WF-72

Problem: Cascaded singlets do not follow the behavior predicted by regular coupling matrix theory.
10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
dB
S
L
+
- +
+
0.0000 1.3167 0.0000 -0.0303
1.3167 0.0000 1.9272 0.0000
M
0.0000 1.9272 0.0000 1.3167
-0.0303 0.0000 1.3167 0.0000
(
(
(
=
(
(

Conventional design
Changing one cross coupling (e.g. SL)
affects ALL transmission zeros !
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
f/GHz
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|
S
1
1
|
,

|
S
2
1
|


/

d
B
Pos 2
Pos 1
Changing ONE cross coupling (e.g., moving
input from position 1 to position 2) affects
ONLY ONE transmission zero !! The other
one is not affected at all.
Design with singlets
12. The Non-Resonating Node Model (NRNM)
WF-73
S L
SL
M
1
R
S L
SL
M
1
R
S L
SL
M
1
R
S
1
R
L
3
R
2
R
Non-resonating nodes (NRNs)
Equivalent circuit with
resonators (s), inverters
and shunt susceptances.
1O
1O
s
s
jB
4
jB
1
jB
2
jB
3
jB
5
K
12
K
23
K
34
K
45
K
13
K
35
WF-74
Conventional coupling matrix
Load Source
resonator
resonator
0.0000 1.0870 0.0000 -0.0470
1.0870 0.0000 1.4546 0.0000
0.0000 1.4546 0.0000 1.0870
-0.0470 0.0000 1.0870 0.0000
M
(
(
(
=
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0000 . 0 7668 . 1 2709 . 0 0000 . 0 0000 . 0
7668 . 1 6058 . 2 6932 . 1 0000 . 0 0000 . 0
2709 . 0 6932 . 1 8124 . 0 7314 . 0 1584 . 0
0000 . 0 0000 . 0 7314 . 0 4101 . 1 0340 . 1
0000 . 0 0000 . 0 1584 . 0 0340 . 1 0000 . 0
M
Load Source
non-resonating
node
resonator
resonator
Non-Resonating Node Model (NRNM)
WF-75
11. Filters with Singlets and Iris Resonances
-100
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-40
-20
0
22 28 34 40
Frequency / GHz
s
1
1
,
s
2
1
,



d
B
Example: Three-pole filter with two 2 TM
110
modecavities and one resonant iris.
calculated
measured
Note: This filter has three transmission zeros: One on the imaginaryaxis at
30.3 GHz, and two complex ones close to 25 GHz.
WF-76
Example: 7-pole quasi-highpassfilter with 3 TM
110
-modecavities and 4 resonating irises.
9 11 13 15 17 19 21
f / GHz
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
computed (r=0)
measured
11 12 13 14
f / GHz
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
Wave Wizard (r=1mm)
measured
Note: The calculation, which includes the radius of the
end-mill cutter, agrees with the measurements (upper right).
WF-77
Example: Circular waveguide filters with 7/9circular TM
110
-modecavities and iris resonances.
Highpass filter
Lowpass filter
Bandstop filter
Note that these filters are rotationally
symmetric. Thus their performance is
independent of polarization.
WF-78
12. New Coupling Schemes
The advanced filter design, which optimizes the coupling matrix for a given topology, has produced a
number of new coupling schemes by running optimization without restrictions on the individual
elements.
Example: Triple-mode filter with TE
101
, TE
011
andTM
110
resonances.
Note that there is no coupling between the incoming TE
10
and the outgoing TE
01
modes.
Coupling scheme
Coupling matrix
WF-79
Example: Extended doublet: Three-resonator filter with single-mode cavities.
(Amari, Rosenberg, IEEE Trans MTT. Feb. 2004)
Coupling scheme Coupling matrix
Computed (dashed lines), measured (solid lines)
WF-80
Example: Three-resonator filter with shorted cavity.
(Amari, Rosenberg, IEEE Trans. MTT, May 2004)
This is the so-called extracted-pole technique.
Starting from a direct-coupled filter, the input is
moved between the first and the second resonator.
The distance from the reduced-height input port to
the second resonator is required to produce the shunt
susceptance.
WF-81
Example: Bandstop filters. Bandstop filters can be designed by using wide pass-band filters and placing
transmission zeros within the passband.
(Amari, Rosenberg, IEEE Trans. MTT, Feb. 2004)
Coupling scheme
Example for N=2
Example for
N=4
WF-82
Example: Bandstop filters. Bandstopfilters can be designed by using resonating posts in a waveguide.
(Rosenberg, Amari, IEEE Trans. MTT, Apr. 2007)
Computed (dashed lines),
measured (solid lines)
WF-83
input
output
13. Dual-Band Filters
Dual-band filters can be designed as band-stop filters, i.e., by placing transmission zeros within a wide
pass-band; or by using higher order-mode resonances.
I. Dual-Band Filters Using Single-Mode Cavities
Example: H-plane folded waveguide filter: f
0
=15 GHz, b=2 GHz,
zeros at 12.94, 14.85, 15.09 and 16.31 GHz
1
R
2
R
3
R
S
L
1 S
M
4L
M 4
R
12
M
23
M
34
M
6L
M
5
R
6
R
15
M
56
M
46
M
SL
M
S5
M
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
f/GHz
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
d
B
Coupling Matrix
MMT
Wave Wizard
R
5
and R
6
are extra resonances
between the source-load
coupling and the irises. They
are responsible for the
additional two transmission
zeros.
WF-84
II. Dual-Band Filters Using Higher-Order Modes
Example: Dual-mode quadruplet filter utilizing the next two higher-order resonances to create the
second passband.
1
R
2
R
3
R
S L
1 S
M
4L
M
4
R
12
M
23
M
34
M
14
M
5
R 6
R
15
M
56
M
64
M
10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0
f/GHz
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
d
B
Coupling Matrix
CIET
HFSS
The quadruplet creates a four-pole filter with two transmission zeros. The two higher-order modes create a
two-pole filter. Since the irises are largely frequency-independent, the main coupling path stays intact far
off its resonance and produces a bypass coupling for R
5
and R
6
, thus creating two transmission zeros for
the upper band.
WF-85
14. Tolerances
Waveguide filters are highly frequency-selective narrowband components and, therefore, their
performances depend to a very high degree on manufacturing tolerances. Filters with cross coupling are
perceived to be more tolerance-sensitive than direct-coupled filters.
Question: Is that really the case?
Example: Cross/bypass/direct-coupled filters: f
0
=12.5 GHz, b=280 MHz (2.24%), 4 transmission zeros;
tolerances 12.5m, 100 trials.
11 12 13 14
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
10 11 12 13 14 15
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
Four-pole singlet filter
Four-pole folded filter
WF-86
11 12 13 14
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
11 12 13 14
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
11 12 13 14
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
Four-, five- and six-resonator direct-coupled
filters for comparison.
Direct-coupled filters are NOT less sensitive (in
the pass-band) than cross- or bypass-coupled
filters !!
WF-87
Example: Cross/bypass/direct-coupled filters: f
0
=12.3 GHz, b=123 MHz (1 %), 2 transmission zeros;
tolerances 12.5m, 100 trials.
Four-pole singlet filter
11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0
f/GHz
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
|S|
___
dB
Degradation of filter performance increases as
the bandwidth decreases.
Again, direct-coupled filters are NOT less
sensitive (in the pass-band) than cross- or
bypass-coupled filters !!
Quadruplet
5-pole direct
coupled filter
WF-88
Practical Verification: Seven-order direct-coupled filter: f
0
=20.664GHz, b=750 MHz (3.3 %), 22 dB RL;
after mass production, 15 dB return loss and 500 MHz bandwidth were to be retained.
Analysis with 20m tolerance divided between path (10m) and radius (10m) of the end-mill cutter.
19.7 20.2 20.7 21.2 21.7
f/GHz
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
|S|
___
dB
Analysis
11
|S | Ref: 0.0dB 5dB/div
21
|S | Ref: 0.0dB 10dB/div
Measurements
of 20 filters
Conclusions: For a single filter component, the use of small but
expensive fabrication techniques might be justified. In mass
productions, tolerances play a significant role and must be figured into
the design.
Broadband filters are less sensitive than narrowband filters tradeoff !
WF-89
Example: Two-pole folded H-plane filter using
overmoding to create more transmission zeros. Tolerance
analysis (50 trials) with 25m.
Measurements fall
within tolerance
scheme.