philippines, 39 located in Manila

C. Americans while setting up the public school system used in the buildings as well as ermitas (chapels), rented private homes and set up temporary structures paid for by the municipal funds. D. GABALDON SCHOOLHOUSES 1. Named after Isauro Gabaldon who promulgated the Gabaldon law under Philippine Commossion Act 1801 and augmented by act 2029 of the Philippines Assembly in 1908 A. allocated 1 million pesos made available for 4 yrs. For the construction of elementary buildings in municipalities in the country 2. William Parsons as consulting architect of the Bureau of Public Works designed in 15 different types 3. Well drained square site was considered ideal and built away from the street with open areas for playfield, gardens and alks 4. Concrete foundation and walls and Galvanized iron roofs 5. 1 storey elevated by 1 m to keep the wooden floor safely above humid grounds with clssrooms on the sides of an open gallery 6. Floor to ceiling of about 4 m to allow hot air to rise 7. Features derived from bahay kubo and bahay na bato A. Hip and steep roof with wide overhangs B. Tall but narrow windown swung outwards with transom made of wood and capiz shells C. Prefabricated for short construction time 8. Some elementary and high school buildings especially in urban centers are more elaborate than the quick-build type have two to three floors 9. High school buildings followed a longitudinal plan and may have porticos in renaissance style with arches resting on columns or arches without columns ** EXAMPLES ** 1. ZAMBOANGA EAST AND WEST CENTRAL SCHOOLS A. Renamed after Prv. Albert L. Burleigh, 2nd Infantry Div. to honor his achievements in Jolo B. Patterned after the one storey Prairie style of American schools C. Listed in the Patrimonial Properties of Zamboanga City as the oldest school building during the American regime 2. Provincial High School, Guinobatan, Albay and Sorsogon 3. Baguio Central School

4. Hinundayan Central School, Leyte 5. Pasig Provincial High School, Rizal 6. PHILIPPINE NORMAL COLLEGE, Taft Avenue A. Manila Normal School B. 1st bldg. designed by W. Parsons C. Retained the traditional Spanish tile roof, interrupted by 3 California gables on either side which marked the entrances of the 3-storey building D. Built of reinforced concrete E. Glazed tile wall ornamentation 7. LEGARDA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, Manila A. Andres Luna de San Pedro, Ecole des Beaux-Arts B. Built in 1920 8. SILIMAN HALL, City of Dumaguete, Negros Oriental A. 1st bldg.. of the Siliman Institute planned by Dr. David S. Hibbard in 1901 and constructed by the students B. 1st bldg. that used cast iron for structural purposes C. GI sheets breakthrough roofing material D. Spacious verandas maximizing the east and south views of the sea E. Capiz windows and spaces reminiscent of the bahay na bato but Victorian inspired details F. Tropical architecture G. Embossed metal ceiling panels manufactured in England H. Interior wrought iron column and decorative capital salvaged by Charles Glung, US secretary of the Army and Navy, from the debris if the theater in US. I.