EXPERIMENT 3: CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

1.0

OBJECTIVE

i.

Assemble and disassemble for maintenance and repairmen for centrifugal pump and its components.

ii. iii.

Replacing components. Troubleshooting, fault assessment.

2.0

APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT

wrench Ratchet Metal rod Allen Key Wooden Head Hammer Bearing Extractor Pipe Wrench

3.0

SAFETY AND HEALTH

It is the individuals responsibility to practice the following the general safety guidelines at all times. 3.1 Always know the hazards associated with the materials that are being utilized in the lab. Always wear appropriate protective clothing. Confine long hair and loose clothing. Do not wear high-heeled shoes, open-toed shoes, sandals or shoes made of woven material. Always wash hand and arm with soap and water before leaving the work area. Never perform unauthorized work, preparations or experiments.

3.2 3.3

3.4 3.5

4.0

THEORY

Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic ax symmetric work-absorbing turbo machinery. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. In the typical case, the fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radials outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits. Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping. The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy. The two main components of a centrifugal pump are the impeller and the diffuser. The Impeller takes the power from the rotating shaft and accelerates the fluid. The diffuser transforms the high fluid velocity (kinetic energy) into pressure

The main components: Impellers Diffusers Thrust washers Casing Shaft Bushing

1.1 Principle of the centrifugal pump An increase in the fluid pressure from the pump inlet to its outlet is created when the pump is in operation. This pressure difference drives the fluid through the system or plant. The centrifugal pump creates an increase in pressure by transferring mechanical energy from the motor to the fluid through the rotating impeller.

The fluid flows from the inlet to the impeller centre and out along its blades. The centrifugal force hereby increases the fluid velocity and consequently also the kinetic energy is transformed to pressure. Figure 1.1 shows an example of the fluid path through the centrifugal pump

The transfer of energy from the mechanical rotation of the impeller to the motion and pressure of the fluid is usually described in terms of centrifugal force, especially in older sources written before the modern concept of centrifugal force as a fictitious force in a rotating reference frame was well articulated. The concept of centrifugal force is not actually required to describe the action of the centrifugal pump. The outlet pressure is a reflection of the pressure that applies the centripetal force that curves the path of the water to move circularly inside the pump. On the other hand, the statement that the "outward force generated within the wheel is to be understood as being produced entirely by the medium of centrifugal force" is best understood in terms of centrifugal force as a fictional force in the frame of reference of the rotating impeller; the actual forces on the water are inward, or centripetal, since that is the direction of force need to make the water move in circles. This force is supplied by a pressure gradient that is set up by the rotation, where the pressure at the outside, at the wall of the volute, can be taken as a reactive centrifugal nineteenth force. This and early was typical of

twentieth

century

writings, mixing the concepts of centrifugal force in informal descriptions of effects, such as those in the centrifugal pump.

The blades of the rotating impeller transfer energy to the fluid there by increasing pressure and velocity. The fluid is sucked into the impeller at the impeller eye and flows through the impeller channels formed by the blades between the shroud and hub, see figure 1.5. The design of the impeller depends on the requirements for pressure, flow and application. The impeller is the primary component determining the pump performance. Pumps variants are often created only by modifying the impeller.

The impeller is usually driven by an electric motor. The coupling between motor and hydraulics is a weak point because it is difficult to seal a rotating shaft. In connection with the coupling, distinction is made between two types of pumps: Dry-runner pumps and canned rotor type pump. The advantage of the dry-runner pump compared to the canned rotor type pump is the use of standardized motors. The disadvantage is the sealing between the motor and impeller. In the dry runner pump the motor and the fluid are separated either by a shaft seal, a separation with long shaft or a magnetic coupling. In a pump with a shaft seal, the fluid and the motor are separated by seal rings, see figure 1.9. Mechanical shaft seals are maintenance-free and have a smaller leakage than stuffing boxes with compressed packing material. The lifetime of mechanical shaft seals depends on liquid, pressure and temperature.

If motor and fluid are separated by a long shaft, then the two parts will not get in contact then the shaft seal can be left out, see figure 1.10. This solution has limited mounting options because the motor must be placed higher than the hydraulic parts and the fluid

surface in the system. Furthermore the solution results in a lower efficiency because of the leak flow through the clearance between the shaft and the pump housing and because of the friction between the fluid and the shaft. The mineral industry, or in the extraction of oils and, froth is generated to separate the rich minerals or bitumen from the sand and clays. Froth contains air that tends to block conventional pumps and cause loss of prime. Over history, industry has developed different ways to deal with this problem. One approach consists of using vertical pumps with a tank. Another approach is to build special pumps with an impeller capable of breaking the air bubbles. In the pulp and paper industry holes are drilled in the impeller. Air escapes to the back of the impeller and a special expeller discharges the air back to the suction tank. The impeller may also feature special small vanes between the primary vanes called split vanes or secondary vanes. Some pumps may feature a large eye, an inducer or recirculation of pressurized froth from the pump discharge back to the suction to break the bubbles.

A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on different shafts. For higher pressures at the outlet impellers can be connected in series. For higher flow output impellers can be connected in parallel. A common application of the multistage centrifugal pump is the boiler feed water pump. For example, a 350 MW unit would require two feed pumps in parallel. Each feed pump is a multistage centrifugal pump producing 150 l/s at 21 MPa. All energy transferred to the fluid is derived from the mechanical energy driving the impeller. This can be measured at isentropic compression, resulting in a slight temperature increase (in addition to the pressure increase).

5.0

PROCEDURES

The pipe on suction nozzle removed.

Discharge Nozzle removed.

The centrifugal pump casing removed.

Loose the screwed impeller using Allen key.

Removed the pulley using bearing extractor

Clamp the pump by using wrench rear input shaft stationary.

Pump casing has been pull put.

The mechanical seals removed.

Knock out the shaft using the wooden head hammer from the centrifugal casing pump. Make sure the shaft straightly remove from it.

Removed the main shaft used bearing extractor tool.

The bearings completely removed.

Shaft has been cleaned with WD spray.

Bearings reinstalled to the shaft. Use the correct hollow pipe to knock on the bearing inner ring. (Do not knock other area of bearing it will damage it.)

Put back the shaft in the main pump housing. Use wooden head hammer to knock it.

Screwed the mechanical seal into the main housing

Install the main housing into centrifugal pump

Tightened all the bolts and nuts

The centrifugal pump completely disassembles and assembles

6.0

DISCUSSION

What is the function of centrifugal pump? Centrifugal pump is used to increase the pressure of water Explain how centrifugal pump can increase the pressure of water. It has bearing for rotation, and impeller for pushing the water

7.0

CONCLUSION

Base on what we have done to pump, we have achieved our objectives by learning how to maintain, repair, assemble and disassemble the centrifugal pump. Besides, we also learned about the components and functions of centrifugal pump. Therefore, Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids converting rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy.

8.0

REFERENCE

http://www.grundfos.com/content/dam/Global%20Site/Industries%20%26%20sol utions/Industry/pdf/The_Centrifugal_Pump.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pump#How_it_works

http://www.pumpfundamentals.com/images/tutorial/tutorial.pdf

http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/12/theory-equations-centrifugal-pumps/

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/centrifugal-pumps-d_54.html