An IB virus that has its surface receptors coated in antibodies cannot attach itself to the cells lining the trachea, the first step in infection.
Vaccines
Vaccines = INSURANCE (something you may never use but you be very glad to have if ever needed) Live : gives best immune response but has side effects (weakened strains of virus) Killed: less side effects but poorer immune response (excluding adjuvants)
Serology
The detection of antibodies in serum Test methods: plate agglutination hemagglutination inhibition ELISA Interpreting results: negative vaccination field challenge
Blood
55% fluid: mostly water 45% solid: cells (500:1 red : white cells), enzymes, proteins, nutrients transports oxygen & nutrients while removing waste serum Vs plasma
Blood Serum
ELISA
E nzyme L inked I mmuno S orbant A ssay
ELISA
easily automated sensitive & specific antigen-coated test plates capture specific antibodies in diluted blood sample and reagents turn shades of blue depending and the amount of antibody present generates computer graph histogram
ELISA plate
HI plate
Serological Strategies
DIAGNOSTIC: field challenge paired samples ASSESS VACCINATION RESPONSE: protective and maternal titres
Serological Strategies
small sample size is used to infer the condition of a larger population of birds statistical techniques dictate sample size of significance variables: flock size 12-24 /air space? testing type pooling samples reduces test sensitivity (dilutional)
Interpretation
Serology results must be interpreted in association with other sources of information: vaccination history production data condemnation data clinical signs necropsy findings
Limitations
seroconversion takes 4-20 days tests only circulating antibody static measure (rising, stable, falling) cant differentiate field vs. vaccine strains cross-reactions test error
Titres or Titers
a unit of measurement of antibody uses pre-determined reference numbers historically measured by sample dilution until a standard reaction was produced dilution = titre a titre of 32 the antibody of 64 2X the antibody of 16
Interpretation No immunity Maternal Immunity Live Prime Vaccine Poor Immunity 2nd Live Prime Vaccine
Field Challenge
Interpreting Results
123 A BB 18 X 345 IBD-XR
123 flock # A or B 1st or 2nd bleeding BB broiler breeder (or TU, BR) 18 age in weeks X submitter code (hatchery, vet) 345 owner code IBD-XR test name
Interpreting Results
MEAN TITRES:
Titre Group 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1076-1999 1000-1999
2000-2999 2000-2999 1216-1661 3000-3999 3000-3999 1662-2107 4000-4999 4000-4999 2108-2553 5000-5999 5000-5999 2554-2999 6000-7999 6000-7999 3000-3444
Interpreting Results
UNIFORMITY: %CV (coefficient of variation) < 30% excellent 30-50% good 51-80% fair > 81% poor or bimodal
Standards
Optimum Titres: minimum titre level to provide long duration immunity for breeder hens, also assuming protective. Assessed 4 weeks post-killed vaccine. ND 8/10 > 7 IBV 8/10 > 6 IBD 8/10 > 8 Reo 8/10 >5 AE 8/10 >4
Interpretation
EXAMPLES
The following are typical histograms