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HEIDEGGER'S

READING OF ARISTOTLE:

PRAXIS

AND THE ONTOLOGY OF MOVEMENT

David

Andrew

Noel

Webb

Submitted

for

the

degree

of

PhD in

Philosophy

to

The at

Department the University

of

Philosophy of Warwick

Apri

1 1993

would

like and of

to

thank

Prof. he

David gave

Wood in

for

all

the the

assistance preparation

encouragement this thesis.

supervising

Zqj

Trp=, c-Lx

-co

16-Vov

s"Xov-coc ,

ist

das

Wesen

des

Menschen.

Der

Mensch

ist hat,

das

Lebewesen,

das

gem

seiner

Seinsart

die

Mglichkeit

zu handeln. Die Grundbegriffe der antiken Philosophie.

Heidegger,

Wir

vermeiden

den

Terminus

'Handeln'

absichtlich. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit.

-7

Contents

Abstract

ii

Abbreviations

of

Works

Cited

Introduction:

Naive

Ontology

and

the

Question

of

Praxis

Chapter

One: Section Section Section Section Section

Praxis 1 11 111 IV V

and

the

Structure

of

Teleological

Activity

21 21 26 40 46 54

Chapter

Two: Section Section Section Section Section

Transcendence 1 11 111 IV V

and

the

Radicalization

of

Praxis

67 69 77 81 85 97

Chapter

Three: Section Section Section Section

Phronesis, of Factical 1 II Ill IV

Sophia and Existence

the

Movement 104 105 ill 137 144

Chapter

Four: Section Section Section Section

Dunamis 1 11 Ill IV

and

Ener-geia:

Having

an

End

157 158 167 185 199

Conclusion:

The Act

of

Appropriation

217

Notes

221

Bibliography

249

ABSTRACT HEIDEGGER'S READING OF ARISTOTLE: 11WIS AND THE ONTOLOGY OF NOVENENT

heart to perceives a naivety at the of Greek metaphysics he believes has throughout its which philosophy remained prey This history. in having taken the being consists understanding of to the activity Inotgaiq] appropriate and experience of production as the basis for being in What understanding general. such a interpretation lacks is a conception above all of human being as that distinct from the work, in productive Only which, engages activity. if in to the conception such a were secured contradistinction derived from the in Heidegger's understanding of being could, work itself be firm footing. By way view, ontology placed on of a Heidegger response, undertook a critical appropriation of Aristotle's in particular. This philosophy practical and of the concept of npftiq to the basis Dasein. However, the was provide of an account of in two respects. outcome of the appropriation was problematic Aristotle's own presentation is structure of teleological activity from influence the precisely exerted by the Indeed, of nofrlatr, experience language the renders of metaphysics Heidegger's articulation of np&ttr,. the therefore be end-in-itself must it from the dominant wrest conceptual Second, insofar as determination the First, the horizonal of npftiq as dogged by incoherencies arising language on the of metaphysics the influence this extent of intrinsically ill-suited to the the figure appropriation of of by an attempt to accompanied structures of production.

Heidegger

terms Heidegger in the which couches Dasein the taken from language ontological of of are there between the practical philosophy, arises a formal parallel transcendence Such a of Dasein and possible structures of activity. invites the that Dasein's transcendence parallel supposition may be in its in and towards the world. enacted or accomplished comportment these of problems, and recurs explicitly of reading Metaphysics ontological interpretation the xfvnaiq, of which influence this hinges had of production finite In idea on the of appropriation as Heidegger is in the addition, which potentiality emphasises way each that is to the manner As an activity related of its accomplishment. itself, therefore is of an end in understood as an activity npftir, finite appropriation movement of appropriation whose end is the very the itself. As it of essence such, of constitutes a repetition is 36v(xgiq insofar it the transcendence Dasein as and of of to be constituted by 36v(xgtq. understood be shall the second concerned remains junctures. several at E), I argue that primarily a constant Drawing he sought 3,6v(xVtq and been displaced. Although I first the with consideration on Heidegger's to secure an from ev6pjetcy Specifically, the of essence

ii

Abbreviations

of

Works

Cited

AE

J Barnes, Metaphysics. J Taminiaux, Pontologie R Brague,

M Schofield,

R Sorabji,

Articles dans

on Aristotle de

Vol. 3:

AOF

'no1qcTiq et fondamentale. Aristote et ]a

np&tiq ' question

Particulation

AQM ATM DA DAP ECP EM ENT FDP GA19 GA20 GA22 GA24 GA26 GA29/30 GA31 GA33 GA34 GA54 GA61

du monde. Theory of Moral Insight.

T Engberg-Pederson, Aristotle, F Volpi, radicalisation De Anima. 'Dasein

Aristotle's

the as praxis: of the practical

Heideggerian philosophy Le radici ' An

assimilation of Aristotle. aristoteliche Introduction traduction Praxis

and ' della to

Volpi, 'L'essistenza come praxis. terminologia di REssere e tempoD. Heidegger, Me taphysi RA EinfUhrung cs. &JY 'The Platon: Jolif, Fate L'Ethique the in die

Metaphysik:

Gauthier commen ta ire.

a Nicomaque: Between

et and

R Bernasconi, Poiesis., Heidegger, Prologomena the Concept Die

of

Distinction

Sophistes. des Zeitsbegriffes: Philosophie. der der of Ph&nomenologie: im Ausgang The Basic von Leibniz: Welt The History of

zur Geschichte of Time. der antiken

Grundbegriffe

M Heidegger, Problems of

Die Grundprobleme Phenomenology. AnfangsgrUnde Foundations

Metaphysische The Metaphysical Heidegger, Endlichkeit Heidegger, Heidegger, Wirklichkeit

Logik Logic. der

Die Grundbegriffe Einsamkeit. -

Metaphysik. Freiheit. e 1-3:

Vom Wesen der- menschlichen Aristoteles der Kraft. Wahrheit. Metaphysik Zu Platons Parmenides.

Von Wesen und und Thetet.

Vom Wesen der Heidegger, Heidegger, Einfhrung Ontologie Volpi, H Arendt, Bernasconi,

Hhlengleichnis

Parmenides:

Phnomenologische Interpretationen in die phnomenologische Forschung. (Hermeneutik der Faktizitt).

zu Aristoteles.

GA63 HA HC HDP

Heidegger

and Aristotle.

The Human Condition. 'Heidegger'5 Destruction of Phronesis. '

iii

HW LHP LOF

Heidegger, G Nicolaci Taminiaux, Heidegger-. Aristotle, Aristotle, P Aubenque, Heidegger, (Anzeige Heidegger, Heidegger, 'The Self The Southern Supplement. Heidegger, Heidegger, Heidegger, Physik B, Aristotle's Heidegger, Heidegger, ,

Holzwege. 'La Lettura de heideggeriana 1 'ontologie della praxis. ' Essais sur

Lectures

fondamentale:

Met NE PEA PIA

Me t aphys ics. Nicomachean Le probl&me Ethics. de 1'6tre chez Aristote. zu Aristoteles

'Phnomenologische der hermeneutischen The Question 'Die

Interpretationen Situation). ' Technology.

QCT RR Sip Sz VA VWB

Concerning

der deutschen Selbstbehauptung of the German University. affirmation Journal Sein of Philosophy Being (1989) Time. Vol.

Universitt': ' XXVIII,

und Zeit:

and

Vortrge

und Aufstze. der (Dicyig in Aristoteles in OY111 Conception of '

'Vom Wesen und Begriff 'On the Being I ': and B l. ' Physics 'Vom Wesen Wegmarken. des Grundes.

VWG Wm

in the N. B. References indicating two numbers, text and the translation All quotations by followed translations, passages

text

are given the numbers page respectively.

by

the

abbreviation the in original

by followed language

language, their in have been original presented are I have Wherever translation. existing used possible, a the translated have I the in of cases remainder and myself.

1v

low

Introduction

NAIVE

ONTOLOGY AND THE QUESTION OF PRAXIS

We not only wish Greeks better themselves.

to

but than

the must understand they understand Heideggerl

Blanchot If,
to

once Heidegger
one

described supposed,
poses

Heidegger all
them,

as genuine
naivety

a thinker questions
may be

"bereft harbour
said to

of

naivety. a challenge
consist

"2

as
the

who

in

withholding recognize oneself, not wider question the left passing question reiterating long time. cogito the simply

oneself that precisely a matter such

from evasion insofar of

such has as

challenge, occurred. is beyond

or One

in

failure oneself, However,

even

to

forgets

loses it is have of the

one

question. For such and

self-understanding. curtailing the for of scope example, what it

naivety radicality to say

will

repercussions, posed. with very over of a When a basis the being, naivety

Descartes,

neglected means to

supplement 'I am, ' he in the

consideration of his

philosophy between was, had already in

uninterrogated. his own existence

However, and

connection Descartes that

Heidegger's dominated

view, philosophy

simply for a

In extent the

The to

Basic which

Problems modern between

of

Phenomenology, has and

Heidegger uncritically as was it was

considers bound formulated in the

the by in

philosophy essence

remained

distinction philosophy each of was was

existence Essence different A clue as of

medieval ways, experience itself part

EGA24 910-111. to as given in or on concepts terms such. by of a 3 the

expressed of this

several basic

corresponding a thing is

aspect to how

experience which on basis reference already its of

framed

concept

existence, that is, 871. on

understood effecting an that acting the

actualitas, EGA24 of an and

the

a working, back to

operating the of part

122-123: indefinite existence

This subject

suggests

essence

einer sind herstellende

Interpretation Verhalten from

Seienden mit Rcksicht 1051 IGA24 147: entwachsen. des an interpretation comportment. of beings

auf

das

are an outgrowth to productive regard

with

Yet

is

also

clear

that explicit.

medieval For

philosophy within was of the

was

unable

to of

make

this

interpretation philosophy, condition such its of finite the

context

medieval as the for thing,

existence ens creatum,

course the the

understood agent character in its sent halting responsible of a

whereupon as to God lie origin and

existence essence, the

was was appeal into into

identified understood to a divine a a series the over.

primarily effectively alley, "

createdness. the any medieval further terms in and human thought

However, interpretation investigation concepts. experience

"blind of source

sacrosanct of

metaphysical language things

As

a result, covered

metaphysical since all

was

Moreover,

were

PF

to were

have

been

created to

by apply

God,

the

concepts

of

essence to was it be,

and human

existence beings,

understood and

without alike.

discrimination This nor God. thesis could

animals questioned follows

inanimate in medieval the belief

things

never given

explicitly that it

philosophy; in a creator

from

Without form ontology from of

the

constraints

of analysis pared initial

scholastic in back which to

theology, the reveal of leads medieval an and

Heidegger traditional the source being him back

proposes content experiences arose. to the drew This Greeks its the they of Aop(p, to of have sight

a of

genealogical is gradually our of the the terms

which

determinations of ontology" which offers

"destruction and to

history from Heidegger and

philosophy of terms the EiSor,, all the in

inspiration. concepts are of

4 Here, essence

interpretation all the of

the

way

existence, as

which

expressed, and of

arose handling optaji6q, such an

formalisations the work and 5 In thus

experience igLy, shown kind

production Url, their

made. are

unoxcigevov, basis in

-yiEvoq experience.

ol)CTi(x

addition,

constitutive one made this looks or can

of towards regards hardly of to are 7

Oewpi(x the the be a

is end,

itself conceives in its the and the

shown the

to

have image

evolved of what 6 The of

from has yet

the to

way be of the sense

work overstated: thing and

completed basic of

form. concepts its

importance

metaphysics, the

determination attributed itself production.

manner very

apprehension, of by metaphysical the

being all

structure informed

thinking of

fundamentally

experience

If

the

conception artifice, will one the no

it

of

finite

being that the

is

linked

to and

human basis

rather of

than such a

divine

fOllOW5

necessity to questioning. the

perspective possibility, in is which by

be will

made be of

accessible able essence that to

Taking of the

up

this

establish and existence

extent are by ' At

domain for will it be are of

concepts obvious nature foundation

used

applicable; the work

means to the

language to limits
for

inspired 'worker. of
all

appropriate precisely
thought

or

indeed and
to

the

issue, and

then, forms

the

concepts

habitually

account

being5.

Even these

ancient questions

ontology in it too on own the is is

left a

the

matter

unexplored way EGA24 as it

and

did

not It engage in

address seems, in an

systematic was the naive source

155: 1101. did not

therefore, explicit region supposing means naive seeks to the that of

that reflection its that there

inasmuch of its

conceptuality Heidegger (self-) On reflective

a specific against moment even as "it

experience. of

However, an explicitly whatsoever. necessarily respect X6yor, )" of Dasein to

warns reflective

absence no always beings

reflection and with votc,

the

contrary, insofar by having

ontology to conceive Dasein to scope the

their EGA24 may

being

regard

(TuX,

155: 1101. be implicit,

Nonetheless, beyond the

reference declared

comportment the question.

of

insofern dann sie als naiv, nicht berhaupt das Dasein nicht zurckblickt, auf insofern, das ist sondern reflektiert ausgeschlossen -, ber Dasein das dieses Zurckblicken eine auf notwendige als Verhaltungen Auffassung Daseins des nicht und seiner vulgre Alltglichkeit hinauskommt diese zur und somit sie - weil Die betont, Daseins berhaupt des eigens gehrt - nicht Die Ontologie berhaupt nicht ist

Reflexion Erkenntnis. Ontology is

verbleibt IGA24

in den 156: 1101

Bahnen

der

vorphilosophischen

then, because it does not look back naive, not to the Dasein, because it does no reflecting at all not at this is but because this looking all excluded necessary back toward the Dasein does beyond not get a common the Dasein conception of and its comportments and thus because they belong to the Dasein's general everydayness does not them. Reflection here expressly emphasize remains the rut knowledge. within of pre-philosophical

The being

pre-philosophical derived from applied be which reflection for task, perceives all inadequately Dasein is the engages allowed the

knowledge experience to the

in

question of of but making. Dasein, the on in

is For

the

understanding as will of And this

of is

insofar only

uncritically itself in as will, The he

being

not

Dasein making as long

conceived, is to of sees heart itself of it, also remain naivety, is set

very

experience basis. " ontological and the the

a partial "rut,

this be

enquiry ill-founded. blind spot

virtues

incomplete to by remove placing

as Heidegger at of the Dasein

therefore ontology scrutiny.

Greek under

productive

comportment

Welche Funktion hat das herstellendEs mu gefragt werden: des Sinne innerhalb Verhalten im weitesten gebrauchende ist darauf Daseins Die Antwort mglich, wenn nur selbst? den in des berhaupt Daseins die Seinsverfassung zuvor des Ontologie die d. h. Grundzgen Licht gestellt, ans IGA24 165: 1171 ist. Daseins gesichert does the action What function We must ask, and of producing itself? Dasein the have in the broadest within sense using the the if The is of constitution answer possible only in its to light being brought Dasein's is first general is Dasein features, the ontology basic that is, if made of 8 secure.

Heidegger for in

found the

the

basis

for

the

ontology where

of

Dasein

he

was

looking five

Micomachean

Ethics,

Aristotle

describes

distinct beings

ways are

in

which in the

the and

soul

attains

truth,

that

is,

ways

in

which them are

disclosed In relief we is, in of to such activity be is are if

through of this

Dasein's account, that an

comportment Oewpia exist in in its and

towards noirjcri(;

11139bl5-161. thrown Here, into then,

light as

possibilities with

alongside which

others. productive certainly

presented not a way

account

comportment thematised as a form

explicitly as whose of upon, in itself. to

placed demonstrate

question, limits. itself, basis by, For is

Troiqcyi(;,

end

lies

beyond its own

shown

by

Aristotle Rather, activity a specific fundamental challenge Greek that from in it

incapable

securing and

[Ch. 1.1 np&ic, to

& V1. i. e.

dependent is an of end

indeed Moreover,

governed in

that form

addition np&i4;

denoting as a to the

comportment of the

alongside human life. of instead otherwise of Dasein this

others,

emerges it

determination the hold of that being,

Accordingly, production

seems over of taken the

experience offering itself concern of

exerted

conception seeks the to

a determination than thesis np&tiq in terms will enters be

Dasein over manner

articulate The central

work. such

which

a determination

as

Heidegger's

thinking.

The long

importance time.

of However, early

Aristotle it lecture is

for only courses

Heidegger with in the the

has

been

well

known of

for

a of

publication last ten the or

many

Heidegger's tha ta between more them

twelve

years

considered has begun to

understanding emerge. It is

of probably

Auseinandersetzung Franco Volpi who has

done His

more book,

than

anyone

to

document

Heidegger's (to of

reading the in

of only

Aristotle. book that work) from senses of

Heidegger deals with

e Aristotele the account with Marburg essay since presence of

my knowledge Aristotle reading work to the on the

expressly is his being offered addition, broad of and a

Heidegger's of Aristotle

comprehensive earliest through in his Volpi finely encounter the

Heidegger's

Brentano's years on

manifold

of

interpretation (written of papers in

q6atq In a

final has

Aristotle a series

1939). developing

published account of

argued practical

Heidegger's 10 of a whole and the which goes terms In

critical particular, np&iq into on to in as his detail

appropriation he a own shows how

Aristotelian

philosophy. the conception as

Heidegger determination the direct elaborates presentation translations the high

assimilated of human structure

fundamental account a series Aristotle in unequivocal doubt in is that the his of of

existence of Dasein

ontological

correspondences np&tlq of may profile of 12 Whilst Dasein and in

between those Being be to

which adopts such is no

Heidegger

and hard

Time. 11 Although to defend, there

sometimes accorded Heidegger's we proximity

Aristotle's interpretation indebted to Aristotle by

practical of to is Volpi

philosophy Dasein for the

development justified. which to

wholly to wish those

remain

extent we may on

Heidegger's upon at not had which only hitherto is

understood, further most

build

Volpi's

achievement

concentrating appears interpretation text, into

points For that the

Heidegger's it lain from the case dormant

interpretation that in his

problematic. problems nature of own

stirs but the

Aristotle's discourse

translation

Aristotle's

Heidegger's

itself essentially ontology.

generates from What is the

profound register in

difficulties. of such practical a change?

This philosophy

translation to that

is of

involved

Volpi philosophy theoretical

describes as

Heidegger's stemming bias of of Husserl to free from modern in a

interest desire philosophy to

in

Aristotle's counter in the the general same time, of

practical excessively and he the adds,

phenomenology there practical trappings. Aristotle's metaphysical support: was

particular. fundamental their theme, was

13 At

a need

the from

intuitions

Aristotelian

philosophy Expanding conception and on of

"metaphysico-anthropological" Volpi articulated notes in a that whereas

this np&t-L(;

well-defined eschews such

anthropological

frame,

Heidegger

tradizione in vigore nella sostegno sostanziale, ogn-z 6 considerato e difettivo ormai come derivato metafisica, ]a 6 'agire irp&tic, e che originario che a quell rispetto deve dell'esserci; Vessere essere quest'ultimo constituisce di di fuori da ogni a] se stesso, compreso a partire tipo di essa qualsiasi e predeterminazione, prefigurazione IECP 2381 sia. in the metaphysical support point of every substantial to be derivative is now considered tradition and defective is that to that and upRiq activity originary with respect [being-there]; Dasein the being is of of which constitutive independently from itself, be the latter of understood must whatsoever. and predetermination any prefigurement

Two the

fundamental translation

problems of np&tir,

emerge into of are

from the

this.

1.

What

consequences register have for

does for the of

ontological 2. What

Heidegger's articulation

understanding of np&ti(;

activity? by

difficulties

created

Heidegger's

own recognition

the

determinative These Heidegger's those in who

influence questions

of will

production serve of most himself, 14 At thesis the as np&kir,

on the

the basis

conceptuality for a survey understood on the matter,

of of by

metaphysics? the some namely, Bernasconi the way of

appropriation have to written Volpi Nicolaci. in this

has

been

perceptively Jacques same time,

addition and Giuseppe taken

Taminiaux, I shall their

Robert situate respective

approach

vis-A-vis

readings.

As no

a result longer at

of

its

translation a possibility the

into

the that

ontological Dasein can

register, take up

np&iq or set

designates will, it how of but is Dasein activity in

ontological

aside of what

acquires no longer is. and A

status

of of is of

a fundamental what thereby being For Dasein created that whilst

and

determination can do, but of the

Dasein: or

a matter parallel language thought.

between

language of

the

remains the
its

a point

uncertainty
the

Heidegger's

distinction
existentiell

between

determination

of

Da5ein

possibilities
sustain. 15 And

is

a
these

necessary
are the

one,
times

at
when

times

it

seems

hard

to

Heidegger's

ontological

discourse political discourse Heidegger's

ontology

seems action. behind thinking

and

closest I say its at

to 'closest' own this

that

forgetting in of time,
found

itself order naivety. there

its

in to For

programme Heidegger's deeply

of

not

protect fixed alignment

in

veil

in

is

an

between
Heidegger's

activity

expression

engagement

with

National

SocialiSM.

16

Volpi

himself

does ontological further

not

pursue reading than noting As

the of

issue

of

the and

relation his to "a

between political kind saw of in

Heidegger's interventions heroic Heidegger's conception this critique

npat-tq contribution recalls,

its he

solipsism"

IECP

2391. of

Hannah of

Arendt the

interpretation of an has essentially been

np&4iq public up by

an inversion form Jacques of activity.

Aristotelian recently, that and of he the goes

More

taken

Taminiaux.

He argues

Heidegger's inauthenticity Aristotelian on to suggest from

distinction I Uneigen distinction that its that tIi

between chkei tI

authenticity represents

[Eigentlichkeitl a recovery However, Dasein ambiguity ILOF of bias to 174,182,

between Heidegger's

np&iq account

and nolqcriqof authentic of of Sot(x,

uproots and

np&tiq pluralism; 1861.

characteristic is, from regards if not In the

dimension dimension Heidegger's by

politics

He

thereby

recovery a Platonic simply and

Aristotle in favour oppose

as of the -

counterbalanced, the Plo4;

outweighed, my view,

Ocopecixoq. and Platonic work

however, good is belongs identified. Moreover, to of to

Aristotelian within For in

elements to one that easily another what

bad

respectively the or identity the its loss matter. to Plato of

Heidegger's such a gesture text rarely public conception

oversimplify to Aristotle Yet the

assumes can so or be

Heidegger's is

a of by

thinker the

well-defined. political of activity of the

interpret as the

overtly

dimension is term to

np&tiq

eclipse

a Platonic Heidegger's reading of

suppress may proceed we shall

possibility directly see, it from is

that his to

understanding Aristotle.

Ultimately,

as

10

underestimate on its passage

the into

transformation Heidegger's

that text.

the

concept

of

Trp&tiq

undergoes

We

have

already from In not but, as

seen the

that register if the

this of

passage practical of

takes

the

form to is in

of that to

a of be of

translation ontology. dispelled, Tip&, Lq, themselves, whatsoever. fundamentally therefore this has fresh "

philosophy Greek ontology

addition, only Volpi must put

naivety be both any

Dasein it, of as the by

interpreted concepts prefigurement

explicitly "must be and

terms

understood predetermination has one

from

independently Insofar determined required Yet to

language the

of

metaphysics of np&tiq language possibility making,

been is of

experience Dasein and as little does of to not this the the

understand precisely there np&tiq

independently of metaphysics of to the framing idiom all

experience. been thus

insofar seems that

determined, of

a of to of

interpretation We owe our whose genealogy eclipse

in the

revert predicament

production. Bernasconi, Heidegger's that the

understanding

above

sensitivity of np&tir,
origin modernity.

radical leads

implications him to is
not

metaphysical lamented
of

language by Arendt

suggest a fate

of
very

and Taminiaux
itself, of and

inscribed contingent

metaphysics 17 The

a merely into the

feature

of

translation

np&i4;

ontological addition ontological themselves experience Dasein as to

register the role, be

is

clearly forced terms from are

rendered upon in the which

more it it

complex by is its to of to the is

by

this.

For acquired

in

changes the very

newly

be conceived production determination itself -

must an of

recovered terms precisely

experience

whose np&tiq

inappropriate insofar as

production

delimited

11

by a is

np&iq. loss not of

Whilst the

Taminiaux and

is

right,

therefore, elements of

to

be concerned his to to of will to the

over account

public

pluralistic to the the

np&iq, brought and

sufficiently destruction for which form -

responsive of it calls. even at of

predicament of ontology

light kind

by of in

Heidegger's response its earlier

history

A straightforward the the ontological very problem

recovery level one sought

np&iq inevitably remedy.

precipitate

a repetition

Bernasconi any on to to 'recovery'

presents of that, an

Heidegger np&ic in as

as having such to will this of ., and As

realized inevitably predicament, activity

the be

impasse caught. Heidegger

in

which

.,

He goes sought to as the it lies into reinstate writes of 'Building, Heidegger By moving from problem insists, wi II such a the the a

suggest

response

develop

interpretation noiqcTiq common such an idea of must

indifferent precisely out, the falling of avoid insofar difficulty back course this,

distinction represented in sustaining

between their

np&tic, he points

root.

interpretation of np&tir continue His the activity to to reading 'Letter of

without that nolqcytc,. think of on would To "in

generalized the

modern

subordination one

Bernasconi, distinction" Dwelling, engaged directly a period itself any be in to in was conception radically

remembrance

EFDP Thinking' just these such

1301. and

Heidegger's shows irp&tiq.

Humanism' and

a commemoration texts, work

noigaiq

later

Bernasconi subsequent Yet if, from that as 1928 as to

delineates that in

a response which rightly of the

Heidegger's first of

articulated. np&tiq

Bernasconi the hegemony

recovered we as know early

noinuiq

altered, at least

Heidegger in the

announced guise of

radicalization

thinking

12

transcendence concentrate
showing that

of on
a

Dasein earlier

Ipp. 81-861. stage

was already

In

the

present work

study, with the

as

shall aim
such

this

of

Heidegger's
underway.

of
a

recovery

Furthermore,

recovery ontology, that project

was the will

contemporaneous relevance emerge of

with Heidegger's

the

project

of of

fundamental Trp&ttq work. to

interpretation theme throughout

as a recurrent

the

Giuseppe
analy5es

Nicolaci
of

has

written

one

of

the
of

most
np&iq

acute
to

and
have

stimulating
appeared to

Heidegger's

appropriation

date.

18 He

too

is

aware of

of

the

danger but the faces

of

np&iq

.,

being

eclipsed Bernasconi

by in

the the is

conceptual way he

structures frames the and by offers upon the aporia np&ti(; definition no

noincytq, For

differs focal in a to for what sight np&tiq is

from point the

problem. Aristotle in the not such

of

his

account to present

primarily (ppovrlcriq they notrjaiq touched the whilst blind), from its are

attempt

context amenable

of

theoretical theory. reasons was said The we

treatise language have

when of

resistance, upon of within

already however, For is and

Epp. 1-21. turns is kind situation, form on

To expand the issue

earlier,

problem there the

and (no

representation. form of activity the a act

a noetic of sight

moment

involved therefore In spite

inseparable does not

from acquire the

and [Ch. 3.111. end,

purely

theoretical of itself np&tiq trying

of

acknowledging ethical

conformity finds

and

its to set

however,

Aristotle's

discourse

out

13

struttura &pc-c, e le della i momenti condizioni del percorso il attraverso tale quale si raggiunge una t6; conformi cosi, esso riproduce as tra t tamen te I 'i t inerario di della svillupo ]a Tp6vgcriq dalla e guarda np&iq del prospettiva immanente il movimento per quale es5a ILHP 2471 perviene a se stessa. the the structure &pzT, the and the conditions of stages along by which it in this reaches such a conformity; gives the line an abstract reproduction of of of from (Ppovn<yl q the and regards np&kiq the immanent by which it of to movement comes

]a

route it way, development perspective itself.

The

pressure calls np&tiq of my those view

to

represent

the space" in

unrepresentable Aristotle's

prises discourse He adds this that space -

open the

what space

Nicolaci in which

a "virtual is

thematically best line to space

articulated. how with expose or calls he site the notes he does to the this of interpret proposed interior

Heidegger ILHP of world, 250).

was one It is

who knew that, in sought it what as the

recovery to itself. the

np&ic that an idea which link form

Heidegger is, brings np&kiq between it could to

actually present us comes such take to to

Dasein imrnanent the not

Such by of on

Nicolaci Although and By

movement

itself.

importance elaborate of how will

the the

a movement Ep. 631. to present

X6voq,

contrast,

the such

question a

Heidegger's feature

discourse prominently

sought in the

understand work.

movement

We

know

that

from Physics

at as
was

least the
above

as

early

as text

1921 of

Heidegger

regarded and
19

Aristotle's
that his

fundamental
all in

Western
account

philosophy
of movement.

interest

Aristotle's

Indeed, directed

Heidegger's towards

early securing

essays an

on

the

hermeneutics of the

of

facticity

are movement

account

fundamental

14

CGrundbewegthei ontological form np&iq. practical in an order of 20

t]

of

Dasein's of question of

factical Aristotle's could only

life. practical be that

Given

Heidegger's the to

interpretation movement The in

philosophy, which of of belongs Aristotelian movement. to it

scene

Heidegger's shifts to

appropriation the problem of is On

philosophy for the form of the

thereby of

But

movement

characteristic to what

np&tiq

provide cannot then, that that not of to the

interpretation from is the in that the such of

Dasein

adequate of

required, this of of

proceed Heidegger precedes issues say

experience to

production. a

reading, movement production this is

committed formalization vocabulary a

framing of the

conception

experience 21 Of entirely could arriving underlies proceed

of

metaphysics. need as if be one of

course,

conception

independent simply at switch

experience altogether. the sense

production, it is

ground of of

Rather, of

a matter implicitly

a determination the experience experience, shake off

movement a sense

that clearly

production. whereupon dominance the linear for of

Such the

cannot of Dasein must to

from

that to

determination

as np&tiq reach itself an

the of as a

production, by which

Heidegger Dasein comes

interpretation than

movement

otherwise

progression

towards

an external

end.

Given

this

exigency,

Heidegger'5

appropriation

of

Aristotle's

practical reading of

philosophy xivqcriq, The

cannot &6vo%iq account of for

be and

understood vtpVeia in

in

isolation

from Physics in in

his and this such

Aristotle's develops

Metaphysics. reading a way as provides to

movement understanding of

Heidegger Dasein

the

basis the

as np&iq, from its

displace

experience

production

previously

15

unassailable recovery position this of with recovery that virtue form of and is

position. np&tiq respect issues distinct wholly of that to in

Accordingly, takes noi9cric an from other, existence into

Heidegger account As the its reading of

sets hitherto I

in

train subordinate shows,

.,.

undertake existence

interpretation the but as conceptuality simply such.

Dasein's of

as by the

production as it

not

being movement

insofar

denotes

In

this

study, of

shall

present Heidegger's enters

the

problems inheritance

inherent of and

in these the and to

Aristotle's problems response as he The in a

formulation the conception via

np&tiq, of np&iq

his of

own

work,

launches resulting movement

his

interpretation of

xivqcriq, will

Sbv(xgiq, be seen

viEpyci(x. consist

determination of finite

np&tiq

appropriation.

Chapter Ethics,

One deals beginning

with with in

the

place an

of

np&tir, of

in the

Aristotle's problems (1). activity and the this in the spite the "ep-yov is

Micomachean implicit The sense is question argument. to in in then of '

outline teleological cohesion np6(;

understanding which the final in of final of

np&'Lq end the being end light

framework on human

bestows of the

considered the that unity the

Fv

relation via

Having must take as raised the such earlier form (IV).

shown, of

-np&tiq,

seen of the

be a gains

designation made, the

activity

However, regarding

question

relation

between

16

activity difficulty

and

the

final from the

end fact

remains that

unresolved the relation

M. between

At

bottom, activity

the and

stems

the the idiom.

final figure

end of

is

dominated is

by

the

language translated

of

production. into an

As

such,

np&tiq

necessarily

inappropriate

Chapter with

Two marking

is

concerned out it is as the

with direction

Heidegger's it the will term

appropriation take. np&Ztq, As where

of a it (1).
too

np&tiq preliminary appears

and

consideration, such, may be

argued a

that

as

read

formal-ontological
of np&tiq i5

designation
often

However,
to

Heidegger'5

appropriation

di5creet

advertise between

itself nolqcriq

so and and

directly. np&,. q world in is

Thus, shown and

the to

Aristotelian underlie Time is (11). seen in the But to

distinction analysis insofar inherit of as the (111). as a

equipmentality Heidegger incoherencies Moreover, totality Foundations transcendence will vol3r,

an

Being

adopts that Heidegger'5 is a of

this dog

distinction, the articulation with problem. pursue the of the first np&tiq the

he of

itp&iq constitution

Aristotle of world

concern

transcendental Logic, and we

Turning connection indication

to

The

Metaphysical np&iq and

between of how

encounter a reading they

(IV).

Heidegger unity being

to

seek and
of

to

develop as

by radicalizing to
this

the human
is seen

of as

o'petiq
activity

are
In

understood
Aristotle,

constitute
unity

I (YpX

depend

on

the

conception M.

of

Citic,

as

dispositional

relation

to

virtue

[03(pc, cl

17

Chapter Heidegger's
interpretation

Three

takes of

step movement
It

to

one and to

side place
with

in it
a

order in
look

to relation
at

introduce to his

reading
of

Dasein.

opens

Heidegger'5

conception linked ontology better production, achieving further,

the relation

of from (1). grasp but this the

a very

hermeneutics early on not Greek to

of the

facticity, destruction it directed of the Before a more

conception

showing of

that the

this history securing

is of a of for any of

Moreover, of the

only

is

towards being fundamental pursuing this in

understanding states Physics. for

the

terms text clue

Heidegger is Aristotle's is

that

ground
between

prepared
and

thorough
of

appreciation
movement Heidegger

np&iq

will

develop

in This

his is of
the

interpretation achieved the by

of

Aristotle's the VI
of

Physics hermeneutics entails

and

and of all
in

Metaphysics. facticity
an apprai5al

approaching Ethics

in

terms
of

Nicomachean

and

above
cyogia

relative

importance

(pp6vrlcriq

Heidegger's undermines towards Good via

reading his Octapi(x

(11).

At

this of

stage, by by

the

charge on that

that

Heidegger bias to the

appropriation is rebutted, seen to be

np&tiq

passing noting

a Platonic access from

primarily fundamentally there the

cyo(pi(y is as cro(pi(x

inseparable is also a

Dasein's connection of divine

existence between being s

np&tiq. and the a the of

of

However, Guapi(x and

marked

Aristotelian required in the work 66votgiq to

conception make this of A

(111) essentially by

and

radicalization radicalization experience of account

such

connection VIPJCI(x

conception (IV). and

if

informed consideration
the

the of

preliminary reveals
to achieve

Aristotle's
avoiding

vtpVci(x
one is

importance

a radicalization

18

a an

satisfactory interpretation in the opens

interpretation of Sbvcxgtq of

of and

movement. cv6pyci(x from displacing from and

Moreover, that remains

by

insisting fundamentally terms ontology of scholastic arise,

on

rooted Heidegger the

experience the possibility

xivqcrtq of arising 8 lbv(xg Iq

which both the

the the

and the

philosophical interpretation

anthropology of

establishment in

fI awed philosophy.

eviPICI(x

Chapter Metaphysics vitp-yci(x. seen to

Four 0

turns (1-3)

to and

Heidegger's traces to his

1931

lectures

on of E) as

Aristotle's Slbv(xgir, a whole customary an in of of

of

interpretation Metaphysics from the the by Ross's danger account

and is

Heidegger's confer upon (1). theory of it A

approach

reading missing of to inform followed the

this,

a coherence consideration causality vi-pyciu is of

With

more of of

interpretation established terms of

allowing movement reading , in terms

56v(xg-tc, and and the

and

Heidegger's of 8-6v%Lic

Met. G. l
appropriation

determination
loss (11).

essence
the

thematic

development

the

thesis

begins of reading potentiality to the

to

wheel a of

back

to of deals

the

end

of the

Chapter verb gcT& The

Two for X61ou

and

the '

importance Heidegger's form the is soul and in of

cognate Met. 0.2

'C'-Xclv, with

'have. as the of which that the

&6vo(giq (III). of desire It play

specific end is in described terms as

to

human in

being

relation

X6yoq, in turn comes losswhich

terms

10'petiq], follows of

understood to

of

having

[S'Xc-Lvl.

be understood Heidegger's existence The

itself reading of

a dynamic of Met. 8.3

appropriation on the way

Finally, the actual

focusses on an

SibvoqLiq account

depends of the

individual's of HvaViq

having

potentiality.

preceding

essence

19

in

terms

of

'C'Xc-Lv is Cvitp-Vci(x in terms

thereby as of the

carried being of

forward movement, In of

and Heidegger where way, as this the

goes is

on itself

to

interpret understood movement to be that

appropriation. of the existence (IV).

this

fundamental is seen

characteristic of finite

Dasein

npRiq

appropriation

20

Chapter

One

PRAXIS

AND THE STRUCTURE OF TELEOLOGICAL

ACTIVITY

Aristotle's activity

Micomachean within what

Ethics to

begins be a plainly

with

the

inscription

of framework:

human

seems

teleological

Every

investigation, art and every is considered to action and pursuit, the Good has been defined rightly things aim. ' [1094al-311

and similarly every Hence aim at some good. 'that as at which all

This

opening

gives

form

and

direction

to

the

whole

of

Aristotle's

text.
place

Yet,
is

as
never

we

shal

see,

the

framework

of

teleology
the

it

sets

in
and

entirely

satisfactory.

Indeed,

limitations

problems to to such be

to an

which extent

it

is that

subject it would

are be

woven

into

the

fabric were in the

of they

the

text

unrecognizable are assembled

somehow first

eradicated. of Book 1.

Moreover,

they

very

chapter

Having first

announced lines of

the the

teleological text, Aristotle

form

of

human

activity adds the

in

the

very

immediately

following

qualification:

Clearly, at which activities

however, there [every they and others

is action results

some

difference

between

and pursuit] from distinct

ends some are aim: the activities.

the

21

Where there are ends are by nature superior

distinct to the

from

the

activities.

the actions, [1094a5-71

results

A distinction activities Although

one can

is whose Aristotle
already

made ends

between are

activities from

whose the

ends activities two

are

external themselves. of ., until activity,

and

inseparable from
the

refrains
recognize

naming
distinction

these

kinds

between

I notrIcric

[making] much

and later, this the

np&iq in

[doing] Book VI so of treatise

that 11140alffl. early the

is

not The testifies

formulated fact to of that its

explicitly Aristotle importance activity the in set textual the

anticipates not out only in for Book

distinction determination but for the of the

on

structure as a wholeof np&tiq in

human Moreover, presented

proximity passage thematic between feature of

between and that

specific teleology between and the

form

second the

announced the figure two of

the

first the is a

emphasises uneasy

inter-relation teleology Aristotle's

motifs: np&tir

alliance

recurrent

account.

In

the

first that

paragraph there

of

Chapter end

Two, to all

Aristotle activity:

returns

to

the

necessity

be a single

for its we want which some end our activities the for the other all we want sake of which and own sake, the for do of if sake everything choose not we ends infinite involve this (for an will else something be 15petiv] that and pointless will our aim so progression, that Good, the be this that it is must ineffectual) clear 11094al9-231 it is the supreme good. If, then, have

It

is

often
of

said
a

that
5ingle

this
end,

is
for

a poorly
it seems

constructed
that Aristotle

argument
proceeds

for

the
from

existence

the

point

(in

the

second

part

of

the

protasis)

that

any

chain

of

22

choice protasis) However, understood mistaken spell

must

stop that

somewhere there must fallacy

to be

the a

claim single

(in end on

the to

first all 'single In

part such end'

of

the

chains. being this is itself is to

the as and out the

] .

supposed

depends point or

the

a determinate masks the true

conclusion. of the the nature

my view which

significance of

passage, of

implicit

conditions

'choice'

ITEPO(Xipccrl(;

Hpoulpcaiq, X6-yoc,

a combination must The error

of

vobq be is in of

and

8pekic,

11139b5-71 that the is,

rooted must

in have to I

the a be am the even 2

11139a32-361, end. in the with 'final

directed, a55UMing the

determinate reproduced in agreement of its is, so in

same determinacy In this He respect, understands text, and

f irst

part

protasis. reading. of

Engberg-Pedersen's end' at this as a formal activities of

make

notion after It filled

stage

Aristotle's to be whose eventually quite detail

identification to by speak, the

clAocigovi(x, specification that are is

indeterminate. has yet A to single,

be

chosen.

indeterminate,
argues, "in order

point
to

all

choice

required,
sense

Engberg-Pedersen
of the idea of

sufficiently

rational

stopping place" at view. of for other

further

particular [ATM in itself, and must still there 311. If

chains choices to

of are identify this

choice to be the not

each rational,

at

its it

own must

particular be possible have the threat in

least In

principle however,

specific enough to

ends head

they off

is that

futility one

arbitrariness account must be

at

accompanies any at particular which

is

an endless end is was no

regression, chosen. prospect

even

for a

why stage
which

In of
the

words,

there
no

justification,

there

longer

23

Possibility indeterminate,

of

seeking must be

an

ulterior

end. to

The

final

end,

though

still

inaccessible

interrogation.

This

may

be for

clarified stopping

by

taking any on case as

the particular there have a

argument chain being specific on then particular it of

a step of a final end there in

further: activity end, view,

if at and the

the any if very end

rationale particular npo(yipecriq possibility of the

place must of kind for that in

depends each

npoalpeaiq just the is, of

such

depends which of

being the

a final horizonal

described, possibility as all still activity,

becomes

condition formally, the possibility

3 aCtS. is the

Understood for

indeterminate, that is,

condition

activity

as such.

The

fact

that

the
distinguishes

final
it

end
from

can

be

treated
ends

as
(and

formal
defuses

and
the

indeterminate

specific

objection all lead

that to the

'all

roads same still Aristotle's it reading every bit will I

lead

somewhere' However,

does the

not

imply sense sees as

that of it

they this as a

place). unclear.

precise

indeterminacy requirement provisional, choices the final made. end the of

is

Engberg-Pedersen theory, but full also

essentially with the of

since The as

receive am proposing as

determination treats but the as by unity is go the it on final is

indeterminacy more the problematic. notion

necessary,

Perhaps indeterminacy the

principal is that of to the of the

difficulty unity: final what end problem, character

introduced sense and I of how shall of

of to In the its

appropriate established? to explore end and

indeterminacy a to response which

essaying extent

this formal

24

foundational understanding see that the

role of

with human

regard existence of further of the

to as

human such.

activity Initially, taken of by the and

are

linked

to one end of of

an can is the the

however, the final nature ends for life and these that into of of the the

question from totality the

form question

inseparable hierarchical relations will from be the

different its different

pursuits

obtaiLng decisive account for as

between the

elements, of brought the the human

factors emerges focus directive by

understanding This that, in each is

a whole.

sharply ends ends

Aristotle's arts
art5:

acknowledgment to be preferred

although case to

are

subordinate

it makes no the activities [1094al6-181

difference whether themselves or

ends something

the

are of the actions from them... apart

Contained

in

this

passage

are

the

seeds

of

many

of

the

most

obstinate

problems full and

that

Aristotle's of merely it would point ends in

text be out

presents premature that it and

to at is

the this far

reader. stage from out [cf.

However,

discussion I shall that

Ch. I. V1, how own

obvious

activities sake

are

themselves

carried

for-

their-

may be ordered

hierarchically.

From are final

this

preliminary The the

survey, first second between final of

it regards that

is

already the of formal the totality They are as

clear

that

two

problems of the

outstanding. end and

determination apparently of brought the Good

hierarchical different together Cory(x66v]. ends in

relations constituted Aristotle's

obtaining by that

the end. the final

identification

end

25

II

Aristotle the various the the of nature totality unity insight and word

reports 'is'" senses of of both it

that

"the

word Given those end may be

'good' this of and

is

used

in

as many

senses

as the that to form

11096a241. 'good' the and final

correspondence 'being, ' let us

between conjecture cohesion to of the

the

relations by the the or

giving parallel

underpins to therefore that this

informed

understood is multiplicity to which

exist

amongst into

significations conflicting Metaphysics

being. of the

Some unity

required traverse gives

demands and

Aristotle's rise.

problems

conflict

If

being of

is

said a single

in

many

ways

[TroXX(xX6q Wherein in of the

XvV6jicvov1, its unity

how can lie? The

it

be is

the the

object problem response

science? poses beginning

does

This

that comes

Aristotle at the

Metaphysics. F, where

most

promising that:

Book

he declares

There

is

attributes [1003a2l]4

which a science belong which

investigates to this in

being virtue

as being and the of its own nature.

To with such

the

objection the a entire science with shifted to that the the

that range would

a single of being,

science Aristotle all being of qua to a

could

not responds of

satisfactorily here it that would

deal whilst deal is

address of being

regions "as thing

being, " The

solely thereby kind, shift same others

question from the

being. qua and it

perspective of a particular of not of

thing is by

being

of

a thing can go on

being, say that

virtue "is none

this the these in the

Aristotle any of the

such

a science for By this

as

so-called of

special being as

sciences; being. "S

treats

universally

change

26

perspective the science

of of
its

the being

enquiry, may

he have

provides a coherent
However,

an

initial object

indication without
is

of

how

necessarily
far from

compromising

plurality.

the

indication

comprehensive. of 'qua' to must the

If be

being

is

to

be

investigated anything the its own

qua is

being, gained. of must

the In

meaning other are an

determined declaration "in virtue nature.

before that of

words, investigated

attributes nature"

being be added

only of

understanding

this

Different Yet to of the Aristotle distinct and

usages only

of

the

term to

'being' synonomy

are

manifestly by

not

synonymous. prior

alternative was senses 'clavicle' homonymy, in the

recognized the the

philosophy

which

describes (e. g. Steering demands allows them), a variety each of different as for a

accidental word a xXciq course

conjunction denotes between and at both the the the to by

same word

'key' necessity

11129a301). (which (which between may have which the

of of of any

synonomy homonymy relation a term to cites to medical one

univocal plurality

sense) of draws that different that all are senses

contigency expense the a case single

Aristotle of bear senses a things they

attention are linked relation healthy

where

sense 1. He

they case

11003a33ff being health: be called the Ev

related thus

another treatment,

insofar diet, insisting

are a body

related etc., may

to all

exercise, that This by to the is it one what are

healthy same thing

without in each

is

thereby

saying names the 'ev of

exactlY npOq

case. linked

Aristotle said of to

relation 6 Applying

and

elements this writes:

be the

np6q unity

Xey6lievov. being,

structure

question

Aristotle

then

27

in which are many senses to one starting refer all point; they because are substances, there affections towards qualities substance, negations

of substances, substance, or of substance, or productive or of things which are relative things of these or of substance

is said to be, but to be some things are said because they others are because they are a process others destructions or privations or a generative of to substance, or itself. 11003b5f] or

thing

Having

identified

substance

[oj)crj(X]7

as

the

focal

point

to

which

all

other proper

senses object

of of

being the

refer, science of

Aristotle being:

is

confident

that

it

is

the

deals that is primary, everywhere science chiefly with which the other things depend, and on which and in virtue of which they their If, then, is substance [oi)cri(x1 this get names. , it will be of substances that the philosopher the must grasp principles and the causes. " 11003bl6f]

But

if

the of of

np6q, being

'Ev structure is still and study whether otkyto( the of the

shows far art

a way

forward,

the

unity

of

the

science examples

from of qua is

secure. medicine being as to

Although present a single the (in of a part terms study it of a

Aristotle's model for some

health the over if

understanding doubt to kind remains First,

being ol)cyi(x is itself of

science, is

suited multiple the unity

required of is

play. and

variety of being

number), repeated

problem regard

effectively

with

to

oi)cF! cx 1997a34ff,

1089a32ffl.

Aristotle
of orders

contains
of priority

the

multiplicity
within the

of

o'U'cri<x by

dovetailing
of the

a series
1 npoq 11 ev

general

structure

relation. things qua

8 and

First, therefore Having

ot)cr"t(x most identified over

emerges properly three

as the

the object

primary of the
of

characteristic science
oi)cFi(Y, 9

of of being

being. given

basic thereby

kinds

actuality of

priority

potentiality,

leading

to

a priority

28

ouai(x opposed

in

the to

sense

of

form,

insofar and Finally,

as

it

corresponds is as the said the rest to

to

actuality be prior

as to

potentiality 11049b4f]. or divine

actuality obaiu rises above

potentiality first overall mover,

eternal, to

immovable a position of

being

preeminence

11071bl2f].

In

effect,

the establishing

problem the

of

identifying form of the

the

object of of

of

ontology, qua object, than expect,

and being, with simply this

thereby leads a new narrowing is in to

science

being this rather might

an

increasingly emerging field to of of extend being.

detailed at study its each at

determination stage. each turn, However, as the receives

hierarchy the

one

understood a science in

scope This

toward twist E.

universality its most

necessary forceful

expression

a passage

from

Book

[oikri(x], If there is an immovable substance first be this be must prior and must is first. because it in this way, universal

science philosophy, 11026a29f]

the

of and

Although corresponds beginning formulation. part sees this of

Aristotle to of the Book Where being and such r,

claims study it I'

that of bears rejected the

first being scant those attribute as the qua

philosophy being

so announced to which this part,

understood at the

resemblance sciences of key to

the "cut "

earlier off Book a E

Book

investigate a delimitation

precisely possible?

universality.

How is

To

respond of

to the

this whole

question of and the

adequately Metaphysics,

would with

require particular that

a comprehensive reference and, to some

study the

ontological

theological

currents

oppose

29

believe, have

complement sought by

one various

another means each

throughout to defuse branch 10 others recalcitrant techniques dynamic commitment of the of tension of of

the the the have parts

work. tension theory achieved of

Commentators of to this

opposition. periods in

Some have Aristotle's at eschewed to the the the the

ascribed

different a coherent text, 11 a

development, expense reductive the of

interpretation few in have an

the

biography of the

and whole, the

surgery 12 and

attempt seen to

preserve theological application outlined by Leaving motivated thinking),

many

have

Book Sv of

E as

inevitable to (as the

conclusion ontological Aristotle his own

TEp6q

structure Book I'

problem were choosing). are patently of yet of is

at his

the method

beginning into first the fear

though not of

deceived 13

following two of the

a path reading

aside more the

the by third and

strategies than as the all mean are final in

(which the

inconsistency two one currents regards Common to r' does two even not

challenge

regard5 the its final own ' that is of true the of in

incompatible accomplishment these the readings same as

complementary ontology the view in another. the to that Book lie

in

eclipse. Book the

'universal E (This and

'universal' with one

meanings of the

incompatible reading, E. 2 as which

regards the a change Book

introduction

np6q

'Cv structure in that key how directs of the

correcting

provisional in the

formulation sense is this of

ontology from so? priority: question clarification each of The

17.1 and in to is FA the it us the

precipitating to that is what to in found the is the which

'universal' necessarily and This for to

in

E. ) But in

issue that back manner

equation first np6q the is 'Ev first

E. 1 of

universality universal? and is calls related

therefore relation element

remaining

30

elements. become worlds, philosophy approach conceding only point, priority, and the on a

In

the

context of the the

established relation of

in between analogy this

Book the was

E,

this sublunar

could and in

easily divine

question indeed to already the the

and

theory precisely too of a

expanded

scholastic such begins this At sense an by

address asssumes conversion basis it it is of would

problem. the sense theology. of any

However, that Yet priority. it

much, ontology

in into

occurs this of

certain be wrong the that to as the led Aristotle develops this

understanding to concede

however, for

determinate the first

precisely elements

relation is in

between question. (which

element accepting barely be just

remaining own

Without could

Aristotle's considered outlined what 'prior' at does at

solution

problem of to defines the notion rely by on formal

satisfactory, suggest), 'prior' 1018b8ff However, enquiry logic one

range rather

interpretations the quite what with these he regard formal

we have

is

question: by

mean? and I shall is

understands to actuality as the

1049b4ff. the

shall be by

not led no

accounts of

such. 'ev

Instead, relation, Aristotle's enquiry probe implied its by

demands

np6c,

whose

means of

obviously priority. Aristotle's In

compatible this reading of way, than

with the to is

declared intends limits. the np6r, less

understanding to 'reconstruct' all, then,

Above

what

conception

priority

'Cv relation?

Pierre -ap6q

Aubenque 'Cv relation

has as "cette

grave a

misgivings to " he Is the

about

the

introduction of unity autre anything (and chose more

of

the hence qu'un

response reponse,

problem "est-elle response

universality): nouvelle forme

asks, this

de

]a

question?:

than

31

new raises,

form

of perhaps this

the the

question? most

"

[PEA

1941.14 for the with to because of being, the

Of

the of

problems the

Aubenque which the to

signficant of example by relation

issue

'good' concerns

prompted compatibility inform. signify par Yet

discussion of Aristotle's the is term accorded the highest

Metaphysics the which it as is I case the it

was other

intended categories as

01ai(x, being,

priority form

recognized have already

being noted.

excellence, it is itself

a category.

Elle

le pr6mier terme dune dun est serie, cest-h-dire de I 'anterieur ensemble o& il ya et du posterieur et auquel le fondement ici invnanent 6 elle appartient elle-m6me: est ]a serie. [PEA 1951 a series, posterior here is is, an ensemble to it and which immanent to the series. that where itself

It is the first term of there is a prior and belongs: the foundation

If

oi')crio(

is to

itself explain,

one the

of

categories

of be said

being of

whose

unity

it

is

supposed

same cannot

health.

de la terme il pas ref6rence, nest sant6, clair que est le fondement du 'sain': lui-m6me des significations lune ]a & ici transcendent que autre qui n'est serie une est [PEA 1961 de modalit6s. serie ses propres is not term, the focal health, that is clear foundation the 'healthy': the of of significations but is nothing to the series, transcendent which of its own modalities. It itself one is here the series

Whilst priority virtue to follow all

ot)(3-io( over of the

is

different it that the is it

from no is

other less

categories from If the the itself of priority

insofar being case sense be qua of of

as

it being

has by were to This Yet

them, fact

distinct

a category. of health, not

being being

faithfully the categories the question

example refer of

which would

should the

a category. wide open.

leave

meaning

32

this a way

is

not as to

what

happens. its is
15

Instead, conf lation strictly

olkri<x of

is

accorded

priority and

in this of

such is the

suggest what

being the

11028b4l, misapplication

sanctioned
np6c,

by

speaking

*Cv structure.

The the doing

orthodox term so which it

reading confers

of

the unity further

II npoq

ev the

relation multiplicity how as

focuses of what whole is

upon being.

oio-i(y Yet

as in a its of of

on

exposes of as has

the

problem: unify being. at to the ask being In

can a

apparently through

special identification 'priority' 'universality. of the first that I being status

region

being qua

being

other

words, of an

an explanation understanding be both a category of being

been ' One is as

given bound such

expense

how oikr! <x can entailing response ' and it

and of

being

without An of

a reduction to is this to

to must

a category. the turn meaning now.

adequate 'category,

question this

clarify shall

question

For

the

remainder of this reading in his

of

this

section,

I shall

concentrate wherever

on Heidegger's possible between

reading Heidegger's problematic

problem, of

distinguishing and his

Aristotle

response

to

the

Aristotelian

own work.

At

the

beginning

of

Book

19, Aristotle

writes:

We the For are will the

to all which and primarily have which of 6ai(x. i. being e., o, referredare of categories other the that the others is in virtue of o'UCYi(y it concept of for like; the all be to and quality said - quantity, in said we the concept to involve of oLcri(x, as be found [1045b27-321 first work. our of part treated that is

33

In

his

1931

lecture on

course this

on

Aristotle's at some length.

Metaphysics 16 Referring

() to

1-3, the

Heidegger second

comments sentence in

passage

particular,

he writes:

Wir finden in diesem Satz 11045b27-3,21 dreimal: 'k6-yo(;, VL-yc, con, Xe-y6gevov. Die Hinder Ubrigen und Rdckbeziehung Kategorien die der Aristoteles auf erste, von spricht, EGA33 51 spielt sich ab im X6yoq. In this 11045b27-321 thrice phrase X6, io(;, we find over: Xi-yc,uxi, Xcy6gcvov The reference to which Aristotle refers the back to the of first remaining categories and forth takes in the logos. place

Heidegger

describes

the

categories

as

'rooted'

[beheimatet]

in

Xo-yor-,

EGA33 remaining role, question categories

71,

which categories. writes, whose itself

articulates The has fact

the that a extend heart of

relation the

between X6-Voq plays

oL(TI(x this of the the

and

the

fundamental matter theory in of

he

facilitated

simplification well beyond philosophy.

consequences into the

modern

So far, attempt However,

important

I have to to
to

referred unity

only to

to the

the

problems

that

attend senses this

in

Aristotle's of being. it
being

bring

several

categorial over
sense

appreciate
remember

Heidegger's
that there is

complaint
a further

matter,
which

is
is

noXX(xX6q articulated senses in

Xey6lievov, by which ii)

Excxc&

one the

that

includes In said

the

more

specific Aristotle

multiplicity names four Ixovc& to the

and

categories. is faI se
-cqc.

Met. E. 2, to be; i)

something as
c&

as iii)
iv)

accidental according
as potential

at)LPCPqx6c. I:
categories

true

[6'3r, 6'ArIOiLq.I:
xacrj-yopi(xq1

I crXrIIL(xca

actual its

I)c(xc& several

Sf)vof)iLv categorial

il'

F'-vtp-yF-i(xv1 significations,

[1026a33-1026b2l. being is

Over

and

above this

noXX<xX&Sq in

34

wider

sense,

that

is,

as

TcTpcxXar.

Most

interpretations

of

Aristotle

treat dependent it of is

the

four upon the

senses

of

being Because to unify

mentioned oLaioc the wider sense. of is

above the sense Such

as

themselves category, multiplicity

categories.

primary of a

therefore as tend

understood well to as view the

being,

categorial the certainly place that all conflation

reading and of the this

will being kind.

clearly

oU'GI(x

sympathetically. Without of being, back disputing he

Heidegger the

opposed of
ol)CFic(

a reading within of the a the level

singular the view

categories should this already reduction categories, basing the the be is

rejected to it as

the

senses (in such

being way

drawn

the In

primary his

category opinion,

customarily prevalent of being, in

understood). medieval

reading, modern of In

commentaries, and Kantian on of and, the actuality theory table of

encouraged to of the

possibility in of the logic

culminating categories fundamental of linguistic

categories. Kant over this a reading

judgements, metaphysics view, such

delivered to

structure forms of by role the

Aristotelian in Heidegger's

a typology an to a

represented as also beings blind play

impoverishment an ambiguity

X6-yo4;. of

He regarded which to what the can

virtue with regard

categories be said about

foundational

der Kategorien, Grundcharakter Man bersieht einen vor allem der Grundcharakter Und dieser Aristoteles versteht. sie wie Stelle ist Kategorien genannt: eigens an unserer gerade Was Seienden. ' ist "v-cog, des 'kategorien x(x,url-Vopio(1, To5 0 ihr Seiende das die Kategorien, als damit auf sich gemeint: Kategorien, (genitivus beziehen 'Objekt' oder objectivus), (genitivus t' 'Subjek Seienden dem die angehren als keines Oder ist beides Oder von gemeint? subjectivus)? [GA33 71 Wir mssen das offenlassen. beiden? Above all, categories, fundamental one overlooks Aristotle as characteristic the fundamental of characteristic a this And them. understands is named deliberately at the very

35

discussion: point under beings. ' What is meant the being their as that belong categories (genitivus subjectiVU5)? them? We must leave this

xcxTqVop! by this: object to Or open.

'categories -co) o'vco(;, that categories relate (genitivus objectivus), the being their as subject both Or neither are meant? cxi

of to or of

Although amongst senses well, term a view

Heidegger's readers to of

emphasis Aristotle, ' it Aubenque arises where as the

on he

the is

double not alone

genitive in to

is

unusual two as the

attributing the problem use of

'category. that

draws from

attention

suggesting 'O'v' of 'o'v' being: the

Aristotle's is presented divisions, 'to be'

equivocal as

passages

'O'v'

a noun whilst that

promote passages

categories as

'objective'

where

functions

infinitive

suggest

les divisions de I '6tant categories sonts moins que les lnc6cyc IqI lesquelles 1 '6 tre modalit6s selon signi fie I '6tant. Elles En combien de ne r6pondent pas 6 ]a question: divise I '6tant? 6 cette Comment parties se mais autre: I'6tre [PEA 1841 signifie-t-il? divisions beings categories are not so much of as 1nT6acrci(; l to being modalities according which signifies beings. The question to which they how is not 'in respond ' but is the being divided?, does 'how many parts rather being ' signify? the

les

Aubenque categories genitive). possibilities obscurity fact,

rejects as

the modalities

first of on one one is

alternative, the

embracing of insists not their

the

reading

of

the

signification hand, (though by

being

(subjective both the In to his

17 Heidegger, alongside to Heidegger's of the genitive Senitive which

the

other

on preserving without conceding

another committed reading of

co-existencel8). corresponds as the of he term the

double

'category'

presentation the objective

ontological reading reading as

difference, as an an ontic

inasmuch use of use

describes and term. the In

subjective

ontological

36

spite

of

his

insistence on the what

that he

both

senses as reflected Seiendheit of was

be the

retained, neglected in and his

the

emphasis

Heidegger significance ot)alu, denote attention possessions, German the the

placed of primary of to the

regarded is by

ontological translation of which draws term the of for modern oi)cTio( as from he this quotes

categories category,

Anwesenheit, 19 Heidegger

ways

being, fact

not that things

regions 1(X ox, XY at one's the are of

being. an

everyday (like sense be derived

property, ), and of

disposal ontological

'Anwesen'

understands which In support

'presentness'

things

extant this

to

pre-philosophical a passage from

sense. Plato's

interpretation,

Theaetetus:

who are they can grasp unless does not belong in the [Vorhandense-in]. present

There

those

believe it with

Evorhanden) exists nothing their hands; else everything objectively of oU'aloc, of being realm IGA26 145: 1831. 1155e4ff]

As being
the

the

primary not as any

category, particular

o1kri(y kind,
sense,

denotes but

that simply

which as such.
neither

distinguishes Understood
what a thing

a in

strictest

possible

oikyioc

determines

is

nor

the it

mariner names point for

in that

which kind

a of merely

thing being that

is,

but

simply the is.

that

it took

is: as

or the

rather, reference

which a thing

Greeks

saying

Elucidating Seiendheit Heidegger's an entity is

the on his

repercussions approach to

of the

Heidegger's unity of means the of

translation being, as if Volpi the

of

oU'Cri(x as that that of serve three

implies character

ontological has taken primary simply in the qua

interpretion entity of

oi)cr't(x that

even

the could

plurality still the

being as the

sense of

jq, Te-Ep(xX(, without

oi)ai(y entailing

point

reference

that

37

other as

senses customarily a being form

of

being

are

reduced 20 is As

via the

the first

categories category, as it

to

an ousiology that This oialcx yet being way, ontology it it

understood. of any being

oL')crI(x names is a being. upon is 'first' of this of

which peculiar that insofar cannot seems

simply a

ina5much sense of

primacy it

confers from other

universality it

distinguishes as be it the is not

categories: with a specific

identified of a special the it in proper Book

region in

object to provide

science. focus of

Described the

indeed

science

as Aristotle

presents

r. 1-

What
many

conclusions
senses of

can
being

be

drawn

from

all
into

this?
an

In

order
of

to

prevent

the

splintering

aggregate

terms

related

by

accident primary the If unity as to into of being

alone, sense np6c the is the be the .,

Aristotle to which

sought each which is it of object

the

key

to

their

unity referred

in back. with

single However, dilemmawhose

remaining he

sense is of can that

'E: v

structure sense then

described as that qua one it

faced the no

primary at stake,

identified seems being of other

categories longer be has been to it be a is take The end of is to

recognized declared traduced sense by no the

determination proper

being

Aristotle having allowed senses, it cannot belong). the

ontology hand, if

(ontology it is

theology). transcendent what genus on to

On the to it

the

remaining have

individual (given that senses and, i) how echoing is

means form is 1, to prior be of

clear a

sense to the two

could the of

which issue basic ii) how

remaining priority

problem Section prior this

focussed leads

questions: are the

that

which related

understood?; term?

remaining

senses

38

Although the each sense the most of at

have

been

able manner,

to

do

no

more

than

raise

these may not

issues be a made specific to

in to

perfunctory the the questions. head of

a provisional the of in primary

response term terms. is For

First, a series it

similar each case

a being it is is

have

determinate that it for precede forms the of

form be. the the (not other In

which this

possesses,

necessary of

simply possibility cannot specific throughout demands sacrificing

sense, of

oU'CTI(x, beingness, determinate and beings.

a condition Yet of beingness being but The

existence articulation only three and

dissemination the forms are of categories, of

into also rival without

throughout principal primacy

being). reconciled

universality the original

thereby being.

multiplicity

Second,

the

question

of

what

is

meant

by

'priority,

'

which

amounts

to

the

question is

of itself

how

each still To

of open. say

the

categories

and oLcri(x

forms is prior not

of

being in

are any

grounded, naive accurate, back would form as to

To be sure, it is

prior would

temporal since ou'criof first and its

sense. the is have place

that of

logically of the by

be more

reference in and

each

subordinate the of X6-yoc ,. 'logical, upon what one

categories However, ' since one its

rooted to in

articulated the meaning

reconsider modern of this is

metaphysics the very

depend matter is described

has

emerged have it to

a questionable Whatever is not

reading form that

which eventually by

would

determine. take, at our it

relation readily

understood language generally

one

disposal.

39

To

return

now to of

to the

the

Aficomachean of the

Ethics, term in a

Aristotle 'good' single (wisdom, of were any in

addresses general. idea, sight those and

himself If the

initially meaning customarily pleasures on of the

meaning were as

'good' regarded and

encapsulated good would in

things certain Yet if,

themselves

honours), the would

be emptied the good

significance. to upon those all to that the are

contrary, it the Aristotle to are a

idea iMP05e

of

internal sense

classes classes, the term 'good' remark said tha t to the

things,

a single

universal of senses the

destroying 'good. '

manifest

multiplicity rejects

attributed

therefore single called I eads 'good' is However, the of nature the idea good

possibility Instead, as they

corresponds that exist" multiplicity from that of "things

11096al2-1096b261. in as many to via senses the the refrain

11096a241 of

directly translated we of

conclusion doctrine from since of the of any

categories precipitous manner in

being. about

should this

assumptions which is the

translation, and analyses is

the

inf

Iuence to the

problems

Metaphysics

transmitted

Nicomachean

Ethics

by no means

clear.

In

the

wake

of of

Aristotle's senses
problem.

opening belonging to

declaration the term

11094al-4, 'good' would

Aristotle

p. 211, appear
does

the to
not

multiplicity
present a

serious

Surprisingly,

perhaps,

seem the the

to good

be in

overly general enquiry:

concerned, before

speculating dismissing

only the

briefly problem

on as

the

unity

of to

irrelevant

present

even or has

if

predicated goodness existence of a separate

the

in its

common own, clearly

is

some one thing be it cannot

40

realized that sort

in

action of good

or that

acquired we are

by man. Yet it looking for now.

is precisely 11096b3O-381

Aristotle an abstract

recal

Is ideal. good'?

that

the But It may scope In this

investigation what be of is that the

is meant Aristotle discussion the form '

not by

aimed the intends to

at

knowledge to

of the more as be

appeal nothing activity

'practicable than such the scale. rejection insistence 11095a6l. immediate its ultimate action. in the my to and same restrict as as In of

the

human question a slightly that is

a whole. that of

case, in

of but likely

the on

would smaller Ari5tOtle's

the

'good however,

general, it seems of

addition, the

'absolute' "the end of

reading this

the is to

good, not mean of the

linked but although

to

his

that One end

science this is

knowledge that

action" the good, field of

could of the is the

understand enquiry

knowledge of this

practicable to the and

end

application the read good as is

knowledge

human should that

Alternatively, view, be

two

passages

could,

indeed such that of the human Insofar

more itself

intimately one 21 The with

complementary, the action unity unity of

practicable the senses and not end of of the

constitutes different activity, as

unity

the good

enquiry. therefore or of
it

inherent the

concerns way of its

subsequently the relation

activity,

by each

application. sense
might

it

deals
inherent

with
in

individual
what

of
be

good
called

to

the
the

concern5

'logic' grounded. when the

of

human Consequently, notion good of

activity, the an the ideal

that problem Good of

is, of is

the unity set

manner by aside [1094b8l. of no in

in

which

it

is

means

disappears of it the is is

favour Rather,

practicable repeated as

or

"Good of how

man" the field

the

question

human

activity

41

-L- ,:

constituted determination

as

a unity: of human

ultimately, being.

at

stake

is

nothing

less

than

the

In

view

of

this,

the

hypothetical

solutions

that

Aristotle

offers

to

the good, being,

problem like will it

of the

unity attempts be

with at

regard a solution

to

all to

significations the problem of of caution of unity from

of the

the unity should proper that

term of be to

indeed is

relevant,

although that

a note the will form

sounded: the

nonetheless good and

possible human
mooted

practicable
to the

activity
to the

differ

which

belongs

solutions

other

theor-etical

problems.

This good,

can which

only

be

settled in

after

an IV and

examination V.

of

the

practicable

follows

Sections

Aristotle's are constituted

speculation as a unity

on

the is

manner brief:

in

which

all

senses

of

'good'

things [different] then, called are sense, what ... Is homonyms. be to do they Because accidental not seem good? Or to from derive good? that one it or contribute goods all is by they than good as sight is it analogy: are good rather the in intuition is body, and so on? mind, the in so [1096b26-301 But in

The

first

possible namely examples nor that considers is presumed is b as that c is that of of

explanation it is simply

of

the

homonymic

character may be

of

the

term for

'good, other 'good. Aristotle which hypothesis a is to

accidental, but it second a in np6(; the its can is Ev

satisfactory neither that candidate. to The

homonymy, 'being. the to of to idea obtain analogy, d, etc..

explain a more relation of

of

' The of

serious similar being. lies in of

that third

case origin the

22

and

mathematics: the previous

Reversing

form

42

explanation, not single by referring

the

many them

senses to

ascribed 'good,

to '

the but

term rather

'good' by

are

unified a and a

a single

identifying 'good'

invariant

relation signification of

holding being.

between

each

corresponding

Opinion Burnet too, by Jolif, argument. is analogy

is sees

divided no

over

which to the

of the

these

views

is

Aristotle's 23 be

own. Aubenque, explained and

alternative that the are

analogical of 'good' of the

argument. may only being. for

confident with

homonomy

multiple less

significations convinced by

24 Gauthier the analogical

however, 25

case

In

considering one the

the is

rival struck 'good.

claims by ' The the

of fact

the that

Trp6r, they

Ev

and

analogical different upon

hypotheses, usages the

of

emphasise

of

term relation

analogical categories
relational

explanation, of being and

of

focussing determinations
the term:

invariant
the good,

between
the

empha5i5es

character

as

Aubenque a d6gal that which

writes, entre is if

"Ie ces

Bien diff6rents

en

tant

que

bien the

est

pr6cis6ment as such is

ce qu'il precisely 2031.

rapports: the

Good

constant unity is which

amongst

different by are "the all Good the

relations" np6q related of man, " Fv to

[PEA relation, a "the

By then good

contrast, different thing: good" thus, etc..

established are refers good to

th-ings

single

Aristotle

practicable

The ways, an

two but

alternatives the difference

clearly seems an

deploy to

the

term

'good' grammatical which

in . relies

different There on is a

be primarily usage,

equivocation

between

adjectival

43

correspondence being good' to which

between they to Of

examples belong, the and

of a

good

things

and usage,

the

categories where what analogical articulate create outside case, theories

of 'is

substantive of the

corresponds

recipient

predicate differences

in

the may

explanation. profound illusion entrenched different unity

course,

grammatical

metaphysical of differences expediency usages may be more of

disjunctions. that of 'good' have

However, little form. by the

they or In no the

may also basis present

the the the of

grammatical employed than is

alternative supposed.

compatible

generally

It it,

seems 'good'

reasonable only between Those if

as

to signifies a

assume

that,

as as of the

the on

analogical each occasion and

explanation it its names

has the

insofar category who is defend a

the

relation instantiation. there.

identified

being analogical

preeminent stop things

1 npoq 11 ev

explanation between
then the

But

there
'good'

direct
categories

correspondence
of being,

and

structure reflected structure being, not

which in holds in the

unifies order with of regard of it.

the

multiple identified the good

senses as because

of

being '

should The np6q

be 'ev with

things to

'good. of the

analogy

place

Consequently, corresponding structure the two in

there to the the case

should primary of been being. pitted

also

substantive

sense the if as

of

'good' np6q, 'ev

signification Is this the one

anchoring case, another and

so, rivals?

why have

alternatives

against

The theory

two

approaches appealing to

have the

been np6r,

regarded

as has

incompatible relied upon

because a reading

the of

Ev relation

44

the

problem

of as

unity one the of

with the highest highest case of all unity

regard

to

being in

that the

reduces most

being

to

oiaia sense.

understood Consequently, category, being, analogical into form and

categories good, form of of

traditional to this By the is

corresponding oibuiof: it is to in general vobq. 26 good is

highest divine the to from take the than human to human end
with

is in

the the

humanity with regard of which human

contrast,

theory

compelled unity

consideration of the a common single from the so

instances to of

the

term, they give

drawing

relation region the

a name. notion of

Rather the likely all final

isolating good arising to

being, is

the

analogical 'inclusive' (in

reading

therefore which fashion)

more regards to
Z'v

conform activity
of

called

reading,

as

contributing
But if the

some uncertain
primary term of

the

ciS(Y-Lgovi(x.

the

iTp6q

relation

regard understood, of the the from the

to

being but ev

is rather

understood as on region inclusive outlined the of

to in

be

ol)aloc 11, good rest

not then will

as the not

ordinarily influence result leave in open

Section of over not the the

IN npoc,

relation of one of an

problem being reading

privilege possibility the

and may that

unlike

which

emerges

analogical

account.

If

the

primary as how in is

sense the still

of minimal

being

is

oikriof of

understood beingness the further

as that

Seiendheit somehow

or (for of good?

Anwesenheit, precisely the being

condition precedes is of that,

obscure) then the what

determination sense and of the that so the of

question, of might as

the

corresponding matter as of okrio( what

Although it

mindful one

difficulty venture it is,

this just

caution which good

demands, has

denotes it is,

a being

insofar

regardless

45

will Whilst specific that being,

be

that the

which primary is

characterises sense good, if this it of

a good good does is to is not

simply that entail

insofar in its to the virtue

as

it of

is

good. a from

which

good which it it will

independence primary sense

grounds: be an

correspond 27

of

immanent

condition.

IV

The were

narrative identified

now returns with of the regard final

to

the to

end

of

Section and the the nature the

1, final

where end: of the

two

problems formal

activity end and

the

determination hierarchical ends Sections emerged intepretation the and should distinct possibility the practical find from a constituted 11 there

apparently different raised in that and the

relations by and III between of of being that also

obtaining final insist

between end. upon

totality the points The of single the

of

However, a hearing.

proximity good

Aristotle's as irreducible link good.

conception to between If this a

category of

implies being we not

a similar or human of

such were the

a conception indeed end, the that

case, is

conception the referential

cI)S(xtgovf<x, teleology it

final

makes

possible.

Aristotle known
9F

presents as is the 'e'p-yov '

his

definition ' only of solely The

of

'ct')8(xigovf(x' English part be of that purpo5e

in

the

passage of

argument. but this

standard

translation what of or is intended.

ep-yov Although 'work,

'function, the primary is not

captures Epyov with may

sense linked

'product' end of

or an

'

it

the

46

activity, be, and

but this to

also is convey

connotes the the

the

activity sense by the which flute, for

by

which

something all,

comes C'pjov

to is

predominant activity plays have

here.

Above or

intended defined, sees as we kind, of etc.

something a builder

someone builds,

may be the eye such us what human c-p-yov or

e. g. .

a flautist some

Hence

argued "28

alternative which activity. by the

translations, makes good of the afI own activity slightest autist

"characteristic are"29 and

activity, "defining argues, [1097b26-291. in human the kind

"that or

we do which "30 The

capacity may be For felicitous will allows man be

Aristotle human kind resides good of

established just as practice associated to

identifying good of of

carpenter 50 the to it.

their the

vocation, proper of that

with express The is,

Aristotle "assuming may lack a The and existence a similar human

then that

himself has an

the

doubts: humanity an identity,

cip-yov. " that on the as their kind proper proper to

possibility lack of the a definition, a brace

a definitive form, is likens

activity, dismissed human arguing

strength such to

of of

analogies. carpenters to the

first

life from human

activity of an

shoemakers, of step body to an from the

possession in general. to the the

E-pyov second parts as a

'Cp-yov of the

The various being

makes of the

activities

activity

human

who I e.

Even

if

one to

leaves which he

aside appeals

certain here, Is of there activity proper

features 31 Aristotle's any

that

complicate reasoning for a craftsman as such?

the still arguing to the the

examples appears from the

somewhat existence of

exorbitant. of of a form activity

justification to

proper to

existence

a form

humanity

Does

47

fact that spite

that the of

part

of person,

the

human and

body soul,

performs is may

specific well at f irst, the basic

role directed?

entail In

whole the here

body such clear

similarly arouse with

suspicion is both

a claim and

Aristotle's framework

reasoning of the text

consistent

as

a whole.

spurious is the be
of

reading to have

of the to Its

the

passage to

might work What lie

the

run wood. does in

like

this.

To

be

a is to the
the

carpenter to do have to

capacity make shoes. would

be of

To be a shoemaker one have to be able that

of

capacity human?

mistake
will

the
order

assumption
as those

if ep-yov

human

being

same

carpenter different
being is

and order
not of

the from
the

shoemaker. 'artisan,
same order

But '
as

just the

as activity

'human

being'

is of

of

so

definitive
shoemaking.

human

carpentry

and

Aristotle

asks Olover they of

whether and belong. questioning. that

it above"

is

not those "over

right of

to

assume

that people

human or

being the

has

an to

c'p-yov which level those

individual and in above"

groups to

32 This Just study

announces r of

a shift Aristotle one or being beings nature forms in of general

a new

as

Metaphysics in for an virtue enquiry of questions specific is

rejected other qua qua of of being, workers human

sciences attributes, here wood, qua activity he

being rather

its so of being the such.

calling sets aside animals, beingdefinitive

into

considerations etc., and human and above' being

human the

sighted human

'Over of

activity, or as

activity

Aristotle activities

proceeds common to

towards plant

such and

determination life in

by order

excluding to delimit

those the

animal

48

I ep-yov

of

humanity with

as X6-yo(;

the

active

exercise (3)(v0p6nou

of qil-)Xq(;

the

soul

's

faculties x(x-r& X6yov]

in

accordance

['Epyov

Cvtpycm

Definitively determination all that

human of humans

activity per

is se

thus or of

an that

evepVctoc. which is

But most

is

this human

a in an the

activity do?

Elsewhere, and

Aristotle

identifies and we is this are no

human seems to

life favour

as

evepyci(x former that possible seems to

11175al2-13 view. Yet the

11048b25-291, to which

passage human The as one of

X6Voq.

referring more than relation an as yov

here a

implies of X6-yoc animal by the

the

definitively activity. be presented Indeed, definition

with

evitp-ycioc

region to

characteristically the crowning regard human

However,

human glory this being

one

of view

otherwise supported X6-yov

existence. well
animal

could the

known

as
need

the
not

'SXcav, the
a5 an

endowed

regard

X6yoq

additional the
feature

property. for
a

Aristotle (xicTOrjo-i(;

argues [perception]
of human

that with
being

since animals,

human

beings

share cannot

capacity
in

uiuOrjuiq
Yet

determination

11098al-31.

11 (xicrOrIcriq

may not not of not the ist the

be

the

same to

in

the

cases lead

of to

both

animal

and in is

human the added,

life. very or

Might nature is it took Tieres

relation

X6yoq

a modification to by which X6yoq? X6-yo(; Certainly,

Is (xY(3-OrjcT-Lq.? always latter --von suffused view, Grund

seeing and insisting aus

something mediated that anders als

Heidegger des

"Das das

Wahrnehmen des

loclar6TIcriq] Animal that the

Menschen: from concern

perception of man. "33 relations we cannot

( (XVcrO r1cr IqIis... Heidegger's between enter reasons (xlaOqcri4;, into this

fundamentally for vobr, matter taking and fully

different this view

ultimately here, the

&XOc-t(x. implications

Although of such

a reading

49

are that

important the cipyov to as beyond of a

for of

our

own

enquiry

and

are not

worth be

noting. as

It

suggests

human

being or

should

regarded but

a piecemeal be of or seen human the the Remi in

addition rather life

a residual comprehensive those ideas of our human

substantial determination

animality, embracing with On a

should

regions reasoning this

ordinarily through life does to upon ]a to "34 found the

associated language. not a have

expression determination Brague Aristotle passer logique: which to life is le draws

reading, basis. a reading to pas the on the "[fair-el de

biological for such tendency qui n'est over

attention remarking avant

precedent his surprising ce

himself, qualifi6 give not as an

substance, qualified

bonne

priority good logic.

case specifically

substance, reference

Commenting in

cvitpycm

Met. G. 6: 1048b25-29,

he adds:

d'un 'vivre 'vivre' c'est qualifi6, simple pr6ceder d'une biologique, ici vie question pas n'est quil montrer de ]a vie comme et qui, vivons effectivement que nous mais d6termin6es dans des toujours telle, conditions v6-cue est heureuse. bonne, ]a ou moins plus plus ou moins rendent qui EAQM 474-4751 Faire le to live' 'to To allow a straightforward precede a qualified it is not a matter is to show that live' 'to of biological that, live life that the but rather and life, we actually of that determinate lived is conditions under always as such, happy. less less it more or good, more or render

Like it this

XO-Voq, qualifies, seems is of

of

'good' but surprising,

does rather

not

remain determines

extrinsic it from that of

to

the

form very whole

of

life

that If 'cp-yov between

the the

beginning. of link the

let on the and

being,

us

remember existence

argument the
the

premissed an activity
human

an itself.

intrinsic Having
this link

good
I epyov

that
Aristotle

activity
invokes

established
in order to

50

derive the

a 'Cp-yov

determination of the the an

of individual Thus, of

cbgorfLovL(Y. and for a that

The of if

argument a the is to good Epyov play

is

simply

this: are is well

individual of the a harper harp

generically to play

same. that

example, good harper

harp,

11098a8-131:

life, Sp-yov of man is a kind of viz., the implying an activity or series of actions of soul, a 18: 4fi)Xq(; rational principle evep-yei(xv x(xi np&ksiq gcT& 'cp-yov of X&Voul; if the to perform these and a good man is well and rightly; and if every sp-yov is performed well when in its if performed accordance with proper excellence: all this is the is that the for so, conclusion good man is an dXvGpwnivov in I-c6 activity of soul accordance with virtue 7 11098al3-171 a-y(x96v W'uXqq Cvip-yet<x -yiveT(xi xaT'03(pcTvl. we assume

if

that

the

Aristotle's performance that is,

argument of between the ' Yet of an activity an link the playing well. in

hinges and

on the and

the

intrinsic of In pass reversed.

link that the

between activity context of

the well, the to have is to

performance its virtue. to be

activity allows direction the Similarly, Book VI of

argument,
1 CI) i&xiLovi(x.

Aristotle may also harp without to the without the take

from

'S'P-vov'

One could of what it

no play

conception the harp outlined in

some idea the

important Ethics, [know-how] of (pp6vrlcyiq of alliance perform virtue to that with

intellectual one or to could not

virtues engage

Micomachean TiLXvq ability determinations prior to be the their to

7EOincrl(;

[making] without The

perform disclose would virtue well. it it An is is

ethico-political the have and activity associated, situation no sense a

np&eiq aright. independently sense of badly it is

formal of or it not without

activity with them

thereby

what may not

would display

performed but

which

relation

virtue:

51

precisely performed question

a5

lacking well. will be

the Even

virtue

it virtue

requires is acquired, with

for

the then, regard

activity the to activity that

to

be in

before

characterized

negatively

virtue,

a deficient

mode.

Two from not

points all of

of this.

particular First, a

significance is the fact region the in

for that or

our the

present 'p-p-yov of

-study human as a

emerge life specific is not or

do do,

is

confined What human

addition

to

particular calls at times,

identified viLpycioc to
is

activity. what
in

Aristotle do

qmXr. contrast
it

x<YT& X6-yov possibilities

what they

beings
to their

other
simply

animal

existence:

inescapably determination potential fails with

Ii

and or to act

at

all

times, Second,

prior even with of if

to

or one

irrespective fails that to is, in towards realize even

of

any one's

choice. in

conformity the

virtue, one's with a

if

one

to X6-yoc

live is

well,

Cvtp-yc-Lo( determined

faculties view

connection the good

nonetheless

Let refrain

us

conclude for and the its

by whole

returning of this

to

the

question what the is final

that the end

has

served

as between

chapter: all

relation identified

activity

end

above

as

sl6sa I J10via? is

We

have

seen by the

that sense

Aristotle's of the good

conception conveyed by

of the

human pref ix

activity et')-.

governed

And we

52

have If

seen we

that

the the

activity formal

definitive equivalence

of of these

human

being and

is

an

cvtpycia. in the

grant of in V):

W: pyctot two (to

np&tiq are

context together Section

practical a vital

philosophy, passage in

indications which we shall

brought return in

Book

VI

has some further whoever makes something always end in view: that is made is not an end itself, it is relative which and for Whereas that is done IT6 np(xxT6v] someone. is an which doing 1eI'Mp(xti<x1 is the end, end in itself, since well and [1139b2-5]35 what desire aims at.

This

is

the

point between

at

which

Aristotle and of been threat

is

first np&tiq 1.

makes [action] From the to

explicit to which

the he it human The

if the some

distinction alluded seemed activity

role of

noirlcyiq

[making]

in that

the the

opening

paragraphs had the

delimitation case

Book

beginning delimit regress.

distinction avert
such in a

introduced of an infinite

and
Trp&tiq

thereby
in is

nOW stated into the

plainly; means towards

end

of

noiqcyiq , end,

each

converted

further

then can the

the only final

form take end

of the of

activity form all of

a5SOCiated np&tiq. is

with

the this

final is not

end, to

S1)S(xtgovi(x, suggest np&tiq of but (this life, also that should not in

Clearly, a specific the embrace with the motif all

activity as describing it must

act. of forms whole of

Rather, the of a whole act, life

be understood only the in sense the

here sense it

that is

that from

congruent

follows with the

directly

Aristotle's must all the last things end of

stipulation a complete aim life. does For

that lifetime not life lie is

the

Sivitpyci(x

associated Moreover, or properly

cuS(xigovi(x good at which even at

11098al8l). beyond life,

speaking

an activity

53

which

is

an

end

in

itself; succinctly

as

np&ttq., by the

it term

is

one

with to

its

end

-a (x,

conjunction namely,

conveyed si)-jrp6rti(x

equivalent

cuS(xigov!

11098b2l-221).

Looking possibility outlined operative which the a order

back

over of a

the

ground

covered between Such a

so far, the parallel activity not such of np&ir good

Section and would to as be to the

III

raised sense of the in virtue

the being good of of in

parallel 11.

in in specific it or as

Section the

require that be

account good is The the

of

human yet

good,

independent activity precisely

grounds. such in

convergence figure of

zt')S(xtgov! seems , to

4x and promise

general this.

On

first

inspection,
forms of

there
unity to

is
which

marked
Aristotle

discrepancy
refers, albeit

between
briefly,

the

alternative

at the

1096b26-30 opening is
a most

and lines seldom

the of

apparently the text.

teleological Despite calling Of

in this

structure for

announced

in this

some comment, Aristotle

making

matter
sets

addressed

directly.

course,
respect,

himself
little or

respectable

precedent

no
TN

attempt relation to
91 ev

to

demonstrate (or any of

the the the

it is

relevance other

to

human

activity Strictly

of

the

np6r,

ev

alternatives). as
to

speaking, between
good and

however,
np6q

characterize
as

problem
said

discrepancy
to the

the
the

relation

apply

teleological

relation

in

terms

of

which

human

activity

is

described

54

is this

to

misrepresent chapter, lodged into as must the

the

issue.

For,

as terms never

stated in

at

the the

beginning account This has end light

of is now as of the
to

teleological are relief themselves by with clarify

structures,

which

apparently been brought and we

satisfactory. of a life. the In

the

determination the whole apparent

that is,

final the

up&-Lr, this,
np6r,

co-extensive seek to

of

the

discrepancy
we must return

between
again

'Ev and

teleological

the final

question end

of by which

the

relation are

between constituted

individual as a totality.

activities

and

the

they

At the

the

end

of

Section ends distinct

I,

referred for the the

to

Aristotle's sake of the

declaration final produced end

that may them be or

subordinate ends that of

pursued from ends in at the

either activities indication then that end. ends

activity

which 11094al6-181. of the

are the

themselves the heart

As a preliminary to fol low, I

issues to

sections

drew are For in

attention ends Gauthier themselves in

difficulty may the for in also

in be

understanding for that of a the sake activities further which

how activities of the which end arises of 71. of marks from his final are a

themselves and are Jolif, also

suggestion the sake

"fundamental the insight Aristotle

activity

incoherency" of the Aristotle's distinctive the

is

Aristotle's to of

account match the activity absolute

itself,

failure into

analyses form

originality [ENT form

ethical

Whilst ethical

recognizes
as that which

distinctively
an end in

des 'action conues pour analyses morale applique 16 trouve de ]a par se et s'il production, compte rendre d', &tre lieu de terms 'expliquer hI au relativit6: en amen6 il hI

55

& el le-m6me, I 'action sa fin faire autre chose qu'elle-m6me, he

devient morale un moyen le bonheur. CENT 71

de

to ethical the analyses applies action in order conceived for account production, led to explain and is thereby it in terms. Instead relative of being an end in itself, ethical becomes action a means to make something than itself, other namely, cA)S(Yigov! (Y.

Yet

cIA(xigovIo( of in an which not of such

itself anterior Aristotle's only activity of

has activity.

the

form If

of

np&iq

and

cannot are right,

be

the the the

product terms

Gauthier is

and Jolif couched of ethical but also will

discourse the to specificity the final

prejudice activity of the and form

articulation relation the in final turn

the of this that

end, in

end will out of

itself. place Aristotle's reading of as

(As doubts

the

analyses the

Section of

IV have human

shown, being

over account.

conception

arises and

) Ackrill, suggests

commenting that the

on Gauthier's sentence in

Jolif's be

this

passage,

question

taken

an

invitation

of a kind to possible say eudaimonia without ("faire") something think

to

of subordination which makes it perfectly that the is for moral action sake of implying that it is a means of producing than itseff. EAE 201 other

In see

itself, shortly, if of

this far

is

an more

entirely hangs that end, alone be the its are and

laudable on it

proposal. than in Ackrill

Indeed, seems are is not of than also to

as we shall to realize. to be be for a thing to of

However, the made, the sake then final

activities the final

ends if the

themselves final the end

coherency end must

demands understood apparent narrow

that

relation

activities in at terms the outset

otherwise teleology linear

production will be

whereupon from

announced track. Ackrill

released

himself

is

56

unconvincing proving positive result of a of life more

in adept

his at

response saying what he

to is

the not

invitation, the that he case

understandably than of is giving not a the bits for less

account. a lifetime's must about be

Rightly, effort. complete

insists Correctly,

ciSa-tgovl(x adds not that "just offering

various means is

in bits.

themselves " But his

and

bringing surefooted:

subsequent

own

ingredients the sake primary of eudaimonia are for is not incompatible their being of eudaimonia with ends in themselves; for is constituted by activities that eudaimonia CAE 191 are ends in themselves.

That

the

This is

is

clearly to
are

of be

help

only

insofar from
understood

as that

the of
to be

meaning

of

'constitution' Similarly,
compounds

shown

distinct

production.
used in making

ingredients

customarily

of very the is full

some idea

kind. of

Yet

later

in

the

same

essay, end

Ackrill

remarks suspicion:

that yet ends,

the if what of a us which in

the

constructing is not to be

a compound a mere

may arouse of

compound the "unifying response

aggregate aside (the for

subordinate time has the

plan"? to this chapter), are

Setting question Ackrill to

another which that end

the

task

question

occupied in

throughout subordinate
the light

this ends
of

suggests the final

of

the

manner

related

should

be understood
of

Aristotle's

discussion

5elf-sufficiency

final

end

[1097b8-201.
the

Like

Burnet
of

and

Gauthier
to

and
mean

Jolif,
that

he
it

understands

self-sufficiency

el')S(xigovioc

"includes" since of no

all attempt and

other is

good made which

things. to is

However, an

little alternative out

is

gained to the

thereby, language in the

elaborate expressly

parts

wholes

ruled

by Aristotle

57

very

same

passage

and

which Indeed,

actually Ackrill lui-m6me la

conforms quotes

to

the

model and tous CAE 22: Jolif

of

production approvingly; biens: in

11097bl7-201. "j] effect, est it This

36

Gauthier inclut

en is

effet the

somme qui all of

with

les ENT is

sum veils

that the

includes question
used

goods" how
the

53 My emphasis).
to be understood.

merely
When

'inclusion'
subject 'sum,

'includes'

is

'

it been

is

difficult declared

to

avoid

the

idea

of

aggregation

that

has

already

inadequate.

The deploy less which

ease the to

with very

which structure negligence to of In the the

Ackrill they than

and

Gauthier to

and avoid

Jolif testifies, of

inadvertantly perhaps, this trope, own from the

proposed to at -nolquic, the

their seems

pervasiveness every and turn. np&ir, the

confront relation previous

one of

Aristotle's suffers following

articulation same from problem. Book VI:

section,

I quoted

passage

thought for-the-sakebut only nothing, moves alone This indeed governs with action. and concerned of something has some always something makes whoever since also, noi9criq in is is that in further an end not made which view: end Whereas that for is but it itself, someone. and relative doing (T6 itself, in is done is since an end npcxxT6v] which desire is the at. aims IsiMpocti(y] what and end, well [1139a35f] Thought

As

noted

before,

this

tells

us

that

the

final

end

has

the

form

of

np&ttq, noirlcri(;, the totality

whereby in its of clear

np&tt(; capacity all cut

is as

elevated the form

to of

position the final However,

of end

priority which

over grounds is

activities nor

and conclusive.

pursuits.

the this

priority passage,

neither

Commenting

on

58

Bernasconi is the governed sake of'

asks by

what purposive

is

meant and

by practical

the

claim thought, the in

that

productive that &pX to is, to his "the 1161.

activity thought 'for this of is to a

something. is to

Aristotle be understood

uses

term

describe doctrine practical This it helps raises

relation, the four

which causes. as the the

reference Bernasconi, IFDP in

More final

precisely, cause role of of

writes

construed explain profound

noiricy-tc, " np&iq, but

foundational

so doing

problem.

but in itself, how can it be the being cause of noiricy-ic. without conceived as external an And if to Heidegger that the doctrine the goal? we grant of has four its then in the causes source experience of making, to it Aristotle's reference of np&iq causality places ... the teleology In this way referential of TEoIrlaric. within it is the time very privileged over TEoiricriq np&iq at IFDP 117]37 light to be interpreted in the of noiqatq. comes may own end

rlp&-Lq

bear

its

If it of

np&ki(; is

is

the in over

final

cause

and

external

goal

of

all

activity, the very

then form The about

cemented

a structure which itoigaiq text turns, to this in one it

determined is and ostensibly np&iq since of the it terms to is

by production, accorded not is of an made the original within

activity

priority. axis a

distinction which that

between

Aristotle's belongs The be 38 in entirely

framework namely,

opposition, ensures that

noiqcriq. can to never noiricrIC

hegemony articulated As being and which the

guarantees its own

noigaiq and "the is

np&tiq

terms

always

subordinate np&t-L(; Aristotle's into the

Bernasconi assimilated distortion it

concludes, into it in suffers favor of of the

transformation language of is

undergoes metaphysics, a structure problem of

when

it

integrated better it shows shows

postpones a

nolqatq, than

sustaining

recognition

np&iq

np&t,, q

59

itself"

[FDP

1171.

Moreover,

the

subordination

of

Trp&ti(;

to

noirjcriq

has of

not the

been

without

effects. of practical

Its

legacy reason in

has and the and

age. 39

been action

the

gradual by

eclipse

specificity and and

as a

instrumental of both

reason activity
identify

activity, reason
malaise

culminating which
of

impoverishment Arendt,
As Arendt

Horkheimer
the modern

amongst
writes,

others,
"The

issue to

at

stake an

is, end,

of as

course, such, in

not but which standards in

instrumentality, rather the

the generalization and and the

use

of of

means the are

achieve

fabrication established [HC fact CHC 1571. that 1541. as The

experience the danger ultimate

usefulness for life

utility world stems of from

men" the

inherent established detected and avert ends this

such as

a generalization generates danger to by

"utility Aristotle of means to

meaning 5ame threatened

meaninglessness" in render to its the of the the all the infinite desires figure to of

the that

procession futile of do an this and end

sought in itself,

procession as -mp&ti(;.

appealing However, upon The drift by

articulated by its

capacity structure productive articulation

remains activity into at

compromised it

dependence grounds. only

productive activity of np&tir,

ostensibly can production.

meaninglessness the limits of

be checked

Can

np&tq

be and of

understood would production? understood this

otherwise be Our as

than

as to of

the

external it with or end as as free

goal

of from

all the

activity, influence human promising thereby

sufficient association activity in as to

wrest Trp&iq

the

C'p-yov of seems is end.

being in

general the be final attained

such

this

respect, not as

insofar something

cinpcxti(x at the

understood

only

60

For whilst its

np&t-Lq, it is

is

the

form

of from

the the

totality very this

a future

of beginning is a

activity by the

as

such,

and of

determined as
itself

possibility intrinsic
result, we

accomplishment
of activity

cb'nputioc,
and not

necessarily
As a

moment

goal.

can

say end, final an of of

that it

for is

np&iq less than end. a of Of

to matter

be

understood of breaking the success ability a form of the

otherwise with final in to of its

than

as

an

external as than condition a as

determination otherwise the from modelled of unity with

caU5e external externality production emerged in

understanding course, on its its of

caU5e sidestepping disengage relation

depends from the in

the

format on that

favour our

which to

treatment

problem

regard

being

Metaphysics.

The is of

tendency an end in

to itself This reading

impute

a referential witness to

teleology a lacuna by in

to

an the

activity very

which

bears is for

conception who warns

npOfiq. the

expressed which:

succinctly

Nicolaci,

against

np&ic , non quella realth, ELHP 2451 np&iq would would be that

]a

sarebbe noigaiq be

noigcriq non che

in sarebbe, perch6 solo altra. a nessun rinvia because, refer it in reality, on to any other.

not noiricriq

only noirlcri(; does not which

Such

an

understanding

commits

travesty

of

TEp&t'Lc,,

delivering

the

relation Accordingly, which

lies

of

activities the key acts

this

to to are

the any

final advance

end in to

into

the

terms

of the

production. manner or
I

understanding in
that

in such
said

individual
in avoiding

related
of

activity
(;,

general
is, as

as

travesty

np&i,

have

61

before, derived

in from

articulating the experience

the of

form

of

np&tiq

otherwise

than

in

terms

production.

On his Aristotle ends.

part,

Nicolaci the that the is final

begins prospect desired term else.

by of for in

referring an its infinite own

back

to

the

passage of

where and be for

rejects The end as of

procession sake cannot, of actions

means

he writes, wished

understood the sake

a linear

series

something

I 'ambito dal quale contrario, ]a esso definisce a partire ser-ie di stessa puo essere pensata nelle sue condizioni interno: possibilitd e ricompresa secondo un ordine piCj quello secondo cui si schiude, si rende originariamente la divaricazione del bene-strumento ]a possibile e, cosf, dimensione del rinvio. ILHP 2441 On the contrary, it defines the region on the basis of which the itself be thought to its series may with regard to a more conditions of possibility and understood according internal that the order: which makes possible original the dimension opening out of the instrument-good and thereby of referral.

A]

In

recognizing for its

the own

role sake recalls

of alone

Trp&tiq in was said it

as

the the

form whole

of

that

which possible, in in Section

is

wished Nicolaci's 1. And

making sketched to is

series

reading insofar activity which it as

what is place,

out the

initially dimension on

np&ti,; takes

open situated this

which level goes the

productive to that way

a different Nicolaci if only of into

grounds. withdrawing in which

Emphasising np&tic, he situates

separation, no'Lricriq, the

some "virtual

towards space"

from

articulation

np&tiq

Ep. 16-17 1.

Solo

perch6 su colloca, ]a possibilith

di si esistenza specifica sua condizione in definisce livello Senerale si quale nel quel di tale del noitiv una sfondo sullo gi6 e non ]a

62

]a Tcp&iq pu6 essere possibilit6, pensata diverso dalla per genere noiqaiq e non gia ILHP 2441 noincFiq 5uprema.
Only because its on the defined, possibility, different noina1q. specific the where condition of

come qualcosa come una sorta

is

di di

situated level is possibility of noii: iv in general the background and not against of such a be thought can np&tiq as something generically to noiTI(xiq not and merely as a kind of supreme

existence

Nicolaci's in role there objects possibility

I epyov

reading IV securing denote to in the

strikes light unity in

a of of

chord the

with preceding Just or "as and

it

the

interpretation account as Trp&ttq so were in the

as

explored oU'aice and was its

Section in to

of

the activity

being.

understood rightly alternative

general

as though

such, it

Nicolaci an

np&iq, of

being

treated

human

comportment"
that

proposes,
be understood

light
the

of
activity

the

argument

11097blffl,

"proper essentially world see,

r eXetv"

to

man the

qua human capacity of that one's X6-yoq

that is,

being" to

ILHP

2511. oneself of the

Nicolaci in

describes regard is

this to

as the to of
of

comport

and with It only

by

virtue

possession is
it

X6-yoq. not

important the
the

however,
ELHP

the

"manner

and

object
nature

2531,

fundamentally

determines

the

relation

between

the

elements

in

question:

'uomo, I X6-yov per di modo come parola a se stesso rapportarsi ILHP 2561 parola.

'cXciv

significa non a rapportarsi a] modo proprio

appropriarsi stesso se X6-yoq, del

del la bensi della the to

X6yov 'cXeiv does not mean appropriating human being, for but to relating rather oneself, relating word as a way of the 16yog, the to word. the in proper way oneself determined itself will

If

the

np&ttc of

characteristic the X6Voq, then

of the

human form

being of

is

by

the

possession

np&tiq

depend

63

directly Nicolaci taking as

on goes his

the on point

nature to of

of give

the an

relatedness insightful Heidegger's his into at

"proper account reading description difficulty In such X6Voq the of

to

the this

X&Vor,. " problem, X6yor, form trying as of to

departure 40

of of

the the

Kundschaft np(Xt, Lq express above, according a relation insofar beginning to

in

and to the which form

Kundgabe. this of

However, rise runs

gives self

when

-relatedness between deploys to

issue. two the

passage The to

quoted first, achieve

Nicolaci to to as to the
manner

distinguishes which itself, describes end by means of

X6-yoq,

forms. in order by

human

being

corresponds an of human

a view and

determined linear The

production, from

it

intentional an

progression second, by

intermediary. being to itself

of

according virtue and

that

which
the

relation
of the

occurs
self

describes

a form

-relatedness

seems precede however,

to

break the

with relation

the

model between

of

production, them. to the se

since

the this

relata

do not

Exploring resort unfavoured

P05Sibility, and again and oneself Iy wi th the I to uses and

Nicolaci more

is

compelled to a come to

again

terminology the 11 raggi to the expressions ungersi" mode

appropriate "rapportarsi

alternative (relate to

stesso"

I reach of based

or

onese IfI to

indi the

ff erent

regard mode of has

relatedness upon

specific

X6-yoc, and 41 The and

relatedness once more

productive but not

comportment. carried

distinction articulated.

been

announced,

through

The in

task terms

of of
of

setting production

out

the is

relation constantly
form5

to

the

final

end in

otherwise general by
and

than the
in

frustrated
to

dominance

conceptual

belonging

production

particular

by

the

fact

that

the

conception

of

'end'

is

itself

drawn

64

from chapter the

the to

discourse expose of

of the

production. incoherencies and to

All

the

efforts upon the this the

made

in

this of an

attendent trace on

hegemony of and A

language

production ultimately series of the of

po5sibility point

alternative themselves characterization out of reach.

approach in a

founder negative and

exhaust positive remains

determinations. relation in

structure

question

The

two

problems directly of the

highlighted or obliquely, Whilst complexity the relation the

at

the

end

of

Section the

have

been four

addressed, sections of to first noirlaic. that relation framework cannot This of be problem the final to the

throughout this of has the led to

subsequent

chapter. and In is to short, the preserve

a better it has

appreciation done little The end. of the activity sake of' If

significance it. these is leads not to must of the

matter, are still to the the reference

resolve of

two

problems of activity of

outstanding. the final

dominance of

discourse 'for to of' the the the This

the be

incoherency articulated Acting acting a new activity being way 'in twist in

np&ir,

without 'for order in

the

general final end end.

production. same was given end with as

the to

sake

produce' IV with as such. external the form turn, of and

final

Section or as the

association itself for is all

general

enough activity of

prevent and goes of

np&iq some

treated

goal

towards

demonstrating the In

inapplicability relation here which to

relations obtains

production. still remains

However, obscure.

actually

we come

65

the form the be the

second of sense resolved, basis

problem, itself,

this

points whether

to in or

the the as

difficulty sense such. of -a of Until np&tiq

in

articulating act problems might that fail the or

the in can secure requires

np&tuc; of

a specific these that

activity the

in

general of that specificity

recovery

a conception is not naive of to

has

of

an ontology of the will

over

recovery will by

a determination such
nolquir,

Dasein determined

insofar experience

as of

a conception
in ways

continue
which it

be
no

control.

66

Chapter

Two

TRANSCENDENCE AND THE RADICALIZATION

OF PRAXIS

We

saw

in

the Heidegger

Introduction with In setting

that a means out of to

Aristotle's dispelling assess the

practical a perceived impact of and is of Dasein, Time

philosophy naivety Aristotle's my point 9915-18 to as and resist 'mere of in

presented Greek

ontology. of

conception of departure

wp&iq will

on Heidegger's be the account The which view

understanding in Being

Dasein's in this

everyday account that have are already now above

concern. is only that

Heidegger things

concerned primarily value being

regards invested

things' As such we a

subsequently seen, the

with of

purpose. by and matter grew

understanding in the

presupposed tradition as

view,

firmly all in

enshrined the even experience not only

metaphysical of

exemplified (and initially work. that handled

it is

interpretation in of the Kantian

substance Ding-an-sich), and above view only

arguably out It is,

reflected of the

production

all of

of the made

the work and but

however, the

a highly fact that of

of

one-sided works needs

production

suppresses in
also

important

are and

ever

a pre-constituted
an incomplete

context
reflection

possibilities,
as a whole,

pas5ing

over in the

the

movement

of

disclosure

to

the

fixed

point

of

its

concIU5ion

work.

67

The

problem of things.

arises

with

the

elevation over

of

theoretical other forms manifested evident

intuition of

to

position towards in Greek

unwarranted Whilst it theory Heidegger the

standpoint

priority this tendency was of also

comportment itself than and he in first the

may have more

thought,

nowhere Heidegger's

phenomenological Husserl. to Yet

contemporary the insights suspicion

eschewed

teacher required of
reduction

found

in

Husserl Husserl's
Heidegger

counter

problem.
on its

Turning
head,

the

naturalistic

the

of

human

experience consciousness by of Husserl Dasein. towards means is it considerably goes far 1

to

a and

supposedly extended beyond fundamental in the the

presuppositionless structures of to

basis intentionality the everyday Dasein's ontological everyday activity. existing

in

cognitive developed activity comportment determination concern Equally, order which with
to

himself The things that

consciousness connection world account a typology revision and may theoretical be and of of

between their Dasein's human of the activity to

Heidegger's more than a

beyond

superficial

of

priority the

between term caution).

Dasein

practical

(for Heidegger

reason, the utmost

and

'pragmatism' As
is

only

applied in
in

Heidegger
ontically

explains
distinct

the
that it

Introduction
has a pre-

Being

Time,

ontological access thematic in-the-world amounts, features these to

understanding the level. and therefore, of this question The as of

of

being and

which

provides of of in

the its

possibility elevation to

of a

being

ultimately description

phenomenological for to a the most part

Dasein everyday of the

as

beingconcern

absorbed delineation

preliminary

structural In view of by

pre-ontological alone, it is

understanding clear that the

of

being. analyses

considerations

offered

68

Heidegger their Time

in

these sometimes that

sections so they far are

cannot precedes taken a

be

understood an acquaintance

in

isolation. with as them Being

Yet and their somehow

renown as

a whole

out license

of

context, to treat such as the and

though as of see,

phenomenological self-contained sections must enquiry in is

character empirical destined not in the to

were

descriptions. misconstrue only with them, reference to

Any for, to Being

reading we shall form Time, of the text. of but

these they

be understood set out

ontological above Dasein 2 all as

Introduction the in of ontological the its the of second

connection

with developed

character division of

transcendence it we is can only in

Indeed, that

the to the

light gauge question to

influence significance activity positive the in

on Heidegger's of Aristotle's Of with Ethics.

ontology

begin on

practical course, it is

philosophy not enough

Heidegger.

simply of appropriates

trace in

similarities Nicomachean of np&tiq,

Aristotle's Insofar inheriting of the as

presentation Heidegger also the

lrp& Iq this

conception upon ask

he risks presentation analyses store.

difficulties We shall

attendant therefore and what

Aristotle's Heidegger's he has in

concept. to the

whether

succumb

same problems

response

Dasein dealings. dealings concern

is

described Amongst are always the

as

for

the paths

most of the

part concern

absorbed [Besorgen] to them us" to

in

its in

everyday which kind such of

many dispersed,

"closest and puts

is use"

"that ISZ

which

manipulates

things

67: 951-

69

The what

preliminary gets

theme

of

the so

enquiry ISZ lic6

is

therefore

"what

gets

used,

produced, that

and what is

forth" produced 11139blf, in

67: 951. noir)-c6v]

Recalling itself one not

Aristotle's becomes might so. the

observation means that towards Heidegger

a further has

end

p. 237 but

n. 35.1, this is

suspect

T6 noiqT6v

mind,

Die

einen angemessenen das, ))Dinge((: np6tVj.L(xc(x, d. i. womi t man Umgang (7Ep&ti. (; ) zu tun hat. ISZ 68: 96-971 term one for has

Greichen

hatten

Terminus die fUr es im besorgenden

The that

Greeks had an appropriate to is that say, which dealings (praxis). concernful

'Things': pragmata to do with in one's

In

fact,

np&-Vg(xc(x philosophical be wary of

is

the

usual

Greek

term

for part.

things

and

not

a one

deliberate should

choice any from however,

on Heidegger's quick this it conclusions passage can serve suggest issue. as a

Accordingly, about Provided Heidegger's that guide. both the in part first,

drawing np&tiq

understanding proceeds possible which fail with

alone. as

one Two of

caution,

a helpful themselves,

interpretations to recognize

immediately what of so-called that is at

According term which for on on the

to things its

Heidegger's would to a attest

endorsement to his

np&yg(xTo(

general amounts

pragmatism, is

demonstration it in is the than is true world the

knowledge Heidegger our

founded

everyday

practice. of is more the

Whilst things to this

that with first to

integrates towards

determination there

comportment

them, To

reading the of

appreciates. between to the Instead, relation

begin

with, and

reading repeating the issue very in

indifferent the naivety Heidegger's reduction

distinction the is latter engaging. to be the

noiquic

np&iq, of main and

former it

symptomatic takes the theory

Heidegger analyses

between

70

practice. belongs dominance restricted broach the to

This the

is

mistaken.

For of in

the activity

theory-practice arising Insofar a By reading contrast, notguic as from its

distinction the very are to more will to

understanding that is

of to

nolgaiq this

question. such at all.

horizons fails the np&iq attached

distinction, of of a 3 np&iq the

therefore raising ., and

question question demand

fundamental implicitly theory and

relation

between of the

reconsideration

significance

practice.

The

second

such between and this its

reading noirlair,

approaches and in np&tiq which

Heidegger's very much in

text mind,

with but

the

distinction the broad in of

regards to the to

inclusive passage specificity cause the of existing for this np&iq that

sense as

Heidegger of his

apparently failure to

refers address simply inevitably and thereby

nP&iq issue champion

a reflection vis-6-vis

-noIrIcriq. opposition to

However, noirlcyir, them the to with 4 its

the

itp&iq

.,

in

underscores restricts the the distinction, of

demarcation change. reading remains conception By tacitly commits in of

between endorsing itself

scope

framework an

of

unchanged own eclipse

conception by a similarly

complicity nojqCyjq.

unchanged

Alternatively, account of far the of

Heidegger's goal-oriented sense of

reference activity np(-Xtic, sphere Greek to might than of

to

np&tiq be read a

in less

the

context

of

an

as a repudiation reminder the influence allusion in Greek of how of

specific its

as

discreet

beyond

designated through regard immediately

application Thus, that he in

production to the

extended naivety Heidegger with

thought. Dasein

a veiled

perceives

ontology,

adds:

71

Si e1i een pragmatischen bestimmten sie But

aber ontologisch Charakter der zunchst the als

gerade npotygo(z(x Dinge. bloe

spezifisch Dunkeln im und ESZ 68: 971 of they

den

ontologically, is just pr-agmata thought of these

'pragmatic' specifically character the Greeks left in what obscurity; 'proximally' ' as 'mere Things.

What of
on

does

Heidegger The
of the

mean temptation
relatively

by

"the is to

specifically understand
sense

'pragmatic' the
of

character of np6cyL(xT(x
Indeed,

pragmata"?
the basis

meaning
'pragmatic'.

familiar

Heidegger Frage nach

seems

positively (1936)

to he

encourage describes

this

view

elsewhere.

In

Die

dem Ding

np6cVgo(T(x as

berhaupt sofern sie solche sind, womit wir zu sei es, da wir bearbeiten, verwenden umgestalten betrachten oder nur und durchforschen - Tip6rygo(z(x auf lip&eic, bezogen, hier in dem engen np&tir, ganz weit genommen weder Sinne der praktischen Anwendung (vgl. XpficrOcKt) noch im Sinne Handlung der np&tig im Sinne der Handlung; sittlichen als ist Tun und Betreiben np&tig und Aushalten, was auch alles die noirjai(; einschlieflt. them at all, whether we as we have to do with look at and them, transform we only or whether here to praxis pragmata with regard praxis: in the truly narrow sense, neither wide a in the (kresthai), sense of nor use practical meaning of doing, is all and pursuing, praxis action: praxis as moral "-s includes poiesis. also which enduring, insofar work on them, them examine is taken in things

die tun

Dinge, haben,

rlp6rVL(x,Eo( are

referred

to

np&iq,

which

is

said

to

be

activity

in

the

widest

sense,

inclusive but
suggest

also the
at

of

noirlo-iq. is by no

This means

may as

seem simple

perfectly as
the

straightforward,
passage might

matter
first.

the
basis

Understanding

np&, VLorvx on

of

pragmatism if is of

or one

activity knows what could what is be

" in is in

truly by

wide

sense" or assume would

is activity. that

only

satisfactory Yet this

meant question in

pragmatism here. To fashion

precisely np"vvcoc

the be to

meaning

settled

this

72

revert outlined

to

position If we

much are of

like not to

the

former the must

of

the

two

weak of

readings

above. the

refer

character itself us be look

np6ryA(YT(y to to depend

pragmatism, on at have things np&tic, to the this to

meaning

'pragmatic' of

seen more insofar

eventual term. do in is with It

determination is them presented at What 'be' all all. "

np&-VgcYT(x. Let as Does 'in and can term a name this for mean '

carefully as we for

"things that mean it

is

a name Similarly, How are

general? said to

would doing and

general to we for

here?

'include' be confident

noigaiq. that

we

understand np&tic

'include' as ,

Heidegger

understands

a generic

activity?

A clue account Heidegger and every relation,

as of

to

how

we might everyday three

approach concern,

this in

problem 917 on

arises reference relation,

later and

in

the

Dasein's introduces Every an not

signs.

designations, is said

namely to be

reference but is initial to specificity. saying read off which not a

indication. reference but is and

indication indication; every

a reference, reference One's genus

similarly, relation a relation in rules order out quite from of Being" to Husserl's generalization from involves of this formal any ESZ

every reference. is the increasing

expectation reference However, of relation by

therefore indication explicitly it of "is

that belong

Heidegger that way

interpretation, which of may be context, To where and the the

something

directly its view, devoted In

'formalization' or directs way us

kind

whatever this 13 6 the what

subject a

matter

77: 1081. Ideas,

support we find

footnote to the to the

difference the gradual of

between

formalization. to of

contrast

movement

particular reduction

general,

process

formalization

73

has the

material reduction to

content of a space logical By

to to

"purely a Euclidean form have

logical" manifold nothing

form. or

Thus, that

for of to

example, a specific do to regard with the to the

inference generalization. reader's various material

whatsoever Husserl term 'red'

way that,

of unlike of red,

illustration, the general forms associated.

appeals with 'lie

intuition possible content

shades with

logical are

do not 7

within'

which

they

Heidegger, which to he trace

too, drew the of

attached initially contribution ontology not of and only

great from

importance Indeed, this detail.

to it

'formal would to a task, of

'

designations, be interesting own would on this of of this a shed of that

Husserl. of

notion Such

Heidegger's however, Husserl presentation the scope

understanding require matter,

in

more of

an account but also logic

Heidegger's response lies course of to

reading Kant's beyond on

his

transcendental work. brief some 'formal' abstraction he what

itself.

therefore 1921-22 meaning hand. of of in

However, consideration

Heidegger's of matter with the at that

Aristotle definitions

includes that the meaning basis

formal

light

on

the

Heidegger 'abstract, what is

contrasts ' on

sharply

the

presupposes we cannot (the

a grasp assume object),

concrete. to the
not

On the understood of

contrary, either

suggests, is

advance nor even

have sense
a

concrete
9 A 'formal'

concreteness
of a

definition

is

therefore

representation

thing, direction,

but

rather manner and

an

as

yet of

empty its

designation own fulfillment.

indicating

the

conditions

Der der

definitorische

eigentlichen das Formal,

Gehalt Begegnung, Formale ist

da ist so, Bestimmung, ein solcher

zum er verweist Bildung.... Formung, da es Gehalt,

Wie die

74

Anzeige in IGA61 341 The

die

Richtung

verweist,

den

Weg

vorzeichnet.

definitional is such as to refer to the manner content the of determination, genuine encounter, shaping, formation... 'Formal, ' the 'formal, ' has in such content that it gives direction to the indication, shows the way.

When Heidegger with them at be

describes all, " their

np&VLomo( as "specifically as the their of

"things

insofar 'pragmatic'

as we have character" form. In this

to

do may

justifiably it would

understood not

purely all of formal of

logical objects what is

way, but

designate the structural

genus

indiscriminately, to count (as EID directly in Being and

rather Indeed, them) reading of

characteristics understood to a an formal the ontology definition

as a thing. he described In the Time turn, issue 915 of

Husserl to contribute

categories the object leads

61n]. to

np6cyj.L(xc(x as itself. Dasein's

np&iq with its the

Heidegger's concernful to of for a 'logical

identification dealings form' as apparently such. At general in is

np&tq with but should to of

by not the

no means 'activity very

incompatible in general then, of ' we

reduction structure be prepared a formal

activity the

least,

determination aiming of at Dasein, the the

np&tiq

assume the

significance.

Indeed, structures are bent (SZ 10-11: identifies this as

disclosure Heidegger's

ontologico-existential analyses ' logical 15 forms' Heidegger tout motif court,

phenomenological precisely Being concernful possibility Dasein's manner in and such

towards 30-311.

derivation when Dasein's out

of in

Accordingly, np&iq with rule

Time dealings of the

does

not

the of the not

recurring things.

an ontological Moreover, on of

determination this activity reading, does

comportment which np&ti(;

towards

'includes'

all

forms

75

depend of as

on

its as in

being such

used could 10

in be

the

general on

sense: the specific

the

formal reading

definition of np&tiq

activity an end

based

itself.

Taken that, problem world

together far of and of from

these

considerations a regard missed to

lend

credibility to

to

the

view the of

representing with as np&tiq

opportunity

address account

activity Dasein of suggest. rely solely

Trp&tiq,

Heidegger's

being-in-the-world than his said those somewhat this, passages it

may conceal cursory would where a it its of hard original Heidegger's in at In motif in this once

a more reference nonetheless

studied to be actually the a

interpretation term mistake appears. the course might to The of

Having on

the term to

term will

translations Heidegger's it 11 there is

and

transmutations make in force ambiguity remains source. the

undergo

in with

reading being cited the some

determine guise or reading respect, continuous and we shall from for

confidence its often this modified

whether form. on

used will

in

Indeed, being

depend way

in and see the

Heidegger's with the and our case its with

language textual np&kir, to into most the of part less appear

discontinuous this word to be

addition,

may be uncoupled text term way traces

itself

continue insight the which the body

Heidegger's where point the the

unannounced. actually showing by its

Accordingly, appears the path will

passages only

np&tiq forward, left

for along into

conspicuous work

translation

Heidegger's

discovered. be may

76

II

Turning the entities concern own

now

to

the of

analyses

themselves, and

Heidegger production

links by Idas it a5 for as

np6(lg(xTcx with calling those Dasein's in its 12

experience

instrumentality in is concern not

encountered with equipment but its only being where essentially Equipment
of

'equipment' towards it by the is

Zeugl. a thing

directed as

right,

insofar is this described

'good'

something.

Accordingly, [Zuhandenheit], itself ISZ

of a

Heidegger being of .. but

by

readiness-to-hand which presents um-zu the context

of the

denotes

that '

as 68: 971.
totality

"'something never occurs

"constituted

in-order-to. singly,

letwas in

always

equipment

various

modalities

'in-order-to, manipulability" the table, together total

'

such (SZ

as

serviceability, By way of pen, doors, only -in In is item as

conduciveness, example, ink, room. against advance the Heidegger paper, These the (by case as of a

usability, describes pad, belong of the prepresent of itself. for such as as the does to the the way

68: 971. of

interconnection lamp, and context, furniture, each is

ink-stand, windows, encountered is apprehended of the individual serve only since ISZ in the to 68: 981, context what being). room

blotting items horizon Dasein's the "totality shows horizon

which understanding

ontological example, equipment" However, things "equipment that question room itself which could to the this

means

that any

discovered of

before room show for is

equipment

can

a provisional it that it totality one is is, itself in

themselves, residing" found

encountered the same terms

frames. of might

Accordingly, equipment point

be

put As

again: a first

belong?

response,

77

that allowing

ready-to-hand Dasein's at the

equipment concern time, In itself turn, to even a to

effaces devolve is the itself in-order-to world is of take The that a

itself upon the

for work

the that the of

most is

part, to be

produced which'" refers

which

described character and to

as

"'towards each a work

[Wozu]. beyond

public nature

ultimately have station "some

natural definite account thereby and of the

environment. direction": of the the bad

However, the covered street of

thought railway of

platform lights the sun.

takes and artefacts being [SZ

in view

weather, cycles

account

darkness of

passing natural and

this

interpenetration the latter and

of

environment is itself
re-admits

means

shares 'in-order-to'

the

former
Clearly,

ready-to-hand
the question

71: 1011.
of which

the

horizon

the

natural

environment,
Something is

and
missing

everything
from the

else
analysis.

along

with

it,

is

discovered.

Welt haben bei der Interpretation dieses innerweltlich wir Seienden doch immer ))vorausgesetzt((. schon ZusanxnenfUgung dieses Seienden doch als ergibt nicht Summe so etwas ESZ 72: 1021 wie hWeltff. In Interpreting these entities have 'presupposed' the always do not together, get we still their sum.

Di e die

however, we within-the-world, them Even if world. we join like 'world' the as anything

Quite world does problems are not

simply, is world more

an than exceed

aggregate the the sum

does of its

not

amount 13

to In

a what

totality sense in of

and more? mind

the How the

parts. of

concerns come across, an indefinite

Dasein? if nested number of the

Bearing contexts of

we have to (as give in

already way to

equipment larger the

successively material,

contexts

Heidegger's

example

writing

78

desk,

the

room ... in

),

the

ultimate

referential

totality,

world,

must

be

constituted

advance.

Heidegger is that referred referential As though

explains

that as

to

describe or

the

ontological

structure is

of to

what say or the

ready-to-hand "it has in

reference the ISZ of the

assignment of 1151.

[Ver-weisung] having This on been tells a prior or

itself

character 83-84:

assigned us act that or

[Verwiesenheit]" character to explain the term

equipment nature of

depends such an

event.

act

event, to

Heidegger the

introduces ontological the prior

'involvement' of is a thing said is a in to that

[Bewandtnis] has been in as of light this return of

describe

character act or event

referred,

whereupon something be world

consist

"letting going its own

involved" of its

CSZ 84: 1151. everyday it concern acts

Dasein to and

described

beyond being

the

possibility the on

"for-thecan in the

sake-of-which" take following place.

which

involvements relation

Heidegger passage, to

expands which I shall

crucial later.

letzlich Die Bewandtnisganzheit ein geht auf selbst aber Bewandtnis hat, Wozu zurck, dem es keine bei mehr was des Zuhandenen ist der Seinsart Seiendes in nicht selbst Sein Indessen Seiendes, Weit, innerhalb als sondern einer dessen Seinsverfassung ist, bestimmt der-Wel t-sein zu kein Wozu ist Dieses Weltlichkeit primre gehrt. selbst Das Bewandtnis. Wobei Dazu primre einer als mgliches betrifft Das Worum-willen. Umwillen aber Wozu ist ein Sein wesenhaft dem es in seinem des Daseins, immer das Sein 116-1171 84: ISZ Sein dieses geht. selbst um back itself involvements totality ultimately [TIhe goes of further is there in 'towards-which' no to which a the is not an entity 'towards-which' this with involvement: is belongs to that a Being within kind ready-to-hand what of defined is Being is as it whose an entity rather world; Being, to worldhood Being-in-the-world, of and whose state just is 'towards-which' This belongs. not itself primary involvement in 'towards-this' an which as something another 'for-the-sakeis 'towards-which' The a is possible. primary

79

of-which' pertains that very

[Worum-willen]. But the 'for-the-sake-of' to the Being for of Dasein, in which, Being is essentially an issue.

its

always Being,

The

parallel seems

with to

Aristotle have 1, a the final been where end

is

striking on

from the

the first

first. two is

Indeed, chapters

this of

passage

modelled purposeful that does series final 'link' (towards

Nicomachean and grounded

Ethics by of pattern,

activity not in refer Heidegger being ... ) of

directed itself.

towards The

beyond follows

delimitation the overtly Chapter that thereby of the same

referential with the structure we defended activity the final

precisely from to it. Ethics and the In

distinguished leading the of Trp&iq. up

referential One, identified associated analogy, structure, purposeful is that by virtue the as however, the

a reading characteristic end, with

Nicomachean human being,

with therefore, above

On the Dasein

strength display a of

we might all here, And

expect where this is to is

to the

find

similar grounding for being it

question what

is

one we find,

activity. of Dasein's

precisely a possibility to an

relation

of end

its and

own thus is does it that

referential a totality.

totality Accordingly, breaking with to the a off

brought this

constituted by not is first no means simply the

constitutive referential -which. of its own the is

ending series Rather, being teleological fundamentally taken directly

a contingent come to of a stop

and

the

for-the-sake-of

relation

Dasein

possibility and thereby Dasein,

'lets-something-be-involved' of its that

of TEp&ttq.

opens then, a motif

dimension an
from

everyday is

concern.

14

activity
that

for-the-sake-of-itself:

80

I\II

1 11

In the

Chapter

One,

however, Ethics

we discovered to be shrouded First, final terms difficulty

account of

the

presentation in difficulty. recognized the

of

TEP&tiq A twofold that of

in

Nicomachean remained of not activity be

problem relation could alternative

removed,

outstanding. to the in The

on the

it (which

was has

the

end of

form yet no

np&tiq) coherent not

in the

presented

production, was
the

emerged.
by drawing

mitigated,
npok, V, ev relation

though

Metaphysics general that irp&tir, language particular, derived Heidegger structure has way, become or are from the or

and as

linking over

the and

final above to

end

with

np&tic, acts. of of that in the

as

activity

in we saw of on the in

such,

individual the heart

FinallY, formulation

difficulty itself, of since

penetrated the

dominant in general,

influence and of np&iq elusive account the

production of terms or of activity that impossible. the

metaphysics renders its

a determination ostensible heavily

are

not If

opposite on given Has his the in

has of of they

drawn human these

fundamental 1, in what some

activity problems?

Micomachean resolved

Ethics them

Heidegger own text?

reproduced

in

Dasein's productive, figure activity. Dasein of

everyday in np&tic Dasein that is the it is is

concern character is invoked

is and, in

manifestly as in the to

instrumental, Nicomachean provide and it a is

that Ethics, basis to the goes that basis for being

is, the that of

order

for-the-sake-of-itself, referential the totality 'for-the-sake-of' thought on

ultimately relation the same

back. must as be the

Consequently, interrogated:

this

relation

81

relations relations ourselves

that

obtain

in

the of

referential productive this matter

totality activity? for Heidegger.

itself, Let us

namely, remind

characteristic what is at stake

in

If

Heidegger from his

presents the

the

for-the-sake-of teleology

relation characteristic do little or

in

terms of

that

are

drawn then the

referential of production being

production, to break the to it

appropriation of of even
depend.

np&(tc

.,

will

nothing

dominance

over

ontological to the work of

to

conceptuality; will Dasein

think

understanding permeate
should

appropriate

continue on which
in

the
As a

ontological
result of

determination
such a failure

Dasein

terms

distinct adequate on the

from access ontological

those to

applied the

to

things, of of

Heidegger being, since

would this

fail access

to

secure depends

question

specificity

Dasein.

When to

Heidegger making

describes something

the fast

chain to the

of

purpose construction

that

I inks of of
of

the shelter

hammer and he
a

ultimately
specifies

to
that

the
"this

protection
protection

which
is

is
for

possibility
the sake

Dasein,

lum-willen]

possibility any way

of

Dasein"

ESZ 84: 1161. Earlier, I cited

Is

this the

final following

and

crucial

link

in

distinctive?

passage:

ist Das primre Wozu immer das betrifft aber Sein um dieses wesenhaft 'towards-which' [Thel primary 'for-the-sake-of' But the in for Dasein, which, issue. an essentially

ein Sein Sein

Worum-willen. des Daseins, selbst is geht.

Das Umwillen dem es in seinem ISZ 84: 1161 ' of is

a 'for-the-sake-of-which. Being to the ah ivays pertains Being that Being its very

82

Up

to

this

point exclusively used as

in the

Heidegger's being for of some

text, a work further

the which,

towards-which as ready-to-hand,

has

designated is in turn

equipment is

end. 15 By contrast, -which "in which there -which of

the is is the This Dasein

"primary" no further

towards-which involvement-" as a form or solely a work. as by 'towards' the

a for-the-sake-of In this way, of of its the

for-the-sake-of the towards-which,

presented work, hardly and is that

modification by virtue demarcation 5ame token,

distinguished represents of the

privileged the

position. being of

radical By the

between if the

for-the-sake-of-which then 5iMply the relation case To

described

"primary"

towards-which, appears to be

designated of this solely sphere where the

'for-the-sake-of' relation the relation of its -

a special of be from equipment. distinguished its to a

obtaining to having within has the

between final been a end

items will

extent, by of its

virtue application usual

extrapolated series 16

proper point

referential suspended.

significance

been

The may

words be

themselves distinguished

give from The

no

clear

sign

of

how

these

two

relations to their of in can more

one

another, zu the is

pointing

rather

inter-connectedness. direction connection safely be and with

German and

predominantly appearance of

a preposition IWOZU, that 'um' [cf. here it is

movement the

'in-order-to' in this meaning addition, connotation here; sense. is

structure 17 The

suggests preposition or it 'about' frequently boosted

understood Its Umgangl. ' although it is primary In

problematic. Umwe I t, 'towards, term to

'around'

Umsicht, signifies

however, is as

this

generally in

by

the of

very um-

which

contrasted

Heidegger's

own use

83

zu. or

It

thereby

remains sense and as it of

ambiguously a more

placed diffuse apt of

between spatial in the

an overtly Such of the

kinetic ambiguity umwillen whilst um-

directional be

sense. case to be

might relation, halting zu and

regarded since short

particularly a sense

allows plain

purpose 18 The

conveyed

instrumentality. fixed makes of its in little

difference usage, is to

between nonetheless accentuate contrary,

um-willen, Moreover,

though Heidegger in spite

everyday or no for

slight. the we

attempt him. relation

distinction, find the Being

importance

On the

lum-willen' and Thus, as its Time for by

[for-the-sake-of] expressions

paraphrased the preposition

throughout 'zu' itself

containing being "19

[towards]. is glossed

example, towards

Dasein's itself.

for-the-sake-of-

"being

All

this

suggests of end the are

that relation indeed they referential

the

problems between

inherent acts

in and text.

Aristotle's np&tir, Still account of as as of

presentation the final

individual in Heidegger's to in np&ttq seems np&tiq

repeated pose a

potentially the basis

disruptive, of the

threat

Heidegger's the as to being the formal

totality of also of

Dasein. basis of the form Dasein. from the terms to the of

Moreover, the

Heidegger's structure surround

appropriation of the Dasein coherence on in being the

ontological that

have itself

inherited as a of

problems activity. Yet those the

Heidegger description used to

insists of Dasein the in

ontological so

specificity narrowly not

terms of One, of

distinguished only admits own

describe noted

equipment but Dasein on

incoherencies jeopardizes project of

Chapter

Heidegger's is crucial

the

distinctiveness ontology.

that

fundamental

84

IV

With its

the own

recognition concerns of analysis insofar of how that of as that

that and in

Dasein so the

exceeds doing account

the

instrumental participates an important and it the

world in

of the

somehow makes of in

constitution From an

world, the it is

advance. natural the the of were

these

work-world implicated is is

Dasein that As of aside,

message

environment question outset everyday

simply a

world I

broaches at

world this is
frame

constituted. an aspect set

real

suggested

of

this concern

chapter, that

Heidegger's as though

account it
in

sometimes
to the

theoretical

contained

sections. most is to telling

Yet

nothing rebuttal in

could of

be

further that 'On the

from fail Essence

the to

truth. engage

Perhaps this

the

readings to

question

be found

a footnote

of

Grounds':

der Gebrauchsdinge, Zusammenhang Wenn man gar den ontischen das In-der-Weltder Welt identifiziert des Zeugs, und mit ist dann den Gebrauchsdingen Umgang ausgelegt, mit als sein In-der-WeltTranszendenz der Verst, 9ndnis freilich als ein Daseins(( des Sinne im ))Grundverfassung einer sein 81n] 155n: EVWG-WM aussichtlos. things the ontical If we somehow equate useful of system Being-in-the-world the tools) explain and world with then things, traffic abandon we useful with in Being-in-the-world transcendence as of understanding '20 Dasein. feature 'basic of constitutive sense of a (of as any the

It

is

therefore all as in the to

not

simply

'world' problem "the 914-22 world.

utmost

that of sole is

must

be

addressed, Heidegger of the this

it

it

is goes

above so far

transcendental insist Being and that Time of

the

world. intention" to

Indeed,

the way

analysis for the

contained transcendental
should be

prepare whilst

analysis
taken with

However,
seriousness,

declaration
not be

should

85

understood be the which concern complex over the set aside

to

mean once

that it has

the

account served its

of

Dasein's purpose. If

everyday we to are the

concern to

can

discover manner everyday in

locus the

of

Heidegger's

thinking, problem and indeed that of must the

we of

must world

attend and one to 21

transcendental upon, and of

Dasein's anotherresurface

border matter, course

implicate, be allowed

This

is

one the

gradually

rest

present

work.

In

The

Metaphysical

Foundations

of

Logic

Heidegger

de5cribe5

the

principa and Time

sense ISZ

of

world

in but Dasein 22

essentially then as In links such" to

the this

same

terms

as

in of

Being "the to

65: 931, of

indication 232-1801 this and of the the

metaphysical the theme of

essence

EGA26

directly connection, sense thematic

transcendence. to Plato's

order

elucidate ideas in spite

and

Heidegger transcendence
link he

returns

doctrine However,
of

of

of

contained
between

therein.
the doctrine

discerns

ideas

transcendence,

and

from itself since

transcendence could the never relation Moreover,

to

world, attain to this ideas

he recognizes the is concept entirely of of

that world

the

doctrine as he by and of object. the

of intends

ideas it,

dominated the in idea terms and of that broadly reflected

theoretical led and was in of in the

intuition. to

correlation conceptualized between consequent of

intuition looking It

transcendence as to avert to practical of human a the

being relation the matter

ultimately order

subject reduction

problem sought of following

transcendence Aristotle's diversity

epistemology a more This is

Heidegger based in

phiI05ophy activity.

account the

86

passage conception experience,

along of of

with

warning via is

that a

the

impulse

to

arrive of

at everyday

transcendence whatever kind,

formalization one.

a perilous

So wenig man der Transzendenz, weil sie eben kein ontisches Verhalten ist, der Anschauung im theoretischen oder sthetischen Sinne kann, aufbrden dem sowenig auch Verhalten, praktischen der sei handwerkliches im Sinne gebrauchenden, Die zentrale sei es sonst eines. Aufgabe ist in der Ontologie des gerade, Daseins hin ter diese Scheidungen der Verhaltungen in die Wurzel gemeinsame Aufgabe, die freilich zurckgehen; eine nicht einfach zu braucht. Trenszendenz liegt sein jeder vor mglichen Verhaltensweise berhaupt, vor der v6qcytr aber auch vor der 11 IGA26 235-236: 1831 opet-Lq. transcendence into intuition, in either pack the because it is not or the aesthetic sense, even Even less it be packed an ontic into activity. can a be it in an instrumental-utilitarian practical comportment The central task in the ontology sense or in any other. of Dasein is to back behind those divisions into go to find their that comportments common root, a task need be Transcendence not, of course, easy. precedes every in general, to voqcYiq, but possible mode of activity prior to 0'pci(; also prior The One cannot theoretical

rejection however, which one

of

a is

Platonic particularly turn from

emphasis

on

intuition Attentive to practical

is

plain. to the

What ease as an

follows, with

interesting. intuition

might for avenue, practice.

between

activity

alternative closes intuition

the

basis off that and

thinking setting Is

transcendence, his sights on

Heidegger the

immediately of both

common root to
there

Heidegger's
and

concern
practice?

therefore
Yes, but

establish
is more.

connection

theory

Heidegger Aristotle each common case root

would an

have

been that thought

well practical

aware

that

one of

already whatever In looking is not

finds kind for is

in in the

awareness to intuition

activity

wedded of

(113ga36-1139b2l. and practice,

Heidegger

simply

87

seeking he is

the aiming

common to

ground

of

distinct radical of lies of our in the

forms

of

activity. of

Above the

all,

achieve

a more

understanding practical the

already towards

complex things. 6pctiq return

structure The in key the to final

constitutive the problem lines

comportment reference to to which

v6rjcTir, we

and shall

two

passage,

shortly.

First, intuition problem Greek

the

fact and

that practice, In he activity In

transcendence of what

is ever initial their

to

be

the

common

root a

of

both

kind,

presents of to for on explicitly

world in

formidable naivety of

of

access.

Heidegger's criticized that

diagnosis inattendance

the the

ontology, of

everyday

experience determinations. footing,

comportment

served place enquiry

things

as Greek

the

basis

philosophical a more secure on

that

order

to that

ontology reflect

he
of

proposed
Dasein

the
the

towards

in

the

order

contribution the that manner

Heidegger

of

this

comportment may not

to pass

the

ontological

determination it heed Yet

activity

of seems to the here

can

things the of

themselves ontological its

insist5

unnoticed. of Dasein in
nor

Accordingly, must the

practical

determination towards

pay world.

comportment
that neither

things

theoretical

provide that if how the can

an

adequate

access can

to

transcendence in cannot Dasein's any

and form of

unequivocally ontic on activity? activity. an ontic

denies But form,

transcendence thought it of

be situated

transcendence a basis in

be modelled everyday

maintain

Following root of

another both remark:

explicit OewpeTv and

declaration np&tiq,

that

the

problem adds

is an

the

common

Heidegger

apparently

surprising

88

Obwoh I

di e

eigentlichen unausweichlichen Zusammenhang Tr-anszendenten EGA26 237: 1841

Transzendenz Verwurzelung Zwang zwischen und der

in ihrer nicht aufgesucht kommt unter dem wurde, der Ph.9nomene der gleichwohl dem der idea Mit vermeinten Wurzel der Transzendenz, der Trp&tic..

bei

Plato

Though in Plato transcendence investigated down to was not its the inescapable genuine roots, the pressure of brought to phenomenon light nevertheless the connection between the transcendent intended by the idea and the root of transcendence, np&kiq.

How

is

it

that

Heidegger having just such by (however ideas root and of np&tiq

can

refer

to

Trp&ti(;

as

the

root as

of an mean has

transcendence, appropriate something already conception np&tic general theoretical intuition, lnp&ttq' different declaring So what as

repudiated a

practical Does fact that

activity Heidegger Heidegger to the

basis different linked of the

for

determination? here? The

inadequately) hence

transcendence intuition not be in

Platonic that as a to

theoretical should activity must

suggests understood opposition theoretical

transcendence of Rather, than the practical it practical passage

signification intuition. no appears sense the does to aim np&iq less in that to be mean

somehow activity.

comprise

Accordingly, does it indeed

when have earlier a in

above, gave of

it

which the

Heidegger common In root what

a moment OewpeTv np&tiq

both is

and the

np&iq,. root of

here?

sense

transcendence?

With

regard

to in

Plato, terms of that

Heidegger ideas. which

has But occurs

-rqc,

so there with

far is

referred a more to

only primordial the

the

to

transcendence transcendence,
the good beyond

namely,
being

regard
Rejecting

idea

of

I Hlrtxciva

o1kriaq].

common

89

interpretation to see in the

of 18ta

the

good

in

terms

of

value,

Heidegger

encourages

us

Tof) o'cv(xOob

der Charakter, 01 Cvcxo( bezeichnen, bzw. ist, nicht emphasis mine]

den

Plato Aristoteles und vor allem als ol das Umwillen, das worumwillen ist etwas ist. IGA26 237: 184 Initial so bzw. anders

the described by Plato characteristic and particularly Aristotle 'Cvcx(x, the for-the-sake-of as the ob [das -which Umwillenl, that is or is not, on account of which something is in this way or that.

By

alluding

to

the

Aristotelian new note with

reading to the entry whilst the

of

the

'Cvcx<x, ot') Since

Heidegger already

introduces voiced one clear

an ambiguous reservations

account.

he has

Platonic into there the is

the

view text some

of to

transcendence, be the cue for

might

suppose departure.
of

Aristotle's However,

Plato's
in favour

adverbial
is

evidence
understated

Aristotle

("particularly"),

passage

to

the

point to the that in the

of divert

equivocality. the Platonic

If,

as

it

seems, of the o-u

therefore, good

Heidegger beyond being not

intends through assume later

theory of the

Aristotelian Plato same form surrounding has

reading been wholly to

'r-vsxo(,

we

should

superseded. the theory against and which

Indeed, of this. target he of deploys the to ideas

references and the the

paragraph of the example as to 23 across world preci5e of

transcendental uncertainty thought not here to

speak

Rather, Heidegger's Aristotle

source way in and of

is

an

the

so much

counter discourse. come in

supplement This can,

problematize lead

Platonic

transcendental Indeed, this we shall chapter

course, significant

ambiguity. later of in the

a particularly with Heidegger'5

case

connection

intepretation

90

&-ycx96v in

Ipp.

100-1021, Three, Part

a matter 11.

that

will

be

considered

in

more

detail

Chapter

The

Aristotelian with of at the

sense Platonic stage. in The albeit

of

01')

II

F-vex(x

favoured

by

Heidegger re-introduces almost entirely of

in

connection the theme

186(y Tob 0'(-y(xOob implicitly in a sense that remains over of the Logic

np&iq this

obscure

However, Metaphysical

ambiguity Foundations

fact is in text,

this

reintroduction by a parallel of that

mitigated 'On the

(and Grounds' the as merely

nearly

contemporaneous) 93-951 as it -

discussion In this in cannot, "concrete of The be the

Essence denies interpreted represents regarding of

CVWG-WM 160-161: at least not of a more

Heidegger can be it

('x-yo(06v the

appears It and

Plato

transcendence the tip of

Dasein. profound

because question existence

the in

basic the as to

possibility n6Xiq"

IGrundm&glichkeit) EVWG-WM 160: 931. is Rather, that, not it taken to

Dasein

possibility with the amount

that specific of

Heidegger possibilities truth,

regards open

fundamental Dasein. being

equated

comprises together,

elements to the

understanding

and

ursprtinglich-einigen Verstehens von the truth primordial, of the

Sein.

Grunde der M&glichkeit EVWG-WM 160: 933 of ground of Being. the

der

Wahrheit

des the

unified understanding

possibility

of

The

concrete of

question Dasein in

concerning the n6Xiq is

the for

basic Heidegger then this

possibility concerned explicitly

of precisely

the

existence with

transcendence. and

Moreover, np&tir, by

Heidegger describing

links as "die

transcendence

understanding

91

Urhandlung existence"

menschlicher IVWG-WM 160: 93

Existenz-. trans.

the modified).

primordial

activity

of

human

It

seems,

therefore, the it from activity that is, radicality its and by being. the the
of what

that of roots

Heidegger the the it

regarded question concrete within the of

Plato

as

having by

diminished severing primordial intuition: site implies traced

con5ideration

transcendence of of the Dasein's

in

situation realm from

confining isolating 24

theoretical n6Xiq , as the

transcendence to such of

of

historical that wi thin

Opposed question" We

a withdrawal transcendence

Heidegger should be full

given

"concrete n6Xiq.
Heidegger

cannot
under5tand

enter
by the

here
n6Xiq.

into
25

a
But

that simply sense iT6Xiq

it

is

not

self-evident, the in customary order to

we should sense refer to

avoid prevail

the or

temptation of

of

either that of the link an

allowing entirely to the

suspending

Heidegger's of

understanding transcendence.

eventual between kind, sense

determination transcendence for both terms to

The is at in is not

Heidegger inference Accordingly, on true thinking significance; transcendence the

proposes of if any the

and are n6Xiq

the in

n6Xiq question

once. part also to

attached

the of a

will

depend it

understanding that the the very problem that and is,

Heidegger proposal of by of

reaches such

transcendence, already raising respective connected

link by

contributes its political questions with

transcendence signalling are that

the

of one

politics

essentially

another.
to reading that linking haunts np&tiq the to

At whole

this of

point,

one

might implicit

wish

pose of

question by

Heidegger's

np&iq:

92

transcendence, registers, association effect, 'translate' the idiom of the and of

does moreover

Heidegger one that with

not is the of

lapse

into

confusion by is,

of the in to into

dangerously political it

compounded realm? This

transcendence

fundamental the language

question of

what

means

for

Heidegger

Aristotelian

practical

philosophy

ontology.

The errant
proper

suspicion line
sphere

that of
of

Heidegger by

may have the

is

been

seduced of
and

into

pursuing outside
to be

an its
taken

thinking
application

deployment
credible

language
deserves

seriously, to be

even articulated is

if, in

as

believe

to

be

the

case, manner.

it

ultimately Everything If it

needs depends were the

a more to be

sophisticated the situation concern, exceeds grounds for is in

on what ontic founded, Similarly, ontological for

considered of since there realm, Dasein's

of the this

activity. suspicion region if to

realm

everyday

would by it

be well

transcendence would insofar with be as

definition. were the could of tendency the basis not be

suspicion

this things initiative.

understood the world However,

provide so each

Dasein's

engagement to betray ontic and linked Dasein's an

and

susceptible possibilities regard intrinsically tendency theology

it is

these to as (a into what

is

essential as of drift

conservatism distinct

in 'realms, the

their '

the

ontological ways the into

delimitation

rather situation

than

addressing of

same

that as
precisely

reiterates the enquiry

the

Aristotelian divine
these two

metaphysics being).
'realms'

other-worldly
of

But
that

if
in

question? the sense

This

would to

point 'activity'

towards -a

a more

profound

re-evaluation it must be

of said,

attached

re-evaluation,

93

that

is

a prerequisite is deployed ontic might the npo(iq,

namely,

for in the

defusing 'wrong' as as

the

suspicion

that

activity

(or warning

np&t, Lr, ) against

register. the of model his

Heidegger's for being with

taking

activity be taken association does

that

understanding alert to this of not

transcendence danger. activity,

wholly

evidence of

However, i. e.
immune,

transcendence a risk to
the

language is

comport
of

which

Heidegger
that

promoting

impres5ion

Dasein

can 2061.

simply

enact

the

movement

constitutive

of

its

ground

Ipp. 205-

To place how are

this we

back to

in

the

context the

of

the

passage

under

consideration, that Heidegger In short, of indeed

understand the the not

Urhandlung of Dasein gain form

(np&tiq) in access of the to activity

associates we still that

with face is

transcendence problem modelled what such 1p. 871. here lies their of on such an As in how

n6Xiq?

to

a conception mean. to key and

up&(iq of

an ontic a

understanding rejected earlier is to doing appreciate

conception in the

could

Heidegger which to now we what in a

expressly referred Heidegger position

approach I

passage the

suggested the final

then, two lines.

We are

significance.

liegt Transzendenz der berhaupt, vor EGA26 236: 1831 Transcendence general, prior

vor voqcric.,

jeder

mglichen auch aber

Verhaltensweise der Opeeir.. vor in

every precedes but to v6gaiq,

possible prior also

mode of activity to O'pet-Lq.

This above

remark all to

seals Aristotle discussion

the

claim here, of the

that for it

Heidegger is of an

is

addressing

himself to the

unmistakable

reference r, 1 in

Aristotle's

nature

choice

[npo(xipscr-,

94

Micomachean (xpXrl o
II

Ethics

11139a32-1139b7l. " Aristotle

Having concludes:

described

choice

as

"the

action

Enp&ewql,

St6
Ifil

'rl' o'pcxcix6(; votq npouipea-Lq co'L(xl3-crl (')'CvOp(A)no4;. OfpX is and either man is appetitive a principle

il' 6'pciq intellect of this

Siorvorjxix,

x(xi

Hence

choice appetition;

or kind.

intellectual

Human defined
I opetIc

being by
26

is the

understood conjunction
precisely,

here of
human

as

an

6'(pXrj, and
is the

principle desire,
of

of of
activity,

change, vobq and

which

intellect
being

More

oipX

is

to

say,

activity

is

born To vobr

out

of

the

union activity, but not is

of

vouq

and

o'pct'tq one of and their '27 In the to in and

of

IDA. 111.10: must their opciq

11

432b27-433a321. not only Heidegger, united? ' but that

understand ., and 8petic,

therefore, also 'how the are nature vouq of

understand conjunction. ., to be

however, rather they then, as

asks 'what

the

source as to

belonging his account

together of of

such

may

be

thought seeks vobq related original

a unity? radicalize

transcendence, human o'pctLq at

even

Heidegger

understanding desire] order

If opciq

being

6pexTix6q [desire of the

If

[intellect to unity
the

related intellect] of voZq

and/or to arrive

Si(xvorju-tx

a determination
to their separation.

prior

we

recall

problem

access two

outlined

earlier, senses First, "concrete of Dasein

seen,

we which there question in

can

now

see may

that be

there

are as of

in the

principle root of that of manner.

by

possible

in

np&tiq may

understood

transcendence. conveys the the

be

conception the in a basic more

be

np&tiq

concerning the
a

possibility original
so

existence
as we

n6X-Lq"
conception

However,

have

such

will

di5torted

the

tradition

in

which

it

is

embedded

that

it

may

not

be

accessible

95

at

all.

(Indeed,

if,

as

Bernasconi

suggests,

the

language

of

metaphysics then will the such only second in point it will of appears then a

is

fundamentally will appeared Heidegger with must be -

structured never as is his can The the have

by

its

suppression accessible Yet, original

of as and

np&ttq, such this sense then and is of the as

conception have if

been

ever point,

a trace to

1FDP 1171-) a more

recover of be -

connection departure in lead as ISZ the back the 96 &

thought only

transcendence, the conception of in the of this does this manner the not

np&tiq conception Heidegger history mean directly of

of its

tradition. through "destruction GA24 of 951.

radicalization tradition, [Destruktion] However, will the

for the

describes ontology" Heidegger's an

is

of that on npRiq
I (')(pXg,

conception form
the

transcendence Rather,

be modelled conception

ontic
merely

of
point

activity.
of

'ontic'

departure

radicalization

the

conjunction of be

of np&tiq associated

vou-q proper with

and to the with

O'pclq.

28

If

we own this

are

to

identify it will that as

conception therefore is, with

Heidegger's outcome what of on the how at of of

thinking, radicalization, describes existence"

transcendence, activity everything Before turning let the us will to

Heidegger human nature it the vobq takes point and of

the

"primordial Clearly, itself. texts, depart, understands

[Urhandlung] depend consider briefly

(P. 911.

the

radicalization in Heidegger's it must

place from o'psiq

however, namely, it.

look

which as

conjunction

Aristotle

96

Although opckt(;, in they desires which of the will it

Aristotle is

defines important with if joint one only to

human realize

being that On there would the

as

a conjunction are by for co-exist and the no

of

vouq

and

they

means the most

always part

concordance are not, whose

another. because

contrary,

generally be

conflicting only rational one of

realization with the

impossible by

correspond soul

course

indicated With to

part disdain,

[DA. 111: 443b5;

433a26-281. who decline as

uncompromising bring vobq

Aristotle into only

characterizes conformity a life for one and being Strictly being existence potentially of a our crude dumb yet human animality. more intimate. with

those one

and

6'petiq what is

another

slavishly To to do so that might by the the

"preferring transcend this some before to a

cattle" must

ENE. 1: 1095bl9-221. constantly strive one is must a task one

bovine ongoing of all for

existence, conflict, success: times. Aristotle one's us are

overcome with is prefer capacity most

what 'fully'

is

more human

measure us say at that

speaking, human in this human is

however, characterized way. in Thus, a

to

accomplish amongst the most of the a is

even

ruminative even

sense 29 This

entirely highlights

beyond the

aspirant avoiding

companions. prevalent relation The

importance that overlies O'pciq

misconception, to the X6-yor .,

namely, simply and

characteristically fundamental altogether

relation

between

vobq

In soul and

what is the

does not

this simply not.

intimacy split In

consist? into two

As parts,

Aristotle one

describes associated recognizes with a

it,

the X6-yoc. third

other

addition,

Aristotle

97

possibility,
part that i5

which

is

initially
of Xo-yo4;.

introduced

as

subdivision

of

the

independent

there seems to be another (X irrational ["X6'yo(; while civcxil, 11102bl3-141 reason.

But

element is in

the of a sense

soul which, receptive of

This

part

of

the as

soul it is

is not

the

seat indifferent

of

6'psiq, to

and

it

participates can to take allocate

in account this sense.

), 6-yo4; inasmuch of it. Indeed, to the

X6yoq

and

Aristotle part of the

declares soul that

himself has

prepared X6yoq in the

faculty

stronger

should speak of the appetitive part of the too, it be the rational that is soul as rational will part divided in two: one rational in the proper sense of the word itself, the in in the that and other sense a child pays to its father. 11103al-4]30 attention one

If,

however,

V, Opetiq

is

therefore

an

intermediate

and

indeed

indeterminate

faculty,

defined X6yoq (for

relation

primarily to but be
to

by

its by its

capacity capacity to the

31

to

hear, to

follow from the

or or

pay

attention

to X6Voq no
to

equally

depart is not

disregard as having

unresponsive
it whatsoever).

X6-yoq
It would

same
be

undoubtedly

fruitful

explore by which

further Aristotle the or

the

various describes of such

analogies the

of

hearing

and of

filial voik,

obedience and a O'pc, Lr common

co-ordination alone

However, formation

fact horizon.

co-ordination

betokens

If

we

consider of
that

the voZr,

example and o'petiq

faculty

of was

choice initially
or

Enpoulpsair articulated,
pursue

in it

which

the

conjunction
of course

requires
object

each

affirm

the

same

11139a2l-321.

The

conjunction

of

vobq

and

O'pctiq

therefore

hinges

98

above the

all o'pcxu6v

on

their

mutual

object, IGA33 the

namely, 152).

that

which

is it

to is Yet

be that this,

done, forof we

-np(YxT6v Xc-y6gevov -which one acts, or

Ultimately, the final

the-sake-of course, strike

in which

ou' 'cvcx(x,

end.

is the

el')Saigovia fundamental

clwpcxtioc For
united,

11139a35-1139b5l, TEp&ttq,
is

whereupon lipoccipzcriq,

horizon.
are

and

therefore
to be

voi5q

and

O'pst-tr,

always

understood

from

the
and

perspective
o'psiq lies

of
in

doing
the

well.
': Et')' of

The

basis
'

for
that

the
is,

conjunction
in virtue,

of

vobq

'cimp(xti(x,

&pc-E.

Aristotle

defines

6(pcc

as

a,

fixed

di5po5ition

by

virtue

of

which manner, vobq about cultivated form cir, E: form by into for actually

one

has

the well

potential 11106a12 principle existence by the will the

to &

act

consistently

in The

particular of

namely, o'pcttq the and

1106b36-1107a2l. we have of been

conjunction is not

and by

whose mere

tracing rather, so be that

brought must come various whatever disclosed brought horizon itself be to

&pcToei: individual may her of

these they the

assimilated Once con okpp-, within ('xpeTo(!, with one

the

her the the the

character. ethical takes

individual channel parameters vobq 32 the e'tciq. and In

ascribed

desires the

towards situation are thereby the

Good intellectual

and

6'pe-tq this way, the

conjunction this

another.

whilst conjunction

conjunction occurs by virtue

remains of the

Good,

It

may

be to to

objected consider final relation in which

that how end. to vobc

the the After the

account conjunction all, our

so

far of

has voi5q

conspicuously and o'pctiL(; concerned by their is

neglected related precisely the manner

the the

initial is this

question not

'e'vexof and ou' and o'pcic,

determined to

.,

themselves

relate

99

respective The question

objects? is is one to the

Have indeed good could an

we

not

therefore one having we have that

digressed cannot the

unnecessarily? be route two overlooked. we have. of to runs of

important for that of the to to a have view and

However, Effectively, relation the the the points.

another,

there

reason say that of then

taken

identified of vobq

forms O'pciq so, favour important to

'end' and

conjunction the &-yo(06v.

and done in two

ob

ievsx(x,

that

Having former

objection, latter. First,

and

we seem However, the

may

neglected fails the to

the

such ob
both

recognize

'F-vz: x(x
be

&-V(x@6v are
as cA)Scxigov!

equivalent
(x or

one

defined

clnpcxti(x.

Consequently, Second, ekiLq, have the by no a insofar former

the as

two the

relations conjunction is astray. grasp

are of

linked vobc, in the

by and latter. the

their o'pciq

common depends

end. on we moved and

relation gone profound

grounded On the of the

Accordingly, account has

means more end.

contrary, relation

towards the final

between

activity

Given therefore account to in

that be of the

the able

key to

to find

this

conjunction to does f rom 1p. 911. Heidegger the

lies term

in in

we Heidegger's such

should own

reference Heidegger

transcendence. course of the

indeed 'On

make the

a reference of that Grounds' Plato's of which described existing in a link the we

very

passage

Essence there

which

we have of of with "Urhandlung of

already the the

referred led the This

We found to the of

presentation possibility associated as the the

&y(X06v truth of

question being, was then all

understanding understanding at which the we root

transcendence. of human on the

existence" basis of

of

midst

beings,

linked

discerned

too

between reading

transcendence of the passage.

and It

nPcitiq. concludes:

At

that

point

we

broke

off

our

Das oryocMv M&glichkeit ist m4chtig 160: 931 Thus

ist

diejenige nun Wahrheit, von und zwar aller is all that

iciq Verstehen drei in

(MUchtiSkeit), und Einheit

die der des Seins sogar EVWG-WM zumal. is master which and even of

the agathon the of possibility being, indeed of

hexis [M.Ychtigkeit] truth, of understanding, three together at once.

By

equating

the formulation

(')(-Vo(06v directly of to which the

with

ieiq, "the

Heidegger most objective

condenses of and, that

the

Platonic

dryo(96v as must then

objects" taking the

EVWG-WM 161: 951 his cue

is

one

have

a relation, implies

from

Aristotle's
nothing

practical
but this

philosophy,
relation:

I (x,y(xO6v

essentially

Das

des o'(-Vo(06v IieSt vzxc( seiner selbst als oU die Quelle von M&glichkeit the

Wesen

M. 4chtigkei t Trans. I das Umwillen ist als von... es EVWG-WM 161: 951 als solcher.

in

der

The essence of Trans. I of itself is the source it

lies in its [hexis: agathon mastery the sake of. as hou heneka; as the for as such. Of Possibility

Perhaps Aristotelian fashion. discussion its

nowhere paths The of fact

else of that

in

Heidegger's meet passage of not has ideas as

writing one

do

the in

Platonic so crucial of

and a a

thought this

another in that

occurs demands the

the

course

Plato's sense that

theory and Heidegger of

we take np(XXT6v. with the of role voZq

&-y(x06v in Ye t respect played and the to by

absolute

o'(-y(x06v raised moreover

reservations Plato's in that lies

already and the

treatment Aristotle's at

transcendence account of of

conjunction own

6pc i c. of in its

the strongly

root

Heidegger's that

interpretation be read

transcendence

suggest

('Y-y(x96v cannot

101

absolute that the

sense,

at

least to &-VocMv

not letir, must this

unequivocally and the ou

so. 'evex(x be removed addition but

Rather, add taken from the to an

it

would Aristotelian the

seem

references and Yet not to not

perspective np(xx-c6v. the

accordingly is too but the

to

as the sense the

&ya96v of as

only be

is

far in

context of 'Cir,

discussion is

plausible, to

mastery
and is

attributed
irreducible

individual
the strictly

6 OCY (Y66v itself

notion of a

therefore

Aristotelian

human
I cx-y(x86v

disposition.
consists in

As
our

the

ob

'evex(x,
to it.

the
Yet

for-the-sake-of
at the same

-which,
time, it

the
is

relation

not
.r

something is the

that source

is of

possessed all

in

one's

existence. that is, of the the

Rather, source truth

the of of

ol all the it that or his

evexcx our

possibility, the we have possibility called that of of it

possibilities, of

including being the any it in that

understanding is precisely

transcendence. lets itself or beings

Indeed, appear idea in

because rejecting

o'(-yo(06v is construal terms

which as

Heidegger, value, 1931/32

a being, Thus,

describes lectures

mastery writes:

power.

on Plato,

Heidegger

Das

6'ryo(06v, und Unverborgenheit als solchem die Sein das wie sowohl was Erm&chtigende dieses Wesen erm&chtigt, (&-y(x06v). ... 33

Gute,

das

is

demnach

Erm6glichung Besser solcher. als Unverborgenheit zu ihrem die nennt Flaton

von Sein gesagt: eigenen das Gute

the making therefore of possible the 6'rycx@6v, is The Good, in words, other such; as being uncoveredness of as such and their in like proper being, uncoveredness, masters what Good the this Plato mastering names and essence, (o'cy(3(66v) .... &-ya06v a disposition absolute. to 'Ci(; nor it thereby simply would a be

The

interpretation neither of

of simply the

the

with

regard of If

concerns characteristic

Dasein, anything,

orV(xO6v as

102

more but

correct rather our

to

say relation

that to

'eiq ground.

names

not

our

acquisition

of

virtue,

We have

seen

that

Heidegger'5

interpretation

of

np&tiq

as

the

root

of

transcendence and o'petic, are

depends united

on a radicalization in the is relation cemented that to

of the by the

the final 'etiq

manner end. (as of

in

which that

vo-uq in

Given an iq

Aristotle, disposition), itself meaning sha II become of return

this it the is

uni ty not

ethical should the full We its

surprising of Heidegger's

concept

focus

attention. is still

However, somewhat Four, in

Heidegger's to with the potentiality we must once through discussing at of there the will

interpretation issue of or pass course the by of 'Ctiq power way that of

obscure. where more of been detail. npRiq.

in will the

Chapter be traced

connection First Indeed, and just shall

however, only

radicalization has in the

radicalization of the Eiq next

examined we have we as a our and of

carried been

occurence clear. In

passage

become Heidegger's the of light Platonic factical the

chapter, of

therefore, movement Moreover, to uo(pio(

look

understanding existence relative on what of priority appears to of

determination consideration pp6vrIcTiq Aristotelian reading. will

Dasein. accorded be a

shed and

convergence in Heidegger'5

lines

interpretation

103

Chapter

Three

PIR?0NESIS',

SOPHIA AND TBE MOVEMENT OF FACTICAL

EXISTENCE

If

one

were

to

seek

an Aristotelian presents to suppose Whilst in it point

afield.

precedent Division one way One need

for of

the Being no

hermeneutics and Time, than

of it the of to on
and

facticity would be

Heidegger tempting Ethics. for as

from

in that no

look

further the

lVicomachean this regard

resources

diminishing however, be

importance accurate also draws

text it

Heidegger, the focal

further

would, of an

more that

interpretation
and this is

Indeed,

the

implicit

generally practical approached Chapter problematize previous affecting chapter response Micomachean movement I

neglected philosophy via One the that the chapter the shall to this Ethics change

message can Physics themes Aficomachean that only and from

of be

Heidegger's adequately

reading, understood We have can

Aristotelian if it seen is in or in the

Metaphysics. the

already illuminate

Metaphysics Moreover, a of

Ethics.

we discovered fundamental np&tiq. In of his Aristotle's

Heidegger

inherits

incoherency the present

Aristotelian argue problem approaches in the that

conception the lies the in text and

distinctiveness the way via

Heidegger's of account the of

reading

and

Physics

Metaphysics.

One NE. Vl

of is

the

most of

important the relation

questions between

raised

by

Heidegger's and cyoTi(x.

reading Readers

of who

that

q)p6vqcriq

104

have interest

been in by

led

to

Heidegger's or Arendt

interpretation tend, with places the

of some

Aristotle justification, the of

by

their to be of

Gadamer the Does of theory?

for the

dismayed
(PPO V rjCF Iq.

emphasis this ethical Clearly,

Heidegger not preclude and

on cyoT! o( at recovery np&tiq by on

expense a radical

understanding primacy
of np&tiq

political our own

reinstating the

the

of

given

emphasis
of

importance
we cannot

ontological

determination

Da5ein,

afford chapter

to to

ignore

this of

problem the

and concerns of

shall aroused and

devote by

Section Heidegger's In

11 of

this

a review to to the

apparent response, reading

indifference shall and with repeat and, of as to the try

claims the

np&t-tq

(pp6vquiq. of

distinguish how a of positive

various recovery Indeed, own III his the

impulses of

Heidegger's is not led

show

np(-Xtiq is of IV, this recovery of form addition,

incompatible necessarily reading of np&tiq to croploc is as a is to

priority that priority

ao(pio(. by in his

Heidegger strategy and overall relation the In the of human

'destructive' reading of

we shall

see

Sections for First,

twofold

significance of level be Dasein. of

determination given by a new to

cro(pi(x of

(pp6vncriq enjoyed recovery scholastic

complexity,

causing qualified.

priority the of

aopi(x

significantly a means of

of

cro(pi(y

provides on

offsetting views

influence being.

anthropology

later,

modern,

Heidegger's from

early

(pre-1925) of facticity.

texts

envisage 1 The

philosophy

as

inseparable denotes

a hermeneutics

expression

'facticity'

105

the selbst

ontological da of im its is the

character Wie seines being"

of

Dasein

as Seins: 71.

that is

being itself

which there to

"ist in its and

ihm the own this -

eigensten EGA63 the

manner existence concerns transitiv: factical is Wie case thus des

ownmost encapsulated way in

Dasein's of is its

relation being-there,

in

manner life sein!: of of

which

factical Leben The task

actually -

lived; transitive: of "im it

"Sein being facticity jeweiligen is in each

das life! to " follow

faktische EGA63 71. the

being the

hermeneutics life the way

articulation und

factical in

Angesprochenand which

Ausgelegtseins: and to

addressed to

interpreted" such

trace takes

existential place.

categories

according

an articulation

Das hei, 6t, zugleich Auslegens, As

die Philosophie ist als Ontologie kategoriale Interpretation des das heifit Logik. EPIA 2471 philosophy being-addressed

der Faktizitiyt Ansprechens und is thus and the being-

facticity, an ontology of interpretation categorial of interpreted, i. e. logic.

The

ontology of

of

facticity, factical of life. facticity

logic, Yet is

is

directed indeed as

towards how,

working is as ISZ of it must, and it the 7-8: to

out

the

structures The of for order the If its critical it

where, every it in bit

begin?

hermeneutic being must to as it

circular and Time

question 27-281; in

Heidegger not have

describes already its which it

Being an Yes, is enquiry

reached logic? begins

understanding indeed imprecise must that

'life' although

begin

deciphering with improved, and to the

understanding is to be

unreliable. vigilant maintain to a

hermeneutic above history all of this its

remain it must

presuppositions, relation

means

presuppositions.

106

To

take

the many has

present variations history

case, of

the

term meaning. that perhaps moves

'life' Indeed, we have

has

a so but

long ramified lost

history and of

embracing confused the most term's obvious,

that

become Even, and

all

track it

genealogy. the questions EPIA 2491. in

especially, in that a context we no

where of

seems

Lebensauslegung and

fundamental longer to is 'life' clear fully is at

concepts, understand today least

explanations if the

However, the 1922

sense

attached Heidegger

uncertain, about the

'Introduction' that must

formative

influences

be re-traced:

Die Philosophie Ansetzung der Seinsvorstellungen Grunderfahrungen, die Christliche Daseins gezeitigt With

der Idee

bewegt bei der sich der Lebensideale, der Lebens in Auslgufern vom menschlichen von die die Ethik greichische und vor allem Idee des Menschen des und menschlichen haben. EPIA 2491

heutigen Situation des Menschen,

to the idea the ideal life regard of man, of and the today representation of the being of human life, philosophy fostered by stands at the fringes of fundamental experiences Greek the Christian idea ethics and above all of man and of human Dasein.

Expanding anthropologies theology the was

on

this, of in

Heidegger Kant, the Fichte,

goes

on

to

say and itself

that

the

philosophical all drew justice turn, critique Biel, Luther of Gregor deploys and this the on a to

Schelling which Lutheran and

Hegel did

rooted

reformation, of of (Duns

scant In

"immanent inspired

possibilities" by his reading

teaching. Augustine Occham, and Gabriel

Paul

his

late-scholastic von a Rimini). conceptual

theology Looking vocabulary and thus still

Scotus,

further, almost

late-scholastic entirely from inherited Aristotle. to be doing In

theology from spelling new.

Aquinas out On

Bonaventure history,

ultimately does not claim

Heidegger

anything

107

contrary, of the

he familiarity with of

acknowledges of the this

that history, it has

it

is he

widely adds, and, to

recognized. it as has a never

Yet

in

spite worked the of a

been

through problematic

care

deserves been to of of

consequence, into that

facticity worse. the the 2 In

allowed remedy factical the

dwindle

commonplace proposes conjunction calls strategy The it fact 1922 aim to Basic associated that that

or

order

this life

situation, be carried of

Heidegger out in he This and is the in the life

hermeneutic strategy [Abbaul most of

with

reading or

history

philosophy

"de-construction" is presented Problems with

"destruction" in Being

[Destruktion]. and Time ESZ 61 so firmly

completely

Phenomenology texts the that

EGA24 951. readers much

Indeed, sometimes earlier. of

these outlined he or

neglect Thus, factical

Heidegger

strategy that the

'Introduction' break down

proposes up

hermeneutic

open

laufzulockern]

berkommene Ausgelegtheit ihren und herrschende nach Motiven, Tendenzen verdeckten unausdrcklichen und Aus 1egungswegen... im Rckgang den und abbauenden zu Motivquellen Explikation der ursprnglichen vorzudringen. Die Hermeneutik bewerkstelligt ihre Aufgabe nur auf dem Wege [PIA 249 My emphasisl der Destruktion. the traditional interpretative form, and dominant releasing hidden tendencies its implicit reasons, and directions of forward de-constructively interpretation back to and push ... the The hermeneutic the explication. of original sources 3 destruction. by its task only way of achieves

die

As lie

we

have

already in

discovered, Aristotle, regarded which they he have whose as

Heidegger significance 4

believed for Yet, are by

these the for by the

sources

to of the

primarily life sources

hermeneutic Heidegger, no means very

factical textual accessible.

he to

overriding. to

intends been

return over

openly

Rather,

covered

tradition

108

to

which

they of

gave decisive

rise

and

the in

task

is

one

of history

recovery, that

an have

archeology remained

moments

philosophical

unthought.

The said, place,

significance somewhat Aristotle

Heidegger schematically, stands anthropology set by at

attaches to the that his as it is have

to a

Aristotle twofold of to an of a

could basis. long

therefore In the first

be

beginning has continued and

tradition almost entirely

of

philosophical within of that

move

parameters tradition To this

analyses firm

adequate its of sources

understanding as one to can

requires extent,

a grasp

achieve. principles. customary bring resources text. influence works As him

simply is

a matter also

returning to times

first the even

However, understanding into within regards on conflict it our

Heidegger of those with left present

prepared At own worse we is shall not by

challenge this as he parts may

principles.

Aristotle's or

text other see to

discovers of the

untapped problem, anthropology and the

that be

Aristotle's sought in his

philosophical politics

on ethics,

soul

alone.

In

the

1922

' Introduction' claim on the that basis being also

Heidegger the of Greek the means makes structures they arise

includes

an

early of

statement being

of was "Sein

Heidegger's established besagt this step. the

understanding experience being-produced" an additional of 'human of

production; EPIA and life' 2531.

Hergestelltsein: occasion For if Heidegger the of

But

on

very are

important rooted in

fundamental production,

experience

Weg dem einer auf in die Grunderfahrung Hinsichten in bestimmte

die Forschung, Vorhabe bestimmte nimmt und es in

durch eine Seinsfeld gebrachte diesen artikuliert. das

109

Forchungen deren Gegenstand also, erfahren und vermeint des Bewegtseins, im Charakter in dessen Was im Vorhinein ist mitgegeben so etwas wie Bewegung, mUssen den m6glichen ZuSang Motivquelle zur eigentlichen der aristotelischen Ontologie Solche Forschung Liegt vermitteln. in der vor des Aristoteles. EPIA 253-2541 )Whysikff that takes course of an enquiry in and articulates the field [Seinsfeld] specific respects brought to of being fore-having [Vorhabel by way of a fundamental a particular The experience. intended enquiries, whose object are and [Bewegtseins] in which experienced from the as a being-moved like is also outset something movement given, are therefore to provide the to the possibility of access motivational Such an enquiry is to be sources of Aristotelian ontology. found in Aristotle's Physics. in the

Die ist

Heidegger production factical to Wie EPIA history hermeneutics enhanced through Physics to the

exposes to life central

the

form by back

and referring to the

influence the

of ontological of

the

experience structures or rather

of of

criticism directly

phenomenon by in the

movement, "das its

phenomenon the

addressed being of

Physics; manner of of

Seiende being-moved" for for

im

seines 2511. of

Bewegtseins. The significance

the

the

phenomenon and it, is has

movement thereby

the the view

philosophical of facticity fact We that shall in of of

anthropology, engaged the begin Sections by

in

Heidegger's been

by

the

phenomenon to III assess and

never the but VI

thought of the turn

radically. and Metaphysics

influence first and that to let

IV,

us

Heidegger's from the

reading place

Nicomachean

Ethics within

questions

arising

Tp6vgcriq

and croqI(x

reading.

Ito

Factical characteristic in the

life

consists of the

in things are

the with

Angesprochenseins which and therefore Dasein is

and

Ausgelegfseins that is, The place to its

concerned, by in the

way

things account

addressed facticity of Heidegger's

interpreted amounts of

Dasein. first specific truth in

ontological to an explicit If

of

articulation we recall as

the

modes

disclosure of of

Dasein. original emerges brings book, which distinct taking conveyed Accordingly, distinct disclosive dispositions

understanding the with of the problem question

sense as us

unconcealment, bound up

facticity of truth, VI .

thereby and In this that by be or truth truth. ' as own five

intimately to Heidegger's

reading five truth where

Nicomachean

Ethics

Aristotle the mind

describes attains

intellectual (1139bl5-181. the primary by suggest the

dispositions These meaning are of

[S'F-iql said 'secural of to

Verwahrungen, into by care' the the ways in stem various which is

supplemented 'wahr' to

connotation of '. securing are via

ways

intellectual things towards are

dispositions given to Dasein

understood Dasein's the

comportment as follows:

them.

Heidegger

translates

,cexvrl u1, cr,rIin <pp6v9cr-Lc. uo<pi 0( vouc

verrichtend-herstellendes hinsehend-besprechend-ausweisendes frsorgliches eigentlich-sehendes reines Vernehmen [PIA Sichumsehen

Verfahren Bestimnen (Umsicht)

Verstehen 2551.5

Of

particular of

interest Nicomachean

here

are

the VI

last

three

of from

these. the

Heidegger's predominant

reading

Ethics

departs

III

reading, intellectual truth view may that

initiated virtues, be attained. there to the or

by

Aquinas, identified Instead,

according with the

to five

which

there

are by less and

five which common croT 1(y, into that things

dispositions to the

Heidegger two of the virtues,

adheres

are

only

Tp6vgcyi q part of with

corresponding the admit that calculative of are

division practical and the

rational

the

soul

faculty scientific

(concerned faculty

things with

variation) invariable)

(concerned

11139a5-15,1143bl5-171.6

cDp6vr)<T-tq is to it the things is

the

disposition are not of good with Dasein In and a as

that bad single

ensures for human region Ic6

sound beings" of

reasoning 11140b7l. activity, O'Xwql, it Though

"in

relation Moreover, but is, with with

that

concerned

one's

well-being
1 (X

a whole

cl') Cqv idiom,

that

S 17EPO(t

11140a281. to the totality is and

Heidegger's of its

denotes a that form

Dasein's of selfcome one's in in of the

relation relation, to regard

existence. in essentially of is the the relation image the

(pp6vqcriq as to usual objects, The and the as work case material

not

reflexive is is, TtXvq

manner

we have of

which

a modification that that is obtains held

relation case by of the

that dxpX of which TAoq, a form he of or

-rtxvn. agent into -ctXvr) to to the the

advance the raw

must the of she

then

govern

the

formation One relates could the This

material describe agent adapted once its leads the object to

actual knowledge sets out

result. that to

therefore individual model as treats is at

produce. by treating Because

self-relation and in the finished

simply

oneself T:Xvq an (hence

raw

article. its

primarily a piecemeal

'so"t'on essentially

from

context, relation

such

approach models

and

exclusive

112

of

consciousness on this form By

that of

begin relation

with are

conception inevitably does not to

of

self-consciousness by on the the problem capacity it does

based of to not its

dogged depend the same both

solipsism). impose begin -ciLXoq one's with lie in

contrast, and, as

(Ppovqaiq which such.

designs the within each agent the

amounts This of is

thing, its

because

03(pX and and act

situation to its not be

activity in in the

itself and activity,

11140bI71 through in from its to bearing definition the

(ppowlair, of choice

has

case and does

accomplished

Enpo(x1pecriq] (pp6vrlcrLq of does not the

articulation have

np&tlq_7 object

Consequently, characteristic above when all

distance

representational activitY translation -a

relation point of

proper worth

-riXwrj and in mind of

precede

reading

Heidegger's

Aristotle's

ppovrjcrt(;

11140b201

Die E: -tic ist des epovrlcrig ein eine Lv, (X),r10c1GE: ., Gestelltsein des menschlichen Daseins, da ich darin ber die Durchsichtigkeit IGA19 521 meiner selbst. (Pp6vrlcyic, is [Gestelltseinl self-transparency. 'tig a of of hurnan "8 "a Dasein in

solches verfge

having-been-set-in-place 1 hold which sway over

my

Dasein's Handlung itself" upon the

self in

-transparency sich 531 durchsichtig and of the

arises macht: transparency to

only makes of make or

insofar an activity an the activity

as

(ppow1cric, transparent itself of is of

"eine in

EGA19

depends activity of course

capacity by or way, the securing

pp6vqcyir.., the

situation end, which the &pX

accessible the in 'elP this

'evevy ou' itself. to it

final 9 Securing the same

(x'-y(x96v npcxxr6v sees by how

activity

Dasein

accomplish is at the

disclosure time delivered 1501.10

10'AgOcibeiv] over to

proper itself

to in

Tp6vncriq, a

which of

moment

individuation

EGA19

(Dp6vrjci (;,

113

therefore, existence situation

designates that in which is not one

relation mediated so

to

the much

totality as

of

one's by

own the

precipitated

finds

oneself.

Aristotle's Nicomachean way whose of

most Ethics

complete but with with in

account the

of

(70(pi(x is

to

be it

found is

not

in

the by

Metaphysics, and field generally derives deals individual an incidental name,

where knowledge of activity be at instead with

introduced

comparison acquaintance knowledge to those

experience a certain alone ability knowledge out the in will

1980b25ff]. is restricted

Those to with This the

theoretical respect is

a disadvantage from experience. whereas "the but to

whose

because

theoretical eye cure or picks man,

universals, cases, and way,

experienced does not

physician Callias or

except such

Socrates 1981a17-20, knowledge

thought was to

some other cf . also

individual

who happens ZO(P 1(Y craftsmen

could tell

be a man" both commonly

only the what scope

NENI:

1141b18-221. master
they

comprises were
not

and
to be be done

experience.
wise but precisely also

Accordingly,
because In effect,

11 why.

Aristotle

extends

of

this

common horizons, from the

conception and this

from

specific

pursuits serves features 1; i)

to as that the

the a

widest point of cro(pi(x

possible departure off all of not grasp is from things, them: rely of

comprehensiveness sets of out four

which other

Aristotle forms without

mark

knowledge having learn iii) able and a

[982a8f detailed that

ao<p6c knows with and each does

though ii) on the the

acquaintance are difficult a more causes: of its

cro(p6q can senses and its is alone: better

things the to not

cro(p6c has ,, teach their

fundamental iv) results. cro(pi(x

things on

desirable

own account

on account

114

The case

f irst by

of case in

these in a

does feat

not of Nausea

mean

that

the

ao(p6r,

apprehends passion of

things (the

obstinate is not dull

encyclopaedic a and that the paragon

Autodidact sagacity). such grasped to oder things wenig an

Sartre's from the it and of

Aristotelian nature can of of be

Apart

somewhat presupposes itself. as sich: 1.

impracticable the particular mode "tr6gt little

undertaking, fully is in

However, Heidegger conveys For

primary

access nichts

(xYcT0F-cTiq, which, bei

emphasizes, nothing or

vom Seienden EGA19 ['Cx(xcrTov],

of only

beings the

themselves" particular

84,1029b8 whereas:

ataOcuiq

discloses

Der Weg auf dem das Seiende Seins aufgedeckt wird, geht dieses hindurchschreitend, EGA19 861

in

der

also gSTO(PUiVoV'

Eigentlichkeit icxo(crcov, vom xotO' zUMI

seines durch

xa06Xou.

The path the being in the authenticity along which of its being is uncovered thus from the x(YO' e'x(x(TTov, across goes this traversal, to the xo(06Xou. geTc(Po(Ivov,

The

term

'x(x06Xou' deliberately of x(xO6Xou and in to was philosophy was as by a as

is

usually avoids at once integral totality this the

rendered expression, totality character EGA19 theme of

by

'universal. presenting disclosed via upon With study. the notion as of and formal further

'

However, instead the a

Heidegger reading [O'Xov its

Xo-yo(; by are

Xc-y6Acvov] involvement back

the that

conferred 88-891. this with

a thing we

this, In of

brought $universality' in This human in first

recurrent in

Ch. 1.11, primacy

discussed and reflected in reading linked

connection with

<YoTi(x understood interpretation as as such, a

Seiendheit. p-yov underlined At of

approach being

in general of

the or np&iq

the

activity the

Ch. 2.1

designation.

115

bottom, central problem

this interest of

abiding in

concern world, In the things, the to and

with more

totality especially context, if

arises in

from the

Heidegger's

transcendental is to gain an to and this the

world. of all by

present it must

Dasein an is inherent before as

understanding remain turn requires difficulty to go entranced its

overcome whatever of

tendency its eyes That for the

spectacle the and totality even

of

attention a positive attached beyond of the the

beings effort

such. accounts if in Hand

strenuous point). with

to

cro(pi(x

(second begins

However, what, der Dasein to ao96q

impulse

particular Greek GA19 np6xctpot, 1261, it

Heidegger's liegt: from particular able their of what to see lies its

translation to hand"

openly soon "12

"vor leads

1982b13, concern horizon not as and point). to of they is

away the is to

everyday from things principles are (third the

"greater the totality

things. of appear, able to

Returning the

beings, but pass

proximally thus better

according on knowledge

first they

Explication of the

of ' 06v Orv(X In

the

fourth the regard,

point way

requires in which

a closer it

look

at

the

nature to having

and this

becomes Aristotle

accessible for

knowledge. shown

Heidegger

applauds

ist eine dap des &-VotMv nichts als anderes das TiLXor bestimrnt das durch des Seienden, , ist, fertig in seinem Seiendes geworden TtXoq IGA19 1231 cl. ). geh&rt, es sich the o'q(x96v via a being of its in completion that is determination but a nothing Insofar the a as r: Xoq. itself to it belongs x9Xoq,

Seinsbestimmung Sofern ist. ein ist es so, wie of the being being reaches and is ex).

116

By the

endorsing relation
as

a of

reading beings
is

of to
not

the

cu' change,

as

rooted Heidegger
to the

firmly

in

teleology that
of beings

and the
it

underlines
totality

I (x-y(xO6v

absolute

extrinsic

grounds as is say

and

as

such and

is

contrasted form Platonic to the

with in

the

Platonic 13 However,

idea if this

of

the the is

good

a distinct distinguished that it

separable from the

itself. idea of

&-yo(06v not to with and

is

the

good,

is I

assimilated For
be

the

o'(-y(x86v -npaxc'6v cons tant

the

associated unchanging
of np&i(;

C1096b3Of
therefore cannot

dryo(196v is
upon, whereas

and
object

acted

contingent criterion cro(pi(y is

and for

thus

susceptible

to np&tiq

the and 14 is if,

it is

influence (pp6vqaiq Hence rather as the the

of from

Dasein Occapicx 06v is

(the and not

distinguishing time as

primarily to

IGA19 such, Indeed,

an

1641). but

susceptible and

ppovqaiq in

object

of

Ocwploc the
simply

apprehended
is understood

cro(pfu.
to be

Aristotle
in

proposes,
Oewpf(x

I wyo(06v

6'rpX,

disclosed

as as

OW in the

and

not of

as

the

('YpX of This
of human

specific

act to
and

or the

form

of

knowledge, of the
that

case
the

activity.
world

contributes
affairs

detachment
determines

I "<x06v

from

thereby

knowledge and must

of be

it sought

in

the for

form its

of

ao(pi(x

cannot (the

be

put

to

practical

use

own sake

alone

fourth

point).

The

determination

of

human

being

in

terms

of

(pp6vrl(3ri,;

and

uo(piof

inevitably the highest

leads or

to most as

the

question

of

their

priority: If probably see, the the

which

of

them were exercised

is as

fundamental this, But, as it

determination? would we shall

problem have

straightforward commentators less.

difficulty

is

117

exacerbated what is 'most

in

the

first

place are

by not

the

fact

that to

what one

is

'highest'

and

fundamental'

equivalent

another.

There

is

little ENE. VI: it of but of and being the a no will calls of

doubt I 143b331

that ,

Aristotle and indeed is

regarded tha t 'most

cyo(pi(y as by and
be a

superior of in
exalted

to its a

(ppovrlcri q superiority measure virtue, rejection thoughts in of human

prec i se Iy human'
may

vi r tue shares
less

transcends By more

what contrast,

divinity. it the his is is

q)p6vrlcrir , human that in

fundamentally view to live

11178al0f]. should with Yet it is what

Aristotle's have is mortal highest beware more

Euripidean enjoinder perhaps question

mortals

accordance in itself. for

contentious at face

we should of course

engaging than is

value,

complex and and there

straightforward guarantee be a that

choice the

between traditional for facticity. of Aristotle

exclusive categories the 15

alternatives of 'human' of of up of human P05Sibilities, if this text the see case is on at its when what the

'divine'

adequate hermeneutics and by over or the

parameters of readers either it,

elaboration In to the spite line

Heidegger tendency one or with this least own position

commentators or the other

behind uoqia being

recognizing that is, by

priority

by promoting either complexity to terms, some so that the

(pp6vqcTiq highest may very extent to the

identifying Of its

most

fundamental

well case it

be unavoidable. when is reading very

Moreover, Aristotle's much As we a more shall complexity

speak, text via

approaching acknowledging challenges

Heidegger. of in

shortly, at once

the those

irreducibility find

such

who would

Heidegger

a retrieval

of

practical

118

reason endorsing

and the

rescues priority

them of

from

the

unwelcome

spectacle

of

Heidegger

contemplation.

Although priority of the

Heidegger on account of

entertains of the fact itself is

the that and

view it as is

that

pp6vncriq with 191, point.

may the he

have Tg'Xoq also he

concerned IGA19 same

existence that

Dasein

a whole by this

recognizes underlines:

Tp6vrlair,

compromised

As

FUr ist For the

Aristoteles und die Griechen das eigentlich Seiende das, EGA19 1371 schon da ist. Aristotle and the Greeks, being is that there. already

wie was

auch fUr die rradition immer ist, was st. 4ndig

authentic constantly

for the tradition, as indeed is which always and which

is

By

contrast, finite simple

the and fact priority

c:Xoq

of

human

existence

is, the priority

like matter on is

that is

existence settled of 16 by the

itself, this

temporal. cro(pi(x of the is

Ultimately, accorded with

and

account

ontological

being

which

it

concerned.

It

has

been virtue to fails Aristotle's

persuasively over 'Platonise' to exploit own text. on and

argued above or the

that

in

recognizing Heidegger

ao(pi(x complies Aristotle

as with

the a and

supreme tendency thereby within

(ppovrjcTLq, even more Taminiaux,

'hyper-Platonise' radical for of implicit [LOF 1861. public the private, possibilities example, aoqpia in Over

present contends that the

Heidegger's pluralism conceptions contextual, activity, of

insistence the of political

the

primacy

undermines the Aristotelian and above of

dimension and and q)p6vqcyiq essentially set

np&tiq

the such world

ambiguous Taminiaux sees

character monological

Heidegger

119

of

the

science by a

of retreat

being, from

in the of

which n6Xiq the

disclosure or rather as

and take the In a

individuation on the taciturn n6Xiq

are

secured anonymity transformed Heidegger's Aristotelian

characteristic into Plato's

artisan,

Athenian Taminiaux's rejection

is

workshop-republic. of to Plato. TrpRiq reflects

view, of the

appropriation resistance

Dans Pioq In

I 'ontologie fondamentale, OewpqTix6q d6vorait et CLOF 1751 enti6re. fundamental and it ontology, governed np&tiq is

se r6gissait if

tout

passe ]a the Ploq

comme np&iq

si

le tout

consumed

as entirely.

@cwprjctx6q

Taminiaux championing specifically not the his

has the

good practice

case. of

Heidegger fundamental and, by

is

frequently ontology over

unequivocal np&ttq it is Yet in

in the

Aristotelian intention to Ethics that shared Heidegger's on the one to by is simply which does

sense to pit

the

same token, Plato. motifs of Such on and the TiLxvq of an a

plainly even so, the

Aristotle

against

extent

Heidegger raise

appropriates expectations accent. who reflects

from recognizably

Nicomachean Aristotelian, certainly between (pp6vrlcriq Aristotle

anti-Platonic,

expectation tension

is

Bernasconi, referral hand of and and

apparent to the

noiqcytq his ao(pi(y

itp&tiq priority

and

endorsement on the other

accords

OswpeTv

1HDP 1391.

For

his

part, the of within of the

Bernasconi difficulty of text.

seeks

to

mitigate the

the effective

problem authorship

by

highlighting of any part

establishing Insofar text it is to

Heidegger's Aristotle's text itself,

as Heidegger speak against argues

allows the

a hidden declared to

resource direction

impossible,

Bernasconi,

120

attribute and strains this

the

trajectory

of

a reading for

unequivocally the For apparently whilst of of

to

either

thinker

indeterminacy within Heidegger's apparently of his text of the

accounts text. endorse presents history Bernasconi whilst this the of of a of

contradictory direct the achieved deeper via this the the

Heidegger's cro4pi(x,

commentaries structure the

the

priority

retrieval ontology. apparently

(pp6vgcyiq Having wishes the to

destruction

recognized to promote to

indeterminacy, retrieval priority direct destruction confront Bernasconi the matter

surely

however, of (pp6vrj(Y-tq., ao(pla. Yet in history

playing would name

down

references disown

of

be precisely of the

Heidegger's of the to with that the is

commentaries of the the full "it of hardly

the

co-authored Such an

outcome

ontology. the to words (after

author).

approach although I

may fail agree

ambiguity is

text. the

For

that

essential owns the thereby

not its

destructive open"

enterprise 1HDP 1391, quarrel

indeterminacy

question is
with

who

remains all,
In

resolved
text and

Taminiaux's
short, the

of the

authorship text

should itself. of the

not

dull

our the of

sensitivity signatory

to may simply

an be,

indeterminacy the manifest over

in

Whoever priority

recognition favour element pressing Heidegger's thought, the divine of it

cyo(pi(y cannot of

be passed

in an more on

the may than

covert be in

retrieval Heidegger's Bernasconi concerning

(pp6vr)criq,,

however is

important this bind gloss a mortal's

writing. throws the mortals IHDP

Nowhere a

where

Euripidean scope their Admittedly, of

remarks claiming as the

proper abandon 1431.

view

that own

aspirations Heidegger

to

Heidegger's

writes:

121

Sofern der Mensch jedoch ist, sterblich der sofern er Erholung und Abspannung in wietestem Sinne bedarf, ist ihm der Aufenthalt stndige beim Immerseienden, das letzlich Verhalten angemessene zum Immerseienden, [GA19 1711 versagt. Insofar as man is nonetheless insofar mortal, as he needs rest and recuperation in the broadest he is sense, from dwelling prohibited alongside beings in the perpetual towards comportment them that is ultimately most appropriate.

Yet

this

'insofar' repeated
anything, it

seems

slight (with
alert Us

basis Aristotle)
to the

on

which of the
of

to

overturn of
any

Heidegger's
aogi(x. If

endorsement
should

priority
supposing

danger

simple measure

order and of

of

priority

to rather the

be

genuine; than all virtue 'real' the

by of

surely or should itinerary

'insofar' nothing. not of be

conveys Heidegger's received the as

proportion croq)i(x as

endorsement a trojan it

highest the

horse belongs
itself by

concealing to).
be

reading accorded

(whoever
to of

Rather,
transformed the retrieval

priority
the

traditionally
destruction is of the

cro(p! (x must ontology

history Thus,

which

q)p6vijcFiq

effected.

whilst

it

is

important and the less

to

distinguish readings the

between that are of in

Heidegger's the outcome history support

direct of his of the

commentaries critical ontology, latter.

overt via

appropriation one Indeed, should to not

destruction the former

the to

renounce

order

do so would

be grossly

reductive-

point is the

of the

fundamental characterization of

importance of

hangs Dasein in the

in

the
Of

balance.
np&Iq

To

what

extent by

terms highest

tempered of in the

recognition Is of Taminiaux's and

OCLOPETV as account the of end

possibility complicity

existence? eclipse

Heidegger's of the story?

np&tt(;

qp6vncriq

122

We have and

cast but of the

the

problem this is view

as only is

tussle up

for to

supremacy a point. the

between Moreover,

(pp6vq<Y'q once the

cro(pi(x,

true

limitation suppressed activity fundamental Aristotle about was also what grounded served

this

recognized, Aristotelian

charge

that of

Heidegger political a with

distinctively In in Plato. for the

formulation we should

falters. respect against is good in as

first which For

place, Heidegger Plato,

acknowledge does side

clearly

(pp6vqcyiq But this good,

signified 'practical whereupon ., and '

knowledge knowledge (pp6vrjcrtq croq>lot were

human of

beings. the

knowledge a name for not a common

absolute as a such.

philosophy only

cDp6vqair basis

equivalent, significant distinguishing activity autonomous reasoning subordinated contemplation vicissitudes Heidegger of from

sharing here,

common

but, that of

particularly science. political it and is not as form directly that the as the an of By

structure, ao(pi(x, science with

namely, Aristotle and a

(Pp6vqcytq the domain of own.

from of

withdrew established structure

region its to of of adopts life

experience In Aristotle, whilst is

then, Aristotle ultimately are left of his for

(pp6vrlcriq may be

<3-oT!<x and, the in

persuaded rewarding, Insofar aoqpio(,

heavens the n6Xiq

more to

themselves. (pp6vqaic and

Aristotle's current

definitions runs through -

same anti-Platonic fears are therefore trend fundamental placing respective in this

own reading5. whilst this trend to virtues against they does

Taminiaux's reflect not an amount On the the head being q)p6vrl<:Tiq

misplaced in Heidegger's subordination

unmistakable to the

writing, of cyo(pio( as of the that soul

(pp6vqcriq the sole

cyoq)!(x. at their than

contrary, of their

(pp6vqcriq branches way; the

and

speaks

ordered

fact

aoq)! (x is

'higher'

123

does of two order

not theory.

imply The

the

subsumption is rather

of

political one of

np&tiq assessing which

under the there

the

auspices of direct

problem

coordination is no

relatively of

autonomous

concepts,

between

dependence.

No from this

direct ci-o(pi(x,

order the

of "'(06v

dependence, np(YxT6v by to no

yet from means

if the total

Aristotle &V(x06v in

disengaged its the not and absolute question only in

(pp6vrlai(; sense, of Aristotle in which the

disengagement weight al I in

was attached

and

relative but the above two

(pp6vqaic turns one on

and the

ao(pi(x extent

Heidegger intersect

manner

designations

another.

To begin the

with

Aristotle, of a

we have single idea

already of the

seen good

that

he

argues and

against its

existence

over

above

particular

significations:

if the things in even goodness predicated of various is common really a unity or something existing separately it be and absolute, clearly will not practicable or by man; but the good we are now seeking is a good attainable human reach(1096b321 within

for

By

denying

the

separate But a how? putative ' and

existence It is easy

of to

an

idea

of

the

good, by

Aristotle our to

opposes gaze

Plato. from

suppose

that those on

diverting relative

away

absolute is

towards insisting In this

goods the

'concrete between said on a to the

activity, human tailored

Aristotle the ethics divine. to between the of very

demarcation is by often

way,

Aristotle Yet divine the divine

have rigid

a human the

proportion. human and of

insisting fields over of the

demarcation one invites

possibility, human that

elevation practical

advocates

Aristotelian

philosophy

deplore.

124

Such basis

reading of the of

effectively very the residual from back

launches Platonism the to divine the seen, the

its

opposition it in the seeks

to to

Plato expunge;

on

the the

insulation unwittingly depose. here the man divine human identified trappings by And between distinction

human power

name of

anti-Platonism it would

hands as the

very whilst he the

philosopher-king Aristotle is quite presence human trying beings to the

we have divine elsewhere

already and by and

distinguishes prepared of to blur in a the human, the reading its

human,

admitting by exhorting than to

divinity to pursue

11177b25,1178a2lfl science from the as of 1982b27ffl. divine a in kernel

Rather an attempt of science,

disentangle 'properly' within such and a

delimit

Aristotelian we in should

radicalism challenge text

a Platonic the

acknowledging

ambiguity

Aristotle's

probing

source.

Discreetly, first take order precisely (as indeed place, the it

such

an ambiguity that the

has

already in is we from that

entered its rather have the ao(pi(x conflicting

our

reading. sense

In does from

the not the is

we noted of

&V "(3( 06v and

absolute

form

a Platonic Ep. 1171. of the its

idea However,

inseparable also world is said of that human

grounds by virtue from

it affairs

detachment world) apparently In

natural the

accorded demands

priority. of only arises

How are

we to

reconcile and

inseparability insofar Rather being with as than

detachment? to deploy croTI(x we

fact,

the

problem of

we continue understanding

a r-egional as the study

conception of

detachment. region as concerned of of

a specific it the

(unchanging the x(x06Xoi),

O'CpXal), with the

have

already

presented

totality.

Accordingly,

detachment

125

ao(pl(y from is

derives the fact

not that

from it

the

exclusiveness the any and O'CpX of

of

the the

o'(-yo(06v, but totality It is cut is as

rather such and

concerns within

not

circumscribed it concerns

specific not

region. because is the totality of it not totality is ethical sheds

independent off from the but as to

because whole. should such. the 17

the the in this

whole

Consequently, be thought

('Y-V(x06v as connection

absolute with the

other-worldly, of itself and valuable that 'humanise' Aristotle not beings linked political light to

Moreover

concern

with

distinctively from as the he

Aristotelian range rebuts of the from

withdrawal theory. customary Plato as Nicolaci reading, an

activity the matter

on

arguing to when he is but

regard ethics denies a the

Aristotle's would that be the an

departure unwarranted is the an

attempt For

simplification. independent beyond along absolute, being the as lines

good of its

rejecting

conception notion of

good

such, we traced

qualifying out above:

independence

fosse di il bene, assolutezza, suo apice questo secondo se disponibile e come qualcosa come un universale astrattamente da 6 I 6di separa to, sempre, che que non sarebbe - come dell'uomo dalla in parte causa posto originalmente, ... 6 che Nicomachea dell'Etica dell 'Aristotele L'insegnamento Pdx-VaMv secondo astrattamente contemplare non possiamo fra da I 'intero, sempre, perch6 universale, come interpone, teoria di desiderio if Puniversale si nostro e la ha interposizione Questa I 'uomo. del 'intero I ha parte, ILHP 2601 "Epyov cob dXvOp&nou: ]a praxis. dell forma highest were accessible the good in its if sense as absolute it independent, would not in the abstract and as a universal the from by is very it in man be placed as question Ethics Nicomachean the in teaching Aristotle's beginning... 6cycx66v the and whole a as is that of contemplation abstract between first the from because impossible, is as universal interposed is there theory for desire the universal and our the takes interposition the Cha partel whole of man. This form of the cip-yov coZ &vOp6-xo-u: praxis.

126

Access nowhere, being possibility of say

to or for

the frOM which of

(x-y(xO6v

even

as

absolute point beyond For its Of to

cannot the

proceed of is the is of

from that but horizon not to a

5ome Archimedean it is and a as

exi5tence

question. such takes -itself. is that Pursuit reducible the of being) be

the place

question within this

Dasein

Dasein's that the It of its

being-f

or-the-sake-of itself means

course, an object

dryc(06v simply

Dasein's the

concern. ground the entail,

question the "'(x96v does left

cannot (i. e.

circumvent for

possibility. for the the

Heidegger, still less

horizon that

meaning of

of

not behind.

permit,

existence

Dasein

The

ultimately in The times points Aristotle's

unsurpassable Heidegger's idea is is found out that not in it

character recognition Heidegger's the recourse

of of

Dasein's the ontic as

existence foundation such and

is of in

encapsulated ontology. modern Heidegger first and in

innovation to Descartes, philosophy as in terms the

subject. and at of is

However, articulated ontology relation

pre-dates of up the the

formulation takes and

once the

theology.

18 Heidegger ontology

idea

between

fundamental

existential

analytic.

Ontologie, ist phnomenologische universale Analytik die Daseins, des der Hermeneutik als von ausgehend das Ende des Leitfadens der Existenz philosophischen alles hat, dort festgemacht und wohin Fragens es entspringt woraus 621 [SZ 38: es zurckschlagt. Philosophie phenomenology, hermeneutic of fast has made of existence, analytic the inquiry point at philosophical all it to which returns. universal the from Philosophy of departure is point and Dasein, as an which, for line the guiding it and arises where takes its

127

The

purpose of

of the

the

existential into in its reach the

analytic meaning facticity definitive

is of

to being ISZ

secure by

the

ontic Dasein But of can the

foundation ontologically the

enquiry

making

transparent analytic Dasein's factical be in There

very a

404: 4561.

existential of

formulation

structure of Dasein's

factical existence

existence? can that least two it this reasons

How complete achieve? foundation for How

a presentation confident will have that can been he may

Heidegger "made fast"?

anticipating are at

thinking

be a little

over-optimistic.

In

the

first

place, informed ISZ necessity.

as Heidegger by a "factical Such

himself ideal" an

acknowledges, that is is eludes even

the the

enquiry grasp as

is of a to more they the

inevitably the analysis

310: 3581. "

imposition task

described gradually "with for which and

"positive extend and are its

Philosophy's its the

therefore unfolding and that

borders, penetration

mapping both

own hinterland,

more

presuppositions This is and

presuppositions" into in being order to

ESZ 310: 3581. must return

an again

ongoing to the

task

enquiry analytic

again its

existential

re-elaborate

basis. own

But

if

the

task of the The

of

the enquiry ontic by

existential into foundation the analytic in these and In on its the being,

analytic in is but what

is is

to the not the

secure guiding the

the

ontic line to

foundation be made

fast?

ultimately rather

existential existence existence, us fate in of the the

structures of as Dasein we have

elicited itself argued is being

factical and this

presented throughout, np&tir, hinges

structures, as end, Nicolaci therefore, to

reminds the the

passage enquiry

above, into

capacity

mitigate

disjunction

128

that

keeps of be

the factical

existential existence The most

analytic itself. profound character an

from But

tracing how faithfully to

the

form can

and this

movement existence is quite the

rendered? the

obstacle of the is

such

a rendering as we have lacking factical raising of the closure its np&tr, of as an

simply

thematic for such

analytic; essentially ineluctable of

seen,

language Accordingly, is of at being the or, once

account Dasein's of time

[Ch. I. V]. existence, question preventing own to basis thematic

np&tIq' the at condition the of its occurs Heidegger, consolidating same that

possibility the from The principle

and

prosecution consequently,

question

securing resistance the

either of finitude this

conclusion. as a rather limit than the to

practice.

exposition enquiry. limit, thereby of

its

marking

philosophical external opens

finitude

approaching identity allow

19

of the

philosophy, of

the

body
within

philosophical
very structure

enquiry
and

inscription

What by will relative over

this Heidegger be

means in

will his the of

become

clearer

when of we

we have np&tiq. to As the that

trod

the

path some of

taken light the

radicalization issue (pp6vrlcriq of from if

However, the we question

shed priority

on

return croq)icx. as

and

have

seen, possibility of

concern of np&ttq by that to that To onto-

Heidegger's existence account of of

endorsement arises factical

aoq)i(y a belief

highest the

Dasein's in the the his

retrieval may

existence ontology. Tp6vqcriq of one

of

Dasein

be overridden presupposes

demands relation the this

fundamental

Clearly, and and first

this aoq)ia is

obtaining factical analogy,

between existence however,

parallel

between prepare

Dasein must

fundamental of all tackle

ontology. the

129

theological

equivocality

in

Aristotle's

use

of

the

term

cro<pio(,

that

is, the in

allow

the

meaning

of

aoT! (x to Indeed, -a

be

qualified this fact

by

the

introduction is for the his present the

of even need to

ontological Heidegger's

difference. own

equivocality that readings argues and For in in an a and the be

commentaries such terms

discriminate appropriation Nicomachean as concerned beings

between of Ethics with the VI, the EGA19 with intepretation difference his

direct they

critical reading of ao<pi(x of is utterly to of to an the the

involve. joins Aristotle and as

Heidegger

describing

' Immer-seienden' 1371, even

apprehension reading would

highest inconsistent ontical ontological being

though of By that the

such

conception of being. suggests to 20 name

ontology contrast, ao(pi(x disposition

amount

introduction

understood of

concern as

and

thereby ontology.

philosophy

fundamental

The no

issue means

of clear

the

relative cut in is from

priority this

given

to

(pp6vqcriq First, the ontology being the not

and

aopi(x

is

by of

perspective. with for own

possibility hangs is an of case, the the within In task on

aoq>! (x understood fact that that this Dasein concern akin no

connection a being with to to is of to its

fundamental its own takes were of to ESZ in on is its a

the and

which being If

issue a

form the For level

selfthere of

understanding could be

4pp6vrlcytr,. the to

this

access ontology

question raise being"

being. thematic

fundamental average relation respect, this is

"vague the this

understanding Dasein the not bears

6: 251

implicit concern. is primary.

itself modelled

everyday

understanding to say that

(pp6vncTiq rooted in

However, relation to

everything

Dasein's

130

itself, itself proceeds there we can

that does from can be

is, not the no

in

Tp6vrlcyic, its in

and

in

np&tiq. from

For the

Dasein's world, In turn,

relation but of rather course,

to

entail world world the

withdrawal which it the finds

itself. of and to that say

without order that it In

disclosure above

being. it is

Accordingly, on Dasein's Moreover, object a thematic of of

reverse of

outlined its is short, (cropfoo

understanding as the ultimate

being ground,

relation being the arises

itself is the

depends. proper of the is in

fundamental interpretation Dasein's fundamental. horizons

insofar as

ontology. of relation Yet of

the

possibility within which what

being to as itself

framework this respect

(4pp6vqcriq), towards

a comportment

radically and

exceeds precisely
can

the

Dasein's
ground of

being-for-the-sake-of-itself,
those horizons is at issue,

aoqi<x

remain

without The

contradiction relation between not

the

highest

possibility and

of

Dasein's appears

existence. as one of

Tp6vrlcrir,

cyopi(x again

coordination,

subordination.

This the the

would disposition analogy

all

be of at

quite

satisfactory ontology of the is

were

it

not its

that

to

call

ao(pf(y

fundamental the basis and see favour

distorts reservations itself seen required

sense, over to to be

whereupon Heidegger's inaccurate.

treatment However, distortion (ppovr)criq that of np&tir, Dasein's

of we

np&iLq shall

(pp6vrlcyiq that the therefore the idea

changes of lend

rectify

this between the view

actually and

a co-ordinate further role

relation support as to

croq)! (x and continues factical to

play

significant

determination a

existence.

131

There be

are said

in to as

fact

two

aspects to of

of ao(pi(y

Heidegger's more faithfully

problematic than of X6-yoq of

that

could

correspond such. First lectures xcx96Xob the may This be

fundamental the as xo(06Xou a O'Xov totality and

ontology in the

all,

Heidegger's ties it

definition in with a

Sophist The

explicitly therefore structural compared reading concern side,

XcV6Lcvov. inseparable significance sense of

designates character in has with the this the

notion of

from and world. to the uo(piu Dasein's closer by

disclosure with of Heidegger's

respect virtue of

maintaining the intelligible the sense

commitment world. which world are On the of

cro(pia's negative

horizons it

however, with

compromises what radically

in the

designates everyday together, the

a concern existence. supporting Pioq of and as hand

exceeds

Accordingly, the view but

ao<pi(x and that only np&iq at

Tp6vqaiq is not price and the

brought

overridden of weakening

cyo(pl<x and the two

OccapeTtx6c. (yo(pi(x itself.

the

conception alternative

Indeed,

(pp6vrlcric, on

uoTlu same

become notion of

complementary by as

perspectives Dasein's

totality on the one

constituted and simply

being-for-thethe other.

sake-of-itself

such

on

Such

view

i5

profoundly that in enough the to

and

deliberately accorded Sophist the

problematised to the by Dasein'5 and remain Time.

by question 1927 it

the of had

increasing nature. already the-world point, the world. Not

prominence evident

Heidegger earlier shadow

lectures, of

advanced and however,

account in

being-inAt this by the of

projective the question

understanding of nature

Being to the

seemed of

eclipsed of status

phenomenologically Nature, then,

more seemed

correct to have

problem been

worldhood to the

reduced

132

environment darker referential remains this side.

or

that It is

which also that once and

Dasein that which in then

encounters which falls and has

Ep. 571. no

But

nature in

has

involvement the clearing,

the yet

totality, opaque. of Only nature,

within Time does

Being

Heidegger

hint

at

aspect

somewhat

obliquely.

Matur ist ontologisch-kategorial verstanden ein des Seins Grenzfall innerweltlichen Seienden. von m6glichen in diesem Sinne kann das Dasein Das Seiende als Natur nur in Modus bestimmten In-der-Welt-seins seines entdecken. einem Erkennen hat den Charakter bestimmten Di eses einer der Welt. ESZ 65: 93-941 Entweltlichung ontologico-categorially, one finds the Being of possible case of a its definite Only in mode of some within-the-world. entities discover Dasein Being-in-the-world as entities can own them has the knowing This Nature. of character of manner in a definite the world depriving way. of its worldhood If one understands is Nature that Nature limiting

Nature Heidegger account towards

begins

where

the that

world the in

ends. problem and

In of Time

'On

The

Essence had it wirno is uns

of place not

Grounds, in the

'

explains of world

nature because [wozu

given we

Being

something ver-halten].

which

comport

ourselves

Nonetheless:

Matur dieses existiert. Nature exists

isl

im Ur-5PrOnolich befindlich-gestimmtes als 83n] CVWG-WM 155n-156n: primordially and situated manifest disposed

Dasein

offenbar inmitten

dap dadurch, Seiendem von because of being. Dasein

is as

Dasein in in the midst

Nature, disclosed How can showing Dasein'5

then, by what itself

is

manifest But of

in how the like

Da5ein can this

without be, if

having nature in manifest

been is not

explicitly worldly? Without in of

Dasein. is not as

world death,

manifest nature

itself is the

Dasein?

such,

precisely themes

finitude.

Heidegger

addressed

connected

133

nature, in the

philosophy years following

and

the the

finitude publication issue,

of

Dasein Being

with and in

increasing

urgency the the The the the the a final of its

Time. 21 Perhaps the to light 910 of of

clearest problems Metaphysical idea of

exposition we have

of been

the

particularly is in where begins of itself to the

discussing, of The of Logic, appendix the

Appendix

Foundations metontology. exposition of which and

Heidegger by

introduces that

proposing (plausibly way to

temporal culmination stage own in task

problem must brought that on to

being give

fundamental the limits problematic -a

ontology) is

an understanding describes relation understanding of

radicalization He goes being on in

Heidegger out on the the

as an between of Dasein-

overturning being being, Thus of then far, and which we

[Umschlagl. Dasein, in could on adds factual turn

set

whereby depends

depends the factical

existence terms; exi5tence of the as

paraphrase the that totality the extantness

Aristotelian of human

possibility np&-Lc,. in But turn

c)-o(pi(x depends Heidegger the

factical of

existence nature.

Dasein

presupposes

des Horizont gestellten radikal ist das da sichtbar nur all zeigt sich, kann, Verstanden mgliche wenn eine werden 156-157) 199: IGA26 da istSeiendem schon Gerade im
Right radically, become beings within it the horizon appears being, as understood there. is already of that the problem this all if a only of is

Seinsproblems Sein als und Totalitt von

when P05ed can and Visible totality of possible

being,

This

final

condition place in of in the

displaces articulation with undercuts being

Dasein of

from if

its Dasein versa, In

central can the only

and be

fundamental understood extantness

being; and vice

connection nature

factual to the

them

both.

response

134

challenge a special im

of

thinking

this whose

condition theme is and

of

finitude, as

Heidegger a whole i S, he simply for of

of

calls (das

for

problematic IGA26 from The other

"beings which

Seiende

Ganzen]"

199: 1571, any empirical on what and

stipulates, accumulates

distinguished information. what is

science is on

that

emphasis than

fundamental the
own

philosophy, totality
if

on is
cTo(pjo(

Dasein
from

notion
account

unmistakably

familiar

Heidegger's

ao(pi(x.

has

any

single but

destination metontology.

in 22

Heidegger's

work,

it

is

not

fundamental

ontology,

What to or by

are

the

implications conception Dasein's factical

of of

this

for

the

role Does

of

np&kic

with

regard

Heidegger's surpass np6tic,

philosophy? existence directed

metontology render its

so displace designation beings

as the

to

irrelevant? Heidegger

Having adds;

problematic

towards

as a whole,

des me ton tologisch-exis Und hier im Bezirk der Metaphysik der Bezirk der ist auch der Ethik die Frage 14fit sich steHen). And here also, questioning, the (here first time).

len Fragens tenziel (hier Existenz erst EGA26 199: t571

in the domain of metontological-existentiell the domain is of existence of the metaphysics the for be raised may properly of ethics question

It

seems has

the

account not fallen

of

Dasein's away of of of the being after

factical all.

existence On existence the of in that that [SZ of

in

terms

of the as a

np&tiq implication, whole

contrary, Dasein the

literally, the of question the the out domain

factical is

in

reaffirmed with oneself" itself"

declared

coincidence understanding, straightened

metontology of existing

existentiell "never 12: 331. gets In a

"understanding through

except

135

reversal to only as the to the

(an question renew very as that in the

Umschlag9) of itself, domain though very realm of in this being

of

the proper,

movement

from

the that

existential previously of Dasein of

analytic circled presented metaphysics out' of an that the it in

a movement the

here which

we find the

existence

fundamental could only

question be

belongs, through being essential followed question the

question This

'straightened of was, the I question believe, and one

existence. of

concentration questioning thinking at of here, this Aristotle.

existentiell

feature directly cannot

Heidegger's from his any

time,

reading further

Although return to

be pursued

we shall

Conclusion.

We began with astray, question care np&iq, a different I to a

with lengthy losing in

Heidegger's consideration track terms for it from But of

hermeneutics of our already implicitly factical it to is aopl(x.

of

facticity Have we of not

and

have

ended

gone

somewhat the take

central reveals

theme

np&ic,?

Posing we must lies

these

a misconception that above ao(pio( all,

avoid, disengaged

suggests life precisely here sets and, this

outside with the it as

concerned that so, apart

theme. have the

disengagement In and given of mark the doing aoTi(y

reading confronts entirely of priority.

sought predominant

develop view that

contests. (pp6v9aiq they

separable By we have of &Vcx66v in

dispositions, challenging therefore their the

even accepted

where

a clear Vp6vgcriq against &vo(06v here rest

order and the nP<x'x'x6v on

independence question namely the

croq)1(x, separability and the

placed

a themes,

respective sense.

an absolute

Let

emphasis

136

'separability. significations that they are to

' of

do

not

mean simply crossed, In of this

to

suggest

that However, inseparable

these it may from likened

two be and to

('x-Y(xO6v are

equivalent. at once

necessarily one another.

irreducible determinations relation 74: 871.

respect, and of

they

may be

respectively such a

Dasein

being, for

whose Heidegger

inter1HW

remained

"distressing

difficulty"

In

the

following for

sections to a

we shall carry way as

see how the

the

term

crogi(y of

serves the

as a

vehicle of

Heidegger in and such its

through to

destruction scholastic returning

history

ontology

undercut

philosophical Dasein to the

anthroplogy context and

modern of np&iq.

descendents,

structure

III

In

the

previous primarily elaborates

section, on

we the

saw basis and

on

how of

the its

priority proper

of theme.

cro(pi(y

was

established Heidegger
this priority,

However, aspect to
the

a further

particularly
the picture

intriguing
uo(picx gives

concentrating

of

ontological

constitution

of

Dasein.

On

account

of for and modes we have

the

fact

that first

vobq,

in

the

specific Heidegger

sense, describes des In know the not

is

responsible (pp6vrlcri c, authentic of aopi(x,

apprehending ao4pI (X in which already as

principles,

"eigentlichen voZ(; is accomplished" that

volizugsweisen EPIA aoT6q 2551. must

vobq: case only

mentioned

the

137

the

conclusions

that

follow For and is this

from

first reason,

principles, Aristotle where ('YpXofi and the

but declares role of

those that voi3c, of

principles
IIc cro(picx

themselves. must be vob(;

'nia-cjiij" to

11141al9l, the

in

this

combination the o'(-V(x06v as

apprehend

ultimately,

course,

absolute.

As

for

Tp6vr)crir,, without the

it

too

must to having

grasp reasoning, "an

the

ultimate and this things"

particulars is why

in Aristotle

situation describes things

recourse as

(pp6vigor,

eye

for

11143bl4l.

Al I

considered:

the in both vouq apprehends ultimates aspects since definitions by vobq ultimates as well as primary are grasped by in demonstrations and not reached reasoning: voubr, the immutable definitions, in apprehends and primary inferences it the practical apprehends ultimate and fact hence have contingent we must perception of .... this immediate is particulars and perception VobC 23 11143a35-b5l

Now, then

if by

the

intellectual of to its

virtues priority and

are

ways voiSc,

in must

which itself what

truth

is have

secured, a more

virtue relation

primordial

truth,

this

is

indeed

we find:

))Wahrheit(( ursprUngliche kann entdeckt, Entdeckungsfunktion The truth of

Die das

der

ist der Sehens des ))Ideen(( und o(iaOrjatq Und nur Entdecken. prirn-4r, v6rIa-tc, weil SIO(VOCTV X6-yoc, der als auch ISZ 226: 2691 haben. the is 'ideas' of seeing because And v6qaiq only have Sicevoe*fv X6Voq also as the

primordial primarily uncovering

and of (xIcrOrjo-i(; kind uncovering. of the can uncovers, 24 function. its as

138

NoiSq

provides

a 'as'

primary such

access and such

to or

things, their

prior

even

to via

their the

interpretation remaining

articulation

intellectual

virtues.

This

is

not

to act,

say as In

that though

Heidegger perception with

subordinates could the

interpretation somehow be of on the that priority, is for lifted a

to free

the of

perceptual interpretation. reading, yet the

keeping recognizes

strategy priority for

destructive part of such vobq, that Nobq every

Heidegger

a certain basis

discovers relation this

a hitherto of perception

occluded to

interpretation as it provides

modified. each and

acquires concrete

priority

insofar

discourse

mgliches sein Besprechen als

Worber, solchem

was zugnglich

letztlich

selbst werden kann.

nicht [PIA cannot

erst 2581

im

that its whereon, possible that in initially accessible

ultimately which discourse.

become

In

this of a

way,

vou-c.

is

an not

essential because it

and

indispensable the then it thing attach discloses against

element itself,

of

all upon

modes which of one

disclosure specific

presents can

interpretative another, such first but

project rather

significance the horizon thing

kind to

or any can

because project

belonging in question

interpretative appear:

which

the

das Vernehmen schlechthin, Der voiSc ist irgendwelchen gerichteten Ur f Worauf ein 2571 [PIA berhaupt vorgibt. ermglicht, is vob(; possible oriented perception, simply in advance gives and activity. i. e. what a whereupon

das

das, heit Umgang

was mit

makes all above for [Wor-aufl any

139

The that

form voi5r, of

of

activity apprehends. voZq des

the

is If

of we

course are

linked concerned die the Lage site

to

the with des

particular np&, q, Handelns

Worauf then the

element

in oi)

(pp6vgarig 'cvcx(x:
's"vexu"

"macht makes
EPIA

zugnglich by
the

im Festhalten
holding fa5t

Of

activity

accessible
when

ou

2591.25

Alternatively,

element it is

of the

voZr, totality

in

cro(pi(x of

apprehends beings of first as

the such

"'(x96v that

as is that

an

absolute,

then and as a a

disclosed is opened

theoretical possibility.

consideration

principles

Given problem voU(; openly motivated

that of in both

Heidegger world, it

is is and his an

concerned clear cro(pi(x approach in that

above it

all is

with the

the

transcendental role of

constitutive him. Indeed, and

(pp6vqcriq that by

that

attracts to

Heidegger is not

states solely

(ppovncriq. virtues

cro(pi(x

interest

the

themselves:

Verst4ndnis Ansicht meiner Phiihomen des IGA19 1441 The

Des

aoplcx und (pp6vrjair, vor)q von das Weg, in der schwierige einzige nach Einblick zu gewinnen. vorliiufigen einen votq

des

der

her

ist

comprehension perspective on the the difficult into

is my (pp6vrjatq. and via cyogi(x vobc of ., insight preliminary a way of winning sole of vobq. phenomenon

Heidegger soul ' factical little discovered, concerns. describes to and

is in life

interested what (PIA tell it is us it can 2601. in

in

cyo4plu primarily tell In this a us about sense, respect by in the it

as ontological may seem as

'state structure

of

the of has

that we have from '

cro(pio(

since,

already everyday Heidegger

characterized on this

a certain the 1922

detachment 'Introduction,

Commenting oewpi(x as

an activity

that

140

seinem nicht mehr in its

in

Worauf sieht. no

das gerade [PIA 263] longer sees

Leben

selbst, life

in in

dem er which it

ist, is.

horizon

the

very

7-o(4)1(x is sight things as from true; of

hyperopic. life. which are the Yet

Gazing it is is to

at

the

highest

and life

Most for

distant, that. The

it

loses highest far is easily of

nonetheless concerned which are

with

ao(pioe sages its the <Yo(pior from

by

definition refers

'unworldly' 11141b2f]. the Yet

indeed

Aristotle for

diminishing he regards in detachment

significance fundamental than the in world.

Heidegger, of precisely life

opposite more

Bewegtheit Tp6vgaiq

as on

discernible former's

account

Lediglich in der reinen ob der ihr verfgbaren Lebens gesehen werden. The being temporalising authentic of life of crwi(x Bewegtheit.

der aogi(x als Bewegtheit, eigentlichen [PIA 260-2611 be must seen simply of as such, on account in its

Zeitigung

solcher mu, das Sein des the

pure accessible

The

privilege

accorded by of virtue voZ(; .

to

aogio( of

thereby it

stems serves of the to

from as

its

characteristic access to the of

detachment, determination the of mind vobq in in to

which structure

as That

the

disclosive approach its be taken

activity the question

general this be

Heidegger as opposed in

chooses to

way, self-evident

assuming may in As

structure to

and indicate

movement that

thinking, be treated is

noetic as

activity a whole of of the in

cannot which preeminent it

isolation such, by vobq it

from reinforces in

the

existence his critique

embedded. role played

Plato's

conception

transcendence.

141

The which

activity Heidegger

associated writes:

with

cro(plof is,

as

we have

said,

OewpcTv,

of

Das

OetapeZv ist Dadurch verfgt. also GA19 181 the it

die ist

Bewegtheit, reinste ber es etwas Gttliches. life

die [PIA is

das Leben 263, cf. capable.

is OewpcTv Accordingly,

Bewegtheit purest of is something 'divine'.

which

Heidegger of the

immediately divine the by has highest the fact

goes nothing form that of of

on to

to do

explain with

that religion

Aristotle's as such,

conception but help simply being of more in 'what the than

denotes struck "authentic human. 26 (but human' movement human on not

being.

Nonetheless, endorses what is the by

we cannot identification definition evident

Heidegger man" with following move

being In in to so

doing, alone) of risks, from 'the

he

is to

a tendency the of

Aristotle is most -a

him

from instance

designation what is

that that

purest perhaps

most the

human'

necessarily, aroseit may Or be resides of

effacing rather, and

ostensibly touched form of of been a

dimension above in itself but

which

it

we have as a

this

Epp. 104-1051, which still With human the

understood in the

transcendence transcending recognizable existence philosophical this chapter.

being advent

possibility what an had

Christianity, towards shaping

ambiguous new definition, to which his

impulse

other-worldly history beginning reading, such, but of of

acquired

the at the

anthropology In neither accordance denies it in such

we

referred of

with nor a way

strategy this to retrieve

destructive as it

Heidegger rather

affirms as

tendency from

repeats

a conception

142

of and

transcendence divine forms.

that

is

not

determined

by

the

opposition

of

human

Here, virtues 0 cwpia,

for are

example, grounded purest

Heidegger in form vouq, in turn

emphasizes which is is

the

way

the

intellectual above all in

exemplified being:

whose

divine

Das OcTov The

ist

nur... simply ...

v6gcyiq

voacwq.

EPIA 2631

OF-Tiov is

v6qcri c, vocrcwq.

If

we

recall lies is echo

the in

account the way face purity

of beings to of

anxiety in face the the

in

Being slip

and their as

Time,

its

significance and Dasein

world

moorings In a

brought of the

with

world mind,

such.

remarkable how in

divine

Heidegger

describes

anxiety:

Die existenziale Erschlossenen

...

Selbigkeit ISZ 188: 2331

des

Erschliepen5

mit

dem

the

disclosure

and

the

disclosed

are

existentially

the

selfsame...

Anxiety
which, in

therefore
one

fulfils
he

for
assigns

Heidegger
cyo(pi<y in

an
his

analOgOU5
reading

role
of

to
Aristotle,

that

respect,

that Dasein

is,

it

provides

unique as

access it is and away,

to in the

the

existential that

structure the in world it

of of is own its

precisely everyday most as

ESZ

insofar concern absorbed

anxiety

Dasein's for the

recedes fal I

involvements it and

wh I ch to its in

part radical

leaving being
exposes

exposed accessible
the

existence
totality

potentiality
Just as

for
cro4pi(x

401.27

characteristic

Bewegtheit Dasein as

of

vobq,

so

anxiety If

exposes

the

essential of

movement transcendence

of

disclosure.

Heidegger's

account

143

proceeds illustrates, inseparable between

via

a the from

radicalization disclosive Dasein's the the

Of capacity existence itself of divine leads

VoZq, Of as

and vok

if, must then in that

as be

this

example as

treated connection to not allow take

a whole, be broken

the

vobr,

and of

GeTov must Bewegtheit of that being.

order does

an its turn

interpretation bearings now to from the

existence being. from

a conception

We shall cyo<pio( and

therefore GewpeTv to

radicalization of divine

the

determination

IV

In

fact,

this

transition

does

not

have

its

source

in

ao(pio(

as

such,

but

in

the

account identified

of

movement with <YoTi(y. Heidegger's

In

that That

informs

the

conception account of facticity

understood

of of is

Bewegtheit movement
not in

Aristotle's

is
itself

important
surprising.

for

understanding
terms, Aristotle

broad

nature, Heidegger's specific supersession the part focus of

the

sublunary concern was

world, simply

as to several

that discern years

which the

is form

in of its life and

movement: movement thematic provided the the f irst same

to by of the

Dasein. temporality,

Thus, the

before of factical

Bewegtheit course is written that on

Heidegger's 1922 'Introduction' is

1921/22

Aristotle from

essentially the the

perspective. basis this remarks, for text in

28

It

Aristotle's account of cannot Aristotle

Physics facticity. be wins

provides Indeed,

conceptual of

Heidegger's for his

importance As Heidegger

Heidegger Physics

under-estimated.

144

len neuen Grundsatz, einen prinzipiel Ontologie aus dem seine und Logik erwachsen, von denen dann die oben schematisch rucklufig gekennzeichnete Geschichte der philosophischen Anthropolosie durchsetzt ist. [PIA 251) a fundamentally virtue of which of philosophical through. new principle the schematic anthropology for by ontology and logic, retrospective of the history outlined is followed above his

The

principle

in

question

is

Aristotle's

theory

of

sbv(xglq

(potentiality]
the inadequate

and

cvlLpycioc
of

[actuality],
otherwi5eness,

introduced

in

response
and

to
non-

concept5

unequalne5s

existence [201b20f]. those the 267, of

by

which

his these and

predecessors concepts were ultimate Four,

in of detai

had had

sought to in

to

define

movement movement, view from EPIA

Whereas 816ve(gir,

failed

apprehend

cvtp-yc-t(x in its

drawn, and we
I.

Heidegger's

phenomenon GA33 171.

of a

itself In
these

original consider
the time

structure

Chapter
terms view

shall
For

Heidegger's
being, new I et principle us

interpretation set out

provisional

how

this

fundamentally

has

influenced and

the cviEp-yci(x

history determined

of

philosophical the ' logic ' of

anthropology: f actical I if e?

how

have

S'6v%Liq

Aristotle's

account

of

movement

in

terms

of

Si6v(xgtq

and

vtpVct(x

may

be understood
of hi5

as

a response
notably

to

the
the

aporias
Eleatic

generated
and Megaric

by

the

theories

predeces5ors,

philo5ophers.

The

first

of

these The

arises

with of things movement

the

question: or

how can becoming all at as must

being

come from the rather of of

non-being? further in

recognition that Since the

movement are is of this not

entails but process been could one

recognition

given

once, a have

succession.

understood things initial

differentiation, indifference or

earliest

state However,

infinity.

infinity

only

145

take could finite

one

of

two its could totality it

forms,

both

of

which in for

are which the

unsatisfactory. case infinity the of and and totality

Each

element would or be the in nature us

retain and

individuality, not account could be be

movement: indeterminate, determinate

primordial which of
to

undifferentiated to be the finite with

case

would would

opposed

being
our

and
original

therefore

aligned

non-being,
is

returning
straightforward:

predicament.

Aristotle's

response

it that

is

equally being is

permissable proceeds different from in

to

say

that

being providing

proceeds that

from what is

being meant being

and by in and being

non-being, the case of

'being' the both [Met. sense

each being

source in as the

term. sense

Thus, of

of

Cvi-pyci(x and

proceeds are

from

Suv(xgiq of

evtpyEi(x

Suvoqiiq

recognized

significations

E. 2: 1026a33f].

The with

second

aporia

is itself: the

concerned how same? births In can

less

with is

the

origin

of

becoming

than

becoming to of that be

what

become is or is

different reducible an of the

without to a

ceasing series subject and their

other and

words, deaths If, identity in

change there manner a seated a

discrete persists

underlying Eleatics a standing of of

throughout? the the no the one is

the of

Megaric is denied,

followers, then with contrary then

and

Socrates singular unity. are If

world possibility seated

is

merely of

juxtaposition nor indeed of

existences on the

change,

and

standing to the =

midwife

wisdom of

identical,

committed (Socrates

co-existence standing). a the way subject

contradictory Aristotle's articulating

determinations conception this difficulty of

seated and cvtpyCicx one to

Socrates provides say that

5,6v<xLiq by

of

allowing

146

I &noxc i lievov actually terms of

of

change The

is

po ten tiaI of what

ly is

aII in

the

f orms is

tha tit expressed

can in

become. both

being and

movement

5,6vo(gir,

Aubenque
VIEP-Ycia,

suggests
Aristotle

that
is

in

putting
not so

forward
much

the

theory

of
the

Sbvcxgiq
aporia

and
as

resolving

thematising
the "cathartic"

it,

and
effect

in

a sense
of Aristotle's

this

is

quite
at

right.
the

For
level

in
of

spite
everyday

of

theory

discourse, problematique sont issues:

"Jes

distinctions les of

de r6f6re the them 4531. to

sens 6 ]a

manifestent source indistincte

leur

caract6re d'ob elles

]or-squ'on the when terms one

distinction to the The take

manifest indistinct challenge advantage allowing of movement

their source Aristotle of the to the

problematic from which to in

character they have

refers [PEA is and of the

emerged" thinking subtlety character

poses advance

subsequent conceptual aporetic thereby.

thereby power

without

fundamentally be diminished

phenomenon

The

problematic to is in of the

character subtlety

of of

Aristotle's his aim in

analysis seeking As to

here determine he

may

be what the

attributed movement possibility 1200b331, thing. realization this Yet

itself

[Ph. 111: 200b12-141. existing to true

we know,

rejects what the to qua

movement access also

independently can only is lie

from via said only whilst

moves moving be seat the of

whereupon it of a is

movement that "and of

movement the In to

potentiality [201b5

subject this way,

potentiality" and v4ycio(

My emphasis]. intended

the

terms itself

S16v(xgiq,

are

articulate

movement

rather

than

what

is

in

movement,

they

must

be drawn

from

and applied

147

to is

movement in

as

it

appears, This gives

which rise to

is

in two

each related

case

in

the

guise

of

what

movement.

difficulties.

The

fact

that opens terms

the

terms

are to

'drawn the

from of

and

applied

to'

the

same is

phenomenon defined themselves deflect in

Aristotle of in

charge evitpve-Lor,

circularity; and Suvagir, other

movement and

Slbvo(g-Lr, and terms of genuine of

Cvt; p-Vcjoc one could a

defined the

movement.

On the by

hand, out the drawn

charge

circularity account of not must Sbvo(gtq from

insofar

pointing led by

that phenomenon from Yet,

phenomenologically itself and that of the

be and thing

concepts and

eviEpyci(x in

the and

phenomenon
this is the

movement
second

the
as

movement,
only ever

difficulty,

movement

appears

as have

the

movement secured

undergone proper

by

particular to the thing movement

things, itself:

one

cannot one

assume

to

access towards

must the

remain of

constantly movement and

vigilant the being

distinction in movement.

between

being

of

the

These are

two

considerations in the

that

of

circularity from

and

that

of

access

highlighted

following

passage

Aubenque:

une d'appliquer I] donc en g6n6ral au mouvement s'agit de ce qui est terminologie parler pour qui s'e, 5t constitu6e I ]a Vacte dit, Autrement pui ssance dans le mouvement. et 6 horizon le toujours cofwe mouvement pr6supposent 4531 [PEA ils Vint6rieur duquel signifient. in to general movement It is therefore applying of matter a in is talk to in what about order a terminology constituted always potential In and act words, other movement. they signify. horizon which within as a presuppose movement

Here analysis.

is

both Not

the only

strength do vg: pycx(x

and and

the

vulnerability presuppose

of the

Aristotle's horizon of

Sbv(xglq

148

movement, being,
with

but, it is of
not

if

they

are

to

be

understood that
the terms

as

significations connection
meaning within

of

paramount
be broken.

importance
29 As

their
are

intrinsic
given

movement

the

horizon itself

of

movement, is our preserved

they as

can such of

be understood and the terms as

only in it

insofar question conforms

as

that

horizon to

allowed to this

articulate
Aristotle's

experience
account may

it.
said

Insofar
to be

model,

be

phenomenological.

Yet

the

first to in the terms

sentence risk

in involved

the here, to
is

passage namely which

quoted that is of

above

draws

our the it.

in

attention horizon
Indeed,

determining within
things

appropriate
the analysis

that

disclosed
with

because

engaged

proximally

movement, Slbv(xlit(; Heidegger, the

there and this

is

tendency as

to

understate of of of

the

fundamental itself. par the

role

of For

vcpycioc represents of difference.

significations the in errancy terms

movement

metaphysics beings and

excellence of

determination

being

effacement

the

ontological

Aubenque character advance), the more

is of

right,

therefore, (even discourages of what

to in

insist the light

on

the of

fundamentally Aristotle's of the and the from is

aporetic conceptual movement to the

movement this

since familiar of such

a hasty is in will of the are in

assimilation At

terms an

movement. depend, on drawn

same time, here extent the in we to

success from the of

interpretation

depart which

Aubenque's terms movement Suvcygiq itself,

presentation and vtpyctoc rather

matter, fact from

phenomenon movement as

than

simply

what

149

Aubenque

suggests;

Slbvo(g Iq

and

v! EPIEIO(

must

be

understood

as

ontological

designations.

The

requirements are

we have frequently xivrjaiq of

outlined breached in the

for by

reading

Aristotle's For progress

account

of

movement Aristotle realizing Yet Ross,

interpreters. as "the

example, of 120tal0l. this as the

defines

Physics

1evTcX9Xci(y1 in that
such of

a potentiality, on the

qua potentiality" Physics, from

in

his

commentary is the
seems c'W: pVcm

interprets Slbv(xpir, to
of one is

meaning
Although account

xivn(: Yiq
a reading and

"passage"
dubious at

vj: p-yE: 30 j()(.

Aristotle's obliged to

the

face 8.3,

Sf)v(xjiiq

Metaphysics

take very

it level

seriously of

by common

virtue sense

of that

its

prima

facie described are

the

plausibility as "cathartical

(at

the ly" by

Aubenque such a

released).
Aubenque,

Reservations
who regarded

over
such

reading
with

expressed
suspicion:

well

a reading

utmost

Mais

du mouvement, 16 une d6finition extrins6que ce serait de d6part dans lui-mC-me, et point son envisaS6 mais non en des dans positions sub5tituer ce serait son aboutissement; des Parall6lement, lui-m6me. user serait ce au passage fagon d'une de d'acte par extrinsdAque notions puissance et I'acte ]a et puissance si comme rapport au mouvement, le lesquels 6taient les terms et non se meut mouvement entre [PEA 453-4541 lui-m6me. du mouvement des d6terminations this be definition itself of that but is

to extrinsic a would its point of in of not view movement, to be It substitute its departure would completion. and it time, the At itself. would the same for passage position in way a potential be to and act of conceptions use the though were and potential to movement, act as extrinsic determinations of not and terms between moved movement which But movement itself.

To regard draped is

Sbvcx4i(; to place

and

vg: pVci<x outside

as

the the

poles horizon

between of

which

movement and thereby

is

them

movement

150

contravenes it is doomed that to echo same might for to

the to it

condition misconceive fails to

to

which all an of

we the

referred terms

above. involved of the

Consequently, and, to itself, to of which the were own the

extent even these matter it not

secure

understanding views critique. of 31

movement Megarics a view

the

patently address

incoherent their

passages easily the the fact matter.

Such

be dismissed that its

as a popular source lies

misrepresentation, within Aristotle's

approach

One could this is

begin where

by we to

looking come which in

at

the the idea

term first of the the

32

evepycio( of two

itself, important thing of

work

and

in

fact of The vat

across the

senses prone.

radicalization basis
I pye'Lo( E:

moving influence
the

is

of

the

term
literally

cip-yov

betrays

production:
is what comes

means

in-the-work.

Since

the

end

of

the

process, in terms to

one of

is

immediately apparently cvcpVct(Y in it the is

invited lies as extrinsic context

to

understand it. As

the we is of even as of is
the

movement have

itself said,

what

outside to of the

already

understand Indeed, Met. 8.6,

movement account Yet another in terms

philosophically viEp-yctcx here, different their

once

spurious. xivrjaiq c'vIEp-Vzicx of at and

and

palpable contrasted contrast

nonesense. to is one made the

where

x! vrjcF,.q. are event, to

In this

kinds respective

dynamic

the end

relations
33

their
first

ET9Xor, 1 and
sense of

tendency

more

reinforced.

radicalization,

movement
and thereby

of

a thing
in terms

is
of

understood
what is

in

terms

of

the

end of
than

the

movement
This

essentially

other

movement.

tendency it arises

is

embedded the

deeply very

in

the of

language the

of

metaphysics. of production

Indeed, that

from

dominance

language

151

we

identified by from of

at the the

the 'ci-Aoq

outset, and the

since

the as

movement CPYov. to it.

of is

production by definition as

is

governed separable problem it will

Xoq, cg:

movement is be

itself,

extrinsic from reduce for the

Insofar of

the

movement

approached to

perspective to

production, between this found to be is more

therefore to

inclined position the the most

movement transition.

a passage 34 Although already thinking such at work

states, tendency its

substitute for over Moreover, restricted the Aristotelian

remains

part

implicit, of

we

have

influence

orientation as to Heidegger Aristotle current

Aristotle's clear, and is

considerable. by no means in

makes alone in

influence still

forcibly

Scholastic

philosophy.

The

direction is

taken most Here found the

by evident one

such in

interpretation what cv: pyciu rooted in divine I as the

as shall the

result the of

of

this second a form up

tendency radicalization. of movement as

call designation

finds

and

firmly for

physical

world

taken words:

and used

basis

thinking

being.

In Aubenque's

Aristote penser, relation Aristotle limit potential, in

I 'expd6rience sublunaire usera limite ]a 6 qui par un passage Dieu comme Acte pur. A ]a puissance, de experience uses the sublunary to outstrip as way a such God as pure Act. to think of

de

pour ]a en ext6nue [PEA 4511 taken relation to its to

I 'acte

act, its

By

virtue is is it

of

its placed

attribution beyond In its this sense understood

to

the

being and its

of

the essential

unmoved link the

mover, with in

iv-p-yci(x Sbvo(giq which

movement way, to it an to is

broken. receives it is

extrapolated or the

from

realm point, it

external ground

transcendental realm from which

whereupon

then

was

152

drawn.

This

is

clearly arise to of

dubious from

enterprise, the

since

the of

couple movement but

Si)v<)(g, tq-CVjEp, jr, L(x itself even as and from the the

together isolate xivqatq with basis

phenomenon not both and only terms doubly of from

attempt horizon be provide initial in

vlEp-yzi(x in which

Sbv(xAtq

belong so if

should, it is For each we to a

we have

said, to

followed the

caution for a

understood whereas specific find all the

treatment an

xivriair, of here

tendency terms Of in such'

promoted what what is lies lies

understanding that movement,

movement movement of

beyond beyond

grounded 'as

movement. off.

Access

conception

movement

thereby

closed

If the

we return Bewegtheit

now

to of

Heidegger's factical above

presentation life, informs we can the

of

aoq1(x to of

as exemplary see how

of the

begin history

radicalization anthropology.

outlined

philosophical

Heidegger in aoq)! (x.

states

that

the such cro(pia

"authentic "authentic and cannot

being" being" simply

of

man manifests is not off

itself

However, even via

immediately from human

accessible life as

be

read

such:

sondern es entspringt bestimmt einer vollzogenen, der Idee des Bewegtseienden. it rather, deteminate idea of the arises accomplished thing. moving in its

in

seiner ontologischen IPIA 2601 categorial ontological

kategorialen

Strukture Radikalisierung

aus

structure radicalization

out of

of

a the

Heidegger

repeats

the

same point

in

the

following

paragraph:

&pET, heit das der damit Der Seinscharakter der eitir, und der Menschenseins, aus des wird die Struktur ontologische Bewegtheit bestirmten Wie im Ontologie des Seienden einer

153

der und Bewegtheit

ontologischen verst-Undlich.

Radikalisierung (PIA 2611

der

Idee

dieser

The ontological I that is O(pc,c, man, is intelligible the in manner ontological

'Ciq and thereby the character of the of the ontological the being structure of of on the basis of the ontology of beings determinate of Bewegthei a t the and radicalization Bewegtheit. of the idea of this

The
there

Bewegtheit
were any

in
doubt,

question
this

is,
confirm5

of

course,
that the

that

of

production.
to

If
which

radicalization

Heidegger tendency radicalization apprehend projection &pX of of all to

is

referring describe is

here movement understood beings

is in

that terms in in the the the

which of its

we

described endof If this an it

above notion attempt leads to

as

a of to

context natural

the of

o'(pXcxi of the

world, itself: mover and

the the

63(pX(xi beyond is the

movement unmoved form of

ultimately, the In to a problematic terms of

movement is of
of

divine in the would

ontology

accomplished
CFOT L (X

theology.

our

conception
interpretation

this
characteristic

correspond
detachment

regional'

its

Epp. 125-1261

Naturally, determination out to be

the

train of

of

influence being: detour to a of of and

by the

no means translation

drew

to into

a halt theology

with

the turns on a

divine a back account

merely route

divine

being of which

a human

way-station being. radicalization

circuitous gives

determination the way in

Heidegger has

a succinct the

this

influenced

history

philosophical

anthropology.

Bewegung, in Seiende das Seins-Vorhabe, Die entscheidende Seienden dieses Explikation bestimmte ontlogische und die Grundstrukturen, die fr ontologischen die Motivquellen sind im christlichen Sein spezifisch das die spterhin gttlichen (Trinitt) Leben und innergttIiche das Sinne (actus purus), Menschen und Gottes zum Seinsverhltnis das damit zugleich Menschen entscheidend des selbst Seinssinn damit den eigenen [PIA 263 My emphasisl bestimmen.

154

being in movement, and the particular ontological explication this the of are for motivational the sources fundamental ontological that later to exercise structures were influence a decisive the Christian over specifically conception of the being of God (actus the inner-godly purus), life (Trinity) and thereby the ontological also relation of God to man and thus the meaning to man. of being proper

The

decisive

Seins-Vorhabe,

the

The pivotal the Latin

term translation specific

of

in

this of to

genealogy the Greek and

is

actus

purus, In

which

is

of

course is to the the

v: -pyci<x. voiSq,

turn,

vitpVci(x back

Bewegtheit
influence

OewpeTv

whereupon
of cro(p i (x

we are
on

Aristotle's

conception

philosophical

anthropology. influence scholastic to anchor has

However, not come For of

it directly whilst

is

important from Aristotle drawn Aristotle,

to

consider but had has

that passed

this via begun

theology. the and was meaning

himself originally

already from

conceptions in their

practical this until their theology in question reflect of events,

philosophy tendency the

ontology and of

application in had scholastic all but of the the this

to

theology, philosophy

continued sources into Latin the almost

reinforced key terms the new

original

disappeared, Christian terms influence course from

translation conspiring had back been on to

and traces. beyond

context then, once did undo of the simply were

bury

Only

refined philosophical must and in its

recognition, To

anthropology. a conception

Heidegger philosophy followed to

reclaim thus wake. as

vtpyci(x modern

scholastic that returning without a in of of a the three

implicitly However, such have it a

from is not return

tradition of

a matter possible

Aristotle, naivety. of of

though As or we

profound strategy history

already that a he

seen, terms

Heidegger the is

engages

return ontology.

recovery But such

destruction only one

destruction

155

elements In addition

that to

Heidegger the

describes

as that

constitutive issues vital the shift an from moment, in

of

phenomenology.

"construction" names a third

a phenomenological viz. "reduction" from a

reading, EGA24 51. thing With to

Heidegger By its this, being, to the

and

Heidegger from an

means ontic of repetition

perspective

to

ontological such the and a

determination. reduction that scholastic reading that, being prove it is, of like of not will for will he

regard

question own source In to

movement, of ancient way, a

constitute identifies conception xivr1cric, the view will

Heidegger's as of the

radicalization above all

of

the this

vtpyciu. give rise intended the at sense the

phenomenological of vtp-ycic( the it will Rather, upon what

an to of

interpretation supplant, actus of purus,

it Unlike been a

is

designates however, itself.

movement. to bear have in

won different

expense more problem to

movement

and

direct of

fashion Aristotle's

Heidegger, that facticity; Bewegtseins: cited above, is

the

fundamental central that being of in

Physics, own Seiende being-moved"

a problem of seines 251,

moreover namely, the

Heidegger's "das of its

hermeneutics im Wie (PIA

determining the manner

p. 1101.

156

Chapter

Four

DUNAMIS AND ENERGEM.

H"

ING AN END

In

the

previous to

chapter, Heidegger's how Aristotle's

we

began

by

outlining of of

the facticity

importance and, in the

of more

movement specifically, bears showed the of on that

hermeneutics account of of

movement Micomachean

Physics V1. elevates We

Heidegger's the over arising to usual and

interpretation understanding the movement

Ethics

movement itself of and production of

implicitly how the

xt'Xoq end

above the the this

conception this

from divorce

experience &pX and

compounds from the

tendency itself.

ctXoc,

movement invites

movement further in his &pX the became specific trail to a

Moreover,

first in

'radicalization' Aristotle in this the but

extrapolation, Scholastic the unmoved of

ambiguous 5UCcessors, mover. As from a

unequivocal world to

movement result to of

natural second

its

radicalization, anthropology The movement to reality schema God (a of of

conception matter of

movement

brought between

philosophical points. with and this way, in

transition life was

external negatively

to human heaven expulsed theology blocking

conceived the vale

regard the the

through from

of

tears), In

movement Christian

movement the to a

itself. tendency radical

cemented access

inherent understanding

Aristotelian of movement

metaphysics, in its own

157

terms

and

thereby basis.

committing

philosophical

anthropology

to

an

inadequate

In to

this this

chapter

we

shall by
to an

set

out

to

establish the
of

how Heidegger of
Above

responds and
is

predicament
intrinsic

reviewing
understanding

conceptions
movement.

8,6voqLir,
all, it

I cvtp-Vci(x

a matter
of

of

reaching
itself

a determination
and this means

of
that,

these
as

terms
we

as

articulations
in the

movement

suggested

previous which the they

chapter, are of of where will hurnan of

movement determined, this the we

must but

not must we

only

remain

the as

horizon that at

within In

be disclosed shall movement the focus, of of on as a arrive and

horizon. a revised which

course

reading, relation began. an (as

understanding of of course, Met. 8.2 to the

between Narrowing interpretation possessed is

its

end,

is,

Heidegger's the form thereby of of

reading Sbv(xgi(; en5uring factical the

of

yield being

specific that life.

importance

logos), the

account

movement

focussed

question

Finally,
of

Heidegger's
the notion of

reading
having

whole
to

underlines
the question

IF lexciv]

potentiality this invites at

and us

thus to

also to

of

movement. the conception Two.

Most of

significantly citir, that

of emerged

all, as

return end of

fundamental

the

Chapter

In in

Section order to and

IV

of

the out

previous the Now

chapter,

I of

drew

primarily

on Aubenque of more

mark

consequences it is time

common to pursue

interpretations this issue

9,6vofjiir,

iv9p-je-L(x.

158

carefully sustained entirely commentary three of the

via

Heidegger's

own reading appears Metaphysics is explicitly E), it in

of

these the 19.1-3.

terms. 1931

By far course

the

most

interpretation to on Aristotle's the of of text

dedicated Heidegger's

Although with on only an

concerned is premised

the

first

chapters structure

Metaphysics the book

understanding

as a whole.

Aristotle two these phases

divides and and the

the

enquiry

into turns

Sibvcxgic, and on with edition): precisely one

iW: pysiof how one In

roughly

into

question

understands the opening

phases

their (in

connection the Ross

another.

paragraph,

he writes

And

1S6vofgiq1 in the strictest us explain potency is, however, the for sense, which not most useful our For potency 1ivtpVcto(3 present and actuality purpose. extend beyond the to motion. But that involve cases a reference this first kind, in our when we have of we shall spoken kinds discussions the other of potency explain of actuality 11045b35-1046a4l as well.

first

let

The

implication with
by

is regard
an account

clear: to

the movement

provisional Ex(yc&
and

analysis xivilcriv], but

terms

will this
in a

address will
further

S, bv(xgic;
followed

be

of

60v(xjiir,

I svtp-Vcic(

sense in the

Uni study is of is of

nXitov], as at the a

and

it

is That

this the

second sense and

sense of

that Sf)v(xgir,

takes with useful" this

precedence regard for state at to the of the

whole. the

movement purposes affairs beginning

once

"strictest" at hand

"not one

the

most

enquiry

strikes by

as odd.

Yet

apparently Book VI.

confirmed

Aristotle's

remarks

ESbv(xgxql which kind the potency of Since of we have treated 1ivtpyci(xl actuality let to movement, us discuss is related the in For is. thing, kind actuality of what and - what, become with clear, it also will analysis our course of 159

that potential, regard we not only to ascribe potency it that is to move something nature whose else, or to be by something else, moved either without qualification or in way, but also use the word in another some particular sense, the is inquiry in the course reason of this which of which these 11048a25-301 previous we have discussed senses also.

to

the

Marking passage

a break heralds

with the which

the

analyses

in of

the the

first 'further is

half

of

the

book, of In

this

introduction the account

develops of entirely

senses' directed.
of earthbound

5(wo%jr, Chapters
and

6v6p-Vs-, to (x and
6-10
f

as a whole
the

of

Book ot from

E) Aristotle di5CUSSiOnS

interpretation human and

8(wotgir, activities

evkpyci.

through chapter S16wYlitc.

accounts on and the

of issue

Uil of to

[matter] truth lie

and and

gopq) 1

[form] Taking as

towards these the

final of

error.

senses

evLpycicy of

beyond has

movement, a twofold

customary First, as it a in the an

interpretation paves the way

1046al-4 a

implies,

effect. of that

for

theological

interpretation a reading act. 2 In of

vgp*yci(x culminates viewing invites

changeless the further interpretation that closer as that owes scholastic

ground

E1050bl-5,12072bffl, notion of of the as as pure

addition, movement to an

sense

66vcxLiq I)Xn the BXrj stuff simply

independent inert tradition not simply

of more to

material than

interpretation For , on but

Cartesian is 8,6v(xjici which YXn is

Aristotle. in a tree general or

inspection, particular

as stuff

can

become

a house, to

whatever process out some

11046a22-25,1048b36ffl. of change later, or production. the depends

always

relative

a specific pointed of this

Consequently, of change

as Heidegger the and being production

years material"

interpretation on how

"so-called are

themselves

160

understood 6-3v(xgzx to

EVWB-WM have

274: 2493. for

Determining movement closes

the off

meaning such

of

"uXrl

as

no regard

an approach.

Clearly, senses' Indeed, the

Heidegger of the scholastic such Sf. )v(xgiq reading

cannot and he reception an

go

along are to

with

the

view

that

the of

'further movement. to on at of

civtpyciot seeks of

somehow

independent all in

develop, these In

above terms,

opposition directly by no means definition

depends he from is the

countering odds with

interpretation. text, the as we

so can been

doing, see

Aristotle's towards which

86v(xiiii;

account

has

directed.

I mean by Sbv(xjiir, that definite thing is said not only which to be a principle in another thing of change or in the thing itself but in general regarded as other, every principle of 11049b5-9: translation movement or of rest. modified]

It

would

be "beyond

hard the

to

claim that the

that

the

sense

of

Si6vo%ic, to of Book

given as

here the have

extends customary it

cases of

involve opening

a reference paragraph (and how this

motion" E) would any

translation The must with

[1046al-31.

question is

Heidegger therefore negative

indeed

serious may be

commentator) reconciled 11046al-21.

address the earlier

definition concerning

remarks

movement

Let

us

compare paragraph

Heidegger's of Chapter

own I

translation that we

of quoted

the

passage above in

from the

the Ross

opening edi ti on.

handeln) (wollen wir das eigentlich der in meistens man v(Yglc, wahrlich die ist freilich so verstandene gebraucht; dieser (in jetzt das, r fr brauchbar wi ich t was n (die die Slv(xlitr, cvL-pyciot die Denn und Abhandlung) vorhaben. ber als mehr sich Thema sind) erstrecken unser eigentlich Und zuerst Bedeutung,

ber

Sibvcxgic.

in

der Wort

161

die Ausdrcke, entsprechenden die im Hinblick nur auf Bewegung genonmen Aber nachdem wir darber werden. gehandelt haben, in wollen wir, den Errterungen und zwar ber die dber die auch (d. h. cvL-pyciot die anderen weitertragenden Bedeutungen der S()vofjLiq, ) einen Aufschlup 11045b35geben. GA33 49-501 1046a4, (we wish And first to deal) of all the sense of SbvaVtq with it is in for the which most Though part actually used. 36v(xgiq in this understood way is not in fact to appropriate this discussion). what we have before For 66vugiq us (in and (which theme) cvtp-Vci(x are properly our concern more than the in reference corresponding expressions to used solely But after these movement. we have dealt in with we shall, discussion our of s-"v9pjei(x, the also give an account of (i. e. of the further others reaching senses of S6V(XVjq). 3

There from above. by this

are the

several customary

points reading

at as suggests

which

Heidegger's by the in rather then the

translation Ross edition

differs quoted

represented that not but He rather the the pitfalls 'strictest' enquiry inessential concerned us to the that But to at

First,

Heidegger concerns have actually

initial its as

enquiry 'strictest they "as this not

introduced sense, they usage are as ' as for not 5 in

passage

dunamis

many the wholly this

commentators most part

suggested, used. "4

describes than

appropriate way, he having avoids to

lbrauchbarl, one dismiss for the as of

85 SiMply of the

USefuj. translation, Sbvowiq

usual of a

name I y, relatively paradoxically the

sense hand, very to regard

as that

useless denigrates is translation as a necessary

gesture of

the

senses

86vofilir, Instead,

account

apparently encourages prelude senses

establish. the first part

Heidegger's account more because

of of

the the

ensuing are in less what

consideration familiar does the

fundamental they are

senses, more

precisely transition

philosophical.

162

from
these

the
term5

sense
Ent

of
nXtov

8lbvOfAic,
consi5t?

and

vtpVciof

x(yx&

xivnalv

to

the

sense

of

The Greek

phrase

in

question Xcy6licvov and motion.

is

"ent

nXgov

-y&p Ccr-rIv " rendered beyond

rl Si)v(xLjc. in the the cases elides Ross that the or By that within transition to their the the

L()f cC3v g6vov cvtp, yp-, edition involve adverb eschewal contrast, further perspective from further rather the as "For

)((X'rdf xivricriv, actuality " This extend translation presenting as

potency to

a reference g6vov of a

crucially the

[solely], reference is SfmxAiq by the

thereby to careful and

preservation alternatives. proposing

movement to

exclusive g6vov,

Heidegger senses of

retain

iv9p-ycic(

do not xcxu& Sbv(xgiq

lie xivriatv. and

wholly The cvtpyci(x to

denoted general sense

expression of a as

understanding therefore with involves movement

changed such.

relation

movement,

than

a break

We saw movement and that

in in

Ch. 3. IV terms a

that that

there are

is more leads The

risk

of

referring to what is of

improperly in

to

appropriate to same the

movement as our

such

confusion vorhanden.

treatment is

movement in

present

t-hand, -a of

tendency points out:

implicit

apprehension

abv(xgiq,

as Heidegger

begegnet fxcxrxivrlcrivl, hinblicken Bewegungen Wenn wir auf (unwillkrlich) von denn Und Bewegtes. sprechen wir uns von bewegen, ebenso und Bewegte das Krf ten, die f"epyovl sind. Arbeit der bei Werke, die Ttigkeiten, am EGA33 501 what across come we x1vncriv], If we look at movements that powers of (involuntarily) then is moved. And we speak on working likewise activities of is and moved, move what 6 [EpVov]. the work [xaT&

163

Af)v(xjLiq.

and as

6Vt'PYe1(x

X(XT& like

xfvncylv any x(xcdc other.

are 7

themselves For is the Heidegger,

treated the

as

present-

at-hand, of the S()v(x1iiq

things

apprehension In the this way, further

and in

evL-pVs'L(x

xivr1criv

purely introduction

ontic. of

shift

perspective

accompanying

senses ontological declared when it

of

Suv(xjitq

corresponds -a establish

to

transition

from matched exists determine reading, describe what and of the view,

an by

ontic

to

an

determination intention does not" of would to In to

trajectory "when that a thing is, to from way senses and the in of to this 'how

Aristotle's and as a

potentially Sf)vofptc,

11048b361, being.

signification question movementV exists? not be '

According to change the

Aristotle's what is in is in

have 'how

describe the of entail must Heidegger

as a

which Simygiq eschewal out kept of in the

from

movement would xof-c& On the not of xcrE6t an

to

short,

further movement leaving above

iv(; pycicy

independent would not

questioning picture. but

xIvrjaiv contrary, x1vnatv.

ontological

movement all be

movement Rather,
perspective

characterizes
transition

acquisition

asking

x(YE6f xivriaiv

asking highlight asking itself second

xotr& is about is

xfvnacwq, that

EGA33 between In as

531.8 asking the

The in

difference connection case, of the that the the

Heidegger with meaning

wishes

to and

movement of

movement.

f irst horizon itself

movement in To the take in

presupposed it own a house, realized is

the

enquiry, is at

whereas issue.

case

movement if think via the we of

Heidegger's building their

example, we

consider materials of

movements cut and

involved assembled,

being building.

powers

movement

Wir auf

blicken aber das xivogsvov

nicht fi

Bewegung als auf fragen wir xi-vo; ic-vov die

Bewegung, nicht,

nicht was da-s

164

Bewegtseiendes 4 06v und nicht But

als die

solches x(vqcrir,

sei; nicht

wir nehmen das xivolbgcvov IGA33 53-541 clwxi. as movement, the not at ask what the moving thing the xlvo6Vcvov ov e or

look we do not at movement xivobgevov xivo6gevov; we do not be. We do not take as such might fi Civoti. xfvn(ylq

Movement to Out thing this their and of be of in

itself as

is

reduced to not

to the

the

transition that

between happens to to

states be in

and

comes

seen

accidental it is

thing as reading to ask is not of to

movement. of the

view,

regarded

intrinsic of after ask

the

being out to

question. in sense to

Heidegger's his Is'ni view, nXiovl them

Met. 8 sets Slbv(xgiq after as the itself

reverse in

tendency. further this means but

and

W: pycm

them

xaTd( xivqacwc,, conditions therefore as

consider as

simply

limiting and

movement,

articulations of of what

movement in

ontological by preserving

determinations the how horizon and in

is

movement this

EGA33 531.9 enables of the four

Indeed, one to

movement,

reading as one

understand significations

Sbv(xgiq of being

-vtpjei(x the sublunar

feature world

basic

11026ba33f,

p. 341.

The

further as

senses in any

of

Si)v(xliiq way many is

are

therefore of

expressly Indeed, the

not

to

be

understood such best worst into

independent commentators original it is in

movement. do, commits

assuming enquiry and at at

independence, to to obscuring incoherence. and senses precisely gained by

as what

Aristotle's not clear

thought, how the to the

However,

still

enquiry the after what very

S6voqLir,

ivC'p'yCI(x of not

x(xlc& XIVII(Y'v and to first

contributes if

securing sought

ontological senses is to are be

8bv(xgiq accessible

ivLpySI(xquestioning half of

xotx& xfvrraiv, Book 0 to this

dedicating

the

165

perspective? %useless, ' as

Is the

the

sense

of

S()v(ygjq

XOM& xfvnaiv suggest?

not

relatively

customary

translations

If

it

were, to the

the

fact

that

Heidegger of the first

chose

to

devote chapters In fact, to

an entire of he a in

lecture

course on the

examination of it the as be

three

Book E) would never states of the 6-10. would Heidegger's at the

face

somewhat

surprising. presented relate by at

explicitly further There have

how senses are,

analyses they too itself. text's are

reading Chapters

developed

Aristotle the

perhaps, anticipate of the

many points However, development speculates breaking 10 such its Having a

which some in

interpretation of

to

indication respect on development drawn conception,

conception end of 57. Book of

this

emerges how one down

Heidegger 8 to look,

(heuristically) thematic already

might into to a the then

expect series potential remarks:

discrete inadequacy

stages. of

attention Heidegger

schematic

Des

Verhdltnis S6vcxgtq und ist nicht

andere, Fu, 8punkt As V n

vitpyst(x &6vxliiq zu x(xlcdf xivncriv und von 6bergans dieser ivtpyci(x, die sind, int nXtov das des das Auswechsein gegen einen einfach Entwurf Eines: ist mit ein ursprUnglich er sondern 561 EGA33 6vi: Sf)v(xILtr, der in x(xr& xfvrlatv. pyci(x und to xfvwtv xcxc& and of thi 9 nXtov, eni are which c'vCpyci(x, the by the one of replacement simply [integral]; a projection one originally ivtpVcicx x(xc(k xivnaiv. and Sbvcxgiq vgpyzia

for the 86v(xpiq

transition other, anchored

relation r'I and is not is rather but in 8i)v(xgiq

The just

account a foil

of for

Slbv(xpiq the

and

evtp-yelof

x(x'cdf x1vnct'v determination

is of

clearly these

more terms that

than x(xtdf the an

ontological Heidegger goes and

xfvnac(aq. determination

Indeed, of

further, bri

underlining nXtOv is

S6v(xgtq

cv9pyci(x

neither

166

extension
passage seems

nor
from

a
one

generalization
phase phases of the must

of
enquiry in

former
to

account.
the be other

If
is

a definitive
ruled 11 out, it

that

the

two

some sense

concomitant.

Regrettably, just that the of from the before it breaks

Heidegger's the end off been of

commentary Met. 0.3.

gets

no it

further would be it

than wrong is

1047a32, to -gay

However, On to the

inconclusively. carried Perhaps text the through Heidegger Fuflpunkt perspectives nature of

contrary, point, that original

as

though

enquiry the whole

had

a high here the

the

culmination elicited of before sense take of a

study.

feels in which is the

he has

Aristotle's projection to ini

integrity However,

between establish nXCov

look

anchored. connection in
of

seeking 5 f)v(YILic
more

the that
at

with

the

.,

Heidegger
how the

perceives

Met. 0.3,

we must
xuidt I

general

perspective

questioning

xIvnaswq

is

opened

up.

II

Aristotle
&Px

defines
Acwpoxq

dimamis
V

in

Met. 8.1

as:

&XXO n rj (, Xxx(p
of source [1046al0f] change in another thing or in

an originative itself qua other.

With

slight

lexical

variation,

similar

definition

is

given

in

Met. A. 12: xlvcrcijl; a source than the 110198151 iv ilctpov is in another thing qua thing other.

which or change of movement the in same thing or moved

167

This little the the fixed.

definition or no

has further given of in all

come

to

be seen

almost Not

as so, said

a commonplace objects to define have the the senses the

requiring For once been Eiv &p)( and the

investigation. here the could in only the over

Heidegger. 3bvo%tq themselves 'in another' of

description meaning But ev has

be

terms to

definiens whether or *&pX the since

addition

doubt

&XX4) or itself jicvxpoX whole these less which

vc6pov] yet to hardly could be

qualifies established. be be taken said to

jicvxPoX

meaning of

Moreover, for granted, in intends of

x1vnaiq of precisely definition

can

purpose of the

enquiry terms. as a

consist

an elaboration to treat the

Accordingly, of

Heidegger than [Grundrifil

a point definitive

conclusion outline

departure, of Sbv(xgiq

material will

from

gradually

emerge.
that

We tend ]ends autumn (a and as form

almost them leaves of

irresistably As finding

to Heidegger their he is of more a

discover points proper has

in

phenomena out, we as

a pattern might

meaning. to be

understand to earth

place been

they

fall

interpretation Or, in to to shed fall as terms their to

claims common, pre-existing in Yet When

wrongfully regard falling trees leaves how the

disparaged leaves have have are the the such

abandoned). explicable

we might

condition: autumn and this, of force

potential potential potentialities capacity earth, itself? he of

leaves earth.

in we

saying speak

apprehended? a asks, bridge have not: or we of

load-bearing exerted by and the in

the grasped

gravitational a potentiality

directly

Clearly

168

Kr9fte immer Powers only

lassen sich nur Leistungen, let not achievements, do

nicht Unmittelbar feststellen, Erfolge, Wirkungen. IGA33 themselves results, be actual grasped effects. directly;

wir 781

finden find

we

However, unintelligible, In this

such

actual

effects of to it the

are the

themselves powers to that

inaccessible, which we as they only the

even

independently way, as we actual and this warns above are tempted as as

correspond. experience effect as a 12 self-

conclude is

something of a power, In

insofar above all

apprehended of as meaning of the a

actual

effect

a power function of causality causality illustration of the

understood of causality. to most be

cause. Heidegger evident, to us

way, against all and in

S()VO(J. Llq, taking the

emerges the

because the one

conception in theory respect, own

familiar above, is as

today,

operative to In this the

impoverished presented have the in less reductive modern in to

comparison

four

causes reservations than

Aristotle. do with

Heidegger's of causality that by Of

Aristotle's on efficient this is back in EGA24

theory

with

emphasis philosophy. century its is roots already of a

and

causality bias,

alone fostered

predominates the rise of

Whilst science, stretch understood cause

effect

seventeenth thinking, existence as the

characteristic into terms scholastic of actuality The

P05t-Cartesian where actuality between

for

philosophy, and relation

paradigmatic

effect
cause

10-113.

efficient

thereby

becomes

understanding
'what caused

reality.
the like of

13 Moreover,
change, any ' will -

on this
be just treated

intepretation,
as an in entity fact

Slbv(xjLiq, as
that describes we is

present-at-hand the apprehension

other

as Heidegger At

8i)v(xgEjq

xoftdf x(vqaiv.

a stroke,

therefore,

169

find the hand

that

ontology of

is

committed being the manner In short, is

to

an

ontic to the

conception include possibility as Aristotle of efficient the only

of

grounds,

understanding (the being a unique removed. status of

narrowed and existence, the

presence-atof Sbv%Ljq is

of

work) of

signifying effectively to of the being direct

the

intends, causality interpretation

elevation

an by for

ontological the

principle of

cements production. this

of

informed way

experience to

14 Apparently, reading
the four

the be
to

most
reverse

Heidegger
of Aristotle's

oppose
theory

would
cau5es

to
a

reduction

conception the not

of

efficient of an

causality 5bv(xjiiq, to

alone. the

However, of the

simply the four of

to

restore is

interpretation in itself particularly to

context to caution

causes defining exercise

adequate in view

response of the

problem Heidegger

8()vo%-tq,, with

must

regard

production.

Aristotle [Ph. 11.3, place, 1) first The

gives

two

substantially In four For each the order causes, there case for

equivalent any which to of be

accounts or

of change

causality to take

Met. A. 1-21. there material must be cause in

movement are as

follows statue, or 2) change

[194b24ffl. there there must is cause

a bronze

be

bronze; that

movement or and change. the

something This of The

undergoes must to or acquire

movement form a new

The formal or

something what it is

image 3) The

determination cause this the is end

become change

is must

the be 4) which

formal initiated The the final

cause. by cause

efficient and

movement the

something In or

termed or is

efficient for the the final

cause. sake of

addition, is

purpose called

movement

change

undertaken

cause.

170

If

we recall oikrlu it

Heidegger's and is of allude in the the others

account receive not causes Each of

of their to -a cause

the

way

terms from

such the

as ciSoc experience

Arl, of

gopq),

meaning see fact as the to

production, the doctrine

impossible four 1p. 591. process as a

same experience which we have above though a process.

informing already see to were does one of well it do

Bernasconi a moment

defined as such

corresponds they too

production, of

derived not mean

precisely that or they even with this

formalisation occur

15 This with face very

cannot articulate

simultaneously, that contrary, extent of efficient will the thus of to all are on they

coincide the may

another, unconnected so. of

actions On the the

production. only

However, production the

underlines our

which forms

the of

experience activity. to to the

dominates modern theory of of

understanding of causes unless

Restoring Aristotelian the itself influence

conception the four -

causality do little four

offset is

production scrutiny.

theory

the

causes

placed

under

Leaving only be

aside

the

issue defined

of

production on the basis were

for Of

moment, the four secure. the of

Sbvujiic. causes Yet if

could the is (at 16

adequately of each not is as surely with of of of the

meaning manifestly least) Rather,

the case,

four since

causes the in

itself of

this cause itself.

meaning the

material Sbvx;Ltq

implicated the the individual four

account in the develop

terms causes This will

definiens, in

Heidegger's tandem is with of the the of an

interpretation interpretation utmost production importance as

Sbv(xgiq. for

hermeneutic response Indeed,

flexibility to the the

Heidegger's described it.

problem of such

we have

necessity

171

approach in their causes, fundamental case, difficulty. region applied of but

arises and

directly kV9pysi(x were it is wholly the

from above

the all

fact as

that

Heidegger

is of of

interested being. the the not If four other the in what it be of

Sf)vofpiq,

significations by the feature not is if theory

meaning then

determined that of being. four should

latter

alongside only itself so, is this

significations the Are being

OUt5ide

Yet

theory there does that

of just each region:

the four cause

causes and, and to

shrouded why? From can

causes arise
is

what the

extent material

e. g.

space

cause

geometrical
ontological entails established

figures?
significance keeping doctrine. it

17

Heidegger
to the as a

is
theory

anxious
of the

to

restore
four

a genuinely
but it as this an

causes,

alive

problem,

not

regarding

Heidegger's undertakes causes. 'The 18 to A

strategy, recover reading of

then, a more this

is

twofold. and is

In nuanced in (1955)

the

longer of

term, the such

he four as and much

complex kind

reading later and in

given

essays 'Science outline der

Question

Concerning (1954), although 1926 find of With to

Technology' the strategy Die

Reflection' earlier: Philosophie ontological movement that not in

was present Grundbegriffe of as present of clears from of the they

Heidegger's we already

lectures a beings

entiken as an in say does for by ivtPIE'a an the

description insofar to a the

causality are or can

determination EGA22 13-151. aims from

be

regard

enquiry, 8-6v%Lir. the

we can that way

Heidegger proceed of of

elaborate In is This, not and so

conception doing, he

causality. that

account influence

movement production.

dominated the senses

first and

3bvo(gi(;

172

that

emerge

from

such

a reading, of now it is

will ITP&tiq trace

lead as a

us

back

to

the

problem of Dasein's of course.

of

Heidegger's transcendence. remainder of

radicalization We shall

determination

Heidegger's in his 1931

reading lecture

the

Met. E). 1 as

presented

Following beginning
potentiality

the of

definition this
or

of

Sbv(xgiq Aristotle

to

which

we

referred senses
n&TXcivi:

at of

the the
that

section,
of being

identifies
upon 1Sbv(xgiq

two
Tob

power

acted

of

passively

undergoing change or

change

156vocgi,; ['ctiq

Tob

Tr(xOcZvl 11046all].

and

that

of

resisting

destruction

om(Y9clofql

Heidegger the

translates

the even

first

of

these of

as that as

Ertragsamkeit, which tolerates

conveying change a or

susceptibility, 881.19 to The all

acquiescence, is of of translated change, these of

EGA33

second forms Both

Widerstand,

denoting degradation

resistance destruction sense each it is of of

modification, senses in refer what back is

EGA33 891. an originative them consists to

to

the

primary that

source in

change to

other. of

Given

a relation that the

an active sense of doing of

power in

formation, must be But and he

tempting cob

suppose the

primary

question or

&6v(xgjc, Aristotle Heidegger continues, in a

noICTV, no

potentiality to it out to rather, undetermined this of place the

making. here fact, of

makes explicitly it

reference rules be

kind

Sbv(xgtc, In form sense of the

consideration. any single

would of

mistaken

&6v(xLtq, be of

position as

priority: still

primary

should essence

understood a16v(xg Iq.

the

Grundr-ifi

173

Nonetheless, Widerstand unintelligible resists (GA33 a

of

the

two

secondary

senses inasmuch to in

mentioned, as the

Heidegger is that

accords itself which of our , is the lying in the

certain without 91-941. hidden is a

priority, reference Moreover, causes more power, but "Das resisting Circumscribing favours of reference and the of

Ertragsamkeit character to our of

contrast actua For is not I

understanding I Wirkungen]

6,6v(xgei r, as experience manifestation behind resisting und die the

the here of

the

ef f ects if a

immediate. this is power rather

resistance hidden cause

phenomenon, thing itself: The 911. things point

encountered selbst itself experience of power thrust relation matter the in light what

directly ist is of power of and of this of das

Widerstehende thing is our

Krftige and in does the not but

Kraf't: EGA33 of its

powerful power that

power" resistance take which [Stofl another draws as

a consideration the active

a subject, counter-thrust things way, the to

recognizes und

resistance in Having of

movement,

Gegenstofll 941.

reciprocal the into

one

EGA33 the

framed resistance

Heidegger Leibnizian

phenomenon of potentia:

conception

ist Widerstand einfach nicht aber Bewegung, bloes kein 5ie nicht d. h. Gegenstreben, von ein Eigenes, IGA33 97) Ding etwas bestimmt. Resistance, movement, striving, determines

Gleichgltigkeit mitmachen, wo aus sich

gegen sondern im anderen

to imperviousness is however, simply not ' but countera 'not rather along, going no plain from something which of out ie. proper, something 20 thing. the in itself other

Enriching not also only paves

the

notion

of

resistance to the

with modern

that

of

striving of

(Streben] matter, it on

restores the way

dynamism for an

conception of human

interpretation

potentialities

174

the Such

basis

of

broader of

understanding subjectivist work subjectivist its for

of

6bvO(A1q in

the

natural of course, his this for

world. been

a displacement to Heidegger's or and is implicitly

metaphysics some while, and as the so even

had,

central engaged on

where In

analyses emphasis example, basis of and these in his

humanist

themes

tropes. Streben,

resistance

characterization working through that just Heidegger

language

Heidegger resoluteness Time. lectures

Rectoral

philosophical important after to in

[Entschlossenheit] significantly, on Aristotle,

using of

was years returned

Being

And

two

delivering the theme

of we shall the

Address, in terms Streben

strongly offered

reminiscent here. 21 As

account see, role desire. the in

of

power

resistance will continue above

concept Heidegger's

of

to I

play respect

important to

interpretation,

al

with

O'pciq,

At

this

point,

Aristotle and

introduces one that wi II

a be

further crucia If

specification or the

of purposes

Slbvcxlii ( xor-c& xi vrIcTi v, of our own reading. 22

Wiederum die bereits werden nun angefhrten Krfte genannt und als solche verstanden entweder nur in Bezug auf das, einfach wozu sie Krfte sind, zum Tun bzw. Leiden, Wei5e, oder aber in Bezug auf das in der rechte so da im Verstehen dieser Bedeutung auch von S6v(Ygic in der Weise darin die Bedeutungen gewisser mitverstanden sind [1046al6-19, GA33 991 vorgenannten. (56v%Lsiq) be powers and called come that to in of understood relation simply as such either in they or else which or undergoing, are powers, acting that ' the 'in to so way, right relation or undergoing acting the in understanding Sibvc(giq this named previously of sense understood. senses sense also are in a certain foregoing to Again, the

In well;

this to

way, remark

to

query of

'can

she

run? ' 'he can't

is

to play

ask

whether

she

can

run

a cricketer

short-pitched

bowling'

175

is

not

to

doubt play

that good 'cob

he

can

offer Moreover, and ictiq to easily to

stroke, the same

but

that is that

he

can found green but the

consistently in or to cases of

strokes. 7r(AcTv is burn is not

pattern to will to say

8bvO(jII(; does it not does

Omoresi(xq; that well; that weather. to the goes introduced it it

damp wood say that is but

burn not

not

deny and boast bad

combust, say that up

outhouse weather, potentiality that relation

weatherproof that or power its terms of it

can The

stand notion of

to of

can implicitly

resist refers

manner on to

existence this

represents in

accomplishment. the concept of

Heidegger Str-eben

express

above.

Auch und gerade im Begriff der 5-6v(xj. liegt Liq xocc& xivrjaiv demnach Verfassungm&fliger Bezug ist ein auf -ciLXoq: damit dergleichen ))Zie1strebigkeit(( nicht wie gemeint, sondern: Zuordnung innere Abschlu, 6, Fertigkeit. von etwas auf Ende, In der S1bv(xgiq, liegt daher das Moment des Unterwegs-zu, des Ende Strebens, ein und ausgerichteten ausgerichtet auf Fertigwerden. EGA33 1001 the concept of Sbvoegiq xotT& x1vqcTiv precisely, in this to the no x9Xoq: relation comprises a constitutive inner ' but 'purposefulness, assignment an rather way means a to an end, (orientation? ) of a off, a rounding something the lies Slbv(xgtq there In moment of on-the-wayreadiness. towards to, the an end and a oriented striving, oriented becoming ready. 23 Even, indeed

At and out Yet

first the any in its

glance, telos idea

Heidegger's seem of to flirt as the to and at train

remarks with a

on

the

relation

between Initially,

dunamis he rules 24 towards striving

contradiction. 'purposefulness'

S-6v(xgiq he offers goes Streben] balking on

[ZielstrebiEkeit]. orientation an oriented

place and

image

of

a settled as

a given

end

describe as being idea its

5-6vcqLiq underway that destination,

lausgerichteten an end. Whilst arrive like

towards might

Eunterwegs-zul at left a certain wondering

the at

Sbv(xgi(;

Point

we are

176

how

to

distinguish

Sf-mxg-tc, The answer of

not

as

an stems

"ausSerichteten from
is

Streben" fact that but the

from

"Zielstrebigkeit"? marking
existence.

the not

vEXoc, of
is

the
25

accomplishment
glbv(xj. Lir, does

815V(yRlq

a work

a manner
but

strive

towards

accomplishment,

accomplished subject this of clearly

as

a manner it

Of is

striving, already any 'at,

and

as

a manner end of in

rather

than Whilst something

striving, speaks
it

the

question. as
of

against
still

reification
to spell out

S'6v%Lir,
the meaning

present-at-hand,

remains

Streben

here

and

accordingly will begin

of to

the address but

description these a fuller

of questions answer

Sbv(xgiq, in will

as the

'underway. remainder gradually of

'

Heidegger his over

commentary the course

on Met. E). I, of his

emerge

commentary

Aristotle
concerning
Tt&crx CIv

opens
the

the
possible

next

passage
connection

with

the

following
Sbvagiq

guarded
Tou TEoiciv

remark
xO(I

between

Offensichtlich, und zum Erleiden eine einzige sodann so, beides sie 11046a19-22,

Tun Kraft folgendes: Eine zum wird nun also Hinsicht) (in das einmal ist so, da einer ist ist,... beides dieselbe) (als sie ein und ist (da je beiden da die eine andere von eine ist)in je anderen einem andere eine als GA33 1031

that is to to at Clearly, then, such undergo act and a power (one (in and the both time singular one respect) are same in is two the that then each case the same) of one and ... in both (they another). other as other are

On first of the

inspection, earlier are unity point

this that

may the

seem power

little of this

more being

than acted

a recapitulation upon and the the that issue question of Of

acting their

complementary. beyond any

However, sense of

passage

pushes raising

complementarity,

177

of

the

'primary the sense reflects

sense' in

to which their

which the

all power

other of as on is

senses acting is

refer. one

According with aspects arises to the as as from that of

to of a the

Ross,

undergoing single fact"

occurrence Their unity, but one

"complementary this reading, extended and is

[AMC 2411. they what introduced to

from

phenomenon themselves: ambiguity of

is

articulate, is in by the
unity

not

powers two. The

fact

appears, is

named,

Aristotle fact
of

thereby matter;
coi5

portrayed the
nojeTv

a failure of S1bv<xjiiq,
and

language
isolated

grasp
the

of

the

meaning
)cO(j

(3-bvcxjjLi(;

I ircko-Xciv

cemented the and other

as

twofold the concerns be just EGA33 said

in

the

wake lies sense the if

of

the in in

division. the essence the two one, single

and

For of active

Heidegger, Sbv(xgtq and itself

on

hand,

ambiguity the to be And

directly may or

which Are are case they just for

passive kinds of be

powers Simxgiq

same. they the

cot)

distinct how is

one? 1041.

it

to

understood?
Heidegger

Arguing
Sluvagic,

essential
816valitc, -Tob

sense,
ITOIE: Tv

describes

how

-n6fcrxE:iv

are

inseparable level,

from but in

one each

another, instance.

not

just

in

general

or

at

an

abstract

Zv eine auf noiE: ('xpX roZ sich in ist Kraft der Wesen Das o(pX tot n(xcyXcZv und umgekehrt. in dieses, Bezug in her Wesen dem auf und aus eigenen sich, Krfte in Weise zwei einer ursprnglichen EGA33 1051 auseinandergegangenKraft ist in der Bezug der to &pX an the the relation noicTv Power is in itself Tob of in is The I power of essence versa. vice and OtpX' rl Tob n(xcrXeTv this to in relation itself, from and own essence out of its two into powers. in divided manner original an essence,

By

casting

the

primary it from

sense each

of factual

s-6voqiiq.

as

the of

essential SibwxLiq,

sense

and

distinguishing

instance

Heidegger

178

reveals be

the

putatively important whilst it

'useless'

analysis to

of the

S6v(xgjq ontological of

x<xT& xivgcrlv question Jni c

TExtov,

to of
it

a genuinely 26 For that the

introduction is not yet

dunamis. seems towards properly genitive confirms

a matter has that of

Slbv(xgl(; a

Heidegger's xa-r&

interpretation perspective

taken he

decisive with sure,

step a the even under of

xivnaccoq

associated To be

ontological phrase tha titiS However, this does

determination not appear stil the I in this

S-6vo(giq. discussion XO(T& xivqcrlv pursues scope of the

and Heidegger that the of the xcxT& is question

Slbv(xl-L'(; way

consideration. S-3voqi,Lq itself. modified before declare to true which have from

Heidegger the

perspective the an to original in next

alters

perspective xivncTiv is that will

I ndeed, to moving the such on true

determination the course of of the.

extent the

present

analyses Heidegger

phase of the first doubt

reading,

significance evident leaves here is for

expression time. that His the

Sbv(xgi(; description sense of 27

x(YT& xivqcFtv of this at

become

the little

significance he arrives

Si6v(xgiq,

properly

speaking

ontological.

Nonetheless, into any that two way first them is is quick

when powers, separable there belongs to

Heidegger he as is does a one to not prior

describes wish form. then to

the

essence that not

of

power the

as

divided is writes, in

suggest It is other. what not

essence he

the Rather,

case, the

and the

the of does

ambiguity IGA33 1061. of

between As he

essence this two the

we call mean

power that the

underline, of lies the in

essence

power The

a composite of power

manifest relation

and

pre5ent-at-hand these two:

powers.

essence

between

das

Kraftsein

ist

beides

als

eines.

IGA33

1051

179

being-power

is

both

as

one.

It
,cob

is

here,

at
and

this

point
Tob

of

identity
at

and
the

difference
original

between
cleft

Suvocgir,

TEoiE: Tv

S-6v(xgi(;

7t&crXcjv,

[Grundrip]

between

them,

that

Heidegger

lodges

the

ontological

sense

of

SbvoqLiq.

In
the

defending
phrase ev

his

reading,
the

Heidegger
definition

insists
of

on

certain

reading
For

of
Ross,

('x'XX4) in

Sbv(xgiq

11046aill.

the of

distinction change in only

between itself and not to tha t qua

'&pX other'

of

change depends [AMC

in

another on ev For

thing'

and

'&pX to

('x'XX(. p pertaining Heidegger, of however,

gs, uxpoX referring as (xpXrl,

II

to

('XpX

2411. the

&Xlq) Ev wi th of

gcvxpoX which coZ

favour5 initiates iroicTv. but or of of it

identification change, name I y, does undue such

Sbvotgic, ontic reading to door efficient a reading

senses

the a

determination lack active the a strong powers reductive That

6i)v(xgiq basis,

Not also

only gives

textual of the

emphasis the of

the to

subject

agent, 5-6vocgir, Ross's

tacitly in the

opening light

interpretation a commentator
elevates

causality.
that implicitly

distinction
above

defends
the other

Sibvugic.

T-oiS noisTv

and whose force

which

identifies he this

the

arche

with surely

the deplore

agent -

of is -

change testimony

-a to

move the hand, where

repercussions with which

would perspective the

imposes allows present, in passive or the

itself Heidegger it

On the to say

other that

associating there the the are case &pX

-v o'(XXcp with two that lies ontic the neither between

&pX

potentialities dxpX resides in the

is

not

unequivocally speaking but in the

agent: nor the

ontologically active in their side

difference

them,

rather,

fundamental

180

differentiation. in his commentary

It on

is the

precisely final

this Passage

dynamic of

nexus

that

he

explores

Met. e. j.

Aristotle what may

raises be called

the

issue incapacity

of

the or

contrary impotence the

to

Sbvcxgtq and, in

in the to a

the wake

sense of

of the

previous

considerations, begins as

carries follows.

investigation

new

level.

The passage

Unkraft (Unkrftigkeit) das und demzufolge auch ist das der unkrftig Sinne als iYi)voeyz(; im besagten Gegenberliegende Entzug lcyTepqcrigl; daher ist jede ein Kraft, Unkraft d. h. Unkraft je in wenn sie zur wird, als Bezug dasselbe Gemheit desselben (bezglich auf und in die Kraft Kraft ist, ist jegliche Kraft worauf eine Unkraft). [1046a28f, GA33 1081 Und die (impotence) And un-power 'im-potent' and accordingly also is, 5bv(xgiq in the sense as that which against stands over hence, in intended, IcTTiLpqaiq1; each power, a privation in in is becoming i. each case e. un-power, a-power, as (with the thing to regard same with relation and conformity is unthat is to the power every power a power, which power).

The

key

to

the

passage

is

the

concept

aTtpqui(,

translated

by

Heidegger In general,

as

Entzug

and

usually signif course Book the V ies

rendered the take

in

English of forms,

as

privation. without Aristotle

28

q <: rc 1' p TI<3-1 This here may and of in In

condition several

being which

something. lists are both ontic

[1046a32f, of the

1022b22ffl. sentence detects at the level

However, preceding a move of to

these these repeat essence

examples. (that of itself. active

context above), passive

illustrations the of is relation Sbv(xgic, required.

quoted and

Heidegger powers

the of

Thus

a correspondingly

essential

sense

aTtpnai(;

181

Insofar resistance, describes what

as it this

the

6 6vofgIq said power but

101'3 to

TEOICTV

does of

not

meet

insuperable Heidegger not simply

may be as to the it

have

a domain sway over Isich

efficacity. governing selbst the power

holding also

or

submits such

itself

beherrscheyfl. gives way to

However, its

governance

can

fail,

whereupon

privation.

Accordingly, related power, case of as to

when un-power, finite, is

Aristotle Heidegger bound from

writes

that

power him to seen its to

is

intrinsically that every In powers the are As

understands the first

mean

own reversal. that active

specific related the this

powers, to of the to not

we have the dunamis,

already of

essentially regards For in

power the of

resistance is still

Ipp. 173-1751. more is not intimate. that of limit,

essence case,

relation to its

relation its

power or the

un-power externally

an

original that another. is,

plenitude it does

exhaustion in

imposed from one

consist

transition

phase

to

Der

demnach ein ist Wandel der Kraft zur Unkraft steretische Ruhe, der Bewegung weil nur, nicht anderer zur als etwa von berhaupt Kraft dem Sachgehalt nach verschieden und Bewegung dem Besitzcharakter Kraft der der eigene sind, sondern weil 1131 [GA33 ist. Verlust Entzug innerlicher verhaftet und to

thus is nothing un-power power of steretic change the because to that cases only not rest, of movement is the because but power different, of case are ... loss and its intrinsically bound to of own possession The like privation.

The its

essence own

of

5,6v(xgi(; (as . 29

is indeed

not

'pure' the notion

Sibv(xgic, cr-undri, of

but

rather

comprises active the and sense

negation senses)

befits the

6 between throws

passive

Moreover,

(TTf-P9cylq

182

of

mastery

associated the its positivity overturning is

with of or

power

into is

relief

as

function in terms

of of The -

possession: possession, essence the of

Slbv%Llc, surpassing a play

characterized in terms of

privation. and the privation time of

Sbvo(giq leitmotiv value

therefore of

of

possession For

emergent its O'W

Heidegger5 furthering

reading. our

being, Sbv(xgiq

however, as the

lies

in

interpretation

gcTo(POXq-

Heidegger in of the itself what

described a setting

arche-Sein out discovered 8 .6v0% Iq for

as what

"in is

sich other" the

ein

Ausgehen 1011.

zum anderen: In the light of of

IGA33 differential

we have of
and

concerning and
let

character in terms
following

essence

its
us

characterization
compare this with

possession

privation,

the

passage

on

the

meaning

of

LcvxpoX:

Leitbedeutung vollverstandenen gs-r(xol meint Umsetzen, auch nicht aber nicht aktiv mehr nur einseitig beider Wechselbezug den das Ertragen dazu, passive sondern da fllt [ 1 zwischendurch, wenig so als solchen. sie ... 56vapzg; der bezdge die Aufweisung xui T-ob TloicTv gerade My 115 EGA33 bringt. den Blick in n&aXciv sie W'q gl(x daher in der das emphasis]

significance, properly turn-around longer thus an active means merely gsT(xpoX no the but of exchange the relation endurance, or corresponding between, it does So little I [... between occur them as such. Sbv(xgiq x(yi the Tob noicTv into that it brings relation view n&CYXCIV 6q gl(x.

Understood

in

its

fundamental

183
0

MvcofpoX, potentiality differential potentiality; senses of but itself such

respect,

then, in

has its

nothing actual

to form,

do but the

with is

the rather

realization the and

of

an

ontic of the of the &pX

phenomenon passive

relation a as not relation their the

between that difference. initial

active the

senses unity of

displays

essential

as much is a

Accordingly, impetus for

S1bv(x4Iq, a determinate

as the transition,

Lc-capoX, rather in a

'setting-out' of possession

(Ausgehen] and like

R3v(xAiq

that

constantly Only on the

surpasses basis In of this

a play play
the

privation.

can
nexus

anything
of

movement
and

actually
is

occur.
the

oTspq(yjq

fundamental

structure metabole. 30

underlying

the

phenomon

of

movement

understood

as

Looking (essential) little

into

back

at sense

the as what

initial the xc <'pX

definition AcvxPoXr. meant

may not but

of

St)v(xgt(;

in "XXO, Oc that
the

its it the

primary is now a

"XX4) 'w 0( by
itself that the it

clearer
Slbv(xgi(;

Heidegger
xivrIcTiv x(xT&

the

claim
engage is

enquiry

x(xE& Sbv(xgiq

ontological nonetheless. question is

question For as

of

x1v9cYswq,

useful

Heidegger's for

commentary the most part In

shows, implicitly, this

ontological even the in two these

present, preliminary

albeit

so-called of the

considerations.

respect,

phases

enquiry

are,

as we suggested

Ep. 1671,

concomitant.

In thing

his

reading above all. of

of

this He 8-3v%Liq

first ha 5 that,

chapter, elicited whilst

Heidegger from intimately

has

achieved text up with

one an the

Aristotle's bound

interpretation

184

concept conception powers terms between of this

of

Sbv(xglq of

Tob

TroieTv, and

does does not its as

not

proceed

from

an to

established the active is scission in

production subject.

concede

priority

of of

the

Indeed, understood

predominant the of point of

formulation original

ge'uxPoX, the active

and

passive

senses will, sense

potentiality. in of his SbvofAiq reading

On the of to

basis Book ()

interpretation, 2, seek to

Heidegger distinguish the

Chapter being.

specific

human

III

In

the

opening to

passage with invoking of the

of

Met. 19.2 from theme

Aristotle those of

distinguishes belonging possession At is the to beings

powers with

belonging no soul, at that

beings

a soul the previous in

thereby the the end

and outset, ways

privation Heidegger of being

raised notes

chapter. here of the

distinction adding that will

question

between being of

[Seinsweisen], of being, such the by rational

by virtue bear on

Sbv(xgiq essence with powers

a signification itself. soul accompanied that are human X61oc,; essence Yet, not is a of as In is

ways

sbv(xA, q and that those without are

addition, crossed by a

distinction namely,

between that

beings between

another, formula ocX6yoq1, not is simply

1S1bvcx9'q whereupon as having c'Xov. thus

X6'YO'ul LC'cd( the soul, As condition but

and of

1SDv(xgeiq determined human human being being,

being of of of having the being. hereby

rather

a ((pov the verb the

X6-yov 'cXciv notion

designation a a way itself

signifies possession

Heidegger

remarks,

of

becomes

185

questionable, soul it is in in the

since same

one way true as

presumably one that from

does

not

possess

either

X6Voq or Indeed, cannot true One, to itself in if

possesses the its

consumer of it is

durables. possession especially In our which The Chapter relation X6-yo(; verb

general in

character object, of

be when we all is the

the

understood it is logos on is

isolation that is the

object

possession. that because in

remarked things possessed

expression

Nicolaci's by

observation X6-yoc,, determined

'P-Xov does

determined is similarly
r-cpov X6-yov

the

manner Ipp-63-641.

'cXciv
between

not

denote

relation

subject
specific

Z: 4)ov
to

and
human

the
being

object
by

X6Voq,
virtue

so much
of its

as

a manner

of
by

existence
X6yoc,. As

determination

such,

having

X6yoq being is it

amounts related is dictated

to to

a way of X6yor, to

having is

things.

The question into of

of the that

how human question relation of is

thereby for

translated the nature

how itself

related

things,

by X6-yoc,.

Before distinction parts

proceeding Aristotle of the is

with makes rational described has is a

the

cormnentary, between soul as the

Heidegger scientific and

recalls calculative The such

the

ENE. VI. 2: 1139al2l. knowing something of self. in

former that the

1n, Lcr, crjgovtx6v1 one latter with both general [die an are at the same

a way

time

an

understanding

By contrast, or 31 con5ideration In addition,

1Xo-Viac-Lx6v1 implicit described gathering Sammlung to des

circumspective to choice and

reckoning decision. to of GA33 form logos that

reference by Heidegger together unter

as belonging setting forth

understood which is

as a related is nOt be

and sich or

Bezogenen: propositional

1211. and can

This

restricted

apophantic

equally

186

questioning, general understood Dasein's title is

requesting, of

wishing 'announcements' IGA33 things

etc., or 1221 in i ten: affirmation frames

all

of

which

fall '

under X6Voq for

the thus both

'indications. provides world its and own of the the with

))Kundschaft(( with

and the

basis "seine

acquaintance und EGA33 both vEXvrj

eignen and

M, 5g Ii chke i ten necessities" ground fol low. of

No t wen digke 1281. and This

possibilities X6,Vo4; as the that

common is to

qp6vqcyiq,

discussion

Moreover, continues:

it

does

so

in

very

important

fashion.

For

Met. e. 2

Daher sind Sichverstehens etwas Krfte solches, ist auf

Thus all

Fertigkeiten [TeXvoil Weisen des und Herstellung [noigTix(xi auf von (in Vermgen): denn sie sind unserem Sinne also dieses von wo aus als in einem anderen ausgerichtet 11046b2-4: GA33 1301 ein Umsetzenknnen. alle
and ways of understanding production of something for they potentialities: are such are directed in is as other and are what change-around. 1TtXv(xt1 to the

preparednesses oneself with regard [7roiqTixofi CnicyTg(xil their as have source towards to a capacity

This
deals

passage
exclusively

sets

the
with

tone

for

the
in

rest
terms

of
of

the

chapter

inasmuch
One is

as
thereby

it

Sibv%Liq

cni(YTgq.

encouraged as
if

to

regard

the

sense of

of

Sbvcxgiq, Yet,
are

associated as

with

human reminds
'x6you,

being us,
one

intrinsically
al I -ctxvrl and

a matter
noiijcix(xi

noincr1q.
Trjcy*Tjmi

Heidegger
, 4cE&

Sibvagelc

cannot reading conception

make is

the

contrary

inference. of albvo(glq

What gci& and Accordingly,

emerges 16yo, which

from that is

Heidegger's based both wi II on a the

an understanding of X6yoq and the as

Kundschaft

underlies Heidegger

nicmrjLovix6v

Xo-Vicrcix6v.

be able

187

to that

follow is

Aristotle linked X6-yoq to has 146-1473.

in

elaborating

conception and at the in

of

Sbv(xglq end of most same it

gc'u& still

X6-Vou ask

noirjcix thereby If

C"Jt1cr'Cj1rj, been not,

whether sense

determined then of course

its the

fundamental will also be

EGA33

true how

of this

SibvocL'L(; Lcc& X6-you. fundamental determination

For

our

purposes, of in 56vocgiq terms of

we

shall pertains

have

to to

see the

conception of Dasein

ontological

np&Iq.

Aristotle potentialities contrary issue that That

of

begins related ends, in one is why

the to

paragraph X6-yo(; may

in be

question directed no

by towards relation can kill

noting one to or of

that two can but so?

whereas end wet should

to

potentialities Accordingly, only make you

with medicine wetter. of

X6yoq cure, be

alone. can the

which is,

Why should 'explain'

suggests

this the
that

involvement
ends?

X6-yo(;

relation
it is

potentiality

contrary

Aristotle

because and its

the

X6-yoq

discloses For his the that to it

at

once

that

with

which addresses of of is its

one

is the

concerned issue by

privation. the of the role

part, slSoq is held

Heidegger in in the the

elaborating the ziSoq as such but rather image

of

process

production. production,

32 As the

'epyov the end

advance activity a pure

announces

which is not

directed. object of

However, intuition,

an announcement, an interpretive

merely

synthesi5.

Ausgelesenes, ein so zusammengelesenes ein bedas ), ist das or, Und rg: 16yor,. ist EiSor, es Vollendete, das Vollkommene, das Ende, reir-lov endende immer Wesen ist nach Erlesene, Auserlesene; seinem rgloc , 1421 EGA33 X6yoq. ausgelesen: this a in one, as way interpreted, is what is read The ciSoq the is ending the TtXoq And X6Voq. it is Xcy6Lcvov, ciSoq Das ciSog Isy6Acvov, ist

188

end, out;

Xciov the -c: in its essence,

completed, the TXoq

accomplished, picked, is always interpreted:

picked X6Voq.

The

question

of and

why negation the

X6Voq is and

should hereby what must a sufficient its is

compri5e elaborated to be be

the in produced.

P055ibility terms of

of the the the in with

affirmation relation source introduction itself, production. and

between of this of

agent

However, beyond principle links

possibility X6, joc. all as

traced explanatory

back

above

beyond

more

conspicuous

The
success

elSor,

in

each

case

conveys

an

'as'

which

discriminates

between

and

failure
in as

in

the

accomplishment
of X6Voq such rests and on belong as

of

the

end.
for

In

turn,
is

this
thus

may be given of ISZ is

understood given

terms such and

a Kundgabe, otherwise. specificity to the

what

not the

The of

possibility this 'as'

discrimination 331. But why

therefore should this

'as'

X6Noq?

Kundschaft Kundschaft und gehrt zur ist Erkunden Erkunden aber antwortet. einem ursprunglich Weges unter des Wahl je Weg-einschlagen, einen notwendig bernehmen ist eines des Aufgabe zugleich und anderen, 1451 IGA33 des Standortes anderen. undAufgabe Weil die Kundgabe Kundschaft to kundschaft and Kundgabe Because the is however, Erkunden, Erkunden. to an responds originally in choice a case each breaking-open way; of a a necessarily the similarly and the others, of surrender and of one way the others. of surrender and of one standpoint assumption belongs feature disclosure of the that seeing

X6,yo(;, sou I precedes its

as that

Kundschaft, Heidegger re-presentation in

"responds" calls and advance.

to

a more a

original form the that of

of

Erkunden, which A forgoes critical,

reassurance is,

destination

discriminatory,

189

relation in terms

to of in than
This

the

world

is and of

established the relation orientation is,

that which

ahead of of terms
the

of

its to

subsequent contrary towards of

ordering ends one the is

ideas terms another,

does of

X6-yoq the of the

is

presented rather
itself. the

the that

soul

thing soul

in

movement
in any way

not

mean to be X6-you of of OpEtl(;

X6yo(; Heidegger refracted modification

secondary: does any not more

notion the &6v(Xglq

Erkunden to

appeals through of relation a

here it,

precede than

X6-yoq, gcT& The

subsequently is such a

pre-rational goes back to or

potentiality. Aristotle's pursuit. responsive Heidegger of It O'pctiq is of

idea

a discriminatory as itself the to term a in each

description Moreover, to X6yoq

opetir, is

case

either as

flight essentially to

described sense of

1p. 981, here in as may which just

whereupon be said each such

Er-kunden

which

appeals and

comprise is

a reciprocal

relation

X6-yor,

effectively of

equiprimordial. desiderative and

course

conjunction

rational &pX thought that is,

elements (ef f icient only if which the With

that cause) of

Aristotle activity if by cause a

characterizes 11 139a3l-1139b7, it is

human

being

as

the

p. 941.34

However, something, end, the to final that unity is on be

motivates it is soul this, is

activity oriented

for-the-sake-of to activity. the a specific For

relation of the to

opex, cov, activity, cause. Heidegger of votr,

the must we of In

final have return

there is the Two the

a relation to our

(xpX that in

suggestion as

Chapter of of the

conceived and in o'pciq.

transcendence fact, and for this or

a radicalization the by unity

Aristotle, is echoed

terms

manifest the

-npo(xipq(Tiq of decision

Heidegger's in the

emphasis fundamental

element

choice

inherent

190

orientation account human under soul to of being

of

the

soul. gcT& of

Naturally, X6you bears

this directly and the

is on

no the

accident,

for

the of

S1bv(x9tq in terms

determination of the

T1poO(!P9cTiq itself movement into focus

remainder on the II eXci

passage of In the

discussion as carry possessed forward we must an ('XpX.

11046bl5-241 of the our continue of

hinges

description <xpXvl. to that the the soul

[xivq'crcwq the on the

order of

enquiry to

relation way

end

activity, such

'has'

With related,

regard

to

the

contrary

ends

to

which

Suv(xgi(;

Lz-cd( X6-yo-o is

Aristotle

writes:

[16yo(; Kunde ] geht immer auf beides, eine Weise, (ihrer Seinsart gleicher und sie gehrt Seele, die (als Von-wo-aus selbst solche) ein in sich 11046b20-21, GA33 1491 vor-hlt. Denn Then a Kunde EX6yo(; ] always relates (in same way, and accordance with belongs in itself a soul, which itself a source of movement.

in aber nicht in eine nach) fr Bewegung

to both, but not in the its being) it way of (as holds before such)

The the

soul manner

grasps of) "

the

&pX

of

movement, in such a a

of way

its

own movement, that further, it holds in

via the of

(in &px the

X6-yor., This is

and

"before &pX as

itself.

clarified

little

terms

an o'pexT6v.

Seele die wesenhaft als o'(pX, sofern 6pxz6v 9: 432b7) III. (DA. ein auf O'pct-Lc strebende, als 'EXov) 'cXE: 16yov Ccf, also meint Das Haben, bezogen ist. iv Eigenschaft, irgendwelche haben als an sich nicht einfach: Sich-dazu-verhaltens. des Weise der in haben sondern etwas Die Seele hat diese IGA33 1511 has this &pX insofar as the (DA. 111.9: 432b7) X6-yov 'c'xov) (cf. as essentially soul to is an related therefore means not The soul desiring, opexT6v.

ciq, O-p as Having, Xciv E':

191

having simply as something

as some property, a comporting-oneself-towards

in

itself

but it.

rather

having

Possession that can not one's of this at

of desire:

the

&pX to

consists and not

in to

the

relation are one does

towards equivalent not

it,

which here. Is

is How

'have' one

'desire' what

be so? bottom desire

Does

desire And,

have? of of to

desire is is

a not-having? for 'there' it in In

course

on gaining The But on

1-3, in

possession object is this Theatetus

Winter

a thing, desire be expressed (offered

not some his

on

satiated? sense. lectures

Met-e.

unmistakably in terms of
after

how the

having?
the

the

semester

the

of

1931-1932),

Heidegger to mean an a

notes having it

that at is the of is

to

possess

something IGA34

is

customarily However, forgetfulness

understood he writes, Of such the it the

one's often subject. slavery held in

disposal

2121. by a

such self,

experience loss to of

accompanied Contrary in which to the by

appearances, self that forsakes which is of

having capacity

amounts of

a form and Such By self our

choice

thrall however

ostensibly inauthentic is said to an How at

commands. 35 EGA34 involve expression is such 2131. the

possession, contrast, 'coming an to

complete, sense Ezu us In sich to

duly having

authentic itself' forbid

selbst take at

kommen] face one to value. arrive

present to

interests be

a movement These were

understood? the

what

sense that of

does

oneself? in to Our Chapter np&tir point

precisely he described

questions the sense at the or

we posed self-relation

Nicolaci specific Ep. 641.

One when as at

a raggiungersi the time was

[arriving that

reaching

oneself] of end,

usual to

understanding an external

such that is,

movement

implicitly

involves

a relation

192

form

of

relation inappropriate 'authentic such that

determined to having' that may it the to

by

the

experience of

of

production Could offer

and the an

inherently sense of

understanding which Heidegger to

np&tlc .. here

refers the

alternative, to oneself'

may give the start, work? be

a sense

expression relation from to the

'coming that, relation the to and to is as not to the the the as ask coas

illuminate the the may

for-the-sake-of must be distinct if then must is clearly having be we are an

have we between way sense opposition matter. clear whether

consitutive

maintained the a agent relation

from and

Certainly,

indicate

such of

conceived, above desire

alternative discovered,

possession between Moreover,

outlined having the and

not and goes having,

EGA34

irrelevant desire so far

opposition seem. Indeed, merely

of

between

cut

as

it

may

Heidegger a manner of

desire
of

may be not
the essence

but
2141.

actually

authentic

having

In

Heidegger's

view, forms. In

desire, its

like inauthentic that

having,

has form,

both it

authentic consumes

and itself brings But not

inauthentic "chasing about every (Hin-zu] itself the desire after

Inachlaufen]"

which of

is the

desired desiring That

and

thereby 36 is is

destruction loses

[Zerst6rung] itself does not in its

self. desire it

object.

#over-to' 'away from'

something

necessarily EGA34 2151.

mean

that

[Weg-von-sich-selbstl

im das denken, Streben (zunachst) lt Vielmehr ein sich Bestrebte ein dieses als Bestrebte das Hin-zu gerade auf diesem in hlt, um zu dabei fest-und selbst sich auf solches finden, und zu Bestrebten selbst des sich Auf-sich-zu-halten Ding ein und Punkt ein und ein als nicht selbst zwar sich Seele, der Wesens des Sinne im Subjekt, selbst sich sondern zu selbst sich ist, also Verhltnis und Wesenhaft die -

193

finden IGA34

gerade 2151

als

dieses

Strebensverhltnis

zum Bestrebten.

Rather, (provisionally) one can conceive of a striving that holds that is striven for which fast as such in the over-to [Hin-zu] holds and thereby it by itself: close and in this holding-close-by-itself that of is striven which for finds itself and does so not as a point or a thing or a subject, but rather in the sense of the essence of the soul, is which substantially thus relation, finds itself and precisely as this to that striving-relation is desired. which

In that
of

this

waY,

authentic across
to oneself'

desire a moment
that

informs ago,
was

the

notion to shed
there

of

authentic on
the

having the sense

we came
'coming

helping
associated

light
with

for-the-

sake-of neither given giving, explicate

each case

relation. consumed (in and remain this

But nor through in by part

first, remains the other

how is entirely X6yo4; )

it

that alien?

what It to

is is

held true

in that the

desire what sense chooses is

36

is is of to in

must,

preserve Heidegger what

as

EGA33 to
or

144-1451. that

referring
in this

the
that

way

is
this

disclosed
or that.

disclosed

respect,

That

which is that respect, achieve held it

is

disclosed as something.

must If is on

remain the

in finitude

part

other of each

precisely consists only that in

insofar in a the

as

it

desire case

fact

engages then the it

what is

desired of of

in

particular does not

account

such what

finitude it desires.

desire

complete

possession

But

have

we Of the too account

not

merely

described grasping of on forms its its the part

weakneS5 and

of thereby

desire, annulling

its

incapability itself of that in laying the

wholly

object end? previous of

ful

I achievement emphasis o'pci(;

We should

certainly For of

beware given Si)v<xLlc,

much of

explanation. account

a broader

194

by

which

it

is

in to

turn

informed, to be

we

might

expect in the

the

sense

of of of

finitude desire. s6v(xgjq an

attached Heidegger as the

S1bvocgt(; us its

reflected against or as is when IGA33

conception the finitude to as of fact,

warned waning of The soul

earlier powers

thinking its not the 1511. of any inability viewed process In authentic sense

overcome an entity

external which toward

limit. the the

6pex-c6v, must move,

then, as

towards draws striking precisely description imbues

the avoid speaking, movement. very

production what desire is is The itself" with

pre-sighted Heidegger's

end

about the of the

description which it that a sense

Whilst obvious is thus at be

degree desire

to

lacks which of
this

of "close seems

pursuit. by at

holding with
desire. to any which will

is St85iS
is

desired that
certainly

phenomenon
notion jumping even that task of

odds
we

true, for,

should

any

conclusions, rest to is arrive

ontologically in terms of of

determined at an

38

Our

understanding

such of

apparent movement.

stasis In this, of into concerned of at

that it

is may

itself be

fundamentally instructive to

conceived recall CSZ

in

terms

Heidegger's 950-531. as the We

characterization cannot enquiry the death the rules death whereas enter is

Dasein's account bottom the

being-towards-death of with it the here. form of

a full at

However, of

present to

movement

specific

existence will issues out drive. his

Dasein, be by thought

determination by and, of

Dasein's

being-towardssome of of course as death, as a

once

informed the that be to

perhaps, desire.

illustrate Heidegger be

raised any

discussion

being-towards-death to show seek the

understood of precisely

This intention

would is

actualization is preserved

how death

195

possibility. towards possible responsible possibility).

I upX of the

Accordingly, death, by the for In so much in end case

is

it as a

is relation

not

a to yet e. too,

case death which for the its

of that is

Dasein's is at having of the at the the

movement once same form made time of

end that the

question as of such desire,

and (i.

being

end

as the
is

movement

determined

by

the

relation

itself,

which

only is an

what held earlier it in

it

is the

by virtue very

of

the of

desire. desire: it

In desire is

this

way, has its

what end.

is

desired

movement of

To recall precisely desire simply, movement: is

description is is not ausgerichtet not move to

dunamis, auf

unterwegs-zu To to say arrive. it is is that Quite itself in that having.

because

Ep. 1761. has end yet

unterwegs-zu desire and does movement it of the

say

that its

towards does not

because only say of

itself would having, reason

move, to the not

what desire of

movement. it 39 is In or, power has less and itself

By

analogy, a mode

be more rather desire lies the least and

accurate than does in the of

subject its

this as it its do

respect, were,

have

end absolutely relation of here

conclusively, For

essential movement

to to

own reversal. with object, activity as is the in transition, or

sense of work, within all

implicit active essential that into the

that with

between the

subject

passive of Lc-mPo). And it

agent

than

differentiation is, one with another. of

and

passivity of relation

Sbvagic. and

itself,

overturning this, its

having to

not-having that

crctpTIcur,

finitude

S1bv(xVtr,

properly

consists. this by

But noting

what that

of in

the spite

specificity of the bias

of in

? np& IC Aristotle's

We began

section towards

presentation

196

noiryc-tx secured that are was we to

Cn-Lacgrj, the not draw and basis itself from the

Heidegger's for a neutral

interpretation determination by either Tloinaiq regarding to the

of of

X6VoC,

as

Kundschaft gCT& How X6VOU then

816-MAI(; or the npditiq-

governed this movement any

conclusion specific

for-the-sake-of of Dasein as

relation 7[P&t I q?

existence

In the But,

all

of

this, which

what the

is

it soul

that is Three,

is related the

supposed is the

to

be final not

'had'? end, given of

Ultimately, the 6ry(xO6v. as as with of the a

O'fpX to as

we saw

in

Chapter indeed itself

o'(-Vcxo6v is the

directly Dasein

such. whole that

Inevitably, interposes of
in

necessarily, and the

existence becomes

question This

intertwined congruence
of

the
an

oi-yo(06v
absolute

np(xxc6v,
sense

clnp&iot.
and the

same

I (x-Voc06v

(x'-y(xO6v

Trp(xxc6v,

Dasein's

relations Heidegger's To his

to

being

and concerning of

to

its the as

own

existence, of of
151,

is desire comporting
p. 1921,

evident and having. oneself

he

in

remarks description
something

concomitance a
ten:

having

manner
GA33

towards

[Sich-dazu-ver-hal

added

that
this

in

such

having
relation":

the

soul
that

"comes
is, in

to

itself,
'having'

"

and

it

does

so

"as

striving

the

6pexc6v,

holding

sway
privation

over

it,
and

the

soul

also

has

or

holds
of

itself
Sbv(xglq

over
itself

against
[GA34

the
2151.

withdrawal

characteristic

The of

relation such

to

the

o'pexT6v to

is itself,

not

only but

inseparable can recal only I

from

the in

relation such a

having-desire This becomes

a manner

be manifest that the

relation.
is r-U71p&tiot,

clear
of

when

we

6cy(xO6v npaxE6v
that Sbv(xgiq

existence.

We have

already

seen

is

essentially

articulated

in

terms

of

a manner

of

existence.

Having-

197

desiring existence is, that

the and

end this

therefore necessarily holds sway

means entails over

having-desiring that the there i5

manner

of that that

Sj)v(xgj(;, and loss

') v(xg iq 81. its

dissipation

characterize

essential

finitude.

In

this

way, in relation

we the

are

brought to of

back the the

not f inal

only end,

to but of

the also

place to

of the and

selfnature having for the to would end of of

relatedness of that that

relation in terms identified

concomitance the utmost

desire

we have of

already the

as of

significance in having. back to

question it be we have little

for-the-sake-of the dominant in the (xpX bridging bond of and of

relation. theme the to

Moreover, be that from and of here 6pet-tr, in the

returning There the

found difficulty

gap

Chapter human the have. looked not of as that what such.

Two, being as

where an

voi5q, was related further on

characteristic Aristotle verb until the to

activity itself any

traced to

ic, to

relation However, at of

to

virtue we shall

Greek

E'XE: iv,

defer

consideration where reached determining has offered, that in a

we have is

Heidegger's essence is, the but it

commentary of is existence. now

Met. (). 3, Having of

question

an understanding how it this exists will

Sf)v4xjtt(; Given

a matter

interpretation how the play of manif of

Heidegger appropriation est

mean the

establishing f ini tude of of that

characterizes manner of the

Sbvugi being

c, wi II possessed

i tse If pcT&

existence

Sbv(xglq

X6you-

198

IV

If

the

first the what not

two third

chapters engages is,

of

Met. E) were the question with two the

concerned of way its that are

with

the

essence that itself.

of is,

S1bvoqiiq, not This one with is

existence, it manifests

Sbv(xAiq to say

but the

that the of

questions the

wholly and the

separate existence in remarks in the of Since be regarded two part school

from of

another. (as

Quite indeed another and

contrary; else)

essence be

S'Uv%Li(; with

anything

must

considered our desire essence

connection on the

one

CGA33

169,2221. forms the of

Indeed, having of its and the

authentic section far as

inauthentic already carried the to the is this enquiry than with

previous so

have to

account of explicitly, out in

Sbv(ygt(;

broach itself to

question issue carried a a

existence. it the A might previous substantial the Megaric Aristotle a critical

Met. 8.3 as a

addresses supplement However, chapter the is

chapters. of the over

it

more up

conclusion. polemic as a of is against

taken of own

existence his

Sibvo(ptiq, account In

and, of

we] I known, with

frequently review the chapter of to of

prefaces competing serve the First as enquiry. of

problem this

theories. a springboard This all, xo(T& to that the is, theory the in is

view from

we might Aristotle

expect launches

which the

a new phase respects.

indeed

case, the

and of

in

two

important

establishing Aristotle in

manner carries of

existence the enquiry a

appropriate another signification however, the theme

to step of the of

Sibv%Liq nearer being, Megarics'

xivqcFiv, account of of fore

Met. E). 6 6ni

816v(xVic, as More

S1bv(xgjq the for

nV: ov. of time,

immediately, brings heralds

existence the first

Sbvo(Li(; and this

6v16p-ycioc to

Aristotle's

199

own

interpretation
since xotT6

of
Aristotle x-'Lvrlcriv of

i i: 6vc"C'(3c
does will xoti be

"'c6 not

x! vr1o`1vdraw attention here. ni the x(xcd(

This

is to

important the even fact when

to that the in have the

recognize, evtpycia determinations Met. 8.6, dealt critique into the with of he

addressed vCPYc1(X 1E: that

And are

S1bv(xgiq no

nXiEov preceding xivr1criv. the way for

introduced chapters

gives anything the

indication Sbv(x#t4; at once and

besides Megarics of

In

this

way,

supplements opens the

preceding both

enquiry phases of the must be

essence

86v(xgiq of the

Aristotle's determinations considered as

account of a whole,

CVtp-VCj<X. 40 and account

Ultimately, of

however, Sbvo(giq itself.

essence a single

existence reflected

upon

Heidegger's shall hitherto, the

commentary have out at hand.

on to only

Met. 0.3 be more

is

long selective

and

particularly in are our most

rich. reading important

We than for

therefore picking

those

themes

that

problematic

Met. 0.3 existence

begins of

with Sbvocgiq.

an outline

of

the

Megarics'

thesis

concerning

the

die Megariker, B. die gibt wie z. aber gewisse das dann Werke sei sei, sagen, nur am wenn eine Werke Krftigsein am nicht aber wenn sie zu etwas vorhanden, bauende der B. dann kein Krftigsein, nicht z. sei, sei auch der Bauens, des (Baumeister) krftig aber wohl sei nicht den das bauende, imgleichen baut; von auch gelte wenn er Gesagten dem Da das, sich krften. mit was anderen ist das ist, schwer nicht einstellt, unterzubringen nirgends GA33 1621 [1046b29-33, zu sehen. Es Leute, Kraf t that MegariC5, the say who There such as people, are certain is power is a when being-powerful for present only something is it not being-powerful when is there but that no at work,

200

the work; e. g. at capable of building, It building. is not be accomodated. cannot

(builder) who is building not is not but only the one building, when he is hard to see that what is proposed here

The
present present

question,
as in in the power. the

then,
It

is
is

whether
the Megarics'

and

how
view for

S, 6vo%Ljc ,
that

can

be
can a

actually
only be in the

Sibvocgiq it is

very

actualization terms, only suggests, from to

which it is

power, '41 to points builder As

cvi: pyci(Y; end on of the

Heidegger's

when

'at is thesis

work. quick and the

passage

quoted that it

above follow

Aristotle Megaric that be 1.

seize out who and

absurdities that

the

immediately is

commits may arts the

one

saying

only called

actually with notes for

building

legitimately (TtXVOCI thesis

builder, the

similarly Aristotle time, being down

other that

Elaborating leaves

problem, or passes on rather from laying

Megaric

no arts:

room, one

either to build

learning to

or not

forgetting being

such to build

able tools.

able to

directly

Understandably that time The the

reluctant powers that in question

accept here

such must be

view, acquired not

Aristotle

reminds period instant. builder,

us of

over in

a an the but

and to

once

acquired, in the the As

they

are

lost

power only end

build,

present throughout

acquired movement of

capacity building,

of

not the be

persists of that

survives simply

movement. the activity

such, its

its

existence

cannot

identified

with

or

accomplishment.

The

crux

of power has

the (or not does

matter

is

that

the and

Megarics possibility. not exist. amounts

do

not In

distinguish their view, what thing,

between whatever is

potentiality) yet not taken exist place and,

does which

Consequently, to the same

potential

201

cannot the in

be present of that what of to

until what is

such

time

as is the

it

actually denied,

occurs. there wi II

Moreover, be no to and

if sense

existence saying

potential has

something is not is the

power

or

potential happen cannot Sbv(Xgiq

change. the this only very and in

Accordingly, possibility continue the such

happening denied. Megarics without any Aristotle's of acquisition can of the at But do,

cannot one that

movement as realization

affirm exists

claim, of clearly

movement a view

lapsing sense in

into which

self-contradiction: potentiality of loss, the lead itself importance him to the as it

precludes

may be present. of learning of and

Conversely, forgetting, how potentiality

recognition and be

question potentiality, is but

present of more that

precisely for in which

independently We shall all, some more

realization this

a potentiality. first of

look general

closely

a moment,

remarks.

Aristotle magnify emphasizes in this the

frames

his

treatment in the

of

the

issue

in

such Yet question the

a if

way

as

to

contradiction Aristotle's

Megarics' in posing

thesis. the that Heidegger or with conception a way its work and as

Heidegger of Sbv(xgiq thesis the For the the work,

achievement also underlines element issue is as of

way, an

he

repeatedly truth.

Megaric

contains actual Megarics, the drawn presence thereby influence 'Cpyov. and

important at sense Aristotle, to be

characterizes

existence this For had of

Vor-handensein solely this in such

Anwesenheit. regard was to to too

determined however,

narrowly the

broadened to and

encompass Aristotle such particular

S1bv(yjiiq

prior the

following of of the being

realization. that insists exerted in

challenges over Greek

paradigm

an

conception

202

that doing,

it

is he

inappropriate casts movement movement a is is and in different the at the

to

the

C43ov X6-yov on present the

c'Xov.

Moreover, itself. was For absent; of of it what what

in

so the for was was be

light becoming once

movement of what

Megarics, Aristotle, absent already wrong Rather, background

the ambit

becoming present in

present one 1851. way Yet

(the

work)

becoming way Megaric with

present to suppose Aristotle's of

of

another the break

(Sbv(xglq) thesis the

IGA33 had Megarics

would entirely.

that

been is

dismissed set

against remains
on the

the within
very

broader
productive

continuity.
activity

For
whilst

his

response
focu5sing

condition act
of

for such

such

activity, For
Sbvo(giq as

namely, Heidegger,
in terms it

having then,
of

acquired Aristotle's
does proper

the

potential determination

to

in
the

a fashion.
of so its

existence thesis it in

having its possibility

not limits, IGA33

repIace that 1841.

the is,

Megaric ground

much necessary

place

within of

condition

As

we

have

seen,

Aristotle

understands

the

existence

of

S1bv(xgiq

to

consist Heidegger's

in

the terms:

way

that

it

is

possessed

by

an

individual.

In

haben, bvo(litc, die eben: zu etwas besagt: Nichthaben das vermgend-sein. nicht entsprechende Wirklichsein das in birgt Nichthaben Haben Dieses sich und das Haben Wird lbv(xgig. der Nichtwirklichsein also und gXctv das hier ist g Offenbar und Sein E'Xciv ein gefat? 1771 [GA33 Sinne bestimmtem verstanden. ganz Vermgend-sein heit

und

als in

6bv(xgiq, the having means to do something being-able simply This being-able. not means the not-having corresponding and being-actual the themselves in harbour having and not-having thereby having Is grasped 5bv(xj. being-actual Liq. of and not here in Xciv 'cXciv understood are Clearly g being? and as a wholly specific sense.

203

According
if of we recall

to

everyday
that then the the

idiom,
essence sense in

one
of

has

the

power
was and

to

do

something.
in

Yet
terms

Sj)v(ygjq 'E: : xE: tv

itself

defined are

having,

which

01 1 lirl exciv

intended

here

does

indeed the sense

become in

problematic. which one might

For be it of

one said is being: akin power. to

cannot to more one to 42 the that have

have

having, is to have as the of an In of

whereupon equally understand power, outlined acquisition accidental Heidegger's Dasein's because performed it can one

a power

obscure. 'E': Xciv is, with of

As and

Heidegger g as, to is to " SXF-1v power the not a

suggests, as in ways

appropriate does of not having

exists regard power

a manner of

essence

Accordingly, addition subject. in the manner

comparable substantially

property terms, relation 81bv(Ygir, upon be neither manifests

to Put cannot build without reiterates of too, Of 'The albeit Dasein's and in Origin it

constant modification

it to is not

is itself

a fundamental and object, to

things and its

in

the

world.

Moreover, less an itself, this origin

required yet of the one

an

acquisition of the In

act

an

object performed itself

in be the

than nor in the

a modification 'willed' difficulty

possible otherwise already

subject Aristotle, the

Xvrl -cg:

as

such.

problem
'E: c I(;; to build

surrounding
terms, than by some bind Art, ' but for the

of

starkest

acquired having a

building, measure in it

cannot Heidegger Paragraph elsewhere question

acquired of Work overt this of

TtXv9opening evident in the and

variation of the less alternation

is

in

fashion; between relation

example, authenticity

inauthenticity and will.

the

problematic

between

resoluteness

204

What

we

have as what might

touched the

upon

here

in

connection between in how in it terms fashion, the the such

with essence is? of is of

Slbvofgi(; and

could existence.

be

described How is

problematic is

relation manifest the in in relation a certain part by and But if

something present

somewhat appearance:

crude the in a

response thing-like series a series the of

essence forms

appears

articulated its

determined to

context cognitive an

appearance, of already it is

responsive ISZ

synthesis

reconstruction was

essence

52: 76-771. by of

approach of

rendered driven to

problematic new heights of

Aristotle's implausibility practical relation

animation by

substance,

Heidegger's In

ontological the insofar the what first as of

appropriation place, the the essence is

Aristotle's

philosophy. is all but collapsed

essence-existence of Dasein lies

in

its by

existence the

CSZ 42: 671:

Dasein determine There more is,

determined the manner

precisely of no its

ontological in and

structures towards the

that world. still

comportment essence. to

therefore,

substantial threatens

However, up,

a new and that their by taking language the

problematic

difference (existential) counterparts.

open

namely and [p. 91,

between ontic the of

ontological (existentiell) ontological activity, between its the

determinations As constitutive we saw of the and earlier Dasein

structures Heidegger Dasein's

from

the that

risks

giving activity

impression the movement been the

divide of of

deliberate as well

constitutive In of spite

ground

(Abgrund of

as and

Grund) existence

has at

effaced. basis between

congruence of

essence there the

Heidegger's which is of

account indeed

Dasein, all

remains more

a difference into focus

them

brought

sharply

by

the

proximity

205

the

respective Heidegger we to

determinations, insists on

both their as in

of being in its of

which

are

defined via the but of

in one

terms another.

of

having. But sure, definition loss are

understood instance

understand of

having lies in

each

same?

To be the and

the

essence of as its

Dasein

existence, a play

how does

essence over even

terms itself

appropriation an existentiell If

and

mastery Can we

translate of these such arise of they follow

into a

comportment? broader Heidegger's philosophy, above, itself is, of as that defined having. terms,

conceive such as

translation? as a consequence

in of

questions ontological

interpretation context have in as be in

Aristotle's from the

practical fact, noted is that

in

the

present cannot

one

potentiality terms of

because appropriation is of

potentiality and therefore loss,

essentially Insofar it it may is

having

potentiality as a form that

a manner 11022aff]. of the

existing,

described terms and of

movement the question

Accordingly, relation

movement will

between

essence

existence

increasingly

be phrased.

The ability, 1911.

actuality in For

of what there

Sibvagiq Heidegger to be or

consists calls

in

the

possession I being-pract must

of

skill

or IGA33 to an an and upon rest It is

EingeUbtsein this or at once over]

iced) 'come' out],

movement, execution]

EingeUbtsein AusfUhrung as Ubergehen

AusUbung event as the to for of that

[exercise Heidegger werden of how

(leading

describes [being movement an infinite led

[going-over] This touches from

UberfUhren problem movement this

EGA33 1911. Allowing of the a

begins.

transition beginnings. that the

invites that

regression rejected

such idea

reason could

Aristotle

beginning is to

movement

itself

be a movement.

43 Heidegger's

response

206

propose of

that

the Prior

transition to the

is

always of

already

underway

in

the

essence already

Sbv(xgiq. as as

occurrence a

movement, that and

potentiality Heidegger as that an

exists variously

6bV(X9IV

Exe I V,

condition

describes Ansichhalter to such as an

Gehaltenheit Rather the

(having-heldness) than being is itself

(holding-in-itself]. a condition, Ansichhalten.

something intrinsic

happens to Sbv(xgiq

SichUberfUhren

berfhrung Die dem Vermgen wird nicht als dazugeschoben, ist Aufbehaltenes sondern als Ansichalten. IGA33 1921 The leading over but new, is is not rather added held to back the

etwas in

Neues diesem

something in-itself.

potentiality as this holdingwithin

Movement Accordingly, AusfUhrung, released its

does

not the

spring term

from

an

inert

condition suggests are and not

of that so much

potentiality. AusUbung initiated and as in of his that At in in the its its

SichUberfUhren of of movement, in in

as from of

designations the essence existence. Heidegger

Sbvcxgtq Indeed,

through

a modification this reader to notion back the itself. and, inheres fact to

manner

elucidating the particular other over than itself that

SichUberfEffiren, account every same finitude, essence. over loss of power time, of over The the

explicitly of Slbv(xjiiq over it must and which invoked notion

of

refers and in

essence

'holds course, the

sway'

something hold loss the by of sway

withdrawal in is the

[cyTtpnaiq1 predominance Heidegger's

dimension place by
existence

of

appropriation to way, the the

and

takes required

reference In
to its

Spielraum
account of

SichUberfUhren.
refers back

this

the

Sbvo(piq

essence,

207

the take that

sense in

of the

movement broader and it one is

as

gccofpoX of

that the

one

finds as as relation

there.

Yet

if we

we see of to in

perspective z'vsP'VcI(x precisely has recourse then,

account arise

a whole, articulations of of its

S'6v(xgiq and that

themselves in view to of

movement movement terms of

the

6)v(xgiq essence

here of

Che

account

gcT(xpoX.

What,

Sbv(xglq

and movement?

Having does which

argued away it with leads:

that

the

Megarics' Aristotle

thesis

on

the

actualitY the

of

Sbvcxgiq to

movement,

illustrates

difficulties

das Stehende nmlich wird sowohl stehenbleiben als das Sitzende auch sitzenbleiben; nicht nmlich wird es sich aufrichten, hat; wenn denn es sich ist gesetzt es [&cii)vo, -zovl, da unvermgend Vermgen es aufstehe, was das hat. 11047a15-17, aufzustehen GA33 2111 gar nicht

Immer

one standing just will remain always standing, as one Thus, if one has sat down, one sitting will remain sitting. will to stand not get up. What does not have the potential therefore be incapable 10'(8bvo(Tov1 of standing up will up.

Thus,

As Heidegger down not two and and lie other standing

remarks, up the

between as end kinds points state

sitting of in of

and transition, the

standing

there

lie But lies

sitting these do

standing between stones. is

libergang. a stone itself a

same way is

between

For

the

sitting

'having-sat'

'having-stood-up':

das, Unomenen Ph. diesen wodurch als zu gehdrt bzw. hindurchgegangen Weise mUssen sein in sie verschiedener in ist Verm6gendsein-zu seiner Das hindurchgehen werden. des PhYnomen dieses durch Wirklichkeit mitbestimrnt eigensten libergangs. EGA33 2111 der transition they must be gone to these belongs in different ways towards. through through that which as phenomena toward5 through or as gone exist its in is Being-potential-to

Obergang

208

authentic transition.

actuality

co-determined

through

this

phenomenon

of

Both

the

end

of

the

movement

and by of on the asks?

the the

potential movement in

for

the itself.

movement

are

fundamentally encapsulates athlete, the guna his

determined interpretation poised we see, he

Heidegger that of an of not well, the is in or

Sbvo(giq starting Not

an example, line in

sprinter, do is of as ahead.

anticipation is

What who better, it the

simply be a the

a man who said station athlete's does it equally of

movement, rather Rather, towards

kneeling an old

down.

This

could before of

peasant the fact, whole adds

cross. bent

seems way

though In

frame only

Heidegger,

seem so?

Mein,

es sieht nicht nur so aus, es ist so, und - was ebenso ist entscheidend zu bedenken - wir sehen das unmittelbar so. EGA33 2181 not only to think seems so, - we see it it is so and immediately is what precisely to be so.

No, it decisive

Here, run sti

then, and the of but

potentiality ability the the athl to ete of

is do

present so well the

as

such.

Both

the

intention in the

to very itis

are signa

concentrated I to go. As

I Iness

awai ting movement.

such,

anything

absence

Imdas bereitschafterfllte ist Wirklich-Vermgend-sein Vollzug den in die Enthemmung Stand-sein-zu, dem nur noch ist, diese fehlt, da, eingestellt sich vorhanden wenn so der legt, Zeug ins Vermgende der hat, das heit: sich wenn ist Er dieses. ist nichts Vollzug Ausbung und nur wahrhaft Werk das (I'c'p-Vov: Sich-ins-Zeug-legen - Evep-Vci(x anderes als [GA33 2191 oder das Zeug). being-in-placeis the fully ready Being-actually-potential the lacks so release, only to, the which of accomplishment is if ie. is what it is engaged: that this present, when truly is the to accomplishment work, potential sets

209

performance to work -

and evtp-yevy

only

this. Ocpyov:

It the

is

nothing other tool). work or the

than 44

setting

For

the

potentiality and held

to in

be present readiness. Hence the and

as It

such, must

it also

is

not

enough that

that it

it can that

be acquired be put into

be plain of

practice. at (given of his

definition which Heidegger of

potentiality translates passage in and

Aristotle following particular

gives way force

1047a24 the

the the

importance

this not

translation,

I shall

attempt

my own)-45

ist dieses, dem nichts vermgend aber mehr ist, in das Zeug legt, unausfhrbar sobald es sich als wozu das Zeug zu haben angesprochen 11047a24-26, GA33 2191. wird.

In

Wirklichkeit

It

must

hold

sway

over it: of of

itself the

and sense of -uob itself.

over

that

which implicit

stands in and,

in the of is

resistance complementary course, relevant thought. view directly of in to

against relation the the essence

mastery noiciv Clearly, though definition In the not xcxi

Slbv(xgiq Sbv<xgtq of

n&cyXctv then, as of

vtpjeia the Megarics

definition it contributes is

dunamis, to the

Rather, which denotes

movement, above, v: p-ycio( a twofold

in it as

816vocgir,

itself which most it its But or in 'to sense attaches

defined. is

passages by has of the

movement, ' This all, from 46 down' the

characterized translation a sense en and

'Sich-ins-Zeug-legen. significance. composition Cp'yov: also and of First the

unusual

of word

preserves elements, addition, put of to

etymological form of can wheel' which eloquently

the

verbal

in-work, mean thereby 'to

at-work. buckle conveys

Sich-ins-Zeug-legen shoulder to the

one's

concentrated Sbvagiq. What

effort this

Heidegger's

interpretation

210

demonstrates fully movement treated Aubenque

is

that

Heidegger

understands Moreover because the the

Sbvo(Aiq scene two of of

and

cvcPycl(x integration

in

a is

integrated itself, from has the it,

fashion. precisely first of their as

terms movement,

in

question the point,

are as

articulations

original

indistinction

[PEA 4531:

das Vorhandensein des Vermgenden Weise wie die Wirklichkeit im Sinne In-Bewegung-seins, des dieses auf IGA33 2161 von daher zu fassen. the being

in gleicher als solchen des Vollzugs sind Weisen in sich bezogen und nur and are be

present-at-hand of potentiality as such the in the sense actuality similarly of accomplishment to which they ways of being-in-movement, are intrinsically in they and related only connection with which can comprehended.

If

both
a

S-6v(xji'Lc, and
common feature?

Cvgpycicx
Can

are
we

ways
get

of

beingto

in-movement,
what is meant

do
by

they
this

share

closer

sense essay account

of on of

being-

in-movement?

Let

us of

turn

brief

ly

to he

Heidegger's gives

later

Aristotle's his

conception of

<pbatq,

where and

a succinct

interpretation

cvc'p-Vci(x

E'vTsXtXei(x.

Movement

is,

for

Aristotle,

fundamental

characteristic

of

the

sublunar superficially therefore, condition what

world. at is

Accordingly, rest are a determined limiting to

even with case movement.

those regard

things to

which movement. rather

are Rest, than a in

simply

of

movement, It, too,

essentially calls of of its

opposed Bewegtheit is but

has

its the does

being

Heidegger

[being-moved]. to be found where where

Indeed, rest is,

purest not it mean were,

manifestation the cessation into

Bewegtheit movement, end:

rather

movement

as

gathered

211

dieses nicht this and

Innehalten nur ein,

die sonder far time

Bewegtheit erst

nicht aufschliet.

aus sonder ein, IVWB-WM 282: 2561 being-moved, includes

ja

ingathering, for the first

from excluding discloses it.

This

is

why or at

circular end, all

movement, the

in

which form is

there of

is

no

discernible a movement to from same and

in other

beginning which being Met. 0.6, time

end. contrast

represents times However, that of complete the

highest and which

movement,

is at

therefore gives has

tantamount is at taken the

rest. namely in such

is to

example one is
in

Heidegger sees and

seeing: there

seen

and

seeing
an

no
the

separation
specific

between
sense also, that

movement
stands

Seeing

v-p-yziu, F', and

xivqcyiq

which

characterizes

amongst

things,

living

well

and

being cpVov

happy argument the

[1048b25, conclude

cf. in of

p. 321. the

In

Chapter

One we saw the of the final

so-called end,

determination rational of those

cUTEpcxt1Lot, as is, of in the this

evitp-Vem intellectual

the

soul 's

faculties, potentialities X6-you.

that

EClqv in terms of

described

chapter

S, 6vO%L'(; ge-I&

We saw mastery

then in

that which and to its

the the loss own

essence

of

Si6vo(gir,

consisted in the by such

in the

sense play relation in in

of of

appropriative prevailed. This was possibility of end

current play,

appropriation of of Sbv(xgiq, metabole.

essential Heidegger was

finitude, the

described of as

terms turn the on, we

Moreover, linked to

mastery of

intrinsically how found that gives that

a notion its of

a manner orientation. depends

existence, Further

the the

Sbv(xLiq existence

necessary Sbv(xliiq

upon

one

'having

212

potential which having essence desiderative existence desiderative to having itself and

'

and

that denotes

this a is

is manner in

characterized of existence. to

as

the This

relation relation, implicit consists end is

to at

an

end once

desiring, of SbV(Xg1q. appropriation and therefore appropriation itself, In the said in Aristotle Latinate that

turn

parallel potential the end,

the

sense

in in

the a of the

Having of not

thereby where from the of that the this that end

a manner as

independent itself. Having the we the existence find way captured

existence therefore as a

amounted form of being of a

is,

to case, in

Siv(ygiq the

mastery. movement 'has' by itself which

present to the consist end, a

Bewegtheit of a moving word which as

is

movement in the very and

sense such

vlccXtXcic( Heidegger,

denotes forms,

Bewegtheit literally

avoiding

translates

'Sich-im-Ende-

Haben, thereby

'

'having-itself-in-the-end. identified of the with its end, itself. thing become the the and from is the

'47 but

The not

being so as is at As

of to

movement suppress here

is the to

significance denote of the

movement of the has of

cvucXtXci(Y that what stands it of the is. sitting condition

intended the such, and

condition that in the

accomplishment it should be from by

movement,

which light above;

understood Met. 8.3 virtue than

example end no is more 48

standing arises

mentioned of the

that from that the that most

movement is

isolated But what

movement sense is, of the

the

present and of

past.

of

V cvTcXtXzi(x cVtP'ycicx and these most

e'vep-yetoe

associated

with

movement, One of the

S-&v%L,,4; qua

&6v(xL-Lq 120lb4l? of terms Heidegger's cvTcXtXci(x

important is are the way

challenging usages

aspects of the

interpretation and vtpyctcx

various

brought

213

together. contrasted 5-6v(xjiiq,, senses principal between which level be in by

Whereas to the

the dynamic

stasis

of

the of

end

as

1-7'vCPVC14Yis as in the these to the to if

of ten

character the

movement thread

cvEP-yc1<Y of disparate two

Heidegger way of features. state and is an

highlights interpretation First, process, contrasted as In to rather the this the it which to

common that

could

be said to only inapt of that

comprise distinction the level to or

remains is rest,

insensible appropriate but is

at the can

movement of

applied which to is

Bewegtheit

common way, it not

condition remains merely

movement. intention but Second, all

faithful the

Aristotle's of a thing

declared in

articulate movement

phenomenon 111.1-2, that as it is

movement, 49 of

itself

[Physics cv-ccXitXci(x insofar what C"Xciv.

especially ostensibly the a its

200bl2l. devoid

determination and is of movement itself the

potentiality of by change virtue lends translation:

represents be this called in

accomplishment dynamic verbal Heidegger's end). sense sense

given

might Taking

component a

CVTSxtxC1O(

appropriative

moment having-itself-in-the-

(hence

Sich-im-Ende-Haben,

In

asking

af ter the usual being

Bewegtheit of

in

this the

sense, line of

Heidegger enquiry xjv9cTiv. something. But these

aims closed

to off

articulate by the

a xivoibLcvov, of the

perspective lead, he making of takes

questioning example we see of

xo(T& making

Following When we are not

Aristotle's look simply at

someone the

something, the artisan:

movements.

movements

[Aristotelesl er sondern Bewegung die Tisches eben xivqcric solchen. eines .,

der bei denkt Entstehenden dieses das ist geT(xol,

Entstehung

des

und als selbst Umschlagen von

214

dergestalt, etwas zu etwas da im Umschlagen in einem dem Umschlagenden mit zum Ausschlag, Vorscheinkommt. IVWB-WM 283: 256-2571 Rather, thinking in the

dieses d. h.

selbst in den

Sener ation table, of the he [Aristotle] is precisely of the movement of this itself generation is jicc(xpoX, and as such. xlvqat(; the change of something into that in something, the such the very change act of itself breaks into change the out i. e. comes into open, the changing appearance along with thing.

This

is

not

change

as

the Heidegger

process means

Of by

transition the as "very the

between act of

prechange" of
by

determined is
the

states. as such;

What that
activity

change
play

is,

change
and

understood

manifestation
and loss,

between

passivity,

appropriation

which dunamis. the of

he

characterized Indeed, on in a

LvuxpoX development

in of

connection the

with

the

essence set out in

of in

interpretation Sibvagic, "very act

lectures appropriation is

Met. 8.1-3, [Eignung].

Heidegger Accordingly, an its emerging end

of

presents the

here of

terms "

change, that

ge, uxpoX, being

give

described lies in

as

appropriation. described above),

definition

Given

the can

of
the

xivncylq
following

(as

Heidegger
of

tran5lation

Ari5totle's

xivqcTir,

in

Physics

111.

des Geeigneten Das Sich-im-Ende-Haben als ist Eignung) (d. h. in offenkundig seiner VWB-WM 283: 2571 Bewegtheit. [201b4f, having-itself-in-the-end in (i. e. appropriated being being-moved. of) The its the of appropriation)

Geigneten eines Wesen der) (das

appropriated is clearly

as (the

This merits take about

extraordinary, lengthy stock the of relation

and consideration. the fact

extraordinarily However, that it confirms and

powerful, we can what do no

interpretation more here than said and the

have we

already

between

cvtpyE: i(x

vccXtxcio(,

xivr)aiq,

215

essence ambiguity fundamental it

of

Sf)vo(giq. between

Notably, state and the be the

the

first

parenthesi5 necessary to

preserves a

the

process

genuinely even where 'having the end,

determination; what might

having-itself-in-the-end, the 'perfect of having end of the as condition' movement a movement that that It too has form is in or

designates and

called gathering

of

become' nonetheless But if

therefore remains can it

aPpropriation, of the the thus the the more name also

activity. the form of

this

be said is all by is of In

a movement to

a process, which itself

applicable of -vtp-yci(x.

of

movement of

goes and

a modality as i. e. the

being-moved itself-in-the-end appropriation. of change is of

determined as of in

ontologically appropriated, in which of

havingin very its act the lies well the

appropriated as a form than activity Seeing, are end, In

short, less

movement the

no

present as 8fmxgie.. ei)np&ttoc, to the an

manufacture the the of

a table, that living in which

existence at and, the we

iEvtpycia of add, relation is

repeats playing forms

AcwPoX flute,

essence might

movement is in

constitutive to the

an end which terms of having,

no way extrinsic

movement,

conceived

appropriation.

216

Conclusion

THE ACT OF APPROPRIATION

The critical a

problem

we

set

ourselves of

was

to

establish practical

whether philosophy than

an

Heidegger's comprised superficial

to the

assimilation of understanding
of

Aristotelian npftiq
This

means

otherwise
meant finding

as

modification

nofTjaLq,.

alternative

representational end and to the of

form

characteristic of general np&tiq the and , must ends. of

of

the

relation as

to

an

external for the Above more than

assumption being in and

work of be

paradigmatic in particular. by however, to of an

understanding all, the an we said,

Dasein

notrIcriq of their of human such

distinguished

placement understanding of for

respective the form

To do this, specific analysis providing

required as a

movement

wp&ttq, Sbvixgir,

designation the way

existence. an

Heidegger's by

paved

understanding

ontological

interpretation the being of seen

of

movement, The the

that

is,

an interpretation determination of Dasein, of not of

of movement as ivkpyciof contrast specific was to to

beings. to of denote

accompanying Bewegtheit but as the

thereby the
that

in

existence
existence.

S6v(xjilLq,,

form

movement

When found as an

looking that &pX the of

at

the unity

connection of is vobc.

between and o2petiq

transcendence constitutive via C'iq.. As

and of such,

np&tiq, human and

we being

activity

accomplished

in

the

217

light

of

Heidegger's that 'Etir,

interpretation

of

transcendence as a relation

and the

aW06v, In

we suggested addition virtue this to and term

may be understood both the

to ground. to is ethical

designating the simply like intellectual means an lies in the a at action the

dispositional

relation truth

dispositions 'having, or heart a of that ' which

by which Aristotle It is

secured, as or

characterizes this action perspective,

losomething movement that

movement". 1 the the account. hermeutics to

Changing of

we suggested account called of for

Chapter form of

Three

facticity, of

as an Dasein, of

movement

specific of

the

existence The

re-intepretation of having with of of and

Evfpyeiot. all the as itself the

determination interpretation of of of the

a6vcYlitc, in offered of

terms this

above to

radical

regard ivkpVcia movement way of of

essence the in being terms

SbVCXV1q, the movement appropriation treatment of with of in not akin terms the of and

corresponding finally provide movement the a

reading account remarkable the the of Dasein and something, having, but the theme

bringing as it

together occurs in

and

having

connection

transcendence: existence appropriation having sense of of

fundamental is itself understood,

movement to be

characteristic understood seen,

as we have of

as one's to the of its as

as a movement essence of finite of

appropriation Moreover, is

pcx(xPolx as a

at

S6v(xjiiq. appropriation

the essence mirrored in

Sbvcxpir, actual Dasein by this

movement as as

existence exists 'action

8bv(xpiv

EcXciv, for of

having it

potential. is therefore

Insofar

potentiality

being,

determined its end?

or movement'

appropriation.

But what of

218

Because

potentiality the
a In or of relation a

is relation
not

essentially to
to an

related its
extant the

to

its in

successful its actual

of

accomplishment,
existence existence. cu"S(xigovfix in terms is

end

implicit
thing, final of is but end

to of

a manner activity, defined

similar itself

fashion, denotes the of of at

su'np(xtIcy, the good. by his as and amongst flight pursuit is

a manner position Aristotle's

existence complicated lexicon denotes

However, translation a result or

in the being

Heidegger's ontological of form pursuit becomes well, for Dasein of as

case register, such

into the

which least

wpUttic, not

not, others. a

primarily, can or 6np(xticx c, manner itself; of

a possible mean? The

activity of the or

2 What, particular

then, end

from of is or

existence existing moment Dasein of is as

flight implicit as of is with as the izp&tiq, an

from in

existence the

Heidegger, for by or being. the

appropriative for being, it constantly as

potentiality characterized an activity in for an

Existing Bewegtheit that

potentiality finite end its in own

appropriation; itself, existence or activity

exists

movement

engaged

appropriative being and As

relation existing such, it

potentiality of an that end in

activity an

movement that is

appropriation.

is

itse If.

In

this

way, say

and that

in the

accordance account bestows as it of

with wpftiq

Heidegger's as upon the an

declared activity or

intention, movement of activity Heidegger of

we can finite in

appropriation general, insofar

coherence alleviates

the

structure that

naivety

detected
distinguished

at

the
from

heart
that

of
of

Greek
the

philosophy:
and the

the

being

of

Dasein
activity

is
in

work,

instrumental

219

which

Dasein

is

for

the

most

part

engaged

has

been

more

adequately

de 1imi ted.

220

NIMES

Introduction

M Heidegger, I. Die Grundprobleme der Ph,4nomenologie (1927), Frankfurt Vittorio Klostermann, am Main, 1975 (hereafter GA24) p. 57; Basi c Th e Problems Phenomenology, of trans. A Hofstadter, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1982, p. 111. 2. The remark is made in 'Notre Compagne Clandestine, ' in Textes pour Emmanuel Levinas, F Laruelle, Paris, ed. Jean-Michel Place, 1980, 'Our Clandestine Companion, pp. 79-87; ' trans. D Allison, in Face to Face with Levinas, Albany, SUNY Press, ed. R Cohen, 1986. 3. Heidegger refers forma and natura, cf. to quidditas, quod quid GA24 121: 86,148: 105. erat esse, definitio,

GA24 95 and M Heidegger, 4. Cf. Sein (1927), und Zeit in the Jahrbuch fUr Philosophie und ph6homenologische Vill. All in this thesis to the references are TUbingen, Niemeyer, 1986 (hereafter SZ); Being and Macquarrie &E Robinson, Oxford, Blackwell, 1980,96.

first appeared Forschung Vol. 16th edition, Time, trans. J

5. GA24 149: 106. Beginning the concept that with of gop4p, he notes forming lend a being iStul, look EclSoq, and shaping a particular and it is by reading that off such a look we come to know what a thing is. In the case in perception, it of encountering a being seems its look is founded form, that is the on its of gopq) ground ciSoq. However, Heidegger that in Greek the founding notes ontology is the Accordingly, he concludes that connection precisely reverse. the terms to perception, have been understood regard not must with but is thing by it in to For the shaping produced production. i is Scot the thing that in the of anticipated conformity with or ciSoq thing the Accordingly the what already advance. siSor, encapsulates Moreover, IGA24 150-151: 1071. to its being was prior actualized the the being, insofar the it cfSoq opens complete presents as 6piag6c, the the determines definition VC-vor, of and possibility of determinations thing. All these as arise of essentia characteristics The the from is work producer. of perspective of produced what from the is itself, hand, the of production process released other on the Greek in independently, encapsulated a characteristic and stands But that lies-before. 6noxc1govov, that term denoting which which in lies-before is activity and so everyday one uses what primarily further; influence its the still extends production experience of Seiende ist das Habe, die Gut, "Das Rab schlechthin, und verfdgbare Disposable property, are and goods, possessions griechisch o6crf(x: EGA24 Greek the is, that oUCTf(x" beings; they which simply are quite is 'that denotes here which at our 153: 1081. 'disposable' that (Note [zuhanden] 'ready-to-hand' to the term is akin disposal. it ' As such, therefore carries The ) Time. in Being essentia of meaning used and Yet, itself. the work being kind into the with associated of over translation literal the of oikrfof. is Heidegger, only writes essentia interpreted be must also In addition, the verb existere, esse, cN(yi, 24 EGA the production of by way of o6afu, experience via and thereby 221

153: 1091; Heidegger existing, being simply present-at-hand. both which within essence and 6.

is in the maintains, In short, production existence their acquire

traditional is the meaning.

sense horizon

GA24 154: 109. ftiapcTv is a form that of perception looks towards is to be produced what and orients itself By virtue accordingly. of the fact that it the eiSoq, apprehends the 'real' which comprises all determinations OewpeTv is understood of a being, to grasp the being is. really as it Heidegger later distinguished between making and producing, by the former the experience meaning here and reserving outlined that term for latter the sense of production Enolncriql at which he arrived later is and which in texts elaborated 'Der Ursprung des such as Kunstwerkes' (1935-36) in Holzwege, Frankfurt Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1977 (herafter HW) pp. 1-74, tr. 'The Origin of the Work in 'Poetry Language of Art' ' trans. A Hofstadter, and Thought, New Hagerstown, York, San Francisco, London, Harper Colophon, 1975, 'Vom Wesen und Begriff der ObcFiq Aristoteles pp. 17-87; Physik B, I' (1939) (hereafter VWB) in Wegmarken, Frankfurt Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1976 (hereafter WM) pp. 239-301, 'On the Being and Conception in Aristotle's Physics B 1, ' in Man and World 9, of 4)YIlX Aug. 1976, (page be indicated pp. 219-270 by the references will VWB-WM, followed by the references to WM and to Man and abbreviation World However, during the respectively). this period with which thesis is primarily (i. e. up to 1933), concerned no such distinction the reader bear in mind that there is no was made. Nonethless, should intrinsic between Heidegger's contradiction withdrawal of metaphysics from the experience in his later of making and the role of nolrlcFiq writings. 7. 8. Cf. "Men mu sich daruber klar da also werden, was das bedeutet, der Mensch die Verhltnis hat: zu den Werken, ein er herstellt, one to the works it he must be clear what man has a relation means that has produced, Von Wesen Metaphysik " M Heidegger, Aristoteles 19 1-3: Wirklichkeit Vittorio Kraft (1931) [Frankfurt der und am Main: Taminiaux J Klostermann Cf. GA33) 137. [19901 (hereafter also p. fondamentale' 'rIoinaic, l'ontologie de I'articulation rIp&tiq d8n5 et F de ]a ph6nom6nologie, (hereafter AOF) in Heidegger ed. et I'id6e 19881, Volpi, Publishers: Kluwer [Dordrecht: cf. esp. pp. 107-125 Taminiaux, Lectures in 116. This is p. and expanded revisited article J6r6me Grenoble, Essais de l'ontologie fondamentale: sur Heidegger, Cf. LOF 162. 149-189, Millon, LOF) 1989, (hereafter p. esp. cf. pp. far. discussed themes the 149-162 so for broader of many of account a for his translation 9. Tom Sheehan deserves of mention special also Aristotle's importance the brought VWB and for that of essays several English-speaking the world to the influence Heidegger of attention on 'Heidegger, Cf. fully it recognized. not at a time was still when No. Summer XIX 2/4 Vol. Today Philosophy Aristotle and Phenomenology, The Monist ' Ontology, History the 1975 pp. 87-94, Movement of 'On and Vol. 64 No. 4 October 1981, pp. 534-542. 10. Volpi, Heidegger e Lassimilation pratique Aristotele et d'Aristote' la (1984) (hereafter radicalisation Heidegger in 'Dasein HA), de heideggerienne ]a de I'id6e et

comme praxis: la philosophie

222

ph6nom6nologie, pp. 1-42; a translation of this has appeared paper as 'Dasein the Heideggerian as praxis: assimilation and radicalisation the of practical philosophy Aristotle' of in Martin Heidegger: Critical Assessments Vol. 11, ed. C Macann, London, Routledge, 1992, (hereafter DAP), pp. 90-129 'L'esistenza Le come prexis. radici della terminologia aristoteliche di OEssere e Tempob' (hereafter ECP) in Filosofia '91, ed. G Vattimo pp. 215-252. Volpi example, the following relate5 Daseinpairs of terms: Zuhandenheit-noirlaiq, np&t-Lrq, Vor-handenheit-Ocoipfof EHA 93, DAP 103ECP 224-2291, 105, Sorge-05petiq EDAP 1081, Gewissen-qp6vrpiI; IDAP 118-119, ECP 246-2471, Entschlossenheit-npoaripcair. IDAP 119-120, ECP 247-2481. the that problems from insisting can arise on a 'translation' particular R Bernasconi, cf. 'Heidegger's Destruction (hereafter HDP) in of Phronesis' The Southern Journal of Philosophy (1989) Vol. XXVIII, Supplement (hereafter pp. 127-147 SJP), cf. esp. p. 130, p. 144 n. 8. 13. HA 75-80,90-92; pp. 67-68 below. 12. Regarding 11. For

14. Of course, this is not intended to be an exhaustive critique of their There writing is on this further question. to the reference interpretations in Ch. I. V, and to those of Bernasconi and Nicolaci of Bernasconi, Nicolaci in Ch. 3.11. and Taminiaux 15. 16. Cf. The pp. 92-93,131-133,205-206.

profoundly the between problematic nature of relation in Heidegger, philosophy and politics has been and indeed elsewhere, Lacoue-Labarthe, shown by Phillipe 'La transcendence cf. especially finie/t dans la politique' in Typographies 11, Paris, Galil6e, 1986, Typography, Mimesis, Philosophy, Politics pp. 135-173; C Fynsk, ed. London & Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard U P, 1989, and La fiction du politique, Paris Christian Bourgois 1987, Heidegger Art and Politics, trans. C Turner, Oxford, Blackwell, 1990. 17. R Poiesis' Bernasconi, (hereafter 'The FDP) Fate the of in Heidegger Lettura Distinction Studies Vol. Between Praxis 2 pp. 111-139. della Escher and

18. G Nicolaci, 'La Ermeneutica e Filosofie, Marsilio, Venice, 1990,

heideggeriana N De Domenico &A ed. LHP). (hereafter

in praxis' di Stefano, Aristoteles. (hereafter Aristoteles Jhrbuch

19. M Heidegger, Interpretationen Phnomenologische zu Einfhrung Forschung (1921/22) in die phnomenologische GA61), Interpretationen 'Phnomenologische zu and ' in the Dilthey (Anzeige Situation), der hermeneutischen 1989 (hereafter PIA) pp. 235-274. 20. Volpi remarks kinetic character 21. On Bernasconi's not within concomitant dominance identification Heidegger's on Cf. Dasein's existence. of there insofar

6 the

of up6Miq, HA 96 n. 30.

with

reading, For metaphysics. the origin with as must be understood

idea, least be at such no could is dominance the of making as that to overthrow metaphysics, of to metaphysics. overcoming equivalent

223

Chapter

One

1. Except where Ethics presented Thomson, London, T 2. Oxford, 3. It

indicated, the passages from Aristotle's in English from the translation are taken Penguin, 1976. Aristotle's Theory of Moral 1983, (hereafter ATM) Chapter

Nicomachean by JAK (1983)

Engberg-Pedersen, Clarendon Pre5S, be

Insight 1.

may anachronistic of notion transcendental causality, any specific that without 4. 5. Aristotle, It

that the use of this objected terminology imposes an Kantian set of In fact, the concerns on Aristotle. though a condition Kantian of possibility not a follows from condition the theory simply of final insofar is that 'for the sake of which' as the final cause is to have been undertaken act therefore said and is it would not have occurred. which Metaphysics, come as implicit trans. to of WD Ross, Oxford, Clarendon, 1908. in this

may passage an

no surprise recognition

learn that Heidegger saw the ontological difference.

6. This is also termed 'focal by GEL relation variously meaning' Owen CLogic in Some Earlier Works of Aristotle' in and Metaphysics Articles Vol 3: Metaphysics, M Schofield, on Aristotle ed. J Barnes, R Sorabji, London, Duckworth, 1979, AE, hereafter pp. 13-32) and G Patzig, Ontology by in Aristotle's ('Theology and paronymy 33-49). Vol 3: Metaphysics Aristotle AE Metaphysics' in Articles on 7. is In view frequently terms, other 8. 9. For The of the fact that I Greek. the shall, of translation as priority, ii) form, cf indeed of misleading, the retain oiaio( as 'substance' the in case of many 1018b8ff. compound 1042a24f of and

Aristotle's

understanding is i) a set

cf.

matter 1069a3Of.

theme basic For and form.

matter, of variations,

the iii) 1017bl0f,

Aristoteles: 10. W Jaeger, Weidmann, Entwicklung, Berlin, the History Development, of his 1948.

Grundlegung einer Aristotle: tr. 1923; R Robinson, trans.

Geschichte seiner Fundamentals of Clarendon, Oxford,

"a had philosophical Aristotle that sought 11. Patzig argues a and first philosophy, both is general a discipline that and a it that can at to substances is that other all so superior substance " If in general. in a certain the same time be called sense substance the two oppose he not should Aristotle, we follow to writes, we are but appreciate rather to first another, definitions one philosophy of that together belong only and that two definitions "these essentially 'first Aristotle's their characterises adequately conjunction theology a "is so special of first Indeed, '" philosophy philosophy. Even if " time we the ontology. same is kind that it and at as such the to be explain adequate the may relation civ accept np6r, flawed is on still interpretation Patzig's of theology, universality He G. H r, Books and he because accomodate his terms cannot own but the structure, by Civ np6c, together theology brings and ontology 224

in only context Ontology

books: thus, certain the is levelled conflict in one out to be readmitted only in another. Cf. Patzig, 'Theology and in Aristotle's Metaphysics' cited above (n. 5). P Aubenque, 12. Le probl6me de 1'6tre Paris, chez Aristote, Press Universitaires de France, 1962, (hereafter PEA). Aubenque's is study the perhaps most comprehensive and stimulating the of modern commentaries become a classic and has already kind. of its 13. P Merlan takes Met. E. 1: 1026a30-31 to be the decisive moment, cf. From Platonism to Neo-platonism, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1975, In Book 17, therefore, pp. 168-170. 'universal' does not indicate an but abstract generality, the rather in all things presence the of primary substance and first is theology philosophy in a strong sense. J Owens, too, that proposed is theology, ontology the simply since 'v system np6c of the nature c relations shows things to be of all ., derived from the primary is therefore substance, the cause which of things. Cf. The Doctrine all in Aristotelian Metaphysics of Being (1951), Wettern, Universa, 1963, This thesis is similar pp. 160-175. to that insofar of Merlan's as the universality of first philosophy is to depend the highest form seen on of substance whose very have been thought to destroy priority might the basis for such a But in place claim. that divine of the rather being crude assertion is present in all things, the onus is shifted to the influence of the highest beings. substance on all Similarly, having discussed 'Ev the he wp6q, relation earlier, "Cette N'estasks: solution en est-elle une dans le cas de L'Lstre? le Is this elle pas plut6t probIdAme m6me hypostasie?: solution a in the case of being? Is it solution not rather a crystallization of the problem? " [PEA 1921. 14. 15. It be pointed that the association should out at this stage of being Later, as such with and significance. oicFlo( may have both basis I shall discuss Heidegger's issue, in which of this reading a close tempered by does emerge Epp. 37-391. However, it is always association the fact identification that Heidegger of any straightforward resists its oi)cr1(x with signification. categorial by it is Aubenque's no means reading, spite of of plausibility Lugarini, Aristotele Cf. L Aristotle. on common amongst commentators Editrice, 1972, Italia Nuova La ]'idea Firenze, della filosofia, e being the to the 246-248. Lugarini of problem application pp. accepts he However, health. 'Ev the from drawn the of example of irp6q, relation (to the two cases between discrepancy does not which 'overlook' the deny Aubenque any such draws so much as emphatically attention), del fondare del mia suo esser difference: "La suo specificith dei 6 ]a modi fatto &pX uno del salute dipende pure che (pibaiq, mia dei 6 in suoi uno tale del ovvero 'salutare', generale, e come preso The tale: in 1'esser-salutare quanto invece, molteplici non 6, sensi; &W being its my WIXF'c., my foundation its of specificity of ' 'healthy, is of health that depends a modality fact also on the its is it many senses; i. of one taken in e. general and as such , , 247. In in putting healthy p. being this general" the case with is not to any laudably avoid is anxious Lugarini forward this view, in the for term series is term that the a generic suggestion unifying In the

225

Yet to this question. he begins end, from the view that the primary is itself sense of being one of the categories to and then proceeds the understand model, health namely, on the basis that it of which to inform. This was intended seems somewhat inasmuch unnecessary, as the notion of universality the np6c, 'Ev relation which is to introduce does not rely on encompassing each element within a single genus. GA33 1. 16. We shall Heidegger's examine Met. 8.1 reading in of Four, Chapter Section 1. 17. Aubenque draws textual support declaration that the categories being: 1089al6 cf. and 1051a34. for apply this as reading much to from Aristotle's non-being as

to

18. "Wie das geht Die Antwort zusammen? fehlt. Und wir bedenken fortan: Die Frage nach dem Wesen der Kategorien fuhrt ins Dunkel: How does this There is no answer. work? And from now on we reflect: the the question the of essence leads of into darkness" categories EGA33 71. 19. Heidegger's most extended to oixyfix occurs in Vom Wesen reference Menschlichen der Freiheit (1930), Frankfurt Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1982, (hereafter GA31) 7-8. Cf. Metaphysische also Anfangsgriinde der Logik im Ausgang Frankfurt von Leibniz, am Main, Vittorio Klostermann, 1978, (hereafter GA26) tr. Th e pp. 182-183, Metaphysical Foundations Logic, trans. M Heim, Bloomington, of Indiana University Press, 1984, p. 145; SZ 25: 47 & 90: 123; VWB-WM 239301: 219-270. In his Physics B 1, Heidegger reading of Aristotle's insists that Seiendheit [beingness] is "the translation only adequate beingness, is that distinguishes of o1krf(y, " and that oiai(y, which a being That the same translation in place in 1926 as such. was already is evidenced by Heidegger's 1926 lecture Die Grundbegriffe der course Philosophie, (This has not been published antiken p. 92. course yet to Franco Volpi for having and I am indebted made a typescript of it to me. The text being is presently for available prepared publication by Franz-Karl Blust 22 of the Heidegger appear as Volume and will Gesamtausgabe, Vittorio Hereafter, Frankfurt Klostermann. it am Main, by the page number appropriate be referred to as GA22, followed will to the the typescript. For as a whole, cf. course of an account figure Volpi's del la 'Heidegger e greco: pensiero storia monograph e 'Concetti 1926 del del sui estivo problemi semestre corso In 1-2,1986. Itinerari ' in fondamentali della filosofia n. antica, the kind denotes term Anwesenheit the that this, view of we can say therefore is beingness to being and as of ousia attributed translation. to the aforementioned complementary 20. Regarding the importance be reduced to its categorial del storia greco, pensiero by Heidegger understood as a kind of substance. the of o6criot meaning allowing of not 'Heidegger Volpi, e cf. alone, sense that Volpi o6aia ' p. 254. us reminds it being were, as not, and of a manner in Book 11: "1 I the to la is as

branch of 21. Aristotle the same point repeats ... the like is not, engaged present at philosophy we are on which know to because studying not are its we theoretical in aim others, it become otherwise to since good, in but is, order what goodness The tension translation modified]. [1103b26f be useless" would -

226

the arises which as a result of commitment is formally of what a treatise theoretical to a deliberately non-theoretical the end places itself text under considerable As we have noted stress. above (pp. 13in Nicolaci's 14), it opens an entirely view, unexpected space within new possibilities the which of reading text themselves, LHP present 247-250.1 to this shall return below, excellent study pp. 61-64,126127. to the distinction regard between analogy of proportion, here, and analogy of attribution, a scholastic usage to the np6q, Fv relation corresponding here, GA33 46as described cf. GA22 87, RA 47, Gauthier &JY Jolif, L'Ethique a Nicomeque, traduction Tome 11 et commentaire Louvain, premiere partie, Universitaires Publications de Louvain: 1959 -&Paris, editions Beatrice-Nauwelaerts, 1959, (hereafter ENT) pp. 46-47. 23. 24. J Burnet, "Si le The Ethics bien d'une of Aristotle, London, Methuen, 1900, p. 29. With 22intended

diff06rents nous apparaft sous aspects, qui ne dans les pas reldAvent science convnune, c'est qu'il se dit diff6rentes de I'C-tre; significations et si le Bien en tant que bien de pas un n'est simple mot et presente une unit66 relative il le doit VegalitL6 6 des signification, ses rapports que diff6rentes des cat6gories significations entretiennent avec chacune de l'Otre: If the good appears to us in different that guises cannot be treated by a single it is articulated is because it in science, And if the Good qua good is the different of being. significations but of meaning, presents unity a relative a word, actually not merely bear its different that due to the fact this is significations an 203. PEA being" the to of categories each of equivalent relation 25. Cf. Gauthier & argument apparent preference Ethics rejection enthusiastic an over represents from a theory it is the furthest theory (for of the definitive therefore Aristotle's and more considered 'Cv the Metaphysics, be found in relation np6q, where being. homonomy for the of account & Jolif for ENT pp. 45-47. the analogical In their view, in the Aristotle's Aficomachean Platonic the of Good), ideal and is to approach to is introduced

the for the np6r, Presenting civ 1096b29. case 26. Cf. 1096a5-6 le bien "le est qui Jolif unique, Gauthier write: and relation, bien le par essentiel; les de tous fin ]a c'est autres, et principe de I'homme ]'essence ]'intellect est I'homme, qui c'est example, pour beginning the is end of that and the bien: good single et qui est son is intellect the for man, the g. e. is the good; essential all others, 451. [ENT his the essence good" of man and 27. Cf. the problem Clark, Oxford, of priority in Section 11. on Aristotelian

28. SRL Anthropology, 29. T Ethics, 1980. Nagel, ed.

Aristotle's Clarendon

Men, Press,

Speculations 1975. Articles of

'Aristotle RortY, A0

in Eudaimonia' on University Berkeley, the Philosophy Ergon

on Aristotle's Press, California in Aristotle's 1989 pp. 37-47.

30. D Achtenberg, Ethics' Micomachean

Role 'The in Ancient

of

Argument Spr. 9 (1)

227

The main issue in each of these alternatives is to what degree the Zpyov is term associated strictly with productive to activity and it is allowed what extent a broader signification. This will plainly have bearing a significant the on human conception of activity the final associated with end or practicable As the rest good. of this chapter will make clear, is that my own view to rely too heavily of productive on the format in understanding activity human activity leads in this to irresolvable sense Note contradictions. that also the discussion entire passage under here Plato's Republic, recalls 352d-353b. first group of activities the are crafts, whereas second do not issue in any independent clearly result over and above their Whil5t they hardly activity. be called could they np6(tcic,, could be identified certainly [Met. 8.61. as ivepyci(xi It is a matter of to debate the what extent distinction no19criq/np&tiq the and distinction be xfvqcriq/ivtpycio( to may considered parallel one The issue is to the fore another. in the of the following passages However, text. this I shall do no more at than point recognize a between the two sets In any case, marked proximity the two of terms. to one another. examples are by no means equivalent 31. 1097b32f & Jolif, ENT 55-56, this and Gauthier who emphasise They read it that the definitive expression. as indicating character lies beyond of human being each regional preoccupation or activity insofar it lies in the In itself, this is as soul. an entirely interpretation. However, it reasonable only could masquerade as a full long from is explanation as refrained asking as one what ' by 'soul. understood 33. GA33 196-197, Metaphysik. Welt Vittorio Klostermann, Grundbegriffe Heidegger, Die and also Frankfurt Einsamk-eit, Endlichkeit am GA29/30) 1983, (hereafter p. 320. et 1988, ]a question (hereafter du monde, AQM) p. 474. Paris, der Main, 32. Cf. The

34. Remi Brague, Aristote Universitaires de France, 35.1 HDP than

Presses

116, 1FDP this translation have used Bernasconi's passage of issues the 1371 since it more clearly philosophical emphasises to In translations. of questions the standard addition published the translators disagreement there is over however, amongst clarity, Loeb the for translation Rackhams's phrase. sense of an important in itself" in is of place has: "the end not an of making edition act disagreement The " itself. in "that is is an end not made which in Greek the which T6 -noiq%6v, interpretation the of surrounds In the than result. the to Rackham's here rather process refers view Burnet, by the follows set he example for this opting alternative, the in as way "is -X6 same used the that T6 noi9T6v who claims phrase building the thing the made, done, thing the not 71p(x)c, r6v and means be may Tip(xx-E6v the E6 Yet of 2561. Ep. example the house" and not in distinction the question the in np&t1q, case of misleading, since done thing the identified with is here does not arise: not T6 np(YxT6v is artefact the of category the thing to since made, as opposed Penguin the for translation his in Thomson, inappropriate to np&tiq. identifying Rackham, Burnet to and the takes view edition, opposite by taken is This also view the making. of result 'c6 noiryu6v with

228

(The Micomachean Joachim Ethics DA Rees, ed. Oxford, Clarendon, Engberg-Pederson 19511, [ATM 291, p-109), Bernsconi. and of course Surprisingly, Gauthier perhaps, Jolif do not and to the refer The that I have been developing general reading passage. is favoured interpretation by the of -c6 noiryc6v by Thomson, adopted EngbergPederson it immediately and Bernasconi, since disqualifies c6 noiqT6v fulfilling the from role Could of final it be that end. Burnet and influenced Rackham were in their decision to read the second phrase the "since the process second sentence of as: is always of making to further some to preserve relative end" by the wish the possibility the to the that final relation end may be understood in terms of For if it is the process production? that is relative to of making itself end (in then the further some further a trivial claim), end in is However, not necessarily question the relative. necessity of the final associating end with depend c6 np(xx-c6v does not on this be upheld just alone and could passage as successfuly were Burnet's to be Over the confirmed. reading and above condition of selfto Occapi(y in Book X, each of and the privilege sufficiency accorded the following be sufficient to establish the link passages would between the final 1098a14,1098b15,1098bl8-20, np&tiq and end; 1098b2O-22. 36. It is as no means such and one by clear should the that Aristotle's be wary of taking doctrine will text its employs legitimacy has causes in Ch. 4.11. this for its

concept granted. 37.

Heidegger's in the source

that view experience of

making

of the four be considered

ly" "generical 38. that Aristotle np&tiq are and nofncriq claims itself the distinction integrity the different 1140b3. Yet of with the to difficult doubly it be in maintain would question, placed Aristotle's Cf. difference. fundamental also a credibility of so 5. 28: 1024a29-10294bl Met. A. definition of genus, The & London, Chicago Condition, The Human 39. H Arendt, Cf. M 153-158 HO (hereafter 1958, Press, and University Chicago pp. of Frankfurt Vernunft, am Instrumentellen der Kritik Horkheimer, Zur trans. Reason, Instrumental Critique tr. Main, Verlag GmbH, 1967; of Part I. 1974, Press, Seabury York, New MJ O'Connel and others, 40. at 41. A detailed this stage: Cf. discussion Chapter cf. and of Four. 252. this interpretation would be premature

LHP 243,248

Cbapter

Two

his phenomenological and 1. Heidegger's interpretation of to of ways new open serving each complementary, method are profoundly 'Heidegger, his in essay this point Sheehan the made reading other. its is most given but reading ' a such Aristotle Phenomenology, and IAQMIBrague by comprehensive articulation Aristotle

229

'Vom Wesen des Grundes' in WM (hereafter VWG-WM), tr. 'The Essence trans. T Malick, Reasons' Evanston, Northwestern of University Press, 81n, 162n: 97n, 1969,155n: below, cf. Ch. 2. IV. Departing also from the translation, I shall Malick's to this refer essay as 'On the Essence ' Grounds. of 2. to the distinction prominence accorded between theory detracts from G Prauss's ultimately practice engagement with in Heidegger; @question of activity Erkennen cf. und Handeln Frei burg/Muni Heideggers ))Sein undZeit((, Alber, 1977. ch, Karl 4. As Bernasconi 3. The and the in

"Simply to ignore the distinction writes: between is to succumb to the and noirlair, dominance np&tir, metaphysical of But to insist in contradistinction to nolquiq on npftiq noincTiq. is in the to 1FDP 1291. The latter remain orbit still of metaphysics" the most those the question remains common amongst course addressing including the otherwise Taminiaux. of npftiq, markedly astute The importance to Heidegger's of the term nphyguTu re-examination between Dasein the is further in relation and things of underlined lecture 1942-43 his to np(xygu course on Parmenides, where he refers "the inseparable totality between the originally of relation as Parmenides, Frankfurt Vittorio things man, " cf. am Main, and GA54) Parmenides (hereafter 1982, Klostermann, p. 118; p. 124 and Indiana & Indianapolis, R Rojecwiez, Bloomington A Schuwer trans. and been have 80. This description 84 Up, 1992, very well could p. and p. the texts Time Being in to the of or any and concept of world applied Frankfurt Ding (1936-36), Frage dem Cf. Die that am nach period. of Thing? is What tr. 53-54, 1984, Klostermann, Vittorio Main, a pp. Regnery/Gateway, Bend, South Deutsch, &V JnrWB Barton trans. to Thing' (1950) 'The later the 70. Strangely, refers essay c1967, p. English French, Italian, and in Old High German, for thing the word the Greek at all. Latin, but does not mention 5. (1913), Ideen 6. E Husserl, tr. (hereafter ID) pp. 32-34, 1962, Macmillan, pp. 65-66. here, The Ideas, Hague, trans. Martinus WR Boyce Niihoff, Gibson, 1950j London,

the to converse pose er pref 7. For our might we own purposes In form? logical the other 'I ie ic do specif within' cases question: to how form, we are between and distinction genus the words, granted latter? the attached the sense of universality understand 8. SZ 10-11: 30-31, Fundamental Ontology, 1992 pp. 63-79. GA24 112: 80; Metontology Cf. also 1925-1935' W McNeill, Heidegger Heidegger's 'Metaphysics, Vol. 8 Studies Thinking' in

Concreteness of the 'On 9. W McNeill 83-94. 1992 Spring pp. Philosophy Today 36(l)

as np&xq designation of formal-logical to 10. This a amount would a touched such upon Volpi Dasein. the of structure ontological he suggests book, his where to the in remarks closing possibility by than being of the by oblivion less that is characterized our epoch the that he this means By 2171. IHA X6yoq the the of atrophy been have VI NE. in discusses Aristotle 116yoq different forms of he Thus, to ictXvq. exclusively that to corresponds which reduced X6yoq the of of for recovery a the need consider writes, we should 230

wp&kiq,. Frankfurt

One might that object this precisely has been the aim of the School Habermas and of in particular. However, in the Heidegger, it is more appropriate, of context at least as an initial to consider the importance 5tep, of the X6yor, to the form of selfthe fundamental characteristic relatedness of movement of Dasein's existence. fact, Heidegger's texts the renders source basis Heidegger's this on 'original' the ostensibly 11. In 12. Cf. 1096b24f, where strategy the unthought Of uncovering designation 'original' unsatisfactory, interpretations be more original will from which they are drawn. sources Aristotle 288(n. iii), between names utility as the within since than

'good'

of

relation. SZ Cf. 13. longstanding and 14. compositurn. Could there be 244(n. iii): distinction Heidegger where remarks on the whole and sum, oXov and n&-v, totum

initiative in Dasein's a trace to a of relation This the issue of its there possibility own being? raises of whether is in Dasein is its a residual sense which master over own foundation, the its Whilst Being subject of own position. and Time in direction, towards the finitude urgently presses a different of thrownness, facticity the the and receptivity of conscience, implication Dasein in its of own ground and in the constitution of be ignored. Indeed, fascination the world a great cannot part of by this from the order text its to portray of exerted stems refusal There in deploying are of course grave problems grounding as simple. in the register of ontological a language activity - problems, Heidegger's from the that in precisely case present moreover, arise touch figure translation the Aristotelian on which and wp&tiq of of the the themes relation and actualisation possibility, central of Conc.. IV 4. 92-94, Ch. Cf. between Dasein being. and pp. and in its immersed is Dasein 333: When 381. everyday cf. for-thebeing its to the itself it Of possibility concerns, submits it the it equipment is it submits as much as working sake-of-which the itself strict is handles. Dasein Although ready-to-hand, not that it Dasein being the means dependence to-hand of on of readinessis like an possibility, belongs in to Dasein worldhood, way: some Heidegger's in tension This constant a reflects existentiale. between preserving being-in-the-world Dasein as characterization of the from its denying separation its and specificity ontological world. form relation of generic 16. The same impression of an essentially Heidegger's by repeated is instrumentality based on utility given and the describe to Egeht zurUck] back' 'goes the use of expression ... Dasein. being the of involvements with the totality of relation of Wozu letzlich ein auf geht Cf. aber "Die Bewandntnisganzheit selbst totality the But of hat: Bewandnis mehr dem es keine bei zurUck, in 'towards-which' to a back involvements ultimately itself goes "Solches, was und 1161. 84: [SZ involvement" further is there which no Bewandtnis die es Dazu, wobei das als liegt, ihm ferner wie zugrunde : Wozu zurckgeht letzlich alles ... darauf hat, Wrum-willen, das it, for basic such is that else Anything this anything and sort, of 15. But SZ 231

'towards-this' in which as the as that there is an involvement, or the 'for-the-sake-of as such to which -which' 'towards-which' every back " ISZ 86: 118-1191. goes ultimately Does the ... totality 'go to the for-the-sake-of back' in the same way -which towardsas each 'goes back' to the which Heidegger next? that writes he has "Der Zusammenhang, der von der Struktur angezeigte der Bewandtnis Sein zum des Daseins fhrt dem eigentlichen selbst als Worumund einzigen indicated the interconnection willen: by which the structure of an leads involvement to Dasein's being very as the sole authentic 'forthe-sake-of ESZ 84: 1171. One is tempted -which'" to say that whilst he it, he has done little may have indicated to explain it. 17. as conjunction 18. Indeed, 'towards' Indeed, have and Robinson it has wherever appeared, with another preposition. by Macquarrie translated consistently independently either 'zu' in or

its virtue of circumscriptive I UMI is sense, to expressions particularly suited horizonality. concerned Does with the term's between ambiguity unidirectional and circumscriptive the cracks between plaster the phenomenological senses over notion of horizon and the Aristotelian sense of purposefulness? E. g. "Das Mbglichsein des Daseins wesenhafte betrifft Weisen des Besorgnes der' ))Welt((, cherakterisierten der Fdrsorge die dem und immer das Seink6nnen anderen und in all schon zu The Being-possible selbst, is essential umwillen seiner: which Dasein, to the ways of its for Others pertains solicitude and of the 'world', them; and in concern with as we have characterized these, it to Dasein's i ty-for-Being and always, pertains potential towards itself, for the sake of itself" ISZ 143: 183 My emphasis]. 20. In the remainder of this the instrumental 19. die far ihm for its all

Heidegger the note, goes on to say that is nonetheless account of world and the environment the invaluable to further an of consideration preliminary a 915-18 transcendental SZ that if Moreover, he adds problem world. of there to have the theme were good seemed of nature, passed over that for Nature is this. we can encounter reasons not something Yet insofar the towards ourselves. within which we comport or world it thrownness, Dasein's being is in the as a mode of of nature midst being Dasein's as be of can only via an account approached adequately VWG-WM Cf. to intended H15-18 also SZ prepare. care, such are as in 160(n. 59): 97(n. 59). again took up the question nature Heidegger of 'The Fell, JP Cf. 262-263. GA29/30 1929/30 lectures, cf. especially Early the in Praxis Limits the familiar Strange: the of on and below. 3.11 Ch. in theme this to Heidegger, We SJP 23-41. ' in refer treatment Heidegger's of By way of a prefatory remark, the np&tir, of place of transcendental and world, of problem his the in of context be this approached within should problematic, Kant. Aristotle and legacies of the to concern contending address transcendence world and Indeed, of the in each of accounts principal Kan t to itis above aII da t ing f rom the Ia te 1920s and ear Iy 1930s, EGA26 barely is mentioned Aristotle that Heidegger whereas refers, Aristotle's if Yet 11.1. Part 911 and Essence 'On the of Grounds' is his contribution slight, these in seems presence analyses Kant's to indebted For remaining decisive. whilst nonetheless 21. the however,

232

Heidegger philosophy, seems to have Kant's regarded by what one might marred regard as its Platonism residual thrown into condition by the deeply relief -a Aristotelian hue of Heidegger's formation. own philosophical We should not be surprised, if therefore, the Kantian we discover element of Heidegger's account to be tempered transcendence of and qualified his appropriation of In Aristotle. the instance, present this likened may be to an implicit repetition on Heidegger's part of the Aristotelian critique theory in particular, of Plato's of ideas and, of the inscription of the order within grounds (or activity) of discourse they whose basis As we shall the confluence provide. see, of Aristotelian and Kantian thought to a subtle currents of contributes and at times ambiguous treatment transcendence of the problem of, and world. 22. "Der transzendentele Weltbegriff ist offenbar in auf die brigen Weise bezogen. Andererseits eigener keiner der unter erschpfte 1 bis Begriffe, 3 genannten ihre Summe, den Begriff auch nicht Welt a1-9 Konstitutivum der Transzendenz: The transcendental concept of world is evidently in its to the other related, ownway, On the conceptions. hand, the other from none of I to 3, nor even concepts mentioned, their the 'world' sum, exhausts concept as a constituent of transcendence" EGA26 180: 2321. The same connection had already been but only in @69, much later than the initial made in Being and Time, analyses. 23. Cf. 149-153. Walter Brogan's excellent reply to Bernasconi's paper, SJP

transcendental thought as

24. EinfUhrung in die Metaphysik Tijbingen, (1935), Max 19831 (hereafter EM); tr. An Introduction to Metaphysics, Mannheim, New York, Anchor Books, 1961, pp. 161-162: 128. 25. EM 161-162: 128, GA54 96 especially 'Porosity: Question Violence the and Introduction Metaphysics, Graduate to 14(2)-15(l), 1991, pp. 183-212. 26. Nobc. is understood 1139al8-20, where

Niemeyer, transR

Cf. 131-147. also W McNeill, Heidegger's in Politics of Journal Philosophy Faculty

faculty; in its here rational sense as general is presented it otTaOrjat(; and Opctiq alongside cf. be This the should vol5r, sense of soul. as constitutive of elements five the is it of one as the given sense contrasted specific with H Weiss: Cf. 1139b3l-114la9l. intellectual [1139bl5-17 and virtues ist Uberhaupt nurs besteht "Die sondern Orexis nicht, fUr sich allein Orexis Einheit Diese und Nous. von dem in Einheit bezw. dem Logos mit by itself, Arche: Nous ist exists never der Mensch o5pstiq als selbst This of unity i. X6-yoc, vobq. but with in e. with only unity ever der in Zufall Kausalitit &pX, " of und himself is as opetiq man and votq 1942, Falken, Haus Verlag zum Basel, Philosophie des Aristoteles, pp-116-117. to back common terms a differentiated 27. drawing The gesture of Volpi In particular, Heidegger. in is source precedent not without and Befindlichkeit-Verstehen the the couples notes of each way Sorge, of the ground to common back drawn Creworfenheit-Entwurf are interpretation of Heidegger's ontological Volpi which as regards the least not reading, for 6ctir, a such There is evidence good des Creschichte Prologomena Zur in Sorge account of given 233

(1925), Frankfurt Zeitsbegriffs Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1988, GA20); 7he History tr. (hereafter the Concept of trans. T of Time, Indiana Bloomington, Kisiel, University Press, 1985, its where in terms Hang Eurgel of characterization Drang [propensity] and description Aristotle's of Opetiq echoes as quy [flight] and Sfokiq Cf. 1139a22f, GA20 295-297, [pursuit]. Volpi ECP 244-246 and DAP 107114. &pX be subject 28. The notion to this of will radicalization no less those the than 5pcttq. of np&Zic. and union Without of votc, and the that in Ch. 3, regarding analyses are to follow anticipating the it topic, to point may be helpful that the &pX of a present out to be is dynamic in itself. As Heidegger shown movement "Das remarks, &pXA-Sein, Ausgangsein fr... meint Ding eben nicht gleichsam ein davon Eigenschaft, das Ausgangsein ein etwas ausgeht, oder sondern ist in fr Being-ananderes etwas sich ein Ausgehen zum Anderen: &pX, being-an-opening-for does thing not really mean a or a .... from which Rather, being-ansomething sets out, property as it were. is in itself else something a setting opening-for out towards other This be important things" EGA33 101). in considering the extent will Heidegger's thought to which of transcendence, as a radicalization of &pXfl from be differentiated the or should of nP&tLr., should not nP&t1q[Oqpi6, rnql 'brutishness' to Elsewhere, Aristotle 29. as a refers He goes on to say ENE. VII: 1145al5-181. "state moral character" of the is that this races, non-Greek amongst commonest condition the found be to Greek amongst are also examples although some In the diseased, the educationally violent. excessively and subnormal the beyond degree lesser to those or a greater who are other words, the community. political of power educative and socialising 30. Strictly translate an them together speaking, with expression ENE-1: 1102b30-311. the 'appetitive 1O"pct-tq, ' the of part but Aristotle soul' clearly does not places

the between faculty rational intermediate 31. This of an conception Platonic the from development the soul, a of sides and desiderative conscience Heidegger's of account us of sense of spirit, may remind to is come said "the conscience" r357, of in Being Time call where and Conc. Cf. 275.3201. also [SZ beyond from "from me" me and yet from isloated by no means are 32. Moreover, the two aspects of virtue in of relation a inter-linked least but partially at one another, are

Chapter

Three

Heidegger, 111; Part GA61 1. Cf PIA, especially . Klostermann, Vittorio (1923), Faktizitdt) (Hermeneutik der 16-26. GA63), especially (hereafter Main, 1988, am M Interpretation 2. "Eine eigentliche der, exponierten philosophischen der mit Grundproblematik

Ontologie Frankfurt

in Fundierung zentralen fehlt der Faktizitgt

234

V61lig: expressed entirely 3.

authentic fundamental lacking" EPIA Heidegger Fragen Tradition

an

interpretation philosophical 250).

grounded problematic

in centrally facticity of

the is

writes elsewhere that: "Die Tradition der den Sachquellen philosophischen muO bis zu zurtickverfoigt Die werden. mup abgebaut The werden: tradition of be traced questioning back philosophical must to its The sources. tradition IGA63 751. must be de-constructed" subsequent "Diese comment that: AufSabe ist nur zu wenn eine vom Faktizit&tsproblem, das heipt einer Anthropologie, ph4gnomenologischen redikelen her konkrete orienterte der aristotelischen Interpretation Philosophie ist: verfOgbar gemacht task be accomplished, This if can only one can engage in a concrete interpretation to the problem of Aristotle with regard of facticity, is, that a radical phenomenological [PTA 2511. In anthropology" to Heidegger's known interest in addition the well Nicomachean Ethics, his description Aristotle's cf. Rhetoric also of as "die Hermeneutik der Ailtdglichkeit systematische erste des Mi teinanderseins: the f irst hermeneutic the systematic of Being ISZ 138: 178). Not only did everydayness of with one another" Heidegger this the first kind, its but "die regard work as of Interpretation des Affektiven dberhaupt grundsdtzliche ontologische kaum einen Aristoteles Schritt hat zu tun seit nennenswerten vorwdrts k6nnen: the basic Interpretation life in ontological of the affective has been to make scarcely general able one forward step worthy of [SZ 139: 1781. Aristotle" mention since the thereby 'sehen' includes suggesting all citXvrj except , displaced Heidegger that belief despite primacy common of sight: a that doubt is there the primacy favour language, in no of of vision disclosure his fundamental in and of conception vision role played a Frankfurt (1924/5), Sophistes truth. Platon: Cf. am for example, GA19) 11a. Main, Vittorio Klostermann, 1992 (hereafter 5. Note two but there that Heidegger's 6. Amongst are that those view share 450-4521 [ENT J01if and Gauthier intellectual and cf. virtues, Strong 190-215. 172-173 Ethics, Joachim, The Nicomachean and pp. pp. Of 1143bl5-17. found course, is textual for at reading a such support the disposition: scientific than faculty is one more each made up of the inicyxLn, calculative and faculty both and croq>foc comprises to decidedly is not This faculty both and c9Xvn. irp&tiq comprises division the as the is TtXvq, of however, that virtue say, qp6vqaiq this matter implications of the We on might comment shall suggest. HDP 136 and Bernasconi, Cf during also the remainder section. of this Sophistes Platon: Heidegger, Brogan's 151-153; SJP also cf. response, (hereafter 1992, Klostermann, Vittorio Main, (1924/5), Frankfurt am GA19) 95 and 8c. [4c'cdf disposition rational 7. (bp6vna-Lc,, is not therefore, a purely der "in Wp&tjq words, in Heidegger's is, X6-yov g6vov, but 1140b281, " EGA19 '16yor, irj than more in even is X6yoq: in updiq noch mehr als 1391. 8. The description of 'stellen' that qp6vnair, and as a Cestelltsein later 'Gestell' Dasein odd, seems of to became central 4. Cf. Heidegger's bewerkstelligen,

Similarly,

given

235

thinking Heidegger's of TEXvn; 'Die cf. Frage der nach Technik' Kehre' (1955) in VOrtr4ge and 'Die und Aufsdtze, Pfulligen, Gunther 1954, (hereafter Neske, VA); 'The Question Concerning Technology' and in The Question 'The Turning' Concerning Technology Other Essays, and W Lovitt, New York, trans. Harper Torchbooks, 1977, (hereafter QCT). However, one might the also remember passage at SZ 333: 381 (cited in Ch. 2. n. 15) where Dasein above is said to submit itself to the being for-the-sake-of-which of possibility it is working at any moment.
9. "Die des ou holding die Lage des HandeIns (pp6vrjaiq macht irn Festhalten 1196y2glich IOp6vrj(7ir, the C"vex(x: makes site of activity by accessible fast the IPIA ou' CVEx(x" We shall p. 2591. Heidegger'5 consider holding in more vocabulary of and having detail later [Ch. 4.111-IVI. NENI, Cf. 1143a35f 1142a25f. With and to Heidegger's respect use of here, 'seeing' his description cf. the of vision constitutive of " IGA19 163-165 q)p6vrjcriqq as an "Augenblick, and SZ 68al.

10. "Die Ausarbeitung der konkreten Lage die zielt..., rechte Entschlossenheit Durchsichtigkeit der als Handlung verfgbar zu Und sofern diese Entschlossenheit machen. in der Tat angeeignet und ist, ich vollzogen bin, sofern ist die Handlung also entschlossen in ihrer Nupersten Mdglichkeit da: the the elaboration of concrete to situation aims make genuine resoluteness accessible as transparency And insofar is in of the activity. as this resoluteness fact insofar appropriated and accomplished, as I am thereby resolved, the activity is there in its IGA19 150 My most extreme possibility" emphasis]. 11. "The wise know the conclusions that man therefore must not only follow from his first but also have a true principles, conception of those 11141al8l. themselves" It interesting to note is principles that Aristotle the same thing says about q)p6vqcriq 1114lbl4,114lb221, different the is themselves the first although status principles of Platonic in each case. its Aristotle's history brief of aoq)f(x finds the For Apology 2lb-22e. of counterpart genealogy comprehensive at a term aoq)((x, cf. ENT 481-489. 12. Not for the last time, Being and Time of how the as present-at-hand, arises 74: 102-104,569b]. 13. 14. Met. A. 10: 1075al3. For Heidegger's interpretation of the &cf O'v, cf. WM 267: 244-245. of we are reminded theoretical attitude, circumspective of out Heidegger's in account beings apprehending 73ISZ concern

between 15. In simple the opposition an terms, as problem presenting that to fails humanist acknowledge theocentric anthropologies and transcend to our be ability is human an what precisely most may Christian Both and divinity. form to of condition some via a relation however view, a Judaic such being human share clearly views of in each case. differently it may be articulated ihm Seiende das an bezug in 16. auf Vorrang "Die den hat cyo(plo( seinsmig griechisch das das Seiende, sie geht, insofern selbst, auf her, dem es was Blick den aus den Vorrang kommt in Das Seiende hat. the to in relation has lo(pt(x priority ist: immer schon an ihm selbst,

236

being with it which is concerned has for with regard the Greeks. priority The being into comes from that which view always is', IGA19 1371. On this already Heidegger basis, elicits and apparently endorses further several for the priority of cro(picf, of which criteria I shall two. mention 1. in the (bp6vqcTxq consists apprehension the 6ryxe6v nporxt6v, of yet declares that the good only Aristotle appears as such to one who is 11144a331: in short, good already (pp6vqatq cannot make us any better As Heidegger than we already are. it: i1wir werden dadurch puts nicht besser dazu gebracht, sittlich zu handeln, sofern wir nicht schon gut do thereby better we not come to act sind: ethically, insofar except EGA19 1671. In this good" as we were already way, the accomplishment depends form of existence. upon a certain of (pp6vqaiq Aristotle goes the advantage to be gained as to question so far from Tp6vrjaiq: "but it for? that it seeing that what do we need studies is noble which these things that man, but and good for are the a good man does by Knowing them does not make us any more capable about nature. of doing the virtues them, since 11143b2Of]are qualities First of character" that Aristotle is conflating we might the acquisition of all, remark its If we recall, in Book I he declared with of (pp6vqaiq study. the the treatise to consist in learning being of purpose in not about but rather in actually becoming To this good, good 11095a5l. end, the Aristotle in NE. VI is indeed irrelevant. But account presents quite this the issue between natural passage also raises of the distinction [&pcT E&pcT (puaix] in virtue and virtue some stronger sense xupial 11144bl5f]. Natural inheres in the character traits that virtue could loosely be called from in the stronger birth, ours whereas virtue the cultivation or modification sense is associated with specifically from the the transition those traits life. in later cDp6v9aiq of marks bring to 'cause' be former to the latter, it or said cannot although to Nonetheless, that transition for the mentioned. about reasons dispense of sense altogether, rob the distinction (pp6vncTiq would with In disagreeable. have found Aristotle short, which presumably would it but better than can were, we already (pp6vrjcYir, cannot make us any insofar as to whole a as existence cement one's relation a changed this As the in the deliberately good. of view (pp6vigoq acts involuntary action between the difference and voluntary represents Aristotelian to linked be therefore 11109b30ffl, an could (pp6vnair, twist, this the of Underlining freedom. significance conception of Mdglichkeit der hinsichtlich Heidegger die "Sofern (pp6vrjaic. writes: da einem von bleibt, sie ihres darauf Vollzugs angewiesen rechten ist Damit &W06g eigenstndig. ist nicht selbst sie wird, vollzogen das auf zwar sich -vep-Veia der' Vorrang sie der ob erschttert, the correct of the Insofar possibility bezieht: Dasein as menschliche is it that fact the depend to on accomplishment continues of q)p6v9cYir, The priority independent. itself is it not by an 6ryot06q, accomplished indeed is related it though thereby is even of (pp6vTjaiq overturned, be to is said By croq)f(x to 1671. human IGA19 Da-sein" contrast, is, 5v, what that &6 with the deals independent it inasmuch with as is not therefore Dasein and from does above proceed not else all is it that fact The its form existence. of contingent upon a specific treated is as EOEG)PETv] form of activity to a specific linked clearly of 1PP6vW1r, the accomplishment because irrelevant here, apparently orientation an and character depends formation of a certain upon

being

itself,

insofar

as the to being in itself

237

towards a demands a throw our the character in not and

life, certain way of the accomplishment whereas of aopj(x detachment from precisely those interests mundane that into existence (Such relief. indifference to corresponds of the first themselves principles when viewed as such the light of particular pursuits). 2. Heidegger that notes the is for activity most part our broken episodic, up by the demands [1177a2l, GA19 1741. changing situation of the Following Aristotle, the inconstancy he contrasts of even the least venturesome of lives invariance the "W4hrend of contemplation; with das Seiende der np&kiq kann je jeweils sein anders und Entsch1up einen im Augenblick das Betrachten verharrt reine des Immerseienden verlan9t, gleichsam dauernden Jetzt: Whereas in einem the being of np&tir, be can always than it is in and other each case requires in a resolution the the pure moment, observation present being of the perpetual persists in a lasting now" IGA19 1741. as though intimacy the problem with which of the being. Gauthier orya06v of take and Jolif clearly this to the passage when, with view regard at 1096b34 quoted above, that the they propose "practicable be the object good" of Ociaptor no less than of woinaiq As they point for Aristotle; "Ce or irp6ttiq. out, Pobjet bien de ]a contemplation aussi qui est que de Paction, ce le concept, PCtre il The object pas c'est n'est en qui se r6alise: is not the concept, it is being, as of action, of contemplation, as is I ENT 47 My emphasis]. it Just being is realized' as not because immediately it is noXXo(X&Sq XcV6gcvov, accessible so the 6ry(x96v be intangibility the itself to its may attributed of have Accordingly, intrinsically as we already character. manifold isolable in is the in of a region not noted, sense o'rV(x96v an absolute its own. must not linked is Kant und SZ 11-15: 32-35, 18. Cf. GA26 11-18: 9-18, GA24 26-27: 19-20, Vittorio Frankfurt (1929), das Problem der Metaphysik am Main, Metaphysics, Problem the Kant tr. Klostermann, 3-9; 1991, of and pp. 1962, and Press, University Indiana trans. Bloomington, J Churchill, in Research in Philosophy' Concept Bernasconi, Double 'The of Phenomenology 1988, pp. 41-57. Vol. XVIII 17. One forget to that the

finitude already was differently, such articulated Aristotelian in theology between and ontology relation Heidegger by and those offered as such philosophy, readings as that be a it objected different may Aubenque On demonstrate. note, a Heidegger's (that defending I thesis the am central plank of hegemony of the conceptual challenges radicalization np&tiq of a as np6tir, of the for articulation thereby nofn(Yiq allows and have description we the determination is Dasein) with at odds of if finitude; a of this to notion Heidegger's here given response of it no would become to available, language to were np&tiq appropriate this of incorporation the limit longer and be a as encountered philosophy of practice and the into finitude structure experience of the is this not that however, We see, become shall would reduntant. the contrary, on are, lines two address that the of case and intimately Epp. 132-1351. linked engulfs qcwpcc1xoq, pior the the 20. Cf. way Taminiaux's q on remarks the priority over reservations the ELOF 1751 ensuing RP&tiq and Although in the evident 19.

238

to Cfcro(PI(Y. accorded in aoq)f(x reflects interest that Dasein and something 21. into this 22.

Brogan's also, remark to preserve a desire its exceeds own existence

Heidegger's between a relation ISJP 1521.

that

GA29/30 Ch. 6. The problematic Cf. that of (pf)air, as it emerges above EM Ch. l. transformation, cf.

of nature gradually evolved in VWB- For a sense all of (Yo9i(x and the question in the absence of any the sense of totality to of readings given they distinguish part, to the term voi5(; [ENT

The only discontinuity conspicuous is raised as a whole as it of beings to X6-yoq, which previously reference ao(pi(x. with associated 23. Gauthier lines these the following 5371: and Jolif by various senses (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) the relate commentators. that may be Intellect Intellect Intellect Intelligence Intelligence

between here lies structured wide variety For their attributed

FA CUL TE: FONCTION: QUALITt:

sp6culatif pratique des principes des valeurs

morales

concr6tes

istsic. The qualities the 1qualit6es habituelles) represent ou 6tats of Most of the ancient the functions. commentators and a number of the Trendelenburg (of which and Teich-MOIler out) are moderns are singled the functions to have drawn no distinction between and qualities said Die J Walter, his Lehre By contrast, in von der of study voiSq. Jena, 1874, Philosophie, der Vernunft in greichischen prektischen the functions between to have distinguished (pp. 313-335) is said and (5), (4) to vol5c, reading and senses qualities of vobq only confound Gauthier des intelligence in the and principes. as passage above in many subsequent Walter's Jolif influence detect the reading of Ross. including commentators,
thinking conjecture of probably the analogy, like De Anima is that thinking perceiving. is to be what I E Aristotle "Mind that related must adds .... One 429al7l. IDA-111: is thinkable, to is sensible" what sense as that E) Met. final of the in chapter the to remark could also point thinking" faculty the of total to "blindness of is absence a akin Heidegger essentially makes [Met. E). 10: 1052a3, p-250(nl)]. also cf. " Des genuin 'Introduction'; 1922 the the in same point Weise die X61YOU ohne das, Gegenstdndliche ist 66(vet) des er was votc, (oi) 'Ei hAls-Was-BestimmungenO des Ansprechens seine auf etwas auf ihm selbst an was die 6'(Si(xfPEVX, DA 430b28) vernimrnt: X(rc& -civoc, the ist: genuine explikabel weiter nicht nicht auseinandernehmbar', X6you, without it 0-rvcu that perceives is which objectiveness of vobr, that &SI(xiPcTa, the 'determination-as-something': its addressing [PIA longer explicable" is no be in itself contrasted, which cannot 258, 2041. GA33 cf. also Heidegger is 24. here Aristotle's Pursuing in

25. of

We shall have occasion Cf. holding having. and

Heidegger's to consider later 1142a25f. 1143a35f, VI: NE.

vocabulary

239

1177a12-25,1178a9f for Aristotle elsewhere moot, Cf. also PIA 263. 1178a6. 26. Cf. 27. To be

and 1179a25-27. describes voj$q

However, as what

the point is is most human

this is sure, the not influence only on Heidegger's As a conjuntion of anxiety. conception of hermitic revelation and dissolution, it to a radicalization abysmal amounts of a 'Cartesian' that be rooted tendency may itself in the same notion of purity to the Greek experience attached In addition, of eccapfof. one might Kierkegaard's think description of also of the self as "the relation itself to its that " 'The Sickness relates own self, in unto Death' Fear and Trembling Unto Death, and The Sickness trans W Lowrie, New Princeton U P, 1961, p. 146. Jersey, 28. Although temporality it

the analysis seems that of movement gave way to that as to a more fundamental of formulation or profound of it is worth the problem, that the latter noting problematic was only in the wake of the advances possible Indeed, made by the former. even the interpretation Heidegger exceptional when one considers gave of treatment Aristotle's time in Physics IV 10-14, of it is still to tempting that Aristotle's discussions suppose of movement and Heidegger fruitful insofar offered change more reading, a5 they directly impinged the on the themes of 8bvcYgiq, Cv9pVci(x and thereby Aristotelian life being. of both conception and divine 29. This is the GA33 especially Met. E. 2: 1026bl. 30. Aristotle's Clarendon, 1960, 31. Heidegger is sense in which the source 57; for of this Physics, p. 537. ed. with commentary interested reading WD in Ross above all, Aristotle, (1936), cf. cf.

Oxford,

from which Because is Sibvoegir one must move, seen as a state to having the than as a state move: as with movement, power rather of than as a manner the Megarics 8bvcxgtq as a being, tend to view rather below. Ch. 4.1V 8.3 Met. being. Cf. Heidegger's and of of reading 32. Heidegger the offers Sich-ans-Werk-machen, sein, 1VWB-WM 282: 2561. stehen &tp-ye-Lcy to following Cf. be translations ofev9pycia: 2201, IGA33 is Am-WerkeIm-Werkincomplete

-ins-Zeug-legen p. 257(n47). also complete, whereas by

33. is said 16f'CCXtq1 11048bl8-35).

xivqatc,

the in Aubenque passage 34. Significantly, this moved critique, of Heidegger's reading basis the of is quoted at above, also he offers interpretation the Moreover, Aristotle's time. of account to as movement to intended is win access of the now as transition 919 GA24 Cf. esp. here. issue is at movement what precisely 251: 354.

240

Chapter

Four

1. Heidegger importance attached great to this chapter, it seeing as the clearest in Aristotle expression the conception of truth of as Cf. Vom Wesen unconcealment. der' Menschlichen Freiheit (1930), Frankfurt Vittorio Klostermann, am Main, 1982,59, Logik: die Frase der Wahrheit (1925/26), Frankfurt nach am Main, Vittorio Klostermann, 1976,913c, HA 172-182. and Volpi, the noted already, tendency towards theological a the of resolution problems of ontology is intrinsic to Aristotle's in and philosophy may be taken some respects as a mark of its If distinction. any doubt remains, we are not that arguing it is but rather that mistaken as such, it is inadequately thought through, by Aristotle's above all For whilst successors. the complexity and of Aristotle's testifies ambiguity own text to his the awareness of involved, the impulse problems to ivtpyciof elevate beyond change the interpretations sanctions reductive that of Aristotle the are target real of Heidegger's reading. 3. For an 'Heidegger excellent lecteur this reading of Pierre Rodrigo, passage, cf. d'Aristote: Dynamis le regard et 66nergeia sous ttudes in Les Philosophiques, Juillet-septembre 2. As we have

ph6nom6nologique' 1990, pp. 353-372.

4. The Greek in

is: Xit-ye-con question In its gt: v IL&Xiacof xupfwc, --. form, is indeed adverbial taken to narrow the sense xupiwq generally to its of the verb Thus, primary Liddell or most essential meaning. to its in the and Scott language refer use context of as indicating "in the However, be proper sense-" as an adjective, xuptoq may to "having It " applied that persons power or authority. may be Heidegger draws this its transfering the on element of meaning, 'holding that in question to suggest the connotation of sway' sense is merely the the most but most not necessarily common or prevalent, Scott, &R HG Cf. A Greek Lexicon, Liddell proper or correct. Oxford, Clarendon, 1951 (ninth edition).

"wahrlich nicht as v Xprlafgrl o16 lig: brauchbar this of particular of -sense to construct basis seems a somewhat an opposition arbitrary on which brauchbar), to 'usef uI' the (wh i ch is of senses amongst also Heidegger [applicable] possible a as also verwendber offers [usefulterms ndtzlich alternative as such and rejects expressly he the On table]. contrary, [useful dienlich serviceable] and -sui is precisely ndtzlich first that this the enquiry into claims sense 1924 the to edition dienlich Ross's for follows. and commentary what the "not to most in "not the chooses preference suitable" most the in the problem " thereby towards useful, mitigating some way going same fashion as Heidegger. the As Sbv(xLiq. translation 6. Heidegger of his in is not consistent Kraft for opts he indicates, generally the subtitle of course one [potentiality). Verni6gen (power], the but more usual also uses to wish a Vernp6gen reflects Kraft that the suspects over of choice character distance secondary or the from passive residual a account translates the If the selection Greek

5. Heidegger brauchbar. "

241

the term with potentiality associated character that -a derive may the privilege from in part to actuality given as a determination of is 'genuinely ' Ultimately, real. Heidegger what develop will his further in the company of Nietzsche. interpretation However, that the of such a reading was already decided orientation is evident from the Leibniz in GA26, 95. Whatever of esp. account the broader strategic Heidegger's of choice his distinction significance of terms, between Verm6gen does Kraft and not seem to have arisen directly from his interpretation Metaphysics, of Aristotle's as he often uses the two in terms conjunction with one another or as interchangeable, e. g. GA33 167,209. die vorhandenen xorc& -xivr1criv sind Kr4fte, von denen Bewegtes irgendwelcher wenn uns sprechen wir Art begegnet: the 86vulisir, xui& xfvncriv are the present-at-hand powers that we speak of kind thing in any of when we encounter [GA33 55-561. movement" himself Aristotle this warns against to the way mistake, pointing had that been described in movement consistently terms negative (otherwiseness, that unequalness, non-existence) it is as evidence thing nor a a quality neither nor indeed anything such as would fall 120lb2O-301. category under any other 8. The expression does not appear in Met. 8 as such and x(xxdf xivacoar ., Heidegger's is introducing the essentially way of ontological into Aristotle's difference However, it account of movement. echoes &pX Sbv(ygir the the determination (1019al5l, thereby of as xivcrstjr. Sbvagiq the that linking this in to is perspective account of shift In Physics basis. it is by no means without to follow. Moreover, the by the inability 111.1-2 frustrated Aristotle is of clearly Heidegger's his to disposal such and movement as grasp categories at that to trajectory does the questioning of a use of point genitive introduction the however, Ultimately, Aristotle have of may welcomed. to it the by make the genitive falls form stands one enables sense or E). Metaphysics in the issue of problems at
9. By way Phys i cs, of u'Xrl illustration, in Heidegger's 1939 as presented are and jlop(pti The being. possibility of of ways intepretation the on rests reading Heidegger that terms in of movement nXgov die dap der Gang in on paper essentially Aristotle's dynamic

7.

"Die

Si6vulicir,

significations ontological iv9PYCI(x ini 10. "Es bleibt

an such of 86vagic, and of here. out sets Abschnitten ivtpyciot zur

Mglichkeit, Fortgang 8bv(xjiiq der Ausgang xa-c& x! vrj(T-Lv, geht: von 86vagic, Ausgang zur iv9p-Veicx libergang xotT& xivtlacwq xOfT6f xivnaiv, zur : divided is the that path the There possibility 'X(xTdf xivcrccaq: remains xivnaiv, a bvag xocxdf f Iq into rom the following outset stages: ivitp-yetof to x(X'E& transition development ivtp-Vcjo( to xofT6f xfvqc7iv, 551. IGA33 to 9,6vcxgtq x(xTdf xtvtlG6wq xIvtlaE(jq, conclusion lapses, Aristotle that , I. Bonitz, Ross, suggests f01 lowing Ross calls (which Sbvofglq introducing definition of later the he calls (which sense the earlier the into of Potentiality) account this believes he which the at point Significantly, IACM 2411. Power) Heidegger that the point is to have [1047a241 precisely happened ihm "Mit achievement: Aristotle's the of Picks pinnacle out as Antike der Erkenntnis Idiesem die ist Satz] philosophische grdflte

folgenden

242

Erkenntnis, eine aushresprochen, und unverstanden unausgewertet to the voice gives greatest to that this day philosophy [GA33 2191. Cf. 12. above all Frankfurt am Main, N Kemp Smith, trans. 13.

heute in der Philosophie gebleiben ist: it [this proposition] knowledge of Ancient times, knowledge has neither evaluated nor understood" der Vernunft reinen tr. Critique Pure of 1983, A204 B249. (1781), Reason,

die

bis

I Kant, Kritik Suhrkamp, 1992; London, Macmillan,

Discussing the alteration in meaning by the term Epyov undergone translated into Latin, Heidegger on being later that notes it came to be understood "Das Ergebnis as a result. ist das, was aus einer folgt: der Erfolg. und auf einer actio Das Wirkliche ist jetzt das Erfolgte. Der Erfolg durch wird Sache einer die erbracht, ihm durch die Ursache (causa). voraufgeht, Das Wirkliche jetzt ercheint im Lichte der Kausalit. 4t der causa efficiens. A result is that which follows follows out of and upon the an actio: the consequence, [Erfolg] The is outcome that rea I now has followed which as The is brought consequence. consequence by the circumstance about that [Sachel it, i. e. by the cause precedes [Ursachel (causa). The in the light real appears the now of the causality of causa " 'Wissenschnaft efficiens. in VA, p. 50, und Besinnung' 'Science and Reflection' in QCT, p. 161. the question regards is transformed ontology, into of grounds for the first link in the causal a search chain modern version of -a tale, in Being an ancient "Der as Heidegger points out and Time: Schritt im Verstdndnis des Seinsproblems erste philosophische besteht darin, Geschichte d. h. nicht hkeine gb66v Tivof SiqysTafti, erz9hieng, Seiendes Seiendes durch RUckfuhrung als nicht auf ein anderes Seiendes in seiner Herkunft Sein den zu bestimmen, gleich als h9tte Charakter Seienden: If the to understand eines m6glichen we are in not gbMv problem of Being, philosophical our first step consists SinyeTa0on, is to in 'telling that in not not ,tiv(x say, a story' to defining in their by tracing them back origin entities as entities Being had the character some other of some possible entities, as if 242c, cf. Sophist ESZ 6: 261. is from Plato, The citation also entity" theory big bang in Fhaedo 98c-99c. Heidegger Presumably, see would the to events and the efforts reconstruct cosmology of contemporary its the the both and of power of science of earliest a sign universe philosophical poverty. the his 15. The examples illustrate of to account used by Aristotle The building four 5culpture. those of and of causes are predominantly the the efficient in of case is that notable of paternity exception the a in "or maker general Aristotle though cause, adds even here, the this that remains 11013a3l], suggesting cause of the thing made" the that from far is clear it Nonetheless, for model even paternity. tenor of the general is compatible with to child relation of father Derrida's essay Aristotle's note, On a more contemporary account. the possibility of 'L'invention de J'autre' a consideration prefaces "Invente-t-on the question with Of inventing new radically something 1987, Galil6e, Paris, PsychL6, " Does one invent un enfant?: a child? escape precisely that might Derrida this P-14. as an example raises is sighted not the end insofar as the schema of production, or exceed 14. As

243

In this the future advance. way, opened by act is not one's own there is discontinuity a sense and of found not in production. interest Derrida's emerges as more than a passing coincidence, if one Derrida's in essay an implicit sees interrogation the limits of of language the of potentiality and actuality, an interrogation that, is rarely this though ackowledged, also characterizes Heidegger's 'on the Origin of the Work of Art. ' in 16. Regarding Sbv(xgic, raises and these material questions causality, and VWB-WM 271-289: others in his 1926 248-261. course,

17. Heidegger GA22 13.

Jean-Frangois Cf 18. heideggerienne L'interpr6tation ' in Heidegger et Aristote, Volpi, pp. 43-66. 19.

Mattei, 'L'C-toile le et sillon: de I '6tre et de la nature chez Platon I 'id6e de ]a ph6nomenologie, et F ed. and or of

Ertragsamkeit is cognate (to endure, with ertragen tolerate) (endurable, tolerable). The root Ertrag ertrdglich denotes yield thereby linking Ertragsamkeit to output, the experience production. 20. Heidegger

from Leibniz's quotes "Quando writing on dynamics: est agere character substantiarum, extensioque nil aliud quam jam id est resistentis praesuuppositae nitentis renitentisque substantiae diffusionem dicit, tantum ipsammet continuationem sive abest, ut facere Since is the characteristic substantiam, possit. activity mark than of substances, extension on the contrary, affirms nothing other the continual reiteration or preusposed propagation of an already that is, effort and counter-effort, substance, and resistant therefore 'Specimen itself. " cannot possibly constitute substance Charles Dynamicum' New York, Wiener, in Leibniz: Selections ed. PP The 96. GA33 Scribner's 120 Sons, 119-136; 1951, and p. cf. pp. that to [Streben] introduction the of of of striving concept for is also the basis view of on the Cartesian resistance an attack In inert the natural matter. and extended of world as an aggregate this the means replacing connection resistance, of concept with the halts body of heavy that movement The fact a extensiowith agere. terms in inexplicable be of body would a smaller versa vice an not his in of In this analysis Heidegger. as way, extension alone, argues Heidegger 519-211, [SZ Time Being the in and worldhood of world to original more a Cartesian the indifference metaphysics exposes of depends. determination fact it in on which "holding as 21. the science of Heidegger there essence of speaks totality the what of of the in the midst uncertainty one's of ground is" RR 12: 473. the in 6-1-3 Met. 22. All from quoted further passages in be Heidegger's reproduced them will intepretation of translation. that of by my rendition followed own translation of context Heidegger's

skill, or accomplishment 23. translated as be Fertigkeit could potentiality. of description thereby foregoing the to it relating TEXV(l of translation a as Fer-tiSkeit Indeed, Heidegger later offers thus and prepared or (P-1871. ready Fertig However, mean can this to use have I chosen Fertigkeit be taken as readiness. could

244

sense later definition

view of Heidegger's use of Fertigwerden Cf. Heidegger's passage. also use of Fertigkeit in his of cvTeX6Xciot at the end of GA33 22, p. 249(n. 46). Zielstrebigkeit be taken 24. could simply as 'singlemindedness' or However, ' 'resoluteness. in the context even discussion, of this it Heidegger that to distance wishes himself seems from the sense of towards lies $movement what that ahead' is by conveyed the Ziel [goal] the stem of Streben. of with conjunction Accordingly, I Zielstrebegkeit have translated as 'purposefulness' in the hope of the sense of having 'in one's a goal preserving ' sights. the iep-yov argument, 25. Cf. pp. 46-52. is Heideggerian a typically The difference gesture. in Ross between Heidegger and is brought approach on this into point Ross's by to De Anima 425b25-426a3O. reference Aristotle relief "The the begins: activity of that sensible the object and of is one and the same activity sense percipient and yet the distinction being their " Heidegger's between remains. reading of this passage focus their his interpretation on surely unity, would of truth as the ground for the subjective providing unconcealment and objective is described here. limbs By contrast, Ross sees as it of the event that follows this it, and the discussion passage, as evidence of how distinct two fundamentally phenomena can appear as one. 26. This to designate that is no longer x(xcdf x1vnaiv said expression in the is observation of a moving apprehended which potentiality deren diejenige, ist Sibv(xgir, die thing. "Sondern xotT6( x1vr10'1v Wechselbezug in dem der gcTo(poX, Wesenbau in dem Grundph9nomen eben ist, oIc er 8()vcxgiq von 5h mitgegeben lt&aXeiv und cob von 'cob nOISIv Rather, ist: hin Bewegung her Bewegung verstanden solche auf is with given is that 8f)v(xli Ic X(xc& xfvrlc)riv structure essential whose , interthe in the fundamental precisely of 9CWPOX, phenomenon from it is understood and Tob 716(aXeIv; relation of Sf)v(xRlq Tof) noleiv 1151. [GA33 in view of such movement" such movement and ' 'withdrawal. but ' 'privation, simply 28. also Entzug mean can latter, the which kinetic of the Heidegger character on often plays been has withdrawn what of the significance positive also preserves ' That said, 'privation. better than the negative plainly more the disqualify use not Heidegger's interpretation of (y.Cj:pncr1r, would by treatment aTtpnaiq of detailed For 'privation. ' a more of PEA Aubenque 264-269; also cf. 294-301: Heidegger VWB-WM, esp. cf. 27. The 425,431-438. from phrase he as regards 29. Heidegger twice out what picks "In occasion: each differently on 1046a28f, it translating slightly Kr-aft jegliche ist desselben Gemaheit in Bezug dasselbe und auf thing each the same with in Unkraft: to conformity In relation and Unkraft ist Krgft , 1101, EGA33 iality" _Tede is potentiality a-potent in is un-power Every power desselben: in Bezug auf dasselbe und geM60 true is not This III]EGA33 itself" to to relation and according itself. power of the but essence of only of specific powers the key
30. shall Of course, in see the complete IV. Section picture However, will what also we

in in

the this

translation

in

ivtPYcla, we as involve discovered have already

245

regarding (our primary

&6v(xgiq concern

will

prove here).

vital

for

the

hermeneutics

of

facticity

31. "[Inicrrgrj: sich verstehen auf etwas, etwas kennen und erkannt Xoyicrg6q: Berechnung, haben; umsichtige liberlegung bezogen und damit Entscheidung: Wahl [Elniagq: und to understand auf oneself with to to know something, and have discerned regard loytag6q: something; taking deliberation account, circumpsective and thereby to relation IGA33 1281. and decision" choice 32. 33. Cf. GA33 138-148, GA24 149-154: 106-109.

NE. VI. ii. 2: 1139a21. DA. 3: 4323b28f, "[Dlie Bewegung immer ist die Fliehenden Verfolgenden (9u*yfi bzw. oder eines Stwttc, ), das aber in Schutz bringen bedeutet; sich bzw. vor in etwas Besitz sich Movement bringen is flight vor etwas: always (q)uy or or pursuit bring Slwtiq), to safety which means; before oneself something or into bring before oneself possession [GA33 1501. Cf. something" the to fleeing that and avoidance throughout many references Being occur to disposition [Befindlichkeit) particularly and Time, with regard being-towards-death. In turn, these and cases are generally to 'coming before the counterposed a something' associated with to authenticity [Eigentlichkeit]. modification impetus for does not come from the mind pursuit or avoidance for "even does command and thought bids as such, when the mind us pursue or avoid something, sometimes no movement is produced; we act in desire" 1433al-21. Human being, accordance with as one who Siofvorycix is described chooses, as either opexrix6r, vol5c, or opctq 11139b5l. Dasein is Time, Being in important theme where and an the to in relation often circumspective absorbed a non-thematic Dasein das kannn Vertrautheit "In dieser totality. sich equipmental bennomen ihm Begegnende sein: das innerweltlich von und an verlieren it in itself lose In this encounters Dasein familiarity what can from Aside 1071. 76: ISZ it" fascinated with within-the-world and be the they, the in notion itself' 'lose the fact Dasein that can also the Heidegger by characterizes [Benommenheit] which of fascination interestingly its an in plays concern of absorbtion world of the self the Dasein animal. vis-A-vis determination his in of equivocal role the in Dasein passage Whereas of it is presented as characteristic feature animal of becomes it a lectures, 1929/30 in the quoted above, Cf. 58-601. also EGA29/30 Dasein life from it that distinguishes ]a Heidegger et Vesprit, De in Derrida's this matter on remarks Spirit, 'Of 85. 75-90, p. esp. 1987, Paris, Galil6e, pp. question, Bowlby, R Bennington and G trans. Heidegger the Question, and the Note way 1989. also Press, Chicago Chicago, University London, of is what with be to preoccupied that that cease one ao(pi(y requires Ep. 1161. most immediate above and this in account, implicit 36. The conception the self of is authenticity, of the constitutive its reserve all with association full a Regrettably, further comment. invites that topic clearly a work. the present bounds of the beyond is critical consideration those accordingly and However, the appropriation, themes of having, the in large part a to play continue Of authenticity and selfhood, 35. This is 34. The

246

remainder philosophical question, in these concepts are the for ground preparing

of the

the

thesis.

they are not explicitly from sources Heidegger which some measure brought to light, such critique.

Whilst

in Placed developed thereby

this 37. With explanation back on ourselves we turn and the rejoin the discussion Heidegger at point where was concerned to establish the possibility of discrimination that belongs to 6bv(xg1q gcT& X6you [cf. pp. 188-1901. 38. the premissed on Aristotle's view of world physical as determined essentially by By movement. figures geometrical contrast, cannot move, whereby it makes no sense to speak of them as at rest either. Cf. Cf. Section IV below. This is

Met., &. 20: 1022b3-10. There are several in the present points this at which passage study importance, assumes considerable inasmuch by Heidegger, it articulates not cited as, although that an ambiguity Heidegger in his treatment explores 92-93,205-206, of Dasein; cf. Conc. and p. 258(nl), the passage is quoted in full. where 39. Note Heidegger's GA33 55. pp. 166-167, 40. questions over the order of the account. Cf.

41. "Das Ausschlaggebende das Verstndnis und fr und die Auslegung bersetzung vcpicTv des ganzen Kapitels Leitende ist die des energe. heit: (nicht Wenn ein am Werke sein einfach: wirklich sein). Vermgen 'am Werke ist', d. h. bei der Herstellung dessen, zu etwas Vermgen ist, beschftigt, denn, kurz, wozu es wir sagen 'verwirklicht' das, dem nur Mgliches war: sich was vor etwas Decisive in the of the as a guide understanding and interpretation vcpycTv is the translation whole means: being at chapter of energe. is for (not If being something work potentiality a simply actual). for which it is I at work, ' i. e. is engaged in the production of that then we say that something only a potentiality, what was previously [GA33 1671. 'actualizes itself'" possible 86vo%Liq the concerned that the of essence of account to 86vugic, form the pertaining X&Vou, 3f)v(Y1itq of primarily gcx& be an as beings that read Consequently should account with souls. X6yov C(pov the c-Xov. being human the as account essence of of in Motion' Definition of 'Aristotle's 43. Physics Kosman, V-VI, IA 42. Note Phronesis Vol. XIV 1969 pp. 40-62, esp. p. 45. the offered version translate to 44. This and is problematic passage the In indication. particular, here should be taken as a rough only also being-in-place-to, translated as Im-Stand-sein-zu, expression The of sense for something. in the being idea condition conveys of Sich-insthe in phrase is implies this reflected concerted effort I have which and translates energeia Zeug-legen Heidegger by which of taken advantage have I doing, In so rendered as 5etting-to-work. lZeU91tool Werk] and Eer-gon, Heidegger's of work own conjunction doing something of is thing capable 45. The Ross edition "And a runs: that of of the actuality having its in if there impossible is nothing Heidegger praises 2411. [AMC the capacity" it to have is said which has that philosophy Ancient in this definition point as a high

247

and even misunderstood unsurpassed remained throughout the whole of the history 'EGA33 2191. of metaphysics By contrast it is in this identifies Ross that to maintain a failure passage distinct senses of Cf. AMC 241 and p. 243(nll). 86v(xRiq. 'Am-Werke-sein' 46. Heidegger also offers and 'Sich-ins-Werke-machen' 'in der Werkhaftigkeit [GA33 2201, halten' sich and 'Sich-in-dertheit-und-Dastehendheit-Hal Hergestell ten' in GA31 69. Cf. p. 249(n32). 47. Heidegger recognizes that, is worth noting 'Sich-in-Fertigkeit-halten. is Ende [readiness) over sbv(xg Iq48. it as essentially to vtpyctcx. equivalent it Heidegger's translation in GA33 of ivccXtxci(Y ' The for preference Fertigkeit lend] more fully the term's reflects link with

instructively Indeed, one could determination compare Heidegger's vxcXtXci(x that the with of now in GA24 19. Here too there of is a full from to one of transition, a sense of presence that move is, translation, in Heidegger's Umschlag. gcxofpoX or, 49. 1 is intended to pick out movement such' T1 xoioiSTov] (as opposed to the actuality of potentiality as of what is capable but not necessarily the potentiality in of accomplishing), believe. Whereas it the way most be thought to commentators might ivEsXtXei(x the is that indicate movement of the potentiality of x to it do y or to become z, may be understood more fundamentally as an is at issue that it is potentiality insistence and not as such that This lead to to.... the the a would potentiality of x specific simply itself the focussed formal definition change of on event of movement have that to the that seen already we perspective would correspond [p. 1441. him describe xtv(Tctjr, as x(rcdc 'as Thus the the actuality

Conclusion

kind (1) ['stiq] a means 1. Aristotle, Met. A. 20.1022b6-10: like an has he something haver the and of what of activity of between is made, thing one and For makes one when action or movement. the has and him a garment between too who them there is a making: so then, having, This of having. is sort has there he a garment which if infinity, to on go the for will have; process evidently we cannot " have. of what we it is to be possible to have the having "'Having' 2. Cf. p. 6, p. 63, Pp. 205-206.

248

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