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Banking and Finance terms in India

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Banking and Finance terms in India

What is a Repo Rate? A: Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. What is Reverse Repo Rate? A: This is exact opposite of Repo rate. Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks. RBI uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. Banks are always happy to lend money to RBI since their money is in safe hands with a good interest. An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI due to this attractive interest rates. What is corporate governance? The way in which a company is governed and how it deals with the various interests of its customers, shareholders, employees and society at large. Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administered or controlled.Is defined as the general set of customs, regulations, habits, and laws that determine to what end a firm should be run. Functions of RBI?

The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of India, was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Reserve Bank of India was set up on the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission. The commission submitted its report in the year 1926, though the bank was not set up for nine years.To regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage. Banker to the Government: performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments; also acts as their banker.Banker to banks: maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks. What is monetary policy? A Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank, of a country controls (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest, in order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. What is Fiscal Policy? Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and revenue collection to influence the economy. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates and government spending, in an effort to control the economy. Fiscal policy is an additional method to determine public revenue and public expenditure. What is Core Banking Solutions? Core banking is a general term used to describe the services provided by a group of networked bank branches. Bank customers may access their funds and other simple transactions from any of the member branch offices. It will cut down time, working simultaneously on different issues and increasing efficiency. The platform where communication technology and information technology are merged to suit core needs of banking is known as Core Banking Solutions. What is bank and its features and types? A bank is a financial organization where people deposit their money to keep it safe.Banks play an important role in the financial system and the economy. As a key component of the financial system, banks allocate funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner.

Regional Rural Banks were established with an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for agriculture and other rural sectors. The RRBs mobilize financial resources from rural / semiurban areas and grant loans and advances mostly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans. The area of operation of RRBs is limited to the area as notified by GoI covering one or more districts in the State. ii. Banking services for individual customers is known as retail banking. iii. A bank that deals mostly in but international finance, long-term loans for companies and underwriting. Merchant banks do not provide regular banking services to the general public iv. Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their retail or virtual bank. v. Mobile Banking is a service that allows you to do banking transactions on your mobile phone without making a call , using the SMS facility. Is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payments etc. via a mobile device such as a mobile phone. vi. Traditional banking is the normal bank accounts we have. Like, put your money in the bank and they act as a security and you will get only the normal interests (decided by RBI in our case, FED bank in US). vii. Investment banking is entirely different. Here, people who are having so much money (money in excess which will yield only less interest if in Banks) will invest their money and get higher returns. For example, If i have more money instead of taking the pain of investing in share market, buying properties etc. I will give to investment banks and they will do the money management and give me higher returns when compared to traditional banks. What is E-Governance? E-Governance is the public sectors use of information and communication technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more accountable,transparent and effective. What is Right to information Act? The Right to Information act is a law enacted by the Parliament of India giving citizens of India access to records of the Central Government and State overnments.The Act applies to all States and Union Territories of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir which is covered under

a State-level law. This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 13 October 2005. Credit Rating Agencies in India? The credit rating agencies in India mainly include ICRA and CRISIL. ICRA wasformerly referred to the Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited. Their main function is to grade the different sector and companies in terms of performance and offer solutions for up gradation. The credit rating agencies in India mainly include ICRA and CRISIL(Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited) What is Cheque? Cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a Bank to pay a specific amount from a specified account held in the maker/depositors name with that Bank.A bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and payable on demand.Written order directing a bank to pay money. What is demand Draft? A demand draft is an instrument used for effecting transfer of money. It is a Negotiable Instrument. Cheque and Demand-Draft both are used for Transfer of money. You can 100% trust a DD. It is a bankers check. A check may be dishonored for lack of funds a DD can not. Cheque is written by an individual and Demand draft is issued by a bank. People believe banks more than individuals. What is a NBFC? A non-banking financial company (NBFC) is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 and is engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stock/bonds/debentures/securities issued by government, but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, sale/purchase/construction of immovable property. NBFCs are doing functions akin to that of banks; however there are a few differences: (i)A NBFC cannot accept demand deposits (demand deposits are funds deposited at a depository institution that are payable on demand immediately or within a very short period like your current or savings accounts.)

(ii) it is not a part of the payment and settlement system and as such cannot issue cheques to its customers; and (iii) Deposit insurance facility of DICGC is not available for NBFC depositors unlike in case of banks. Difference between banking & Finance? Finance is generally related to all types of financial, this could be accounting, insurances and policies. Whereas banking is everything that happens in a bank only.The term Banking and Finance are two very different terms but are often associated together. These two terms are often used to denote services that a bank and other financial institutions provide to its customers. What is NASSCOM ? The National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM), the Indian chamber of commerce is a consortium that serves as an interface to the Indian software industry and Indian BPO industry. Maintaining close interaction with the Government of India in formulating National IT policies with specific focus on IT software and services maintaining a state of the art information database of IT software and services related activities for use of both the software developers as well as interested companies overseas. Mr. Som Mittal President. Chairman-Pramod Bhasin What is ASSOCHAM? The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Indias premier apex chamber covers a membership of over 2 lakh companies and professionals across the country. It was established in 1920 by promoter chambers, representing all regions of India. As an apex industry body, ASSOCHAM represents the interests of industry and trade, interfaces with Government on policy issues and interacts with counterpart international organizations to promote bilateral economic issues. President-Swati Piramal What is NABARD? NABARD was established by an act of Parliament on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It is one of the premiere agency

to provide credit in rural areas. NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for promotion and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts. What is SIDBI? The Small Industries Development Bank of India is a state-run bank aimed to aid the growth and development of micro, small and medium scale industries in India. Set up in 1990 through an act of parliament, it was incorporated initially as a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank of India. What is SENSEX and NIFTY? SENSEX is the short term for the words Sensitive Index and is associated with the Bombay (Mumbai) Stock Exchange (BSE). The SENSEX was first formed on 1-1-1986 and used the market capitalization of the 30 most traded stocks of BSE. Where as NSE has 50 most traded stocks of NSE.SENSEX IS THE INDEX OF BSE. AND NIFTY IS THE INDEX OF NSE.BOTH WILL SHOW DAILY TRADING MARKS. Sensex and Nifty both are an index. An index is basically an indicator it indicates whether most of the stocks have gone up or most of the stocks have gone down. What is SEBI? SEBI is the regulator for the Securities Market in India. Originally set up by the Government of India in 1988, it acquired statutory form in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament. Chaired by C B Bhave. What is Mutual funds? Mutual funds are investment companies that pool money from investors at large and offer to sell and buy back its shares on a continuous basis and use the capital thus raised to invest in securities of different companies. The mutual fund will have a fund manager that trades the pooled money on a regular basis. The net proceeds or losses are then typically distributed to the investors annually. What is Asset Management Companies? A company that invests its clients pooled fund into securities that match its declared financial objectives. Asset management companies provide investors with more diversification and

investing options than they would have by themselves. Mutual funds, hedge funds and pension plans are all run by asset management companies. These companies earn income by charging service fees to their clients. What are non-performing assets? Non-performing assets, also called non-performing loans, are loans,made by a bank or finance company, on which repayments or interest payments are not being made on time. A debt obligation where the borrower has not paid any previously agreed upon interest and principal repayments to the designated lender for an extended period of time. The nonperforming asset is therefore not yielding any income to the lender in the form of principal and interest payments. What is Recession? A true economic recession can only be confirmed if GDP (Gross Domestic Product)growth is negative for a period of two or more consecutive quarters. What is foreign exchange reservers? Foreign exchange reserves (also called Forex reserves) in a strict sense are only the foreign currency deposits and bonds held by central banks and monetary authorities.However, the term in popular usage commonly includes foreign exchange and gold,SDRs and IMF reserve positions.

What is CRR Rate? A: Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If RBI decides to increase the percent of this, the available amount with the banks comes down. RBI is using this method (increase of CRR rate), to drain out the excessive money from the banks.3 What is SLR Rate? A: SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) is the amount a commercial bank needs to maintain in the form of cash, or gold or govt. approved securities (Bonds) before providing credit to its customers.

SLR rate is determined and maintained by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) in order to control the expansion of bank credit. SLR is determined as the percentage of total demand and percentage of time liabilities. Time Liabilities are the liabilities a commercial bank liable to pay to the customers on their anytime demand. SLR is used to control inflation and propel growth. Through SLR rate tuning the money supply in the system can be controlled efficiently. What is Bank Rate? A: Bank rate, also referred to as the discount rate, is the rate of interest which a central bank charges on the loans and advances that it extends to commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. Changes in the bank rate are often used by central banks to control the money supply. What is Inflation? A: Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of Goods and services that projects the Indian economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs when there is an increase in the average level of prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens when there are fewer Goods and more buyers; this will result in increase in the price of Goods, since there is more demand and less supply of the goods. What is Deflation? A: Deflation is the continuous decrease in prices of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate becomes negative (below zero) and stays there for a longer period. What is PLR? A: The Prime Interest Rate is the interest rate charged by banks to their most creditworthy customers (usually the most prominent and stable business customers). The rate is almost always the same amongst major banks. Adjustments to the prime rate are made by banks at the same time; although, the prime rate does not adjust on any regular basis. The Prime Rate is usually adjusted at the same time and in correlation to the adjustments of the Fed Funds Rate. The rates reported below are based upon the prime rates on the first day of each respective month. Some banks use the name Reference Rate or Base Lending Rate to refer to their Prime Lending Rate.

What is Deposit Rate? A: Interest Rates paid by a depository institution on the cash on deposit. What is FII? A: FII (Foreign Institutional Investor) used to denote an investor, mostly in the form of an institution. An institution established outside India, which proposes to invest in Indian market, in other words buying Indian stocks. FIIs generally buy in large volumes which has an impact on the stock markets. Institutional Investors includes pension funds, mutual funds, Insurance Companies, Banks, etc. What is FDI? A: FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) occurs with the purchase of the physical assets or a significant amount of ownership (stock) of a company in another country in order to gain a measure of management control (Or) A foreign company having a stake in a Indian Company. What is IPO? A: IPO is Initial Public Offering. This is the first offering of shares to the general public from a company wishes to list on the stock exchanges. 13. What is Disinvestment? A: The Selling of the government stake in public sector undertakings. What is Fiscal Deficit? A: It is the difference between the governments total receipts (excluding borrowings) and total expenditure. Fiscal deficit in 2009-10 is proposed at 6.8% of GDP. What is Revenue deficit? A: It defines that, where the net amount received (by taxes & other forms) fails to meet the predicted net amount to be received by the government. Revenue deficit in 2009-10 is proposed at 4.8% of GDP. What is GDP? A: The Gross Domestic Product or GDP is a measure of all of the services and goods produced in a country over a specific period; classically a year. GDP during 2008-09 is 6.7%.

What is GNP? A: Gross National Product is measured as GDP plus income of residents from investments made abroad minus income earned by foreigners in domestic market. What is National Income? A: National Income is the money value of all goods and services produced in a country during the year. What is Per Capita Income? A: The national income of a country, or region, divided by its population. Per capita income is often used to measure a countrys standard of living.Per capita income during 2008 -09 estimated by CSO: Rs.25, 494. What is Vote on Account? A: A vote-on account is basically a statement ,where the government presents an estimate of a sum required to meet the expenditure that it incurs during the first three to four months of an election financial year until a new government is in place, to keep the machinery running. Difference between Vote on Account and Interim Budget? A: Vote-on-account deals only with the expenditure side of the governments budget, an interim Budget is a complete set of accounts, including both expenditure and receipts. What is SDR? A: The SDR (Special Drawing Rights) is an artificial currency created by the IMF in 1969. SDRs are allocated to member countries and can be fully converted into international currencies so they serve as a supplement to the official foreign reserves of member countries. Its value is based on a basket of key international currencies (U.S. dollar, euro, yen and pound sterling). What is SEZ? A: SEZ means Special Economic Zone is the one of the part of governments policies in India. A special Economic zone is a geographical region that economic laws which are more liberal than the usual economic laws in the country. The basic motto behind this is to increase foreign

investment, development of infrastructure, job opportunities and increase the income level of the people.

What is Open Market operations(OMO)? The buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system by RBI. Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy.

What is Micro Credit? It is a term used to extend small loans to very poor people for self-employment projects that generate income, allowing them to care for themselves and their families.

What is Liquidity Adjustment Facility(LAF)? A tool used in monetary policy that allows banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. This arrangement allows banks to respond to liquidity pressures and is used by governments to assure basic stability in the financial markets. What is RTGS System? The acronym RTGS stands for Real Time Gross Settlement. RTGS system is a funds transfer mechanism where transfer of money takes place from one bank to another on a real time and on gross basis. This is the fastest possible money transfer system through the banking channel. Settlement in real time means payment transaction is not subjected to any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. Gross settlement means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching with any other transaction. What is Bancassurance? It is the term used to describe the partnership or relationship between a bank and an insurance company whereby the insurance company uses the bank sales channel in order to sell insurance products.

What is Wholesale Price Index(WPI)? The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the index used to measure the changes in the average price level of goods traded in wholesale market. A total of 435 commodity prices make up the index. It is available on a weekly basis. It is generally taken as an indicator of the inflation rate in the Indian economy. The Indian Wholesale Price Index (WPI) was first published in 1902, and was used by policy makers until it was replaced by the Producer Price Index (PPI) in 1978.

What is Consumer price Index(CPI)? It is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households.

What is Venture Capital? Venture capital is money provided by an outside investor to finance a new, growing, or troubled business. The venture capitalist provides the funding knowing that theres a significant risk associated with the companys future profits and cash flow. Capital is invested in exchange for an equity stake in the business rather than given as a loan, and the investor hopes the investment will yield a better-than-average return.

What is a Treasury Bills? Treasury Bills (T-Bills) are short term, Rupee denominated obligations issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the Government of India. They are thus useful in managing short-term liquidity. At present, the Government of India issues three types of treasury bills through auctions, namely, 91-day, 182-day and 364-day. There are no treasury bills issued by State Governments.

What is Banking Ombudsmen Scheme? The Banking Ombudsman Scheme enables an expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank customers for resolution of complaints relating to certain services rendered by banks.

The Banking Ombudsman is a senior official appointed by the Reserve Bank of India to redress customer complaints against deficiency in certain banking services. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme was first introduced in India in 1995, and was revised in 2002. The current scheme became operative from the 1 January 2006, and replaced and superseded the banking Ombudsman Scheme 2002.

What is Subsidy? A subsidy is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector. Most subsidies are made by the government to producers or distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry or an increase in the prices of its products or to encourage it to hire more labor.

What is a Debenture? How many types of debentures are there? What are they? A debenture is basically an unsecured loan to a corporation. A type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical asset. Debentures are backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer. i)Convertible Debentures: Any type of debenture that can be converted into some other security or it can be converted into stock.. ii)Non-Convertibility Debentures(NCB): Non Convertible Debentures are those that cannot be converted into equity shares of the issuing company, as opposed to Convertible debentures. Non-convertible debentures normally earn a higher interest rate than convertible debentures do.

What is a hedge fund? Hedge means to reduce financial risk. A hedge fund is an investment fund open to a limited range of investors and requires a very large initial minimum investment. It is important to note that hedging is actually the practice of attempting to reduce risk, but the goal of most hedge funds is to maximize return on investment.

What is FCCB? A Foreign Currency Convertible Bond (FCCB) is a type of convertible bond issued in a currency different than the issuers domestic currency. In other words, the money being raised by the issuing company is in the form of a foreign currency. A company may issue an FCCB if it intends to make a large investment in a country using that foreign currency.

What is Capital Account Convertibility(CAC)? It is the freedom to convert local financial assets into foreign financial assets and vice versa at market determined rates of exchange. This means that capital account convertibility allows anyone to freely move from local currency into foreign currency and back. The Reserve Bank of India has appointed a committee to set out the framework for fuller Capital Account Convertibility. Capital account convertibility is considered to be one of the major features of a developed economy. It helps attract foreign investment. capital account convertibility makes it easier for domestic companies to tap foreign markets.

What is Current Account Convertibility? It defines at one can import and export goods or receive or make payments for services rendered. However, investments and borrowings are restricted.

What is Arbitrage? The opportunity to buy an asset at a low price then immediately selling it on a different market for a higher price.

What is Capitalism? Capitalism as an economy is based on a democratic political ideology and produces a free market economy, where businesses are privately owned and operated for profit; in capitalism, all of the capital investments and decisions about production, distribution, and the prices of goods, services, and labor, are determined in the free market and affected by the forces of supply and demand.

What is Socialism? Socialism as an economy is based on a collectivist type of political ideology and involves the running of businesses to benefit the common good of a vast majority of people rather than of a small upper class segment of society.

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Marketing Concept for Bank
Tuesday, September 25, 2012 Abbreviations Related to Marketing Aptitude: HNI High Networth Individual. EOQ Economic Order quality. FDR Fixed Deposit Receipts. CNP Cardholder Not Present. PIN Personal Identification Number. SEO Search Engine Optimization. CRM Customer Relationship Management. BPO Business Process Outsourcing. VAT Value Added Tax. IDRA Industries Development and Regulation Act. MR Marginal Revenue. PAN Permanent Account Number. BEP Break Even Point.

NPA Non Performing Assets. ATM Automated Teller Machine. ROA Return on Assets. M & A Mergers & Acquisitions. SEBI Securities Exchange Board of India. GDP Gross Domestic Product. IPO Initial Public Offering. What is Viral Marketing? Marketing by the word of the mouth, having a high pass-rate from person to person is called Viral marketing. Creating a buzz in the industry is an example of viral marketing. What is Bench Marketing? A comparison of the business processes with competitors and improving prevailing ones is called bench marketing. What is Drip Marketing? The method of sending promotional items to clients is called Drip marketing. What is Guerilla Marketing? Unconventional marketing intended to get maximum results from minimal resources is nothing but Guerilla Marketing. What is Social Media Marketing? Social media marketing is marketing using online communities, social networks, blog marketing and more. What is Direct Marketing? Direct Marketing is a form of advertising that directly reaches to the customers on a personal basis (like phone calls, private mailings, etc) rather than traditional channel of advertising (like TV, Newspapers, etc). Types of Direct marketing:

There are many types of direct marketing, only some important types are listed below and these are the most form of direct marketing. i)Direct Mail Marketing: Advertising material sent directly to home and business addresses. This is the most common form of direct marketing. ii)Telemarketing: It is the second most common form of direct marketing, in which marketers contact consumers by phone. ii)Email Marketing: This type of marketing targets customers through their email accounts. What is Indirect Marketing? Indirect Marketing is the distribution of a particular product through a channel that includes one or more resellers. Difference b/w Direct and Indirect Marketing: Direct marketing is basically advertising your own products or services. In the same way you might advertise for someone else is called Indirect marketing, is an increasingly popular way of doing business. What is Internet Marketing? Internet marketing is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. Internet Marketing is also known as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing, Search Engine Marketing (SEM) or e-Marketing. What is Digital Marketing? Digital Marketing is the practice of promoting products and services using all forms of digital advertising. It includes Television, Radio, Internet, mobile and any other form of digital media. Marketing Mix: The Marketing Mix model (also known as the 4 Ps) can be used by marketers as a tool to assist in defining the marketing strategy. The idea was that if you could identify the right combination of these elements, your marketing would succeed. E. Jerome McCarthy introduced the 4 Ps of Marketing as a way to describe the mix of factors required to successfully market a product. The 4 Ps are: Product , Price, Promotion, Place (distribution)

The 5 Ps of marketing is 4 Ps + People/Packaging/Process/etc. The 7 Ps of marketing consists of: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical evidence. The first 4 Ps are considered the basis of any marketing process. The last 3 Ps are a recent addition to the entire marketing process. What is SWOT Analysis? SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors. What is Customer Relationship Management (CRM)? Customer Relationship Management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. It is a process or methodology used to learn more about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. What are the Three Levels of a Product? Core Product Actual Product Augmented Product What is Market Research? Market research is any organized effort to gather information about markets or customers. Market research is for discovering what people want, need, or believe. It can also involve discovering how they act. Once that research is completed, it can be used to determine how to market your product. What is Market Information? To know the prices of the different commodities in the market, as well as the supply and demand situation. What is Market Segmentation?

The division of a market into different homogeneous groups of consumers is known as market segmentation. The purpose for segmenting a market is to allow your marketing program to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase your offering. If done properly this will help to insure the highest return for your marketing expenditures. What is Branding? The essence of a product, its quality and competitiveness displayed in the form of letters, symbols and colours is known as branding. What is Marketing? The process of planning and executing the concepts, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas/goods/services to satisfy individuals/organizational goals is called marketing.
o Laptop in the Lap cause skin Syndrome People who work with a laptop computer resulting on their legs have been warned that they could be permanently damage their skin. Toasted skin syndrome is a skin condition that could result from long-term heat exposure. o College for Art History Courtauld institute of Art in London gets its name from the art collector and manufacturer Samuel Courtauld who donated his home with his collection of impressionist paitings to London University in 1931. It is a college for the study of Art history. o Woman PM for Australia Julia Gillard has become the first ever female elected prime minister of Australia. o Education is now right The right of children to Free and compulsory Education Act has come into from April 1, 2010. o UID rolls out from Tembhli prime Minister Manmohan Singh handed over the first set of 12-Digit identification number called Adhaar to 10 tribals at Tembhli village in Nandurbar District of Maharastra on 29th September , 2010. o One Million newborn die a year According to UNICEF, Indian mortality rate fell from 117 per 1000 live birth in 1990 to 72 in 2007. One million newborns die each year in their first month itself. o National Legal Services Authority The constitution of India provides for free legal aid to the poor and weaker section of the society and ensures justice for all. The Legal services Authorities Act was aimed at establishing a uniform network for free legal

services to the weaker section of the society. The National Legal Services Authorities (NALSA) monitors and evaluates implementation of legal Services. Every state has a legal services Authority. o Molecules in jeans as solar Cells Molecules, typically used in blue jeans and ink dyes, have been used for building an organic frameworks that could lead to economical, flexible and versatile solar cell. o LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), similar to RADAR, utilizes lasers to determine the distance to an object or surface. It is used to variety of industries, like atmospheric physics, geology, forestry, oceanography and law enforcement. LiDAR used in mobile environment like aircraft and satellites, also incorporates positioning technology. o Earth Hour Earth Hour began in Sydeny, Australia in 2007 with about two million participants. The voluntary one-hour blackout has since grown an international event as a sign of action against global warming. o World wide web consortium(W3C) W3C is an international community that works towards developing world wide web standards in the areas like web design, web application, web architecture, XML technology, web services and devices, browsers ad authoring tools. o Composition of Bones Organic Matter 33.30%, phosphate 51.04%, carbonate of lime 11.30%, fluoride of calcium 2.00%, phosphate of magnesia 1.16%, soda/chloride of sodium 1.00% o Brain chip scientist have developed a brain chip that lets paralyzed patients operate their bionic limbs. It detect nerve message , decode the signal and turn thoughts into action. o AIDS Report India has 27 lakh HIV patient per national Aids Control Organization (NACO) estimates. NACO records fresh cases every year, nearly 40% of which are women. Women constitute 50% of all new HIV cases globally. o Universal Blood Type A team of Danish, English and French scientist has found a way to convert types A,B and AB blood into Type O the universal donor blood group that can be given to anybody. The enzymatic blood conversion system enables the precise and permanent conversions of groups to enzyme converted group O, known as ECO red cells and is safe.

Naming on the internet The internet corporation for Assigned Names and numbers the organization tasked with assigning domain names and IP addresses- has approved the domain type .xxx for porn sites. The site that doesn't want to use it still be able to register under the classic .com.

Second poorest country - Afghanistan is the world's second poorest contry. Sierra leone is the poorer than Afghanistan, according to the UN Human Development Index for 2009.

Longest natural beach Cox's Bazar Beach, the unbroken 125 Km sandy beach in Bangladesh, is considered the longest natural beach in the world.

Largest producer of Diamonds Botswana is the world's largest producer of diamonds. The trade has transformed it into a middle-income nation. It launched its own diamond trading company- Diamond Trading Company of Bostwana in joint venture with diamond giant De Beers.

Free calls on internet Skype, designed by Estonian developers, offers free calls over the internet to millions of people. Skype has also become popular for its additional features which include instant messaging, file transfer and video conferencing.

The Hindu College of Varanasi Central Hindu college was established at Varanasi in 1898 by Mrs. Annie Besant. It formed the nucleus of Banaras Hindu University.

The First University Takshashila, established in 700 B.C. is supposed to be the world's first university. Students from foreign countries also registered for studies in more than 60 streams of knowledge here.

The Largest Technopark -

india's first technopark at Thiruvananthapuram, which is

celebrating 20 years of its establishment, is the second largest IT park in the country with 4.5 mn. Sq.ft. build up area with 180 companies operating in the premises, employing about 28,000 professionals. o National Law schools every state in India is to have a world class law school. These are institution of excellence in the field of legal education and research, essential to the realization of values enshrined in the constitution. o Top Business School in the World Harvard, Wharton, Stanford, MIT Sloan, Kellogg, Chicago, Columbia, New York University stern(all in US), London Business School, Insead(France), IE(spain), Ceibs(China), IMD(Switzerland) and Indian School of Business are the top business school in the world.

Fertility Rate the rate at which women expect to have children in their lifetime was 5.5(children) in 1970. It felt to 4 in 1990 and to 2.7 by 2008(india)

Gandhiji's First Arrest Gandhiji was arrested for the first time in India on March 10, 1922 by the order of viceroy Lord Reading, near Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmadabad.

India and Junk Mails India has been ranked second in the list of spam- relaying countries, accounting for over seven percent of global junk mails sent during the first quarter of the year, says a new survey.

Dependency Ratio the number of dependents to working people is called dependency ratio. In India, the ratio is 0.6, which is very low compared with the developed countries.

India, a Growing Wine Market India is one of the growing wine markets. It is to become the first Asian countries to join international organization of Vine and wine (OIV), based in paris.

Gandhiji's Dandi March or 'Salt Satyagaraha' began on March 12,1930. He and his 78 followers reached Dandi, 388 Km from Sabarmati Asharam of Ahmedabad, on April 5 and broke the salt law. He was arrested on April 6.

Rashtrapati Bhawan Rashtrapati Bhawan, Delhi was completed in 1929. It was formely the Viceroy's house. Now it is the official residence of the president of India. It was designed by Lutyens.

In 1930, January 26 was observed as 'Swaraj Day' for the first time. In 1929, at midnight on Dec. 31 Gandhiji led congress members in Lahore to take a Vow for 'Swaraj'- nothing less than full independence.

What is Literacy ? Literacy is not just identifying the letters of the alphabets, but acquiring the skill of reading , writing and arithmetic and the ability to apply them to one's day to day life.

Gandhiji switches to Lion Cloth in 1921, Gandhiji told a meeting of students in Madurai if they found wearing 'Khadi' too expensive, they must wear less clothes. He set an example by discarding the dhoti and kurta and switches over to the lion cloth.

Jugnu Kanpur IIT's mechanical and nuclear engineering and technology departments were instrumented in designing Jugnu, a 3.5 Kg nanosatellite.Jugnu was handed over to the ISRO in March, 2010.

Unique Identification - The Unique Identification Authority of India(UIDAI) is to give UID numbers to 1.2 billion people. The project will save the government more than 20,000 cr. A year by eliminating duplication under various schemes.

Mohan Began India's oldest football club is Mohan Bagan, formed in 1889, Mohammedan Sporting came in 1891.

Harijan Replaces Young India Young India was replaced in 1933 by the new English journal Harijan. This was brought out by Mahatma Gandhi.

Beginning of Film Industry Harishchandra S.Bhatvadekar is often considered the first Indian filmmaker. His two short films The Wrestlers and Man and Monkey were released in Nov. 1899. The Lumiere Brothers cinematographe had unveiled soundless short movie in Mumbai on July, 1896. six

Durand Cup The football Association (FA) Cup began in Englad in 1897. It was the first in the world. The Durand cup tournament, which started in 1888 at shimla, is the second oldest in the world.

A satellite build by Engineering Students Of the five PSL-V-C15 launched satellites in August, two were indigenous ones, the studsat and cartsat was build by 35 students of seven engineering colleges, in india.

The Federal Court- In 1937 Federal Court of India was created as the highest judicial authority in the country. It became the supreme court of India on January 26, 1950.

Largest Postal Network The world's Largest postal network is india post. It has over 1.55 lakh post offices, 89.76 percent of which are in rural areas. A post office serves 7,175 people on an average and cover an area of 21.21 sq km.

V.P.Menon It was a civil servant named V.P.menon who helped sardar patel in persuading many princely states to accede to india.

Plastic Industry Indian Plastic industry had its beginning in 1926. Combs, soap boxes and ashtrays were among the first plastic items made in india.

Burma as part of india Burma was separated from india only in 1937. When the last Mughal emperor bahadur Shah Zafar was sent ot Rangoon in 1858, and the last Burmese King Thibaw Min to Ratnagiri in 1887, they were being exiled within the same country.

Broadcasting Regular broadcasting in India first started in Bombay in July 23, 1927 and later in Calcutta by india broadcasting company.

Boat Races Hiyang Tannaba is a seasonal boat race held during the Lai haraoba festival in Manipur. In kerela, the snake boat (Chundan Vallom) race is held during the festival of Onam.

Saving Rate India has a saving rate of over 30 percent. This is the highest in the world. As india's population will remain young for a couple of decades, there will be an increase in the number of breadwinners. As the rate of income earners to dependents rises, the savings rate also rises.

First Air Mail J.R.D. Tata embarked upon an epochal journey from Karachi to Bombay on Oct. 15, 1932 carrying India's first Airmail.

Michael O'Dwyer Assassinated Sir Michael O'Dwyer the governor of Punjab during the jalianwala Bagh massacre of 1919, was assassinated by Udham singh in 1940.

Poona Act the poona act was an agreement signed by Dr. Ambedkar, D. Rajati and Bombay Cricketer P.Baloo with the congress on Sept. 24, 1932.

Early Film Studios Important studios emerged in india around 1929. These include the prabhat Film company, Ranjit Movietone, British Dominion Film Studio, the General Pictures.

The Jallianwala Bagh Gathering The Gathering on jallianwala bagh at Amritsar on April 13, 1919 had collected to protest against the arrest of Dr. Saifudding Kichlew and Dr. Satyapal.

Accident on the rise the National Crime Record Bureau reports that accidents and injuries that snuff out or damage lives are rising three percent a year in India.

A top technology cluster Bangalore , the silicon valley and biotech capital of India, is ranked among the top technology cluster of the worlds. 2184 IT companies, 743 MNCs over 500,000 IT professionals. The state accounts for nearly 35% of india's software exports. There are 33 approved SEZs for IT Zone.

Mental Health of Indian Soldier one Indian soldier killed himself every third day. In there years till May 2010, 368 soldier ended their lives. Crores of rupees are being spent on suide prevention programmes.

Religious Festivals Many religious festival in India depend on the phases of the moon . full moon days are particularly significant. There is crowding and merrymaking in temple across towns throughout India on festivals.

Nehru Memorial Museum The teen murti house in New Delhi was converted into the Nehru Memorial Museum in 1974. On Jan 27, president V.V.Giri dedicated it to nation. Jawaharlal Nehru lived in the teen murti house as the first prime minister of India.

Teacher's Day President S. Radhakrishnan's birthday Spetember 5 was declared as Teacher's Day in 1962. He became the second president of india in May, 1962.

Nationalization of Airlines All airlines of india were nationalized on August 1, 1953. Two separate corporations, Indian airlines and Air lines , were formed for domestic and international services respectively.

First same sex marriage fails India's first ever public same-sex marriage took place in Manipur in April, 2010 between sandeep soiban, 25 and bride Nikhil Sharma, 28, but ended in divorce after two days.

Electronic Voting Machines the electronic voting machines produced by Electronics corporation of india were used for the first time in the Kerela Assembly by election in April, 1982.

Auroville, the international township of sri Aurobindo Ashram was innaugrated in Feb, 1968 with the assistance of all the states of India. UNESCO and 121 countries of the world. Soils form the respective land were poured into a lotus-shaped urn.

The first financial daily India's first financial daily the Economics Times was launched by the Times of India Group in Bombay on March 6, 1961.

Tribal Population According to the 1981 census, tribal population formed 79 pc. Pf Arunachal Pradesh , as against an average of 7 p.c. for the whole country.

Delhi Mumbai Air traffic it is estimated that about 40 percent of air traffic is between the two cities Delhi and Mumbai.

The First ISD International Subscriber Dialing was introduced in 1976. The first call was made from Bombay to London.

Public private initiative India's first public- private initiative is a $100m. toll bridge. It is the Delhi Noida toll bridge.

Yanam Speaks Telgu Yanam which belongs to the union territory of Pondicherry, speaks Telgu. T is in Andhra pradesh near Kakinada.

The first coal-based fertilizer plant in 1970, telchar in Orissa witnessed the foundation stone lying of india's first and world's largest coal based fertilizer plant.

The 17th Indian Railway Zone Southern(Chennai), Western(Mumbai[Church Gate]), Central(Mumbai CST), Northen(New Delhi), Easter(Kolkata), South-

Eastern(Gorakhpur), Maligaon(Guwahati), Coast(Bhubaneswar),

South-Central(Secundrabad), North Central(Hajipur), North-

North-East Western(Jaipur),

Frontier East-

South-Western(Hubli),

West-Central(Jabalpur),

South-East

Central(Bilaspur), Konkan Railway(Navi Mumbai). o Honor Killing A haryana court give five prople the death penality on a 2007 honor killing case. Manoj and babli, who has eloped, were murdered after a Khap panchayat edict. o High Courts The High court of Bombay, Calcutta and madras were established in 1862. o New States on the partition of Bengal in 1905, assam was united to the eastern districts of Bengal. In 1948 the north east frontier agency was separated from assam. In 1963, Nagaland was carved out of assam as a full-fledged state in 1972, Meghalaya was cut out of Assam as separate state and Mizoram become a Union territory in 1987, Mizorom was granted statehood. o Calorific value of the Indian diet according to writer Robert Fogel, the calorific value of the typical English diet in 1850 was roughly equivalent to the average Indian diet today. o State Bank of Indore merged with SBI in 2010. Bank of Rajasthan merged with ICICI in 2010. o A tourism ministry project on satyajit rai films locations is to give fans on opportunity to visit the sites of the Oscar winning film maker's movie as tourist attraction under the stayajit Ray trail project. o Obama the Author President obama earned between $1 m and $5 m. each for his two books Dreams from My Father and Audacity of Hope in 2009. o Ping Pong It is another name for table tennis, which was invented in England in the early 20th century. Since the mid- 1950s east Asian countries had dominated the sport. In 1988, table tennis became an olymic sport for men and women. o Cycling the first classical professional cycling race was held in paris in 1868. The first US cycling competition, a six-day race was held in 1891. The first Tour de France, the premier race was held in 1903. since 1896, cycling has been part of the Olympics. o P.T.Usha P.T.Usha is the first woman to enter an Olympic final. Her full name is Pilavullakandi Thekeparambil Usha. She took 54.42 seconds, only one-hundredth of a second more, to come forth in 400 meter hurdle race in Los Angeles.

National Advisory Council National Advisory Council (NAC) was set up on 4 June, 2004 by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to implement the common minimum programme of the first UPA government. It is an advisory body comprising distinguished professional drawn from diverse fields of development activity who serve their individual capacities.

Graphite and Diamond The soft gray graphite used in pencil lead and sometimes as a lubricant consists of the same substances as diamond, the hardest substance in nature.

Diamonds are forever Diamonds are a form of carbon that has been centralized under great pressure and very high temperatures. Diamond the hardest and the most lustrous gem, retains its brilliance and polish for generations.

Herbert Murrill's Orchestra tune of the National Anthem Jana Gana Mana was accepted after an international competition in 1950.

Chittranajan, the locomotive town and a model industrial colony was inaugurated on January 26, 1950. The first steam locomotive came out of the assembly line on Nov. 1.

The youngest woman in Space the first woman in space, valentine Tereshkova, was only 26 years when she became the world famous in 1963. She was also the youngest woman in space.

Homophones These are the word that sound like or nearly alike but have different meaning and different spellings. Example : council and counsel, plain and plane, forward and foreword, vain, vein and vane.

Jaiprakash Narain Indian Freedom fighter and political leader jai prakash narain was born on oct. 11,1902 in sitabdiara village of Bihar. He took the lead to form the congress socialist party in 1934. He died in 1979.

First cinema Hall J.F.Madan opened the first cinema hall in india, Elphinstone Picture palace, Calcutta in 1907. The first talkie film was shown in india at Elphinstone in 1929. The film was melody of love.

Lollywood just as it is Bollywood for Hindi. Marathi and Gujrati film produced in Bombay. It is lollywood for the pak film industry which is based in Lahore.

New Delhi is the capital The capital of India shifted from Old Delhi to New Delhi, the ninth city in 1931. The formal inauguration was in Feb 10. The city was designed by E.L.Lutyens and Hebert Baker.

Three new state of 2000 - the 26th Indian state chhatisgarh was born on Nov,1,2000 and the 27th state uttarakhand(Uttaranchal) on Nov,9,2000. Jharkhand is the 28th state which came into being on Nov,15 that year.

Jantar Mantar , Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Jaipur the world's largest stone structure has been included in the UNESCO world heritage list- its latest addition from India.

Lal, Bal, Pal The three Indian leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal are known in the history of Indian freedom movement as 'Lal, Bal, Pal' .

Mumtaz Mahal Mumtaz Mahal bore Moghul Emperor shah Jahan 14 children. She died in childbirth at the age of 39, In 1630. The Emperor build Taj Mahal, a mausoleum of pure white marble at Agra beside the Yamuna River for her.

Gini Index Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. The value of a Gini index that is close to zero denotes closeness to perfect equality in income distribution while value that close to 100 denotes closeness to perfect inequality.

Bi-Modal Strategy An Agriculture strategy in which both large and small sized landholdings coexist for natural growth and development.