Draw the process of mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis Prophase

Meiosis Prophase 1

Metaphase

Metaphase 1

Anaphase

Anaphase 1

Telophase

Telophase 1

Prophase 2

Metaphase 2

Anaphase 2

Telophase 2

Mitosis Prophase The chromosomes in the nucleus condense and become more tightly coiled. Each chromosome now consists of a pair of sister chromatids joined together at the centromere. In the cytoplasm, the spindle fibres begin to form and extend between the centrioles. Each pair of centrioles then migrates to lie at the opposite poles of the cell. The chromatids are attached to the fibres of the spindle by their centromeres. At the end of prophase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane disintegrates. Metaphase Metaphase begins when the centromeres of all the chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane across the middle of the cell. The mitotic spindle is now fully formed. The two sister chromatids are still attached to one another at the centromere. Metaphase ends when the centromere divide. Anaphase During anaphase, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere. The sister chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite poles by the shortening of the spindle fibres. Once separated, the chromatids are referred to as daughter chromosomes. By the end of anaphase, the two poles of the cell have complete and equivalent sets of chromosomes.

Meiosis MEIOSIS I Prophase I The chromosomes begin to condense. They become shorter, thicker and clearly visible. The homologous chromosomes come together to form bivalent through a process called synapsis. Non-sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA in a process known as crossing over. Crossing over results in a new combination of genes on a chromosome. The points at which segments of chromatids cross over are called chiasmata. At the end of prophase I, the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. The two pairs of centrioles migrate to the opposite poles of the cells. These features are similar to those of prophase during mitosis. Metaphase I The chromosomes are lined up side by side as tetrads on the metaphase plate. The chromosomes are still in homologue pairs. The centromere does not divide. Anaphase I The spindle fibres pull the homologous chromosomes away from one another and move them to the opposite poles of the cell. Each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids which move as a single unit. Although the cell started with four chromosomes, only two chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) move towards each pole. Telophase I The chromosomes arrive at the poles. Each pole now has a haploid

Telophase Begins when the two sets of chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell. The chromosomes start to uncoil and revert to their extended state (chromatin). The chromosomes become less visible under the microscope. The spindle fibres disappear and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. The nucleolus also reforms in each nucleus. The process of mitosis is now completed.

daughter nucleus because it contains only one set of chromosomes. The spindle fibres disappear. The nuclear membrane reappears to surround each set of chromosomes. The nucleolus then reappears in each nucleus. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously with Telophase I, resulting in two haploid daughter cells, each receiving one chromosome from the homologous pair. Meiosis II follows immediately after cytokinesis, usually with no interphase between them. DNA replication does not occur and the chromosomes remain in a condensed state. MEIOSIS II Prophase II The nuclear membranes of the daughter cells disintegrate again. The spindle fibres reform in each daughter cell. Metaphase II The chromosomes, each still made up of sister chromatids, are positioned randomly on the metaphase plate with the sister chromatids of each chromosome pointing towards the opposite poles. Each sister chromatid is attached to the spindle fibres at the centromere. Anaphase II The centromere of the sister chromatids finally separate, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are now individual chromosomes. The chromosomes move towards the opposite poles of the cell. Telophase II Finally, the nucleolus and nuclear membranes reform. The spindle fibres break down. Cytokinesis follows and four haploid daughter cells are formed, each containing half the number of chromosomes and is genetically different from the parent diploid cell.

 These haploid cells (n) will develop into gametes.