Interference Fit Assembly

Design fundamentals and organization rules ICS 17.040.10; 21.120.10 Interference fits Calculation and design rules Emmanchements - Principes de calcul et rgles de conception

Contents Preface 1 Range of application 2 Normative references 3 Indication, designations and units 4 Computation of interference fit assembly 4.1 Fundamentals 4.2 Computation purely flexibly stressed interference fit assembly 4.2.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p 4.2.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize A 4.3 Computation flexible-plastic stressed interference fit assembly 4.3.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p 4.3.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize And 5 Detention factors of interference fit assembly 5.1 Detention factors for longitudinal interference fit assembly 5.2 Detention factors for transverse interference fit assembly 6 Organization of interference fit assembly 6.1 General organization rules 6.2 Organization rules for swinging interference fit assembly 7 Data in technical information 8 Adding interference fit assembly 8.1 Adding longitudinal interference fit assembly

8.2 Thermal adding of transverse interference fit assembly 9 Notes for the production of Interference fit assembly 9.1 Generally accepted references 9.2 Manufacturing interference fit assembly through 0.0 pressing in 9.3 Manufacturing interference fit assembly through 0.0 shrinking and/or stretching 9.3.1 Warming up the outer part 9.3.2 Undercooling the interior 9.3.3 Hydraulic adding and release 10 Special references 10.1 Proof of the form strength 10.2 Demand by centrifugal force 10.3 Inspection certificate 10.4 Marking 11 Flow charts Appendix A (informative) computation of examples Appendix B (informative) procedure for iterative computation of the dimensionless plasticity of diameter z Appendix C (informative) form for inspection certificate Appendix D (informative) explanations

Preface
This standard revised of specialists from the standardization committee mechanical engineering (NAM), Specialist area propulsion technology in DIN German Institute for standardization registered association around a fast entry into force of this standard to ensure, became in relation to the withdrawn edition 1988-07 only the editorial errors eliminated and the standards contained in the normative references updates. A reorganization of the standard DIN 7190 is in work. Earlier expenditures DIN 7182-3: 1942-06, 1977-08 DIN 7190:1943 - 08, 197708, 1981-03, 1988-07

1 Range of Application
This standard specifies design fundamentals for interference fit assembly with cylindrical effective areas, whose parts consist of metallic materials. This standard applies predominantly to mechanical engineering. It can be used in a general manner also in other fields of activity (e.g. fine mechanics). Purpose of this standard is the increased reliability of interference fit assembly and the decrease of manufacturing costs.

2 Normative References
This standard contains definitions from other publications by dated or undated references. These normative references are quoted in the respective places in the text, and the publications are below specified. With dated references later changes belong or Revisions of these publications only to this standard, if they are trained by change or revision. With undated references the last expenditure of the publication taken in purchase applies (including changes). DIN 743, load-carrying capacity computation of waves and axles - part of 1: Introduction, bases - Part of 2: Theoretical stress concentration factors and fatigue notch effects - Part of 3: Material - mechanical properties. DIN 7154-1, ISO fits for basic hole - tolerance fields, dimensions in m. DIN 7154-2, ISO fits for basic hole - fit tolerances, plays and oversizes in m.

DIN ISO 286-1, ISO system for limits of size and fits - bases for tolerances, dimensions and fits; Identically to ISO 286-1: 1988. DIN ISO 1101, Technical designs - form and situation layer - form, direction, local and run tolerances, general, definitions, symbols, Zeichnungseintragungen. DIN ISO 1302, Technical designs - indication of the surface finish (identically also ISO 1302:1992). DIN EN ISO 4287, Geometrical product specifications (government inspection department) - surface finish: Palpation cut procedure - designations, definitions and characteristics of the surface finish (ISO 4287:1997); German version EN ISO 4287:1998. DIN EN 10052, Terms of the thermal treatment of ferrous metals; German version EN 10052:1993. DIN EN of 10204, Metallic products - kinds of inspection certificates (change A1 contains: 1995); German version EN 10204:1991 + A1: 1995. DIN EN of 10002-1, Metallic materials - traction test - part of 1: Testing method (at ambient temperature); change contains AC1: 1990. [1] Leidich, E.: Demand of press connections in the flexible range and interpretation approximately Fatigue failure. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1983) [2] Kollmann, F.G.: Wave hub connections. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo: Springer 1984 [3] Kollmann, F.G., nz, E.: An improved interpretation procedure for flexibleplastic stressed transverse interference fit assembly. Construction 35 (1983), H. 11, P. 439-444 [4] Kollmann, F.G.: The interpretation of flexible-plastic stressed interference fit assembly. Research Engineering 28 (1978), H. 1, P. 1-11 [5] Galle, G.: Load-carrying capacity of transverse interference fit assembly. To series of publications construction technology (publisher W. Beitz), Institut for machine construction DO Berlin (1981) [6] Biederstedt, W.: Tight fits in the flexible, flexible-plastic and plastic margin of deformability. Technical ones round-look, H. 57 (blue TR-row), 1963, resounddare, Berne/Stuttgart [7] Kreitner, L.: The effect of fretting corrosion and of friction endurance stress on the service life of compound machine parts. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1976) [8] Husler, N.: To the mechanism of the bending moment transmission in contraction connections. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1974) [9] Kollmann, F.G.: Rotary interference fit assembly when purely flexible demand.

Construction 33 (1982), P. 233-239; Correction for this: Construction 35 (1983), P. 107 [10] Gamer, And: Kollmann, F.G.: A Theory OF Rotating Elasto plastic Shrink Fits. Engineer archives 56 (1986), P. 254-264 [11] Lundberg, G.: The firmness of press fits. The ball bearing 19 (1944), H. 1/2, P. 1-11 [12] Wienands, B.: Investigations on the working reliability of bind-acted gear wheels. Thesis RWTH Aachen (1974) [13] Warm shrinking. Workshop sheet 378, group of F, Carl Hanser publishing house, Munich [14] Contraction connection by undercooling. Workshop sheet 308, group of F, Carl Hanser publishing house, Munich [15] Leidich, E.: Cylinder interference fit - computation of the pressing distribution in the cylindrical Interference fit during outside load. FVA final report, number 161 (1984) [16] Gropp, H.: The transient characteristic of dynamically loaded press connections and the development of a new generation of press connections. To Habilitationsschrift DO Chemnitz, faculty for mechanical engineering and process engineering (1997) [17] Yard cutter, M.: Root-strength of teeth with shrinking federations, FVA - final report, number 248 (1987) and number 280 (1988) Dietz, P.: Demands and bertragungsfhigkeit of the weakened wave hub Press connections within the flexible and part-plastic range. FVA final report, number 421 (1994) Kollmann, F.G.: New computation method for flexible-plastic stressed transverse interference fit assembly. Construction 30 (1978), H. 7, P. 271-275; Construction 8, P. 299-306 Leidich, E.: Micro slip and endurance limit with interference fit assembly. Propulsion technology 27 (1988), No. 3, P. 53-58 Mueller, W.: Contribution for the increase of the reliability of large pinions for warmbreitbandstrassen. To thesis DO Clausthal (1982) NN wave hub connections; System components in the change. VDI of reports 1384 (1998) Thomas, K.: The tight fit with interrupted joint. To thesis DO Hanover (1969) of the heath, W.: Investigations at groove pins and groove pin connections. To thesis DO Hanover (1969) VDI 2029 (edition October 1958) tight fit in fine mechanics

3 Indications, Designations and Units

A a AoA AuA AoI AuI DaA Dia. DF DaI DiI DPA Dw E EA e El Fax Fe K lF le n p elongation at rupture axial projection upper dimension of the joint diameter DF for outer part lower dimension of the joint diameter DF for outer part upper dimension of the joint diameter DF for interior lower dimension of the joint diameter DF for interior outside diameters of the outer part inside diameter of the outer part diameter of the joint (nominal dimension) outside diameter of the interior inside diameter of the interior plasticity diameter of the outer part diameter with wave paragraph modulus of elasticity modulus of elasticity of the outer part basis of the Naperian logarithms (Euler number) modulus of elasticity of the interior transferable axial force insertion strength auxiliary variable for interpretation of flexible interference fit assembly length of the joint length insertion chamfers number of revolutions joining jerk in the stop mm mm 1/s N/mm2 N/mm2 N N % mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm N/mm2 N/mm2

pn pPA Ppi QA QI qA qPA RA ReLA ReLI RzA RzI

joining jerk at number of revolutions n border joining jerk for full-plastic outer part border joining jerk for full-plastic interior Durchmesserverhltnis of the outer part Durchmesserverhltnis of the interior piston area of the outer part plastic piston area of the outer part stressed center rough value lower yield strength of the outer part lower yield strength of the interior averaged roughness depth of the joining area of the outer part averaged roughness depth of the joining area of the interior

N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2

mm2 mm2 m N/mm2 N/mm2 m m

4 Computation of interference fit assembly

4.1 Fundamentals The computation methods of this standard apply to interference fit assembly with same constant axial length of interior and outer part (see fig. 1).

Fig. 1 - Computation model

Fig. 2 - Actual interference fit assembly

Approach can be applied the computation methods also to interference fit assembly according to fig. 2, whereby however tension increased heights within the range of the hub edge [1] are not seized, [15]. With the joining jerk p in the stop, target security S R against chutes and the detention factor ru (see for this section 5) the transferable torque amounts to

(1) To the transferable axial force applies

(2) The diameter DF of the joining area is that nominal dimension of the parts of the interference fit which can be added. From the actual dimensions D ia and DaI results the Istbermass

(3) For interior and outer part generally fits with the upper dimensions A oA, AOI and the lower dimensions AuA, AuI are specified. Then applies with same nominal dimension to wave and hub to the maximum oversize

(4) and for the minimum oversize

(5) The Istbermass lies in the range

(6) Due to the smoothing of roughness points when adding the effective oversize U w is only available in the added condition. If no experimental values are present, applies to along and transverse interference fit assembly

(7) Depending upon application the mindest is to use most or Istbermass for U. If numerical values for the arithmetic average value of the profile ordinates R a (in former times arithmetic center rough value R a) are given according to DIN EN

ISO 4287, then for this the average values determined according to table 1 can the largest elevator difference of the profile computer centre (averaged roughness depth computer centre) to be used. Table 1 - Comparison of the arithmetic center rough values R a with the averaged roughness depth computer centre; Zeichnungseintragung according to DIN ISO 1302

Notes for the computation of the addable fit of transverse interference fit assembly are given in section 8. Depending upon height of the demands of outside and interior due to adding between purely flexible, flexible-plastic and full-plastic interference fit assembly one differentiates. With purely flexible interference fit assembly no plastic stretches are possible in the interior and outer part. Plastic stressed ranges arise to flexible-plastic interference fit assembly in the interior and/or outer part flexibly as well as. With full-plastic interference fit assembly unlimited plastic stretches can occur in the interior and/or outer part, why full-plastic stressed interference fit assembly are not permissible. For the computations specified in this standard as border firmness of the material the lower yield strength ReL is used. With solidifying materials R eL has to be replaced by Rp0,2, if sufficient ductility of the material is present. For the evaluation of the ductility the characteristic values elongation at rupture A and reduction in area Z determined according to DIN EN 10002 can be consulted. As approximate values to sufficient ductility are considered A 10% Z 30% (8) (9)

If these approximate values are fallen below, then must be counted on brittle material behavior, with which only a purely flexible interpretation is permissible For the interpretation from interference fit assembly the Durchmesserverhltnisse become

(10)

(11) and the referred effective oversize needed.

(12) During the interpretation of interference fit assembly two computing courses arise: Computing course 1: Joining jerk p given, effective oversize Uw and/or oversize U searched. Computing course 2: Oversize U and/or effective oversize Uw given, joining jerk p searched In both computing courses it is first examined whether the given figures (computing course 1: Joining jerk p; Computing course 2: Oversize U and/or effective oversize Uw) on permissible demands in the interior and outer part leads. The looked for ratios become subsequently, computed. 4.2 Computation of purely flexibly stressed interference fit assembly For the computation the auxiliary variable becomes

(13) With full interior (QI = 0) applies

(14) If QI = 0 are, EA = EI and A = I, K does not need to be computed (see equations (19) and (25)). 4.2.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p So that a target security is to be guaranteed S p against plastic stretch, must apply to outer part

(15)

for a hollow interior (QI > 0)

(16) for a full interior (QI = 0)

(17) The referred effective oversize necessary for the training of the joining jerk p w. amounts to

(18)

From this the referred effective oversize w. from equation (12) and the associated effective oversize Uw from equation (7) follow. For the special case that with a full interior the elasticity constants with those of the outer part agree (EA = EI = E; A = I = ), the computation of the auxiliary variable K escapes after equation (13), and equation (18) replaced through

(19) 4.2.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize U From the given oversize U after equation (7) the effective oversize U w are computed and from this after equation (12) the referred effective oversize w. So that that exhibits outer part a target security Sp against plastic stretch, must apply

(20) and accordingly for a hollow interior

(21) If a full interior the same elasticity constant exhibits as outer part (E A = EI = E; A = I = ), replace equation (20)

(22) and of equation (21) with consideration of the equations (17) and (19)

(23) So that a flexible demand of outside and interior is present, the two conditions (20) must and (21) and/or (22) and (23) to be fulfilled. The joining jerk p belonging to the referred effective oversize w computed out.

(24) With a full interior and resemble elasticity constant (EA = EI = E; A = I = ) becomes from this

(25) 4.3 Computation of Flexible-Plastic Stressed Interference fit assembly In the available standard for flexible-plastic stressed interference fit assembly a simple computation method limited in its range of application is indicated, for whose application the following conditions must be fulfilled: A) The interior must be full (QI = 0) b) Interior and outer part must exhibit same elasticity constants (EA = EI = E; A = I = ). To interference fit assembly, with which the conditions A) and/or b), are indicated interpretation procedures [2] do not apply, [3]. With a full interior a flexible-plastic demand cannot develop contrary to the outer part. A full interior is either purely flexibly or full-plastic stressed.

4.3.1 Computing Course 1 For Given Joining Jerk p So that that is flexible-plastic stressed outer part and target security S PA against full-plastic demand is kept, the joining jerk must lie in the range

(26) The border joining jerk pPA when full plastic demand the outer part follows from the equations

(27)

(28) So that the interior is not full-plastic stressed, must apply

(29) with the border joining jerk pPI the full-plastic demand of the interior

(30)

Frequently a sufficient deformation handicap of the interior is given by the connecting units, so that on a smaller target security MIRROR-IMAGE ONE can be counted against unrestricted plastic deformation than with the outer part (S PI< SPA) [4]. In the case of flexible-plastic demand a plastic zone on the inside in the outer part, which is separated from the external flexible remainder zone by a cylinder

surface from the plasticity diameter D PA, forms (see fig. 3). The referred plasticity diameter

(31) becomes by resolving the transcendental equation

(32) determined. The referred plasticity diameter must meet the condition

(33)

Fig. 3 - Flexible-plastic hub stressed An approximation method for the computation of z is indicated in the appendix B. The referred effective oversize necessary for the given joining jerk p w (see equation (12)) arises too

(34) Finally still the portion of the plastic stressed piston area is to be examined q PA at the entire cross section qA the outer part

(35) With highly stressed interference fit assembly in mechanical engineering the empirical value qPA/qA= 0.30 is not to be exceeded. 4.3.2 Computing Course 2 For Given Oversize U From the given oversize U after equation (7) the effective oversize Uw are computed and from this after equation (12) the referred effective oversize w. If

(36) is not not possible a flexible-plastic interpretation of the interference fit applies, because the interior becomes full plastic with an oversize, with which outer part is still purely flexibly stressed. For the further calculation two cases are to be differentiated: Case 1: It applies

(37) with the border joining jerk pPI the full-plastic demand of the interior after equation (30) and the border joining jerk pPA the full-plastic demand of the outer part after

Equation (28). Then the permissible referred plasticity diameter becomes zul the outer part by resolving the transcendental equation (32) also

(38) determined. Case 2: It applies

(39) Then the permissible referred plasticity diameter becomes zul the outer part by resolving the transcendental equation (32) also

(40) determined. The further calculation is accomplished together for the cases 1 and 2. So that that is stressed outer part flexible plastic and actual security against full-plastic demand at least the same as target security for the interior in the case 1 and/or for outer part in the case 2 is, the referred effective oversize must lie w in the range

(41) The left term of the equation (41) represents the condition for flexible-plastic demand of the outer part. If w < 2 ReLA/3E is, a purely flexibly stressed outer part is present, and it is to be used 4.2.2.

With the referred effective oversize w adjusting referred plasticity diameters of the outer part behaves

(42) The associated joining jerk results out

(43) Finally it is to be proven that the condition q PA/qA 0.3 (see equation (35)) one keeps. Can be combined also a purely flexible (e.g. during a maximum fit) with a flexibleplastic interpretation (e.g. during a minimum fit). The interpretation when flexible demand takes place after 4.2 and with flexibly after 4.3 this standard.

5 Detention Factors of Interference fit assembly

The detention factor l is the relationship of the measured release strength to the calculated normal force in the joint. The detention factor l is the relationship of the measured slide strength to the calculated normal force in the joint. The detention factors are from the coefficients of friction (responsible or sliding friction) to differentiate, with which to the place the measured normal force steps the calculated. The detention factors are different with working the release and/or slide strength in along or circumferential direction. Those marking of the detention factors take place according to table 2 via two indices.

Table 2 - Marking of detention factors Disconnected Circumferential direction Longitudinal direction lu ll Slipping ru rl

It is to be differentiated whether detention factors at along or transverse interference fit assembly are determined. Detention factors depend on the following measured variables: - Combination of material of interior and outer part, - Roughnesses of the joining areas, - Condition of the joining areas before adding (lubricated, ungeschmiert), - Demand of interior and outer part (purely flexible or flexible plastic). Due to the friction procedures in the joint the detention factors are subject to statistic fluctuations. The detention factors indicated in the following tables represent therefore approximate values. They are on the safe side. They can be replaced through experimentally determined values. Furthermore with the detention factors it is to be differentiated whether they are determined when brisk or swinging demand. Detention factors for swinging demand see [5] and [16]. 5.1 Detention Factors for Longitudinal Interference fit assembly The values indicated in table 3 apply to brisk demand. They are determined for interior from the material X 210 CR W12 and apply to steel. The interference fit assembly are to be deposited after adding before the first load about 24 hours.

5.2 Detention Factors for Transverse Interference fit assembly Table 4 indicates lying detention factors for transverse interference fit assembly on the safe side. They can be used both for chutes to extent and in longitudinal direction.

6 Organizations of Interference fit assembly

To the organization of interference fit assembly apply general rules, which are to be applied to all interference fit assembly. For interference fit assembly, which transfer swinging bending and/or twisting moments must, beyond that special organization rules apply. 6.1 General Organization Rules With interference fit assembly in basic holes is for an exhaust possibility to ensure (fig. 4). - Over axially to add to be able, situation delimitations of constructional or technical kind are to be planned. - Around large torques and/or axial forces to transfer to be able, if possible a full interior with one is not to be paired to thin-walled outer part (Q A 0.5). This applies however not to bandages, but only to wave hub connections. - With sufficiently deformationable materials (see 4.1 in particular and under that Conditions (8) and (9)) can the joining jerk p and thus the transferable extent and/or. Axial forces by flexible-plastic interpretation to be increased (see 4.3). The greatest possible profit at joining jerk p in relation to the purely flexible interpretation results within the range 0.3 Q A 0.4.

Table 3 -Detention factors of longitudinal interference fit assembly when brisk demand[6]

Materials old new Number St 60-2 E 335 1.0060 ll 0,11

Detention factors drying rl 0.08 lubricated ll 0.08 rl 0.07

GS-60

GE 300

1.0558

0.11

0.08

0.08

0.07

RSt37-2

S 235JRG2

1.0038

0.10

0.09

0.07

0.06

GG-25

EN-GJL-250

0.6025

0.12

0.11

0.06

0.05

GGG-60

EN-GJS-6003 EN AB-44000 ff. CB495K

0.7060

0.10

0.09

0.06

0.05

G-AlSi12(Cu)

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

G-CuPb10Sn (GCuSn10Pb10) TiAl6V4

2.1176.01

0.07

0.06

_1)

_1)

TiAl6V4

3.7165.10

_1)

_1)

0.05

_1)

1) Detention factors does not admit.

Table 4 - Detention factors with transverse interference fit assembly in along and circumferential direction with chutes Combination of material, lubrication, adding Steel steel mating Oil federations normally added with mineral oil Oil federations with degreased press surfaces with glycerin added Shrinking federation normally after heating up of the outer part up to 300 C in the electrical furnace Shrinking federation with degreased press surfaces after heating up in the electrical furnace up to 300 C Cast steel iron mating Oil federations normally added with mineral oil Oil federations with degreased press surfaces Steel MgAl mating, drying Steel CuZn mating, drying 0,10 to 0,15 0,17 to 0,25 0.10 0.16 0.12 Detention factors r, rl, u

0.18 0.14 0.20

Fig. 4 - Example of a bleed bore in basic holes 6.2 Organization Rules for Swinging Stressed Interference fit assembly Interference fit assembly are stressed in the enterprise frequently by changing and/or swelling torsion and/or circulating bend. The swinging moments can in the joint slip motions (Slip) with changing directions cause (see [1] and/or [15]). After well-known investigations of the friction fatigue failure [7] with increasing slip the service life is strongly decreased by friction conclusively paired construction units. This slip can be only avoided, if that Joining jerk in no place one by coefficients of friction and shear stress in the joint level determined limit value falls below. During a wave hub connection according to the fig. 5 and 6 this joining jerk is reduced in particular at the edge of the press fit by conscious rigidity reduction of the wave. During correct interpretation of the oversize of the wave hub connection however falling below the limit value can be prevented with these constructional solutions in general. For stressed interference fit assembly are swinging in [1] and/or [15] critical loads determined, with which a straight still innocuous slip way at the hub edge arises. It becomes clear that contrary to the bending border moment the torsion border moment does not rise above lF/DF = 0.5 practically any longer. Interference fit assembly must be so arranged that those can be taken up according to the mode of operation arising demands. Damaging influence of notch effects, in particular in the edge zone range of interference fit assembly, is to be considered with the vibration resistance proof if required to reduce and by appropriate constructional organization to a minimum value. The optimal organization of prevailing bend-stressed interference fit assembly is reached if a shape is selected according to fig. 5 [5], [8]. The following geometrical relations in is to be kept:

DF/DW 1.1

r/(DF DW) 2

(44)

In contrast to it measures are in the hub (parting) for the reduction of the joining jerk only to judge with difficulty, because by inappropriate organization of hub geometry the joining jerk at the hub edge can fall below the addressed limit value. Nevertheless leaves itself with exact computation of the wave hub connection, e.g. by finite element calculations, on the one hand a reduction of the joining jerk and/or enlargement of security and on the other hand more sufficiently Joining jerk for the avoidance of fretting corrosion formation ensure. Unfortunately hub connections cannot be indicated as in equation (44) simple interpretation guidelines for such waving. The compromise between the measure for the increased safety by reduction of the joining jerk and the security of a sufficiently large joining jerk for the avoidance of the fretting corrosion formation can be found in these cases only by a finite element calculation. If a paragraph of the interior cannot be planned according to fig. 5, also an execution can be selected according to fig. 6. To the notching radius thereby similar conditions apply to equation (44). To the projection A drawn in in fig. 6 applies, like also to fig. 5 a0 (45)

It is to be guaranteed by tolerating the axial measure of A that this condition is kept. A too large projection results in a waste of the form strength. It has an unfavorable effect, if a< 0 becomes, because then demand conditions approximate again the not set off wave.

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 5 - Interference fit with optimized form strength Fig. 6 - Interference fit with axial projection

Fig. 7 - Outer part with conical discharge In particular the following organization references apply: Demand by changing or swelling twisting moments: - The detention factor in the joining area is to be high-held if possible, e.g. with transverse interference fit assembly by degreasing before the assembly. - The joining jerk p is to be as largely as possible selected (possibly by flexibleplastic interpretation, see 4,3). This applies in particular at the entrance the torsion of leading interior in outer part. There the joining jerk p reducing measures can be harmful (see fig. 7). - Case interior and outer part from materials with unequal flexible constants to be manufactured, then the interior is to exhibit the larger modulus of elasticity (E I > EA). The slide moment of the interference fit is to be at the most equal to that twisting moment, with which plastic deformations of the free interior (outside of the outer part) arise. For this a referred joint length is usually sufficient lF/DF 1.5 Changing one or circulating bending moments: - Around axial emigrating the wave to prevent, is to apply lF/DF 1.5 (47) (46)

- Full interior is more favorable than hollow. The latters are to be avoided with large changing or circulating bending moments if possible.

7 Data in Technical Information

The manufacturing drawing must contain the data necessary for the production of interference fit assembly.

If differently does not agree, the Pass system basic hole (see DIN 7154 part of 1 and part of 2) is to be used. The following tolerance fields are recommended: - For drillings up to 500 mm in diameter: H 7, - for drillings over 500 mm in diameter: H 8, - for waves up to 500 mm in diameter: Tolerance field of the tolerance class IT 6, - for waves over 500 mm in diameter: Tolerance field of the tolerance class IT 7. To the surface roughness of the joining areas the following appoximate values apply: - For drillings up to 500 mm in diameter: Ra = 1,6 m, -for drillings over 500 mm in diameter: Ra = 3.2 m,

- for waves up to 500 mm in diameter: Ra = 0.8 m, - for waves over 500 mm in diameter: - Ra = 1.6 m. The cylinder form tolerance amounts to approx. 1/3 of the dimensional tolerance for the diameter of the hub and/or for the diameter of the wave.

In the manufacturing drawing roughness values are to be indicated, usually the center rough value RA and form tolerances (see DIN ISO 1101) for the joining areas. Examples of dimensioning and tolerating the parts which can be added: Transverse interference fit Outer Interior

Fig. 8 - Dimensioning and tolerating example Indication of the tolerated mass and border dimensions on the design (if necessary) Would tolerate mass 160 u6 Border dimensions +0,215 +0,190 +0,040 +0,0

160 H7

Examples of the entry of the adding temperature and cleanliness of the joining areas. Outer part

Part ...... warms up evenly. Warming up temperature 280 C with approximately 20 C ambient temperature. Joining areas free of lubricating and foreign matter

Interior (only if an undercooling is necessary) Part ...... under cools evenly. Under cooling temperature - 110 C with approximately 20 C ambient temperature. Joining areas free of lubricating and foreign matter.

For bandages, e.g. Wheel tires, the add-fair organization is represented gear rims, in fig. 9. The height of the drilling paragraph A must ensure an axial adjustment. Outer part

Fig. 9 - Add-fair organization of bandages etc.; le in accordance with equation (49)

8 Adding Interference fit assembly

8.1 Adding Longitudinal Interference fit assembly The necessary insertion strength follows out

(48) The detention factor ll can be inferred made of table 3. The maximum joining jerk pmax is to be computed for the maximum oversize Ug. If the joining areas before adding are not lubricated, then result larger detention factors and thus larger transferable along and/or tangential forces. However the danger of the food exists with ungeschmierten joining areas, in particular in the case of the flexible-plastic interpretation. Therefore are easy the joining areas before adding to oil. Furthermore are the following notes for the constructional organization to consider (see fig. 10):

Fig. 10 - Constructional organization of longitudinal interference fit assembly; le in accordance with equation (49) - To that to adding parts no sharp edges and transitions may arise. - The chamfer angle f is to amount to at the most 5. The values for the chamfer length le are indicated in table 5 (all mass in mm).

Table 5 - Chamfer length le DF over 50 80 160 250 to 80 160 250 400 4 5 6 7 le over 400 630 800 1000 DF to 630 800 1000 8 9 10 10 le

- Applies to the computation of the chamfer length

(49) - Insertion chamfers is at the counterpart with the higher yield strength, which can be added, to attach (as a rule at the interior). - Long slim interior is to be checked on buckling. . 8.2 Thermal Adding Of Transverse Interference fit assembly Extension federations are added by undercooling the interior, shrinking federations by warming up the outer part. With large oversizes both procedures

are combined. The computation of the temperatures, on which the interior undercooled and/or which must be warmed up to outer part, proceeds from the selected minimum fit. For adding additionally an adding play is to be kept, so that clinging of the interference fit is impossible during the adding procedure. During individual manufacture one recommends, with an adding play

(50) to count. Equation (50) covers the risk of premature clinging of the partners before terminated adding procedure, which can be added, during individual manufacture. When using devices for the adding procedure the adding play can be fallen below after equation (50). To the oversize when adding applies

(51) Generally are fixed the ambient temperature R as well as the adding temperature I the interior. The necessary adding temperature of the outer part computed out

(52) The highest arising adding temperature may not impair the necessary work piece characteristics of the heat treated parts which can be added. The thermal longitudinal strains for interior and outer part are indicated in table 6. For under cooling extension federations either CO 2-Trockeneis (I = - 78.4 C) or liquid nitrogen (I = - 195.8 C) can be used. Whether complex under cooling is necessary, must be decided on the basis the maximally permissible temperature of the outer part. To the maximum adding temperatures dependent on the material of the outer part and the thermal treatment the data in table 7 apply. Thermal treatment of ferrous metals: Terms see DIN EN 10052. The permissible adding temperature Azul the outer part is to be prescribed in the assembly drawing. For the largest addable oversize gil

(53)

9 Notes for the Production of Interference fit assembly

9.1 Generally Accepted References The dimensions and tolerances specified in the design as well as all other special data are to be guaranteed during the production by controls. From single controls provided inspection reports make the mating possible of to each other fitfavorably lying jointing parts, to Avoidance of mistakes to be characterized must. On dirt and noncorrosive joining areas is to be respected. The safety-relevant regulations are to be kept. 9.2 Manufacturing Interference fit assembly by Pressing In Before pressing in the joining areas are to be provided with a thin oil film over the entire surface away. The use of additives such as molybdenum disulphide is permissible only if this is indicated in the working documents. Tilt the jointing parts when pressing in is to be avoided. The slip stick effect is avoidable by in and/or pressing out speeds of approximately 50 mm/s and sufficient in each case pressing force reserves (for instance 2,5fache release strength). Interference fit assembly are only after a deposit time by approximately 24 hours to be stressed. Table 6 - Transverse extension number, modulus of elasticity, longitudinal strain Materials Material No. Transverse Modulus of extension elasticity number N/mm2 Longitudinal strain Warm up an under cooling

MgAl8Zn AlMgSi AlCuMg

3.5812 3.2315 3.1325

0,30 0,34 0,33 to 0,34 0,24

65 000 to 75 000

23

-18

GG-101) GG-151) GG-201) GG-251)

0.6010 0.6015 0.6020 0.6025

70 000 80 000 105 000 130 000

10

-8

0,24 to 0,26

GGG-50

0.7050

0,28 to 0,29

> 140 000

10

-8

Malleable cast iron C-steel low alloys Nisteel Bronze

0,25

90 000 to 100 000 200 000 to 235 000

10

-8

0,3 to 0,31 0,31

11

-8.5

0,35

80 000 to 85 000

16

-14

Red brass

0,35 to 0,36

17

-15

CuZn39Pb3 2.0401 CuZn37 2.0321

0,37 0,36

18

-16

1) Not certified for equipment technology in hut and rolling mills

Table 7 - Adding temperatures Material of the outer part (hub) Structural steel of low firmness cast steel Cast iron with nodular cast iron Steel or cast steel recompenses Adding temperature C maximally 350

300

Steel outer zone-hardened Steel case-hardened or highrecompensed structural steel

250 200

9.3 Manufacturing Interference fit assembly By Shrinking And/Or Stretching Aids are to be examined before beginning for absolute efficiency. Transportation equipments (e.g. Crane), which have a high-speed lowering mechanism, are to be preferred. By calorific loss when shrinking or by Wrmeaufnahme with stretching the adding play is reduced. For the avoidance of premature determining is to be added therefore if possible in a draft-free area briskly. To a as perfect and even heating up and/or an undercooling as possible great importance is to be attached. 9.3.1 Warming Up the Outer Part 9.3.1 Local overheating avoid. Parts, as seals are etc., which do not stand the warming up temperature, temporarily to dismantle. The cooling of the added parts is to go as evenly and slowly as possible (warm-damming documents and if possible, cover the federation). 9.3.2 Undercooling The Interior Undercooling the interior is used usually with series already finished (- parts). To extremely short routes of transportation is to be paid attention, if that is additionally warmed up outer part. Cooling agent is to be made available in sufficient quantity. The losses which can be taken into account thereby can be lower set, if the cooling agent container of straight sufficient capacity is, which full-dips workpiece, and if in the same container the small parts are undercooled last. 9.3.3 Hydraulic Adding And Release

Pressure producers, inlets, ports and distributor slots must cleanly, the joining areas besides intact its (no scratches or scoring in the longitudinal direction). Pressure producers are to be used, with which the 2 - until 5fache calculated surface pressure can be applied. When adding lighter oils heavier with the release are favourable; with very high pressures glycerin is to be used. Hydraulically added federations may be stressed only after oil film dismantling (10 minutes until 2 hours). With the release: A Rostlser can be added to the argument caution for the sake of. Connecting with kegeligen Joints are to be secured axially. With parts endangered by the expansion controls of the joint pressing of (pointer of dragging) positive pressure measuring instruments are necessary. Table 8 - Warming up possibility Warming up possibility Application References

Electrical heating plates

(usually small) production Heating up frequently items imperfectly, danger of local overheating! Cases and hubs attainable adding temperature: to 50 C frequently several burners (surface heaters) at the same time necessarily. Danger of distortion, delay and local overheating natural organic heat distribution media to 300 C; paraffin and/or silicone-basic oils to 400 C

Electrical heating cores

Ring burner

(usually bulky) outer parts, if interior undercools

Bath heating

Outer parts, on whose joining areas when adding oil may be

Hot-air furnaces and/or hot-air chambers gas-heated furnaces electrically heated furnaces

Outer parts, whose joining areas must be free drying and by oxide coatings

usually to 400 C warming up temperature; in special furnaces to 650 C possible

all outer parts, their joining areas drying to be must and with those detention-factorincreasing Oxide coatings either intended or however without meaning are

by special precautions (lockable Muffel or gas protection flame) can an excessive oxide and/or. scale-similar lining formation on that Joining areas to be avoided

Table 9 - Means for undercooling Means for under cooling Carbonic acid snow or dry ice chemical formula CO2 Boiling point of the gas 78,4 C References

Jointing part cools down relatively slowly; faster cooling with employment of white spirits as heat distribution media. Beigabe of tri chlorine ethyls prevents a freezing of the jointing part Surfaces With employment in closed areas for good ventilation provide! Otherwise no special

liquefied nitrogen

N2

195,8 C

dangers Of oxygen liquefied by the use or liquefied air because of large danger of explosion one advises against.

10 Special References.
10.1 Proof of the Form Strength With interference fit assembly, which transfer swinging torsion and/or bending moments, the interior on endurance limit is stressed. Therefore a form strength proof must be led according to DIN 743. 10.2 Demand By Centrifugal Force If a interference fit is stressed additionally to the tensions due to adding by centrifugal force, the two following points under safety-relevant aspects must be examined: By the centrifugal force demand interior and outer part in radial direction expand. That experiences outer part larger stretch than the interior. This leads to a reduction of the joining jerk p in relation to stop of the federation. In addition, with the joining jerk p the transferable sinks Torque and the transferable axial force (see equations (1) and (2)). In extreme cases can it by complete loss of the joining jerk p to taking the outside off from the interior come. The following remarks apply under the following conditions: a)The interior is full (QI = 0). b) Interior and outer part point same elasticity constants to (EA = EI = E; A = I = ). Furthermore are their equal to densities (I = A = ). Note: kg/dm3 10 Ns2/mm4

C) By adding and by centrifugal force flexible demands arise in the interior and outer part excluding So that the condition C), must the referred effective oversize is fulfilled w the following in equations meet [9]:

(54)

(55) If the interference fit with the number of revolutions n rotates, then the peripheral speed amounts to u of the outer contour of the outer part. u = p n DaA (56) The joining jerk pn at number of revolutions n is calculated by the joining jerk p in the stop after

(57) The joining jerk p in the stop is computed after equation (17). The peripheral speed uab, with which the outside takes off from the interior, follows out

(58) If a waste due to centrifugal force is to be kept of at the most 10% of the joining jerk p in the stop, the peripheral speed of the outer contour of the outer part of the condition must be sufficient

(59)

For clean-flexibly stressed interference fit assembly, which not the conditions A) and/or b) are sufficient, are indicated computing courses in [9]. For flexible-plastic stressed interference fit assembly to [10] one refers. During purely flexible interpretation it is to be made certain that at maximum number of revolutions of the interference fit a joining jerk sufficient for the transmission of the extent and/or axial force after Equation (57) is present. In any case one must be kept a sufficient safety margin against that number of revolutions, at which the interference fit takes off. When taking the outer part off the interference fit does not only lose its function as friction conclusive connection, but it can come by radial emigrating of the outer part to large Unwuchten and an endangerment of the entire construction unit. 10.3 Inspection Certificate In applications, with which when malfunctioning a interference fit accidents with personal injury are not to be excluded, the prescribed examinations in form of an acceptance checking must take place according to DIN EN 10204 (to form see appendix C). This inspection certificate belongs to the supply to the orderer. 10.4 Marking This marking is necessary only if an inspection certificate is to be provided 10,3 after section. The workpiece marking must agree with the data of the certificate of acceptance test. Outer part is to be marked in the face durably and well visibly as follows: 1. Line manufacturer character 2. Line manufacturer order NR, drawing number, pos. - NR 3. Line orderer Part No. (only with spare parts) Further requirements and conditions for manufacturing: With interference fit assembly, with which outer part is implemented as bandage, wheel tires or gear rim e.g., a radial marking apart from the marking must be durably attached by the manufacturer within the range of a joint front surface. Thereby a shift is, e.g. with inspection. Micro migration of a gear rim, to be recognized. If necessary, a

computation proof is to Avoidance of micro migration with shrunk gear rim bandages according to the data in [12] to lead and [17]. Interference fit assembly must be free by tears and internal separations, which impair the usefulness. During the manufacturing of a interference fit it must be guaranteed that the technical requirements are kept according to the data on the manufacturing drawings. With that Computation met definitions, e.g. Oversizes, detention factors dependent on combination of material, Lubrication and adding as well as an even adding temperature of outer part (hub, gear rim, Bandage) and interior (wave) must be kept with manufacturing reliably. The mechanisms necessary for the manufacturing, e.g. Warming up possibility, means for under cooling, examination of the adding temperature, measuring and testing sets must be as can be prove present [13], [14]. The manufacturer must guarantee that only adept specialists for the execution and experts as carrier carriers for the examination and production control of interference fit assembly become certified.