Solutions

1. Let x =

6+2 5+ 62 5 . 20

Find the value of (1 + x5 x7 )2012

311

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Solution. Notice that 6 + 2 5 = ( 5 + 1)2 and 6 2 5 = ( 5 1)2 , 20 = 2 5 then x = 1. That is 311 (1 + x5 x7 )2012 = 1.

2. Arrange the numbers p = 2 2 , q = 3, t = 2 3 1+ 1 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 2. 3 , then 2 2 2 2. Notice that Since 2 2

t2 = 22+
2

1 1+

in increasing order. We have 2

1 1+

3 22+ 2 8 2.

Thus q 4 t4 = 81 64 2 < 0. It follows that

p < t < q.

3. Let ABCD be a trapezoid with AD parallel to BC and BC = 3 cm, DA = 6 cm. Find the length of the line segment EF parallel to the two bases and passing through the intersection of the two diagonals AC , BD, E is on CD, F on AB .
Hint. Making use of the similarity of triangles. The line segment is the harmonic means of the 2 two bases, = 1 + 1 = 4. Let M be the intersection of AC and BD .
3 6

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A
OE BC 1 BC OF + AD 1 + AD .

D
OD BD

OD OB 1 By the Thales theorem we get = + OC AC = BD + BD = 1. From this, OE = 2 1 1 1 1 1 = Hence, OE = OF . That is, + . Likewise, OF = = + BC AD EF OE BC 1 1 1 1 = + = . We get EF = 4 cm. AD 3 6 2

1 4. What is the largest integer less than or equal to 4x3 3x, where x = 2 (

2+

3+

3).

Solution. By using the identity a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) = (a + b)3 , we get (2x)3 =

3

2+

3+

= 4 + 6x.

Thus 4x3 3x = 2. That is, the largest integer desired is 2. 3

5. Let f (x) be a function such that f (x) + 2f of f (2012).

Solution. Let u =
x+2010 x 1

x+2010 x 1

= 4020 x for all x = 1. Find the value

then x =

u+2010 u1 .

Thus we have u + 2010 . u1 x + 2010 . x1

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u + 2010 u1 x + 2010 x1

+ 2f (u) = 4020

Interchanging u with x gives f Let a = f (x), b = f + 2f (x) = 4020

x+2010 x 1

. Solving the system x + 2010 x1

a + 2b = 4020 x, b + 2a = 4020

for a in terms of x gives a = f (x) = 1 3 1 = 3 2x + 4020 x1 4020 + 2x 4020 + 2x . x1 8040 4020 + 2x 1 3 8044 8044 2011 = 2680.

Hanoi Open Mathematical Olympiad

Hence, f (2012) =

6. For every n = 2, 3, . . . , let

An = 1 1 1+2 1 1 1+2+3
1 An

1 1 + 2 + + n

Determine all positive integers n such that

is an integer.

Solution. The k-th summand of the product has the form ak = 1 from which we get An = and hence k(k + 3) 1 = , k = 1, 2, , n 1 (k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 1)(k + 2) n+2 3n

1 6 . It follows that 1/An is an integer if and only if n + 2 is positive = 3 An n+2 factor of 6. Notice that n 2, we get n = 4.

7. Prove that a = 1 . . . 1 5 . . . 5 6 is a perfect square.

2012 2011

Solution. Let p = 1 . . . 1. Then 102012 = 9p + 1. Hence,

2012

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a = p(9p + 1) + 5p + 1 = (3p + 1)2 , which is a perfect square.

8. Determine the greatest number m such that the system

x2 + y 2 = 1, |x3 y 3 | + |x y | = m3 has a solution. Solution. We need to find the maximum value of f (x, y )

f (x, y ) = |x y | + |x3 y 3 | when x, y vary satisfying the restriction x2 + y 2 = 1. Rewriting this as

Hanoi Open Mathematical Olympiad

f (x, y ) = |x y |(1 + x2 + xy + y 2 ) = |x y |(2 + xy ). from which we square to arrive at f 2 (x, y ) = (x y )2 (2 + xy )2 = (1 2xy )(2 + xy )2 . By the AM-GM inequality we get f 2 (x, y ) = (1 2xy )(2 + xy )2 = Hence, 5 f (x, y ) . 3 Equality occurs when 5 . 3

= (1 2xy )(2 + xy )(2 + xy )

1 2xy + 2 + xy + 2 + xy 3
3

5 3

1 xy = , x2 + y 2 = 1. 3 This simultaneous equations are equivalent to 1 1 xy = , x + y = . 3 3

Solving for x

1 x x2 = 0. 3 3

1 3

4 3

=5 3 , that is x= 1 2
5 3

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1 3
5 3.

5 3

, x=

1 2

1 + 3
5 3.

5 3

Therefore, the value of m3 is

Hence, mmax =

9. Let P be the intersection of the three internal angle bisectors of a triangle ABC . The line passing through P and perpendicular to CP intersects AC and BC at M, N respectively. If AP = 3 cm, BP = 4 cm, find the value of AM/BN .
90 = ABC = Solution. Notice that M P A = AP C M P C = 90 + ABC 2 2 P BN . Similarly, N P B = P AM . The triangle AP M is similar to triangle P BN . Since M A2 M A2 A P A2 P M = P N , we get M A.N B = P M 2 = P N 2 . Hence M N B = M A.N B = P N 2 = P B 2 = 9 32 . = 16 42

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10. Suppose that the equation x3 + px2 + qx + 1 = 0, with p, q being some rational numbers, has three real rooots x1 , x2 , x3 , where x3 = 2 + 5. Find the values of p, q .
Solution. Since x = 2 + 5 is one root of the equation, we get x 2 = 5 from which we get a quadratic polynomial x2 4x 1 = 0 by squaring. (x + )(x2 4x 1) = x3 + px2 + qx + 1 = 0. Expanding the left hand side and comparing the coefficients give = 1 and hence p = 3, q = 5.

11. Suppose that the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 has three real roots x1 , x2 , x3 where p, q, r n n are integers. Let Sn = xn 1 + x2 + x3 , for n = 1, 2, . . . ,. Prove that S2012 is an integer.
Solution. By the Vieta theorem we get x1 +x2 +x3 = p, x1 x2 +x2 x3 +x3 x1 = q, x1 x2 x3 = r for p, q, r Z. We can prove the following recursive relation Sn = p.Sn1 qSn2 rSn3 . From this and mathematical induction, by virtue of S1 = p Z, we get the desired result.

12. Let M be a point on the side BC of an isosceles triangle ABC with AC = BC . Let O be the circumcenter of the triangle and S be its incenter. Suppose that SM is parallel to AC . Prove that OM BS .
6

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Solution. Let OM meet SB at H . N is the midpoint of AB . Since O is the circumcenter of triangle OBC which is isosceles with CA = CB and SM AC we have SOB = 2OCB = ACB = SM B . It follows that quadrilateral OM BS is concyclic. Hence, HOS = SBM = SBN which implies the concyclicity of HOBN . Hence, OHB = ON B = 90 , as desired.

13. A cube with sides of length 3 cm is painted red and then cut into 3 3 3 = 27 cubes with sides of length 1 cm. If a denotes the number of small cubes of side-length 1 cm that are not painted at all, b the number of cubes painted on one side, c the number of cubes painted on two sides, and d the number of cubes painted on three sides, determine the value of a b c + d.
Solution. Just count from the diagram of the problem, we get a = 1, b = 4, c = 12, d = 8. Hence, a b c + d = 7.

14. Sovle the equation in the set of integers 16x + 1 = (x2 y 2 )2 .

Solution. Since the right hand side is non-negative we have deduce that 16x + 1 0. That is, x take positive integers only. Therefore, (x2 y 2 )2 1, or |x y |2 |x + y |2 1. That is, x2 1. It is evident that if (x, y ) is a solution of the equation, then (x, y ) is also its solution. Hence, it is sufficient to consider y 0.

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From the right hand side of the equation, we deduce that 16x + 1 0. Since x Z, we get x 0, which implies that 16x + 1 1. Hence, (x2 y 2 )2 1. Thus, (x y )2 1. Now that 16x + 1 = (x2 y 2 )2 = (x y )2 (x + y )2 x2 .

From this we obtain the inequality, x2 16x 1 < 0. Solving this inequality gives x {0, 1, , 16}. In addition, 16x + 1 is a perfect square, we get x {0, 3, 5, 14}. Only x = 0; 5 give integer value of y . The equation has solutions (0; 1), (0; 1), (5; 4), (5; 4).

15. Determine the smallest value of the expression s = xy yz zx, where x, y, z are real numbers satisfying the condition x2 + 2y 2 + 5z 2 = 22.
Solution.