Contemporary Law Enforcement 1

Contemporary Law
Enforcement
For West Liberty State College & NCLETTC use only. Reproduction without permission is unauthorized
Revised 2008-08-11
Jeffrey A. Murray, MS.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this training course is to familiarize students with some of the basic law
enforcement patrol procedures.
Students will not be certified to perform any law enforcement duties upon completion, they
will however be more prepared to decide if law enforcement is a career they wish to pursue.
If they do in fact choose law enforcement or corrections as a career path, they will certainly
be “ahead of the game” when the time arrives for them to attend formal academy level
training as prescribed by their hiring agency.
By “basic” procedures, we mean extremely basic. It is not our intention to take Criminal
Justice students from the classroom and have them prepared to “test out” at the academy
level. Though the written material as well as the practical exercises come directly from basic
as well as advanced training modules for law enforcement and corrections, each topic has
been modified to be more easily understood by someone who has little to no experience or
exposure to the field of law enforcement.
Each of us has expectations about this training. The students expect to receive quality
training and useful information presented to them in a professional, courteous manner and in
such a way so as to ensure the material and information is received and easily retained.
Some modules will require a written examination to ensure that this process is taking place.
Most modules however will be evaluated based on motivated and enthusiastic participation
and a testing of the student’s cognitive skills.
We at NCLETTC and WLSC expect from the students certain things as well. We expect
students to be at the designated training site on time and prepared to train and learn. We
expect common courtesy from all involved. We expect students to listen and pay attention.
Some techniques and procedures in this training involves firearms and various other “tools
of the trade” that if not handled correctly and exactly as instructed, could cause serious
bodily harm or death.
We look forward to the next few weeks working with you, learning with you and learning
from you and it is our sincere hope that you will complete this course feeling better,
mentally and physically, prepared to pursue your goals and objectives.
Thank you for your attendance and participation,
Michael Logsdon
Executive Director
NCLETTC
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Use of Force 3
Chapter 2 Weapons Retention 11
Chapter 3 Situational Awareness/Stability 15
Chapter 4 Wrist & Arm locks 22
Chapter 5 Baton 27
Chapter 6 Advanced TASER 33
Chapter 7 Baton Techniques 36
Chapter 8 Search & Restraint 48
Chapter 9 Pressure Points & CCT 75
Chapter 10 Fundamentals of Marksmanship 99
Chapter 11 Hits vs. Myths/ Terminal Ballistics 123
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USE OF FORCE
Definitions
 Force – To compel through pressure or necessity; to move against

resistance
 Minimum Force – The least amount of force used to control a
situation
 Deadly Force – Force which a person uses with the purpose of
causing or which he/she knows would create a substantial risk of
causing death or serious bodily harm.
Deadly Force Elements
 Intent – the willingness or threat by the subject to execute serious

bodily harm or death.
 Capability – The means to cause serious harm or death.
 Opportunity – The proximity to carry out the intent.
Any agency or department that has arresting/detaining/custody authority over

another person is required to have in place a policy to govern that agency’s use
of force. Regardless if that agency is private security corporation or falls under
the authority of a level of government their officers will eventually face the
type of person mentioned earlier that simply do not want to comply with law.
Because officers are obligated to enforce the laws and regulations of their
jurisdiction a “use of force” policy is in place as a “guide” so that the officers
may reasonably choose a level of response to meet an expected level of
resistance that will allow them to justifiably maintain control of a situation.
Each agency’s use of force policy will usually differ from another’s to an
extent depending on the primary mission of that agency as well as the
equipment they are trained and/or authorized to use in accomplishing that
mission.
In addition there may be more than one policy in place. Each one designed to
guide the use of force under different circumstances. An example of this would
be a Sheriff’s department. The deputies performing law enforcement duties
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would have a different policy than those deputies that perform correctional
tasks and again another for those that perform escort duties, each based on
equipment and the primary mission.
Generic Use of Force Continuum:
1. Officer presence/show of force- officer present on the scene or

additional officers
2. Verbal direction-giving instruction to the subject/subject
3. Empty hand control-strikes, joint locks, take downs, kicks, come-along
techniques, etc
4. Intermediate weapons-baton or chemical irritant used when empty
hand control is not deemed adequate, but lethal force is not justified
5. Lethal or deadly force-force which will or is likely to cause death or
serious bodily harm
These are levels of force that are used to control a particular level of resistance.
An example of a corresponding resistance continuum that the subject or
subjects may be operating under is:
1. Intimidation- clenching fists, crossing arms, rolling the eyes, aggressive

body language
2. Verbal non-compliance- verbally refusing to following instructions,
verbally belligerent
3. Resistant-either passively or defensively by pulling away or allowing
their body to go limp
4. Assault-punching, kicking, spitting, throwing objects
5. Deadly assault-use of a weapon
A common misconception, particularly on the part of the newer officer is that

before a level of force may be implemented, the previous level(s) must first be
exhausted. While this sometimes happens because of the actions of the subject,
it must be understood that immediate circumstances will dictate which level of
force we enter into the situation with and then whether we escalate or de-
escalate, again based on the actions of the subject.
By us simply being on the scene of an incident is indeed a show of force and

we will always give some type of verbal commands, the first two levels of
force will always be implemented. The actions of the subject will then
determine if we move to a higher level of force.
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The subject may enter in the continuum at any level. It certainly cannot be
assumed that they will begin with the lowest level of resistance and then follow
the continuum to next higher level of resistance in sequence until they are
eventually brought under control. We must also understand that we must enter
the continuum of control at a level that will allow us to not only control the
situation, but also ensure our safety and that of others that may be present on
the scene.
Rather than using a scale or ladder to visualize the continuum, it is best to use a
“circle” concept:
CIRCLE OF RESPONSE
Empty Hand
Control Verbal Direction
Officer Presence
& Verbal Direction
Intermediate
Weapon
Deadly Force
There is no clear cut or blanket answer as to which level of force would be

deemed justified in a situation until that situation arises. The “totality of
circumstances” is what actually dictates the appropriate level of force.
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TOTALITY OF CIRCUMSTANCES
The factors that surround a particular incident are the circumstances. You
cannot take a single factor in any situation and make a decision as to what level
of force to use against another in defense of yourself or another. Each incident
will have multiple factors/circumstances. These must all be added together and
the “sum” of these factors is the “Totality of Circumstances”. Some factors that
must be considered in most cases are:
 Subject/Officer ratio- how many officers are present versus how many
subjects
 Size/age/strength differences- a subject much larger than the officer
may require the officer to respond with a level of force higher than
would an officer of the same physical stature
 Skill differences- an subject may have a higher skill level regarding
combative techniques than the officer, requiring a higher level of force
to control that situation. However, the officer may be more skilled than
the subject, allowing the officer to de-escalate or use a lower level of
controlling force.
 Mental state- subjects under the influence or otherwise deranged may
require a higher level of force due to the lack of sensitivity of the
sensory nerves of the body
 Position of disadvantage- the officer may be knocked to the ground,
low or no light, adverse weather, slippery footing, incident occurring in a
confined space or on a stairwell will definitely be a determining factor in
deciding which level of force should be applied
 Special knowledge- the officer may have knowledge of an subjects level
of combative skill
 Imminent danger- the officer may be faced with the immediate threat
of death involving the three elements mentioned earlier (intent, means,
opportunity) which in themselves are circumstances that should be
calculated
With all these factors in mind as well as many others that could arise, the
officer must understand he/she will be judged based on what they are faced
with at that moment. Not what they presume or guess may happen, or what
they find out later.
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To stress again, the first two levels of control; officer presence and verbal
intervention can easily be considered the most important. Using the right
communication skills can de-escalate many incidents, preventing them from
becoming physical.
CASE LAW REFERENCES - USE OF FORCE SCENARIO

This phase is based on the premise that the techniques described within this
program are applied in a Lawful Manner. Active Defense techniques
themselves are based on existing techniques that have been utilized for some
time within the Law Enforcement Community and are Court Defensible.
Abuse or inappropriate use of the techniques is always the responsibility of the

Officer themselves, and in such cases the burden of responsibility for the result
will rest with the Individual.
For the most part, each state uses its own terminology in regards to describing
the amount of force an officer may use in order to affect the arrest of an
offender. In general terms it is described as “reasonable force” or the minimum
amount of force necessary to make an arrest.
The question arises; what is the minimum or the least amount of force? The
answer is complicated as it is the “totality of circumstances” surrounding an
incident that determines the true answer. Some considerations that we must
take into account when we are faced with applying force are:
• Subject size/officer size
• What is known about the subject
• Environment
• Location
• Lighting
• Number of offenders versus number of officers
• Involvement of weapons
Listed are some relevant sections of Case Law. However, when all is said and
done, we are all responsible for our own actions.
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QUESTIONS
SHOULD WE RETREAT FROM A THREAT IN ORDER TO
DE-ESCALATE THE SITUATION, EVEN THOUGH A CRIME IS BEING, OR
HAS BEEN COMMITTED?
This issue can be traced in case law to (1918) Loveless VS. Hardy.
Decision. 201 Ala 605. 79So 37.
Redding VS Medina decision (1976) D.C. Pa 411 F.Supp 272.
Skinner VS Brooks (1944) 74 Ohio App. 288. 29 Ohio Ops 432. 42 Ohio L.
Abs. 216 58 NE 2d 699.
“The Court emphasized that an Officer attempting to make a Lawful Arrest for
a misdemeanor is under no obligation to retreat or retire to avoid the necessity
of using extreme measures to prevent his receiving great bodily injury. Rather
the Court continued it is his duty to press forwards for the accomplishment of
his purpose.”
The Courts stated in defending the Officers actions, by quoting the Reasonable
Man Principle.
“Noting that in effecting an arrest, an Officer is presumed to have acted in

good faith, and that the Law does not require him to be infallible, the Court
declares that, never the less, the Officer must be a man whose faculty to
exercise sound judgment is at least average, and that it is the duty of the jury to
judge whether this is true. If it is true, and if a conscientious, understandable
mistake has been made by an Officer in effecting justifiable arrest, then there is
no liability. However, if the Officer carelessly or in bad faith under the existing
circumstances harms another by the use of apparently unjustified force it
amounts to a breech of duty for which he and the sureties upon the official
bond are liable”
** Discussion: Failure to act as a potential liability; should another receive

harm or other loss?
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HOW MUCH FORCE CAN WE USE TO SUBDUE THE THREAT?
The case of People VS Brite 9 Cal. 2d 666. 681.

The Court said “An Officer making an arrest is not limited to that force which
is necessary to overcome the person arrested, but may also use such force as is
reasonably necessary to insure his personal safety while making an arrest ”
This has become understood within Law Enforcement Circles as the “One plus
One theory.” Giving the right to escalation of one step above the force that is
being threatened against them. Ipsofacto lethal force being offered towards an
Officer dictates a like response.
A knife being used in an attack on an Officer allows for the use of his / her
firearm if their life is in jeopardy. I suggest that the circumstances would have
to be applied in the light of the given facts, and the Reasonable Man Principle.
(Totality of the Circumstances)
DO WE HAVE A DUTY TO CONTROL THE SITUATION, AND

HOW MUCH FORCE CAN WE APPLY TO A Prisoner BEFORE
IT IS EXCESSIVE?
Excessive Force guidelines were established in 1997, Johnson VS Glick.

481F. 2d. 1028 2nd Cir. (1973.) Although this case has been superseded by
Graham V Connor, there is valuable areas of learning. This Case Law decision
stated that any claim of excessive force will examine four factors:
• The need for the application of force.
This deals with why the Officer was there, the nature of the complaint, what
did the Recipient do that required the use of force to be applied.
• The relationship between the need and the amount of force actually
used.
What type of force was being offered towards the Officer, the threat potential,
and what was the appropriate response force level implemented.
What was the extent of the injuries caused?
Were injures inflicted on the Recipient in line with the situation, or were they
excessive? For example “Passive resistance” during a demonstration would not
be a show of force that required the Demonstrator to be beaten with a baton
and sustain a fractured skull, or sprayed with chemical irritants.
Was the force applied in good faith, or was it malicious, or sadistic?
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Was the use of force sadistic, or torturous, and was force used after the
resistance or threat against the Officer ended? Was the use of force
professional, and in a measured response, or was it acted out because of
revenge, or vindictiveness and prejudice?
A similar decision Wise VS Brown. 666 F. 2d 1328. 10th Cir (1981) has been
reviewed as a standard for action. This case ruled in chief that:
“The use of force against an Individual would be unconstitutional” if:
• It causes severe injury.
• The injury was grossly disproportionate to the need for action under the
circumstances.
• The action was inspired by malice, rather than merely carelessness or
unwise excess of zeal so that it amounted to an abuse of official power
that shocks the conscience.
The Supreme Court held in the case of Graham VS Connor. 45 Crl.
3033. May (1989) That the central issue in physical force cases is the issue of
whether the Officers actions are objectively reasonable in the light of the facts
and the circumstances at the time of the incident.
Factors under the 4th amendment include whether:

1. The Officers relied on Good and Reasonable Police practice.
2. Officers in this situation acted as any other Reasonable and prudent officers
would act, faced with a like or similar situation.
FINDING THE CORRECT RESPONSE
Research into American case law reviews clearly identifies specific cases that
have influenced the current Law Enforcement policy makers in their quest to
find the most appropriate Manual of Guidance for Officers in respect of their
use of force against members of Society (Seized and Free Citizens).
Unlike the UK (Europe) where the use of force policy is Country Wide, many
departments in the USA have developed their own rules, and best practice
guidelines. Depending largely on the State Training Academies to update, or
suggest, procedures based on researched material as to what use of force
guidelines should be implemented. These academies have the authority to
make such suggestions based on their State mandates and recent court
decisions.
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Court cases that shaped use of force policies:
Graham Vs Connor, (490 U.S. 386 4th Cir. 1989)

Gilmore Vs City of Atlanta, ( 744 F. 2d 1533, 11th Cir. 1986 )
Johnson Vs Glick ( 481 F 2nd 1028, 2nd Cir. 1973
Wise Vs Brown ( 666 F. 2nd 1328 10th Cir. 1981 )
Many departments have now adopted new firearms, ammunitions, and impact
weapons that have altered the injury levels of the offender. These new weapons
and policies in my opinion have bought about civil suits from
Recipients who have argued that excessive use of force had been applied.
Multiple shots discharged into Suspects are but one example; blunt trauma
from batons and flashlight is another. One area of concern that might be
applicable to the use of impact weapons is the application of a level of force
that could possibly be construed as “Deadly,” certainly within a Court Room.
When force is misused by a representative of the government, be they City,

County, State of Federal they will be tried using the following sections of U.S.
Civil rights code as well as any applicable state codes violated.
TITLE 42 Section 1985

Conspiracy to interfere with civil rights
Neglecting or failure to prevent a conspiracy or attempt to interfere with civil
rights
Civil rights attorney’s fees award act.
WEAPON RETENTION
Weapon retention is a critical issue that is getting more and more attention, as it
should!
When the topic of weapon retention is brought up, it is not uncommon for
someone to say, “I’ll never let them get close enough to take my weapon”. But
it is a fact that officers are getting shot by their own firearms every week. Loss
of an officer’s OC or baton can be as devastating as the loss of a firearm.
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All too often there are stories in briefing rooms, on the nightly news and in the
print of Law Enforcement and Corrections Officers magazines of officers
losing their weapons. When an officer loses his or her weapon it usually ends
in serious injury or death of the officer.
The duty weapon (firearm) is the most common factor in regards to weapon
retention. But we must not forget the other tools of our trade. The baton, OC,
and handcuffs; these items are certainly weapons and in the hands of an
aggressor could be just as dangerous.
We usually think of a subject attempting to take a drawn weapon from an

officer. However, officers lose their weapons from the holster or carry position
as well, particularly while in a struggle with a subject. Another facet of weapon
retention or “loss of control of the weapon” which is seldom considered is the
weapon being stolen from a vehicle or from the home.
This is basic “skill level one”. When you are not carrying your weapon,
whether it is your firearm, baton or OC, it should be secured in a location that
will prevent access to it by anyone but you! I personally know of an officer
who left his duty gear, to include weapon, in the trunk of his cruiser when off
duty. The vehicle was stolen; hence he lost control of his sidearm and shotgun.
The vehicle was recovered but the weapons were not. What about the incident
that occurred in 2000 when an FBI van, carrying numerous assault weapons
and ammunition was stolen? Your weapon in a locked vehicle is NOT a
secured weapon.
Because circumstances will usually dictate our actions, there are times when it
will be necessary to secure our weapons in our cruiser or other vehicle. It is of
utmost importance, that this takes place as seldom as possible, only when
absolutely necessary and that the attitude is not one of “out of sight, out of
mind”.
HOLSTERS
In regards to holsters and the effect they have on officer safety, I am a firm
believer that there are more bargains at $100.00 than there are at $25.00. You
get what you pay for. You may not have a choice in the holster that you carry
based on department policy. If that is the case, let’s hope that your agency is
progressive enough and of the mindset that new technology can certainly help.
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I am not going to delve into the different types and brands of holsters that are
available. I will only say that a compromise of a key grip, smooth draw for the
officer and extreme difficulty for removal on the part of a subject should be the
primary concern. After that comes comfort and aesthetic value. This is true for
the entire duty belt, not just the firearm holster.
Weapon retention goes hand in hand with officer safety and officer safety starts
with the proper mindset.
It is important to remember that while a particular incident may be very

unlikely, the possibility is always there.
There is a multitude of methods to retain control of your side arm when a

suspect has grabbed the weapon and is trying to remove it from your holster.
If a suspect grabs your weapon from the front your first action is to clamp
down on your weapon with your strong hand, “shooting hand”. Then with the
off hand strike the suspects forearm just above the wrist with your weak hand.
The object is to strike the radial nerve which will cause the suspect to lose his
grip then pivot your hips away from the suspect freeing your side arm and
positioning yourself for a tactical draw of your weapon.
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If a suspects attempts to take your weapon from behind you reach across your
body and lock down the suspects hand on your weapon with your weak hand.
You then pivot your hips foreword extending the suspects body while
simultaneously striking the suspect in the head or throat with a strong arm
elbow strike disorienting the suspect and freeing your weapon.
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LIKELIHOOD LOW; POSSIBILITY 100%
Remember - PREVENTION before the fact is better than REACTING

after the fact.
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
It cannot be argued that the best way to defend yourself is to avoid being in a
position where it becomes necessary to do so. Unfortunately, do to the nature
of our business that is a luxury we don’t always have.
Defending yourself in any situation begins with constant situational awareness.

This will help you to avoid situations requiring the use of your skills.
Situational Awareness is being knowledgeable of your surroundings at all times

and in all places. Refer to the color codes and the “YELLOW ZONE”.
Your surroundings include all of the following:
• Where you are. Ask yourself: "Where am I right now?” Be familiar with
the territory. This also includes making sure that you are mentally
"where you are" and not somewhere else. Keep your mind turned on,
and be aware of your present surroundings.
• What are your possible routes of escape if trouble starts?
• Who is around you? (People, Animals, and Cars for example)
• What are they doing?
• Is there someone around you doing something that makes you nervous
about your safety or the safety of those you have a responsibility to
protect?
• Is someone around you acting in a way that makes you feel
uncomfortable? This may just be a "bad feeling". Pay attention to those.
• Should you be where you are now? If the situation looks bad and you
don't have a responsibility to be where you are - retreat.
• Are you in a position to defend yourself if required? This includes
keeping a hand free to handle a weapon.
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THE COLOR CODE
The Color Codes are utilized in Law Enforcement circles it’s been a good
method of teaching Operators a way to improve their actions during a Crisis.
WHITE
This is the Mind Set of a person who is Day Dreaming, or not paying attention
to their surroundings. In this mind set it is easy to be attacked, and not see it
coming. Often people will say I did not see that coming, or where did you
come from. These are all indicators that they were in WHITE.
YELLOW
This is the Mind Set that is DESIRED. It is possible to remain in condition
YELLOW all day. In this condition the mind is radar, constantly searching for
information about the world around us. Listening and looking, always alert. In
this mindset we are able to see possible danger signs.
ORANGE
Having been in YELLOW we see something that is not right, or feel something
is wrong, some may call this experience, others sixth sense, however it is
described it is a warning sign. We have to do something about it. This is the
time to make a plan. Decide what our options are. Make a Decision based on
all the information, or experience we have. Emotions, and changes in our
bodies may start to occur, adrenaline may start to be produced. Making plans
along the lines of: 'If they do that, I will do this.'
RED
In this mind set, you begin to execute the actions you planned in ORANGE. It
is all happening, but you have a plan. With a plan things can be better
controlled. You will be in control. You will be able to manage the crisis without
losing control. When you are operating in RED things like your strength,
speed, hearing, sight, etc., may be altered. Sometimes our senses are altered for
the better, sometimes for the worse. You may not feel pain, or even realize that
you may have been injured. With a plan you will be better able to perform
functions that day-to-day experiences tell you is not normally possible.
This is not paranoia. It often described as a “sixth sense or gut instinct".

Whatever you prefer to call it, pay attention to it.
Officers with many years on the job have honed their survival skills to the
point that situational awareness is a constant for them
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Circumstance will dictate our actions. It is our responsibility to use our skills,
training and equipment to protect ourselves as best we can as based on the
circumstances we are faced with.
People who are looking for trouble often show it in body language. They shift
their eyes and generally, they are acting in a way that says "I'm up to
something" - you get the feeling when you look at them that something isn't
right.
Practicing the survival skill of situational awareness can make the difference
between going home on time and never going home again.
THE PREPARED MINDSET
Along with being aware of your surroundings, you need to be prepared to act.
The “ORANGE ZONE”
You need to have your mind made up that in a bad situation, you will take
whatever actions are necessary to protect yourself and any other innocent
civilians in the immediate area. You may even want to run through those
scenarios for any given situation “If he does this, I’m going to do that”.
• Summon Assistance – Call for backup as soon as possible.

• Use your equipment and your training - This could be the use of
pepper spray, a stun gun, Taser, baton, or even a firearm depending on
the situation. Employ the weapon until the threat has been incapacitated.
• Retreat From The Situation – As a law enforcement officer it is your
duty and obligation to take an offender into custody. Referring back to
the Use of Force portion of the manual it is important that the minimum
force necessary to control the situation be utilized to ENSURE YOUR
SAFETY and the safety of the general public.
If you have your mind made up that you WILL ACT if required and you get the
proper training on any defensive tools you are issued, you have already won
75% of the battle.
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CONFIDENCE
Having your mind made up that you WILL act if necessary - and seeking
training - gives you confidence. This changes you.
If you are confident in your training and equipment, you will carry yourself
with confidence. In corrections and law enforcement this is sometimes referred
to as Command Presence.
Your walk will be purposeful, your eyes sharp and your mind aware. Those
observing you will sense your confidence, while offenders will look for easier
marks that show signs that they lack confidence and are living in the “White
Zone” as discussed earlier
THE PRINCIPLES OF STABILITY
The triangle is the strongest of shapes, and this is reflected through engineering
that dates back to the Egyptians. It is this stability that builds the foundations
of Effective Reaction, and ultimately contributes to our ability to defend
ourselves from active aggression in a manner supported by naturally occurring
flight or flight reflex muscle conditioning.
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The “Bladed” position or what has become known as the “Officer Field
Stance” is commonly taught to Law Enforcement Personnel. Boxers often
utilize this stance during a match, as it offers both a deep base for balance, and
the smallest target area for their Opponent to strike at.
Because the Officer Field Stance or interview stance is taught to us from the
academy, it is only logical for us refrain from adopting a stance that will
require us to move or reposition ourselves in order to perform effectively. Why
change from the officer field stance when we can conduct the necessary
functions from that position?
Doing so only increases the chances of “Murphy’s Law” coming into effect.
By maintaining the Officer Field stance and performing as many defensives
functions from that posture as possible it will reduce our reaction time, thus
giving us more time to react.
THE “CIRCLE OF CONTROL”
WHEN A CRISIS OCCURS, WE VERY RARELY RISE TO MEET THE

OCCASION. IN TRUTH, WE MERELY DEFAULT TO OUR TRAINING.
The Red Triangle below represents the stability of the body utilizing the Center
Axis Relock (C.A.R.) principles. The Blue Circle indicates the area of
dominance, created through dynamic circling motion of the arms when joined
together.
The elbows when joined, create isometric tension, and extend over the top of
the Operator’s defensive equipment, such as batons. Without the need to
practice, muscle retraction aids weapon retention. By dynamic flowing
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movements during an attack, the elbows create the circle of control, naturally.
Elbows offer a very hard impact area, with little or no personal injury. Once
practiced, elbow strikes can be very effective. After the Circle of Control has
been obtained, the Operator must initiate additional techniques to subdue any
Aggressors. These may include kicks, or other strikes. As in all active defenses,
it is of utmost importance to continue these additional techniques until the
threat is neutralized.
FROM THE OFFICER FIELD STANCE
The Center Axis Relock (C.A.R.) full hand fighting techniques utilize a
primary response to a primarily stimuli. Attack the attack, and then disengage
for distance. This distancing technique creates thinking time. Thinking time
allows for more technique, and the further application of effective training
concepts.
Featured further in C.A.R. is the ‘Tucked Weapon Punch’ and weapon

retention technique. This technique is taught as a last resort should the
Operator come under attack when their weapon is out of ammunition, or the
aggressor has not been totally incapacitated. The technique is used if an
aggressor is intent on disarming the Operator, and is already attacking with
physical blows to the head and body of the Operator.
These techniques deploy the flinch or startle response; they work when the
body is under attack, and instinctively reacts to the primary action. Once the
Response Stimuli has been engaged, the Operator must consider
disengagement to gain distance.
If it comes to actively defending yourself against an attacker, you need to keep

the Circle of Control principle in mind. This is how you will select the proper
defensive tool.
The Circle of Control for a given weapon is the area contained within the
maximum effective range for the weapon whether it is empty hands, baton or
OC.
Knowing both the maximum range of the weapon and the range in which your
skills will allow you to effectively use it as well as knowing the effective range
of any weapons the offender may have.
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You need to know the Circle of Control for any weapons you carry - and for
those that you are likely to encounter.
Examples:
An empty hand has a very limited Circle of Control. It requires physical

contact with the subject. If I can touch the subject, they can most likely touch
me - leaving the possibility of harm to myself. A more dangerous zone is
entered when using empty hand techniques.
A duty knife has a slightly larger Circle of Control, by only a few inches,
though the psychological intimidation factor is more. This is slightly safer than
using empty hand alone, if properly trained in edge weapon tactics.
Two other factors:
• The reaction rule: action is always faster than a reaction.

• If an offender decides to move towards you, his or her circle of
control is moving towards you as well.
A person with a knife - which by itself has a Circle of Control of their

arms reach plus a few inches, can travel 21 feet in just a few steps. A
knife is a deadly weapon and you need to identify the distance at which
you would feel comfortable dealing with that individual with a baton.
Most firearms instructors won't let an individual with a knife get closer
than 21' to 25' before drawing and firing if the individual continues to
approach.
You must always keep in mind that circumstances will dictate our actions.
The Baton extends the Circle of Control about two (2) feet.
Pepper spray has a larger sphere of influence. A small can of O.C. can spray 5
to 10 feet; a larger 1-pound canister can spray to about 30 feet.
Depending on the circumstances you are faced with, the Baton is very effective
in both categories
The basic premise of the Circle of Control principle is that you should avoid
the offender’s Circle of Control if circumstances allow. Retreat is not always
safe or possible so you need to be prepared.
22
If the attacker has a knife, you don't want to be inside of his sphere of
influence. You want your sphere to be larger than that of the attacker. Pepper
Spray is a good option.
You need to compare your Circle of Control with that of your attacker’s.
Remember, the idea is self-defense. Select a weapon with a greater Circle of
Control than your attacker based on the level of force necessary to control the
situation.
Keeping a reactionary gap between you and possible offenders you are
interacting with gives you time to react, compensating for the reaction rule.
You don't want to allow an offender, or someone you don't feel right about
getting inside that reactionary gap.
Wrist & Arm Locks
In law enforcement and corrections hands on techniques are essential to

restrain a subject. When a subject is placed under arrest and starts resisting in
close quarters, arm locks and wristlocks are very good methods of defending
yourself and bringing the subject under control. Arm locks and wristlocks use
joint manipulation to control a subject by the use of pain compliance and
balance control.
The Figure Four Arm Lock
The figure four arm lock is very versatile because it can be obtained from
many different positions. Below the subjects punch is blocked and momentum
from the strike is used to achieve the arm lock.
23
The Reverse Hand Shake

This is a wristlock that is an effective defense against a subject grabbing your
arm when attempting to take him or her into custody. The wrist lock is
obtained by rotating your arm over the arm of the subject and grabbing the
subjects hand with your off hand. Once you have control of the subjects’ hand
simply hyper extend the wrist while over rotating the wrist joint. The subject
will bend at the waist and can be taken to the ground into a cuffing position.
24
The Escort Wristlock

This wristlock is used when escorting a subject from one point to another or
when a subject attempts to resist in a cuffing situation.
Grab suspect wrist, knuckles facing out placing the off hand on the subjects
elbow to walk them away from the scene or to the cruiser. If the subject starts
to struggle or resist, roll the fore arm of your off hand up the back of the arm of
the suspect while maintaining control of the wrist with your strong hand. The
subject will bend at the waist and can be taken to the ground into a cuffing
position.
25
The Gooseneck
The gooseneck is another escort wristlock that allows you to walk a resisting
subject while maintaining control.
To gooseneck is obtained by grabbing the subject’s wrist bending the hand

down and then pulling the elbow of the subject into the crux of your elbow
trapping the suspect’s arm.
26
The frontal Wristlock

This wristlock is effective against subjects grabbing your uniform or throwing
a straight punch.
If a subject reaches for or grabs your uniform you grab the back of the
subject’s hand over rotate the wrist locking out the elbow. The subject will
bend at the waist and can be taken to the ground into a cuffing position.
27
BATON Techniques & Tactics
There many batons currently in use by law enforcement and corrections. The
design chosen by a particular department is usually determined by a
combination of:
• Price
• Effectiveness
• Performance History
• Liability or lack of liability issues
There are three basic types of batons employed by law enforcement, security,
and corrections professionals today.
The following is intended to provide an overview of the different types of

batons available today.
A baton - when employed by a properly trained individual - can be either an

impact weapon or a defensive shield. When held one way, it can be used to
deflect blows from an attacker. When employed as an impact weapon - or as a
lever - it can be used as a pain compliance tool.
28
As an impact tool, they can also be employed to break windows, break the
safety glass surrounding fire extinguisher enclosures, or lever open doors to
gain entry to vehicles or structures.
The three basic types of batons are...
• Side-Handle - also called a Tonfa or a PR-24-type Baton

• Expandable - Telescopic
• Stun Batons - a stun gun in the shape of a stick providing extra reach.
There are also straight, fixed batons, usually made of wood or a polymer
material. These are seldom carried anymore, but are sometimes used in
training. The Expandable Baton has essentially replaced these, but many of the
same techniques apply.
SIDE-HANDLE BATONS:
The most famous side-handle baton is manufactured by Monadnock. These

were first made available to Law Enforcement in 1974 after the pioneering
efforts of Lon Anderson and were called the "Prosecutor" model PR-24. They
were made of finished wood. The PR-24S - which is identical in function but is
made of a synthetic material.
While Monadnock claims that the PR-24 is NOT based on the Tonfa, some of
the same techniques applicable to the Tonfa are also used with employing the
PR-24.
The Tonfa is a martial arts fighting stick from the kobudo, or kobujutsu
discipline - the Okinawa art of fighting with weapons made or taken from
everyday objects. This is because ancient people of Okinawa were forbidden to
own or carry weapons such as swords, but others who had such weapons often
attacked them.
They developed methods of using common items - such as the Tonfa and other
farming implements - as defensive weapons.
The Tonfa was actually the armature of a millstone that someone discovered
could also function quite well as a convenient weapon. The Tonfa was about 20
to 24 inches long with a handle coming out 90-degrees about 6 inches from one
end. The Tonfa was thicker around the handle and tapered at the ends. The PR-
29
24 is almost identical- with the primary difference being that it is of a standard

thickness throughout.
In Kobudo, two tonfas are normally used. Police usually only carry one baton -
so the other hand is free to add leverage to the single PR-24, or to go for other
tools such as handcuffs or a firearm should the need arise.
The PR-24STS measures 24" long with a diameter of 1.25”. The handle is
centered 6.5" in from the short end.
It can be used to block and deflect blows, allowing your strong-side hand to go
for your OC, or as a last resort, your firearm. The polymer it is made from is
very durable, and it is a great shock absorber.
It can quickly be switched from defensive to offensive mode if needed, and is

wide enough that - while causing pain compliance - the energy from the blow
is spread over a larger area, minimizing the risk of serious permanent injuries
as long as the blows are delivered to appropriate target areas on the body.
The basic techniques of the PR-24 side-handled baton are easily learned. They
are simple for officers to understand and employ; yet they can also be
employed using a variety of advanced techniques as well.
Side Handled Baton:
30
Many departments are switching to using Expandable Straight Batons for a

couple of reasons...
• Expandable Straight Batons are smaller, taking less space on the belt.
They also do not need to be removed before sitting down in a patrol car.
• Since they are smaller, they appear less threatening, making the officers
appear less "bully-like".
EXPANDABLE STRAIGHT BATONS:
The expandable straight baton is a relatively new development for regular on-
duty carry. There are a number of these on the market, ranging from an
extended length of 16" to about 31". They are usually metal, and may be
stainless steel or black. The tip is usually rubber, polymer, or metal.
They are often referred to as ASP's, since ASP is one of the most popular
brands of expandable batons.
The conventional type is a friction-lock design. Holding them at the handle and
flipping the expandable sections open with a flip of the wrist employ these
batons. The baton sections lock open via friction against each other.
After the baton is employed, hitting the tip of the expandable sections on a
hard, solid surface closes it. This pushes the expandable sections back into the
handle.
31
An even more recent development is the AUTOLOCK Baton, again

manufactured by Monadnock..
Instead of a friction-lock mechanism, it uses a ball-bearing locking system. It

can be fully extended by either a flip of the wrist, or by simply pulling the
expandable sections out until they click into their locked-open position. A
button in the end cap of the baton allows it to be closed very easily by hand,
rather than by hitting it end-on on a hard surface. Opening the AUTOLOCK
baton by hand offers a tactical advantage in that it is quieter than flipping it
open.
The POWER SAFETY TIP on some models offers the advantage of being able
to easily grip and pull inside out the material in most pockets. This enhances
officer safety when searching a subject. You can use the baton to open their
pockets rather than your fingers - keeping you away from potentially sharp
and/or infected objects they may be carrying.
The Super Grip is a fluted, rubber 1" wide grip along the entire length of the
handle. This provides a surface that clings to your hand - making it very
difficult for an attacker to pull it out of your possession. It also lets you easily
grip the baton to position it for different purposes.
The crisp SNAP that is heard when the unit is deployed by flipping is a great
way to get the attention of the subject in question.
32
The Monadnock AUTOLOCK 22" With Super Grip and Power Safety Tip
From a psychological perspective, all intermediate weapons may be

disadvantaged over other forms of compliance. Every person, at some point in
their life - even if only as a child - has had someone come after them with a bat
or a stick.
Because this is something that is familiar to us, even if in the distant past, we
have elements of defense to draw on. We know that we can use our arms to
take the blow, or that there are other defensive maneuvers we can use to
attempt to disarm the person holding the stick. Truly belligerent subjects can be
expected to use these defensive techniques.
When using the baton to gain pain compliance, be prepared for the subject to
resist.
33
Other pain compliance tools do not offer familiar defenses to the subject in
question. Most people have never faced OC, so they don't know of any defense
but OC does not have the same affect on everyone exposed. Having a gun
pointed at them leaves them with almost no options - but is appropriate only in
life threatening situations.
STUN BATONS:
While not usually carried by police, these are very common in corrections and
among some of the bail enforcement people I know.
A stun baton is not really intended to be an impact weapon. Instead, it is an

extended-reach stun gun. Most stun batons are between 10 and 24 inches long.
While they can be used for striking, this is really a last-resort method of
utilization. This is due to their plastic construction, it not being designed for
the same rigors that a PR-24STS or AUTOLOCK baton is designed.
The primary method of utilization for the stun baton is to touch your assailant
with the tip of the baton for between 3 and 5 seconds. As little as 1 or 2
seconds is usually enough to get their attention - especially in the corrections
arena.
The longer the contact with the subject, the more disoriented and "stunned"
they become. Sufficient exposure can cause the temporary loss of voluntary
muscle control, rendering the subject completely compliant - lying on the floor
quivering - until the effect wears off within a few minutes.
The Stun Master 500SB is a 500,000-volt unit which really packs a wallop. It
is 20" long, which is plenty of extended reach, and it features probe-extensions
running 6" back along the length of the unit. If an attacker grabs the unit, it is
just like they are in contact with the probe tips on the unit.
They will be shocked, and if they hang on long enough, the usual effects of the
stun gun will manifest.
Unlike the reactions mentioned earlier, the subject most likely knows of no
defense against electricity - hence they will be much more wary of resisting
when faced with a stun baton. They are ideal for correctional situations where
34
the subject is already under a modicum of restraint and might just need a little
"reminder" if their desire to comply drops a little.
ADVANCED TASER:
Another less than lethal weapon that uses electrical impulse to subdue a
suspect is the Taser.
T A S E R X 26
C o n s tr u c te d o f im p a c t r e s is ta n t s o n ic w e ld e d p o ly m e r . M a s s = 7 o u n c e s .
A v a ila b le in B la c k , Y e llo w & C le a r
D P M
S t a in le s s S t e e l R e le a s e B u t t o n
I llu m in a tio n S a fe ty
S e r ia l N o . P la t e
S e le c t o r
H ig h V is ib ility S ig h t s
T A S E R C a r t r id g e
T A S E R W ir e
P ro b e s T r ig g e r
S t a in le s s S t e e l
S h o c k P la t e s
E n h a n c e d G r ip
Z ones
B la s t D o o r s L I L : L o w In t e n s it y L ig h ts ( L E D s )
A F ID s L a s e r S ig h t D P M : D ig it a l
P o w e r M a g a z in e
The advanced taser fires two probes with the equivalent of number six fish
hooks on the tips into the subject. These probes are connected to the taser hand
held unit by micro fine wires that carry the electrical impulse from the unit to
the subject in 5-second bursts. The taser can fire up to 35 feet but is most
effective between 5 and 20 feet. The taser can also be used to drive stun a
subject. This is done by removing the cartridge and driving the electrodes into
one of the primary targets of the body. A drive stun is not as effective as a shot
with the probes because the drive stun is more pain compliance and the probes
work on the central and sensory nervous system.
The advance taser send out short duration, high voltage electrical impulses that
overpower the normal electrical signals within the nerve fibers. The Taser
device output is similar to the signals used by the nerves. These waves create
35
extra “noise” within the nervous system much like static on the “phone lines”
of the human body.
The taser fires point of aim like a firearm and comes with laser sights and
optional video camera. The computer inside the taser records sequentially
every shot and the duration of the shot. This feature makes it easy to monitor
the weapons for officer and departmental liability.
Blocks and Strikes with Impact Weapons

One rule to remember with ANY type of baton, ANY IMPACT OR ATTEMPT
TO IMPACT THE HEAD OR NECK IS TO BE CONSIDERED LETHAL
FORCE.
The ideal areas to impact are the arms and legs. A baton is an impact weapon.
Impact weapons cause pain when they hit the body. The pain is a result of
nerves responding to impact against the skin and transmitted to muscle and
bone, and is enhanced by muscle cramping, hence causing Pain Compliance.
The pain stops when the subject complies with your legal, verbal directions.
The thing you need to remember when using the baton is not to get personal.
The subject can call you a dumb son-of-a-whatever all day long. Don't let that
dictate when you use your baton.
Only use it WHEN it is appropriate to defeat the resistive force offered

by the subject, and only UNTIL you have overcome that resistive force.
Properly used, a baton can protect you from a violent subject, and allow you to
bring that subject into compliance - preventing risk of injury to others or to
themselves.
36
SIDE HANDLE BATON TECHNIQUES
Proper Grip and Presentation
Proper grip is paramount in order to ensure not only effective weapon retention
but also proper technique when delivering strikes and blocks.
To obtain the proper grip you will firmly grip the short handle with the thumb
and index finger of the strong hand. The other side of the hand should be
placed firmly against the short and long extended portions where they meet the
base of the short handle. The long extended portion should be beneath the
strong hand forearm, and the long extended end should point toward the elbow.
37
The side-handled baton can be carried in a variety of positions. The two most
prominent being the Horizontal carry that is the bases for the basic position and
the vertical carry that conceals the baton along the contour of your body.
The reaction hand should always be held to defend against strikes or blows
unless gripping the short end of the baton.
While many techniques that may be performed with the Baton are similar to
other side handle batons, the additional components such as the light and OC
spray incorporated with standard side handle baton techniques make the Baton
extremely effective.
The light is turned on and off by twisting the knurled light head clockwise to
turn it on and counter-clockwise to turn it off. Additionally the light is an
effective aiming tool when the officer wishes to deploy the OC spray. Because
of the alignment of the light and OC canister located in the side handle, the OC
is delivered where the light is shined upon the suspect allowing the officer to
apply the irritant in low light situations just as effectively as in daylight.
38
The OC is delivered by pushing forward on the canopy top with the thumb.
Using the thumb, lift up the safety flap on the OC canister and the thumb will
naturally rest on the actuator. The spray is effectively delivered up to twenty
(20) feet in a tight stream that is minimally affected by crosswind.
The OC can be used during any phase of an altercation with an offender but
will be most effective when performing forward strikes and jabs with the short
end while using the light as an aiming tool.
CARRY OF THE BATON
In either the side handle or straight baton configuration, department policy will
generally dictate where on the duty belt the Baton will be placed.
39
STRIKING TECHNIQUES
From the basic position you can either spin the baton by allowing the side
handle to turn in you hand to perform a clearance strike, or you can maintain
your grip on the short end with your reaction hand to perform a clearance
strike.
Front strikes and jabs are performed by pushing forward into the target zone of
the offender.
40
To perform a front jab from the long extended position, spin the baton stopping
the spin with the reaction hand so that the long extended end is pointed towards
the offender and immediately drive the long extended end into the target zone.
A rear jab can be performed by keeping the shaft along the forearm and the
long extended end towards the elbow, then driving the baton to the rear into the
target zone with either one or both hands.
S
41
Strike Zones
42
• GREEN - Causes pain and muscle cramping with little risk of serious or
permanent injury. These are the arms above and below the elbow, and
the legs above and below the knee.
• YELLOW - Causes pain and muscle cramping, but with an increased
risk of injury [such as broken bones] to the subject. These include the
elbow and knee joints, and much of the front of the torso.
• RED - These are areas to be avoided unless the officer is in serious
physical danger or peril of death. These include the head, neck,
collarbone, and spinal column. My training is that strikes to these areas
are to be considered PROBABLE LETHAL.
BLOCKING TECHNIQUES
BLOCK HIGH:
The baton may be support by the reaction hand in several ways if possible,
depending on the expected impact.
43
WEAPON SIDE BLOCK:
When performing a Weapon Side Block ensure that you angle the baton so a
deflected blow does not strike you.
44
The extended shaft should be perpendicular to the offender. This allows a

greater likelihood of the baton receiving the force of the impact of any blows
delivered by the offender.
REACTION SIDE BLOCKS:
The Reaction Side Block is conducted in the same manner as the Weapon Side
Block with the difference being you pivot at the hips, turning towards the
threat.
BLOCK LOW:
Ensure that the shaft of the baton is flush against the forearm and as horizontal
to the offender’s blow as possible. If possible you your reaction side hand
45
should support the baton on the shaft as most attacks from this position will in
the form of a kick. Kicks are extremely powerful and could cause the baton to
strike you upon delivery.
STRAIGHT BATON
The straight collapsible baton has become very popular over the years for
many reasons. The primary and most obvious is the convenience factor.
When in the closed mode, the Baton can be easily carried in the scabbard or in
the hand. It is somewhat concealable when closed and can be ready to deploy
in a moments notice.
Additionally the physiological aspects of the Baton in either straight or side

handle configuration should not go unmentioned.
When deployed, the audible metallic workings of the baton are sometimes
deterrent enough to cease unlawful behavior on the part of the suspect or
prevent a need to escalate the use of force.
From the carry position, the baton should be drawn and quickly transitioned to
the weapon hand if necessary and then immediately expanded using either the
low swing or over the shoulder method as shown below.
46
While using the flashlight while in the straight baton mode, if it becomes
necessary for you to deploy the baton, it is recommended that you do so using
the low swing method as this is economy of movement and will take less time.
As soon as the baton is expanded, the baton should be brought up and onto the
shoulder. This is commonly referred to as “loading” the baton. It is from this
position that most strikes will be initiated.
When delivering a strike, the angle of the delivery is very critical in order for
the technique to be effective. A horizontal or as close to horizontal strike
should be the goal
47
Most training will advocate striking large muscle groups of the subject in order
to prevent serious injury. This of course will be dictated by the circumstances
which you are faced with at that moment.
Strike to the common peroneal motor nerve
Strike to the upper arm…both strikes likely to cause motor dysfunction
48
A forward smash to the torso is also a very effective technique to “check” a

subject or to gain distance in order to load for another strike, disengage or
escalate to lethal force if the circumstances dictate.
When applying a blocking technique it is imperative that the fingers of the

reaction hand be kept open. If the baton is kept in a full finger grip of the
reaction hand, they could easily be injured while blocking the subject’s blow.
SEARCH AND RESTRAINT
SEARCH TECHNIQUES FORWARD
This portion of the training manual has been developed to assist in the proper
procedures of 4th amendment search and seizures. Searches are conducted for a
variety of purposes. This manual offers options for Searching in connection
with :
• Frisk Search
• Strip Search
• Vehicle/area Search
• Search Incident to Lawful Arrest
The physical searching of a Human Being and their Home, Residence, or

Conveyance, is a serious matter. It has often been a focus point for Civil
Litigation, and or Law Suits in connection with a range of complaints. Often
the legality of the search itself has caused the loss of a criminal case brought
before a Court, in addition to many instances of injuries to both Searcher and
Searched Person.
Searches are an essential part of law enforcement and security, but they are, or
can be, humiliating and dehumanizing. They can also heighten anger and
anxiety within the Subject being searched. This anger can be lessened by a
professional approach.
These searches are never performed as punishment, to harass, or as a

disciplinary measurement. Any such search must be Legally Justified, or
Consensual, and must follow any guidelines issued in accordance with agency
standard operating procedure.
49
The subsequent seizure of evidence has to be properly logged and maintained

in order to preserve the chain of evidence.
Persons, who conduct or order Searches, must be aware of the laws of arrest,
search and seizure and how they apply to each individual search of a person or
premise.
SEARCH DEFINITIONS
FRISK SEARCH
A Frisk search is commonly referred to as a Pat Down or a Terry Stop. This
search is a complete examination from head to foot. It will involve looking,
rubbing, crushing, and feeling the total length of the body.
This is a full above the clothing search. This procedure must be carried out on
each suspect prior to the application of restraints if practical. In a correctional
facility this type of search can be very detailed but for law enforcement this
type of search is for weapons only.
STRIP SEARCH
A strip search is a procedure where the suspect/offender is required to remove
all clothing. The person is then searched by visual observation of the body
usually along with a complete search of the clothing. Strip search procedures
vary. Some require the person to strip only to underwear while others (the
majority) require removal of all clothing. This is a visual search only. This
type of search is common in corrections but requires a court order, search
warrant or exigent circumstances for law enforcement to conduct this type of
search.
VEHICLE SEARCH
The main purpose of this search is to discover contraband or weapons in
vehicles on traffic stops and prior to prisoner transports. Each vehicle will be
searched prior to it being occupied by a new prisoner.
50
SEARCH INCIDENT TO LAWFUL ARREST

This search is conducted after a person has been lawfully arrested. This search
is of the arrested person and the area in the immediate grasp of the arrested
suspect.
WHY DO WE SEARCH?
Essentially we conduct searches for five main reasons:

• Prevention of weapons concealment
• To discover and control contraband
• To protect Staff and Offenders
• To prevent health hazards
• To prevent escapes / attempt escapes
We can use the definition previously given to categorize these areas.
“It is the utilization of a systematic procedure to locate an

Item or for a specific reason."
Therefore it is very important that searches be carried out in a systematic,

thorough and legal manner.
It is imperative that all searches be carried conducted with courtesy and

professionalism.
“Persons who conduct searches must be aware

of the appropriate legislation, and codes of practice
that authorize such searches. They must know the extent to
which such powers may be utilized.”
HOW DO WE SEARCH?
The answer is really quite simple - thoroughly. Remember if it is worth

doing then it is worth doing properly. The execution of a Search, and the
preparation for it, can be wasted if the search itself is of a poor quality, and sub
- standard. This may in turn, cause a loss of life........YOURS.
51
An effective search leaves nothing left unseen, or unchecked. To make an

assumption that items hidden by the suspect will be easily found is false.
Place yourself in their position:
WHERE WOULD YOU HIDE THE ITEM IN QUESTION?
• IN A DIRTY / EMBARRASSING LOCATION

• IN AN INACCESSIBLE LOCATION
• IN AN UNUSUAL LOCATION
• IN A LOCATION THAT YOU COULD DENY KNOWLEDGE OF
• IN A LOCATION YOU COULD DENY OWNERSHIP OF
Generally speaking, and it is a general point, some Criminals are lazy. They
will place items that are easily accessible. However they are very aware that
any person may find these items without too much problem, therefore they will
seek to find a balance between:
SAFETY & SECURITY of their “STASH”
During a Frisk or Strip search you may also find yourself dealing with
“PANIC PLACEMENT”
The systematic search is the core of the procedure. This type of search will be
controlled by the officer, and usually has an officer logging all evidence and
recording:
 Who found the evidence

 Where the evidence was found
 A description of the evidence
 And what time it was found and logged as evidence
WHEN DO WE SEARCH?
First and foremost the search must be legal. A Terry stop and frisk, more
commonly referred to as simply a Terry stop, is a brief "stop and frisk" of a
person by a law enforcement officer based on the legal standard of reasonable
suspicion.
52
In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the Supreme Court of the United States
held that police have the authority to conduct a limited search for weapons of
areas within the suspect’s control based on a reasonable and articulable
suspicion that the person stopped was "armed and dangerous" and had been, is,
or was about to engage in a criminal act.
Searches of inmates are conducted as prescribed by policy at certain times or

certain occurrences and when the staff member has reasonable suspicion that
inmate is in possession of contraband.
SEARCH EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WILL ALWAYS

BE THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF THE OFFICER.
Depending on the type of search being performed, you will always need to
consider safety;
To ensure that the Search Procedures are carried out as efficiently as possible,
there will be a requirement for certain items of equipment to be available to the
officer. The below list is not exhaustive:
HEALTH AND SAFETY

FIRST AID KIT
DISINFECTANT SOLUTION
DURABLE HEAVY & LIGHT -WEIGHT RUBBER GLOVES
EYE SAFETY GLASSES
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING / MOUTH MASKS
SEARCH EQUIPMENT
EVIDENCE BAGS AND LABELS / FLASHLIGHT / PRINT KIT / CAMERA
/ TAPE MEASURE / HAND HELD METAL DETECTORS / ETC.
PLANNING A SEARCH
The Preparation stage of any search is of paramount importance.
“Failing to plan is planning to fail”
53
A Personal Search is carried out in FOUR phases, these are:

• PREPARATION
• CONTACT
• SEARCH
• CONCLUSION
This portion of the training will deal specifically with Preparation, Contact,
Search, and Conclusion procedures. The contact procedures will depend on the
Threat Level that may be present. This will be discussed in the classroom.
Circumstances will ALWAYS dictate the tactics
PREPARING FOR THE SEARCH

Consideration to the following areas should be included before any search
is commenced :
• Surrounding area and environment
• Details of previous searches and other intelligence known
• Any dangerous diseases carried by prisoner/suspect
• Agency policy
• Justification for legal search
• Manpower for search / support
TYPICAL SEARCH TEAM FORMAT
PERSON
SEARCHER.
COVER / BACK UP
VEHICLE/AREA
SEARCH OFFICER ( CLEAN )
SEARCH OFFICER ( DIRTY )
COVER OFFICER
SYSTEMATIC SEARCH PRINCIPLES

The systematic search is the core. The search must be controlled in order to
prevent loss of concentration leading to a bad search. The Officer will control
the suspect verbally, and physically. Depending on the type of search being
54
conducted, the search will then be logged on the search document or the
evidence return sheet of the warrant by the officer keeping the evidence log or
the ‘Scribe’. They will record accurately the following which is not an
exhaustive list :
• TIME
• WHO DID WHAT
• WHAT WAS SEIZED
• WHERE IT WAS SEIZED
• WHEN IT WAS SEIZED
ON ENTRY INTO VEHICLE - GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Stand at the side / rear door(s) and LOOK. Having scanned the vehicle,
COLLECT, BAG and TAG all visually obvious and relevant items.
Complete a visual no touch search of the vehicle sides, and

any vehicle fittings for anything obvious. As a pair search all bolts, screws and
fittings in site. Search as a pair the FLOOR and under covering. Then the
SIDES, ROOF, TRUNK, GLOVEBOX AND ALL UNLOCKED CONTAINERS
of the vehicle.
IF YOU HAVE TO FEEL

REMEMBER ITEMS CAN BE FLATTENED AGAINST THE BODY.
WORK AS A PAIR WITH YOUR PARTNER.
THINK “VOID”
ACTIONS ON A “ FIND ”
RULES OF CONTACT
ON FINDING AN ITEM (s) THAT MAY REQUIRE SEIZURE:
• DO NOT TOUCH IT ANY MORE THAN REQUIRED.
• STOP SEARCH OF ROOM /AREA AND CALL O.I.C./ AGENCY
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• O.I.C. SHOULD EVALUATE “FIND” & DECIDE APPROPRIATE

RESPONSE
• LEAVE ITEM.
• SEIZE ITEM.
• CONFRONT PRISONER
• INTERVIEW PRISONER
• RECORD DETAILS.
• VIDEO/ PHOTOGRAPH IN SITU.
• WRITTEN RECORD.
• TAG AND BAG.
• STORE FOR TRANSPORT FROM SCENE.
• Re - Start search having changed disposable gloves
EVIDENCE HANDLING - SEIZURES
BASIC RULES
• A minimum number of persons should handle seized evidence.
• No item (s) should come into contact with another.
• Persons handling such items should avoid cross contamination by
frequent use of disposable gloves, bags / sacks etc.
• Paper bags / sacks are generally better than plastic bag / sacks, as the
enclosed items do not " sweat " to the same degree.
• Separately label and bag / sack items ** fibers / clothing
• Correctly record " finds. "
REMEMBER YOUR PERSONAL SAFETY AND HYGIENE FACTORS

H.I.V. / HEPATITIS
Personal / Frisk SEARCHES

The Prisoner search is one of the fundamental day to day performed Officer
duties. It is also one of the most dangerous. Generally we have three levels of
personal approach to another Individual.
• 6 FOOT
• 3 FOOT
• 1 FOOT
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There has been a lot of interest developed as a result of the so called 21 foot
rule, but in truth that rule is a myth and not based on any real evidence when
presented in a different way. In any case as an Officer you will be working for
most of your contact time with the suspect and prisoners inside the six and
three foot areas.
The “ 0 ” distance is where it is happening.

3 foot safety
1 foot safety
0 feet safety
AREAS OF SEARCH AND SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITY

It should be remembered that when conducting a physical search of a suspect
as with applying restraints, you will be in a position of disadvantage at some
point in the process. It is vital that you maintain alertness (yellow zone) and
ensure you proceed using a process that places you in the most advantageous
position possible. This would mean keeping the inmate off balance as much as
possible, while you maintain control, both physically and verbally.
Be Aware! “ Hands, Head, and Feet ”
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In most cases when a suspect is handcuffed, the lower rear area is where the
hands are likely to be placed. It is very important that this area is checked and
“Clean” of all items that may be utilized in an attack.
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SEARCH CHECK LIST
Dividing the body into quarters or halves keeps the search systematic
RULES FOR SEARCHING

USE OPEN QUESTIONS TO ASK WHAT WEAPONS / CONTRABAND /
ITEMS OF DANGER IS IN THEIR POSSESSION. i.e.
“ WHAT HAVE YOU IN YOUR POSSESSION THAT MAY CAUSE

INJURY ” / “ WHAT ITEMS DO YOU HAVE IN YOUR POSSESSION ”
IF THE ANSWER IS NONE AND ITEMS ARE FOUND, THIS IS AN

INDICATION OF “ FIGHT in the Fight or Flight SYNDROME. ”
ESCALATE VIGILANCE AND SUPPORT OF YOUR PARTNER IF

CONTRABAND IS DISCOVERED, NO MATTER THE TYPE
SEARCH FACTORS
• CONSIDER SHARPS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• UNLESS SPECIFICALLY REQUIRED FOR EVIDENCE BEND
ALL NEEDLES
• NEVER SLIDE HANDS ACROSS CLOTHING
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• PRESS OR SQUEEZE AREAS OF SEARCH

• WATCH FOR DISTRACTIONS VERBAL OR PHYSICAL
• PAY ATTENTION TO THE BELOW AREAS :
• POCKETS
• LOWER BACK
• WAIST LINE
• CROTCH AREA
• CHEST
• SOCKS
• SHOES
• WRISTS
• COLLARS
• NATURAL FOLDS
• BREAST CLEAVAGE
• ALWAYS USE SAME SEX OFFICER’S FOR SEARCH
• ALWAYS SEARCH PRISONER WHEN HANDED TO YOU BY
ANOTHER
• OFFICER OR DEPT OFFICER.
• IF THERE ARE NO SAME SEX AGENTS / OFFICERS. THEN
CONSIDER TRANSCOR
• GUIDE LINES. IN ADDITION TO THE BELOW
• UTILIZE VIDEO CAMERA IF ONE IS FITTED IN THE
SEARCH AREA.
SUGGESTED VERBAL RESPONSE TO PRISONER

“ THIS SEARCH IS BEING RECORDED VIA VIDEO CAMERA,
THIS IS FOR YOUR SAFETY AS WELL AS MINE ”
• UTILIZE BLADED HAND. REMEMBER THE BACK HAND

HAS VERY LITTLE FEELING, AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO FAIL
TO PICK UP ON AN ITEM THAT MAY COST YOU, OR
ANOTHER OFFICER THEIR LIFE.
• NEVER MAKE SMART COMMENTS OF A PERSONAL
NATURE.
• CROSS CONTAMINATION
• RECORDING OF ANY “FINDS”
• FULL ENTRY / REPORT ON YOUR ACTIONS
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While there are various methods of performing a Frisk Search, the method
used will be based on the circumstances you are dealt. If the offender is
combative, he/she may be searched after restraints have been applied. In an
open less confined area you may have the suspect sit, squat or kneel. If
available, you may have the suspect lean against the wall.
The “Pharaoh” Normally used when applying FULL RESTRAINTS
PHYSICAL SEARCHING POSITIONS

• Have the Prisoner stand with feet spread far enough apart to place them
OFF BALANCE in basic isosceles position.
• Their arms should be spread outwards at 9 and 3 O’clock positions
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• Their fingers spread and fully extended outwards
One of the most important things to remember is to always work at your own
pace. Never be hurried, as this is likely to lead to you missing vital areas of
the search. The more time taken to search, the more successful you will be.
Prisoners have many hours to think up ways and the means to hide items.
They have the motive, and the will. You must dedicate yourself to being
thorough and professional when you undertake these searches.
Many Prisoners will rely on placing items in areas that we would generally
consider as embarrassing. This is done for criminal purposes. As an
Officer you must work through any potential embarrassment,
and proceed with the search, being as thorough as is possible.
PHYSICAL SEARCHING POSITIONS

Do not be concerned about using items that are present to your advantage.
Such items as a chair can make the search easier. This is especially true if the
Prisoner has difficulties in standing.
When a prisoner is wearing shoes that have laces, they must be removed prior
to the prisoner being transported. The use of laces as a weapon against you, or
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as an item to attempt a suicide is present. Ensure that you check all footwear
carefully. Prisoners have been found with many items concealed in their shoes,
from drugs to firearms. Think void. Wearing protective gloves for all searches
is mandatory. This is for your personal protection.
The use of a chair as shown in the pictures below will allow you to check the
feet of the prisoner, without the loss of balance. Remember not to make
personal comments about the Prisoner.
FIELD SEARCHES
When conducting an unrestrained field search of a suspect, “Terry Stop”

officers need to maintain situational awareness. The best way to conduct a safe
unrestrained search of a suspect is to have the suspect place their hands on their
head and intertwine their fingers. The searching officer approaches the suspect
from the rear and grabs a handful of the suspect’s fingers squeezing them
tightly while pulling the suspect slightly back to control his or her balance.
Then the officer searches the free hand side of the suspect and then switches
hands grabbing the fingers with the off hand and searches the suspects other
side. If the suspect is tall have him or her place their hands behind their back
and use the same technique. When this method of field searching is done
correctly officers’ are never in a tactical disadvantage.
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STRIP SEARCHING PRISONERS

There are two types of unclothed body searches. The first is the strip search,
the second is the body cavity search. The strip search is also known as the skin
search. It is a complete search. This search must be performed prior to leaving
the pickup/housing facility EACH TIME not just once.
The search requires the Prisoner to undress completely, and expose body
orifices for a visual inspection. Special attention should be taken to contraband
taped to the body. This search is more thorough than the frisk search. The
reasons for conducting a strip search will include the below:
• Ensuring to a higher level that the Prisoner does not have contraband in
their possession. The detection of same items, and subsequent seizure.
• Prevention of the introduction into a facility of contraband, or other
items such as makeshift weapons.
•
These searches will be conducted by same sex Officer’s and in an area
approved for such searches. The searches should be with a reasonable
expectation of privacy during the initiation of the procedures.
Strip searches may be conducted after participation by the Prisoner(s) in any
internal disturbance, upon accepting custody, or when there is reasonable
suspicion that the Prisoner is carrying a weapon / contraband. Strip searches
will be conducted after apprehension following an escape, or any attempted
escapes from custody.
Searches based on reasonable suspicion are to be documented via a TCA report
and should be written as follows:
• Date and time of search.
• Person authorizing the search.
• Reasons for the search.
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• Person or person(s) conducting the search.

• Whether anal or other body cavity was searched.
• Results of the search.
SEARCHING YOUR VEHICLE

GENERAL SEARCH PRINCIPLES.
TCA Transport vehicles have TWO separate areas of search responsibility.

1. THE INTERIOR ( Driver / Passenger compartment )
2. PRISONER COMPARTMENT SPACE
The Interior will be searched by the “ Clean Searcher.”

The Prisoner compartment by the “ Dirty Searcher.”
Teamwork is essential when working on the vehicle, there may be areas that
cross each other. Remember to talk with your Crew - partner. Once again take
a good look at the vehicle before the search. Any recent work or additions to
the vehicle may be of interest. The eyes are often our best search tools.
Remember to utilize the correct tools for removing the interior items, as you
are going to have to put them back! In many cases your vehicle should be
considered in much the same way as your Home, keep it safe.
THE INTERIOR
1. Check the lining of the roof first whilst your hands are there cleanest.
2. All internal support or center door pillars, and door panels.
3. Seat assembly, including head rest areas and other supports.
4. Cage assembly and surrounding areas. This is a very common area
for items when the Prisoners are in Panic Placement Mode.
5. Floor plate area, and the floor itself. ( CONTAMINATED AREAS)
6. Door seals and surrounds. Check for missing or worn screws.
7. Pay attention to the seating in the vehicle is it safe, is it clear.
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RESTRAINTS
There are numerous types of restraints that are used by various agencies across
the country. The type of restraining system used will be determined by the
purpose, suspect, availability and other circumstances surrounding the incident.
Chain Linked
Hinged
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Rigid
Flex Cuffs
Leg Irons Transport Chains
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HANDCUFFING AND SUBJECT TRANSPORTATION
The decision to handcuff is subject to sound professional judgment based on
the facts of the specific incident. Officers most commonly handcuff to affect an
apprehension. However, there are no defined criteria that can match your
judgment. Handcuffing is never automatic. Key considerations include:
• Nature of the offense
• Demeanor/violence potential of the suspect (e.g., cooperative, hostile,
threatening, frightened)
• Number of suspects
• Need for control
• Your perception of the threat to your own personal safety and that of
innocent third parties
Misconceptions About Handcuffs
Handcuffs do restrain free movement. Yet handcuffs are not a foolproof
restraining system. Many criminals have adapted techniques like ’stepping
through the cuffs’, which (just as the phrase infers) places the suspect’s hands
in front of their body. From this position the suspect could more effectively
fight security force personnel. To prevent a suspect from stepping through the
cuffs, loop the cuffs through the suspect’s belt at a point below the small of
their back prior to securing the second cuff.
Remember that a suspect with their hands cuffed in front poses a far greater
threat. Consider cuffing to the front only if the suspect is pregnant, wounded,
or has a physical handicap that precludes cuffing behind the back.
Another tactic criminal’s use is striking cuffs. Striking handcuffs sharply on a
solid object may cause ratchets to fail and release one or both cuffs. Even if
only one ratchet fails (i.e., opens), the suspect’s hands are free and, in the one
cuff scenario, the suspect has a lethal weapon to use against you. There are a
number of recorded incidents where handcuffs have been used against law
enforcement officers with deadly effect.
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Never handcuff a suspect to a fixed object (i.e., a sign post, chainlink fence,
vehicle door, aircraft seat). A suspect cuffed to a fixed object may be trapped in
the case of an accident or emergency circumstance.
When you apprehend an individual,
you are entirely responsible for their safety
As an example, when you transport an apprehended person, place the seat belt
around them to ensure their safety. Never think that since a suspect is restrained
they are no longer a threat. Use care, common sense, and discretion anytime
you place someone in restraints.
When to Handcuff
The courts consider handcuffing a use of force. A U.S. Supreme Court
decision, Graham vs. Connor (1969), held that a police officers’ decision to use
force must be judged from the “perspective of a reasonable officer, within
circumstances that are often tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving.” This
standard asks whether the officer’s actions are objectively reasonable in light of
the facts and circumstances confronting them.
You must carefully weigh all factors before you handcuff someone you have
apprehended. Analyze all force situations to assure that you use the minimum
level of force that will safely protect you and others from injury. Do not use
more force than is necessary to complete an apprehension, yet keep yourself
and others free of danger.
If you decide to use restraining devices on a nonresistant suspect, accomplish
the application with reason and without injury. Telling the suspect of your
intent to apprehend and allowing the person to cooperate minimizes the risk of
injury.
If a person is injured during the handcuffing stage of an apprehension, the first
step is to seek immediate medical attention for the injured. As soon as possible,
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provide a detailed written statement of the techniques you used and action
taken by the apprehended person that caused the injury.
Handcuffing Approach
Approach all suspects with caution and address them in the Officer Field
Stance. This stance places your weak side towards an individual and your
weapon/strong side 45 degrees away from the individual. Maintain a distance
of six feet or more between you and the suspect. This distance, known as the
’reactionary gap’, allows you to react to any sudden or aggressive moves made
by the suspect.
Direct the suspect to assume either the standing or prone position. If the
suspect refuses, place them in the prone position, using minimum force
necessary. When you decide to apprehend an individual, you must establish and
maintain ’positive control’.
Establish ’positive control’ with the hand rotation position while controlling
the handcuffs secured on the individual’s wrist.
Displaying Handcuffs
You must be able to get to your handcuffs quickly. Place the ratchet cuffs in
their pouch, in a position most accessible to you. Keep the handcuffs in the
pouch with the locks on opposite sides. Ready the handcuffs for application if
you must react quickly.
If flex cuffs are available, lace them through your belt. The flex cuffs must not
be visible but, with a straight pull, ready for application.
How to Apply the Handcuffs
Usually, individual agencies will incorporate cuffing procedures into their

individual policies. Such as; double strap facing up, key holes facing out, etc.
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However, if a suspect becomes combative, you will have very little time or
tolerance for such detail that requires fine motor skills. You will ultimately
apply the restraints in any fashion within reasonable means in order to control
the situation. Once the situation is under control, you may then reapply the
restraints to avoid possible injury.
Certain “Don’ts” of handcuff application include:
• Appling in such a way that the keys cannot be accessed
• So that the wrist is twisted
• Too tightly

Examples of incorrect handcuffing
Searching and applying restraints from the “wall search” position is seldom
taught to new recruits as it has been discovered that this places the officer in a
position of more vulnerability that other methods.

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The theory was that by placing the subject against the wall and keeping
him/her off balance, the officer would then place his/her foot against the
subjects (ankle to ankle). If the subject became unruly, the officer would
simply kick the subjects’ foot out from under them and then follow up with the
subject on the ground. What was happening all too frequently however, the
subject would indeed fall to the ground, and then roll towards the officer.

Because of the positioning (ankle to ankle) the subject could easily trip the
officer causing him/her to fall as well. If the subject continued to roll, he/she
would then be in a position of advantage over the officer.
A better way to apply handcuffs is to have the suspect place both hands behind
his or her back, palms facing out. Then have the suspect intertwine their
fingers. Approach the suspect grabbing the intertwined fingers lifting up on
the arms controlling the suspects balance. With the free hand grasp the hand
cuffs and apply pressure to the single blade of the cuffs on the suspects’ wrist
till the cuffs rotate around the wrist. Then lift the other wrist to the cuffs using
the same technique. This technique can be done in the standing position for
cooperative individuals and sitting for those less cooperative. The sitting
technique is achieved by having the suspect kneel on the ground and cross their
legs. Then have the suspect sit on their crossed legs effectively limiting their
mobility. Then use the same cuffing technique.
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For high risk handcuffing you have the suspect sprall out on the ground on
their stomach. Then have the suspect extand their arms straight out from their
sides like a cross with the palms of their hands facing up. Approach the
suspect from the side slightly to the rear and apply a gooseneck to their wrist.
Then lift the arm striaght up using the gooseneck and kneel with one knee on
the suspects neck and the other on the suspects back pinning the arm between
your knees. Now the suspect is imobilized and pinned to the ground so you can
reach for your handcuffs with your off haand and cuff the goosenecked arm.
The order the suspect to bring the other arm behing their back and bend the
goosenecked arm to meet the other arm and finishing the cuffing.
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MAINTENANCE
Handcuffs, like every other piece of equipment, require periodic maintenance
to ensure proper operation.
• Make sure the single strap swings freely through he double strap
• Ensure the ratchet engages properly
• Ensure there is no binding in the licks/chain
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• Ensure the double lock engages properly
• The key must be free of stress cracks
• Check to make sure the key works in the cuffs you will be using
Generally speaking and with a reasonably compliant suspect, hold the

handcuffs firmly in your strong hand with fingers around the linking chain
separating the handcuffs. The double bars are loaded in the ’V’ of your hand
with the single bar down by the index finger. Apply the handcuffs to the
suspect with his hands behind his back, palms out, thumbs up. Do not position
a suspect on a wall or vertical object when handcuffing. When the suspect is
cooperative, handcuffing in the standing position is acceptable.
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Based on your discretion, you may inform the suspect of your intentions to
handcuff. Base the decision on circumstances that include, but are not limited
to, number of assisting security forces, attitude of suspect, physical location of
the apprehension, and your experience.
Above are two pictures showing the ‘Black Box’ metal body which is placed
over the hand restraints linked chain. This allows for the Prisoner’s belly chain
configuration to be attached correctly.
The body of the box is placed over the chain links, and the bar slid over the
closed sections. This reinforces the security of the restraints, and allows easy
attachment to the leg chain section.
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PRESSURE POINT & CONFRONTATION

CONTROL TACTICS
FORWARD
INTRODUCTION TO C.C.T. SYSTEM
CONTENTS
WHY C.C.T. WORKS
HOW C.C.T. WORKS
REACTING
STABILITY THROUGH READINESS
KICKS
ELBOWS
PUNCHES
EMPTY HAND CONTROL

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USE OF FORCE
PHYSICAL APPLICATION and WRITTEN TEST
THE C.C.T. PROGRAM
The C.C.T. Program has been developed for LAW ENFORCEMENT,

CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS AND FEDERAL SECURITY PERSONNEL.
The program will enable the Operator to learn to better control a situation by
the use of PRESSURE POINT CONTROL against Violent Aggressors, and by
the use of SELECTED STRIKES TO AREAS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
The program is designed to be utilized against physical attacks whether armed

or unarmed, and in close quarters scenarios, such as in Correctional Facilities.
The program also trains Students to prepare (have a plan) against such attacks,
by using "Active - Defense" and situational awareness techniques, in addition
to those currently used by Law Enforcement Personnel.
The C.C.T. system has been developed as a result of years of research into the
methods of dealing with a confrontation involving semi-passive and semi-
aggressive Suspects.
Actively aggressive Suspects will be dealt with through the Force Continuum
rules of engagement of Suspects, which may require higher levels of Physical
Control. In such cases training developed through the “Active - Defense”
syllabus should be deployed.
• Students are requested to wear normal day to day

garments, or regular uniform
• Students will be training using pads during practice
sessions.
• On successful completion of the course each student will
receive a course certificate
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THE C.C.T. PROGRAM OFFERS A STUDENT NON-PERISHABLE

SKILLS WHICH WILL ENHANCE PERFORMANCE AS WELL AS
DEFENSIVE EFFECTIVENESS DURING A CRISIS.
C.C.T. - THE 'STEP' FORWARD
Over the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of incidents
where Law Enforcement, Correctional Officers, and Security Guards, have
been confronted by Individuals who have displayed violent or aggressive
behavior. Sometimes these Individuals have been intent on causing serious
injury or worse.
These attacks have occurred in circumstances that have made it difficult for the
Officer to revert to the use of Deadly Force, or indeed in some cases they may
not be armed.
The use of chemical agents has become the 'Bridge Between' verbal and
subsequently the use of impact weapons, or the use of a firearm. However
there may be times where elements from the C.C.T. Syllabus may prove
effective. These techniques offer realistic and effective control measures.
Training has traditionally attempted to facilitate an Operator’s ability to

maintain a safe distance between themselves and the Suspect, in order to
prevent injuries being inflicted to either party. C.C.T. gets straight to the point,
and involves hands on physical contact.
It will always be important however, to remember that every personal contact

with an Aggressive Subject may increase the chances of Injury to all parties,
and the increase in contamination of Personnel through Human Social
Diseases.
WHY C.C.T. WORKS
In order for almost any technique to be effective there are certain elements that
must be present in order for it to survive the test of time. If a technique is too
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complicated or requires more practice than a student is willing to dedicate, then

the technique is not effective. It won’t work if you won’t use it or train to
maintain proficiency.
The techniques must be simple to learn and retain and have no more than four
basic elements:
1. The technique must be grounded in gross motor skills

2. The technique must be able to be learned in side three minutes
3. The technique must stimulate the Head, Heart, & Hands, of a Student
4. The technique must work when properly applied under stress
K.I.S.S. / KEEP IT SIMPLE…Silly?
We have tried within the “Active Defense” system to impart knowledge that is
relevant, rather than quoting information that is factual, correct, but of little use
when you are up to your neck in trouble.
To quote: Caesar
“For lack of Training, We lacked Knowledge.
For lack of Knowledge, We lacked Confidence.
For lack of Confidence, We lacked Victory.”
REMEMBER: FOR LACK OF 'VICTORY' WE WILL LACK LIFE
Further more, there are experts that can take a technique and work wonders
with it that is why they are called “Experts.” However it is not the Expert that
is facing the threat most of the time.
The “Active Defense” system is a simplified form of defensive / aggressive

techniques that can be applied by anybody, with no reliance on shape size, or
gender.
In truth, for a Department or Agency to incorporate training techniques that are

not achievable by 100% of the Personnel, are simply setting Students up to fail
when the crunch time occurs.
What is more relative is that Lives are on the line ..... YOURS!!
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The C.C.T. system works around Pain compliance and the principles of the
“Three Primary D’s.”
Destabilization
Distraction
Dysfunction
Secondary to these principles are:

• Stunning
These are all well known principles of contact and control of an Assailant /
Suspect.
Destabilization
The system encourages the Destabilization of the Subject’s body balance as
well as their mind. In addition the “Active Defense” system encourages in us,
“Readiness through Stability” and this is a theme that can be found throughout
the “Active Defense” system.
Pain compliance is an area that will assist in creating destabilization within a

Suspects mind. “It hurts; if I stop what I am doing the pain will stop.” Pain
compliance has its place, but it should be remembered that in some people,
pain becomes a spur for a higher degree of resistance. The brain will, or can,
create resistance through emotional, as well as, chemical changes.
** Endorphins, Adrenaline, and Attitude.
Distraction
This is caused by striking various points of the body of which we will discuss
throughout this program, having obtained the distraction (most commonly used
is a knee strike.) Officers can then apply other methods, such as joint locks,
and use of restraints, such as cuffs, or ties.
Dysfunction
Creating Motor dysfunction is relatively safer than causing an injury that relies
on pain to cause a cessation of resistance primarily because pain has to be
perceived, before it has an effect on a Subject. With no perception of pain,
there will not be any reason to contribute to the Individual decision to stop
their actions, which are causing the pain to be administered in the first place.
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In addition there is the possibility of being infected through airborne or free

contact with blood or saliva. Hepatitis or HIV Carriers are extremely
infectious.
Quoted in P.P.C.T. is the fluid shock wave principle, this is a term given for
what has been known for thousands of years “Technique over Force.”
“VIS CONSIL EXPERS

MOLE RUIZ SUA”
“Force without knowledge falls by its own weight”
In even more simple terms a fluid shock wave is a strike that allows full
transfer of it’s ** Kinetic Energy into the body tissue. This would be a strike
that delivered the energy into the target area, for over 30 milliseconds duration.
Or Total body weight and time on contact (Fluid Shockwave principle)
A SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES A STUDENT WITH 'SCHOOL

SOLUTIONS' SETS THEM UP TO FAIL WHEN CIRCUMSTANCES
CHANGE FROM PROCEDURES.
ASSESS A SITUATION, AND LET THE CIRCUMSTANCES DICTATE

THE TACTICS, NOT THE TACTICS DICTATING THE
CIRCUMSTANCES.
With the above in mind the two areas utilized within the C.C.T. System are:
• Pressure Area Locations (P.A.L.s)
• Nerve Motor Points (N.M.P.s)
The P.A.L.s can be your Pal, they are large sensory or motor nerves that are
found close to the skin (Plexus) by using / or applying pressure to these areas,
pain is registered which is then utilized to cause compliance. These techniques
should always accompany loud, clear, commands for the Subject to follow.
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The N.M.P. is the area covering the main human body frame, and are
surrounded by larger muscles. The area of this N.M.P.s is on average, around 3
to five inches. These areas contain concentrated Effect Nerve
Tissues, effect nerves will be explained further into this syllabus. In essence the
effect nerves are a key component part in construction of coordinated body
functions.
Strikes to these areas can have an effect of between 30 seconds to several

minutes, and may cause mental stunning on some subjects, what is known as a
“Dead Leg,” or “Charlie Horse.”
PHYSICAL APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUES

There are three principles of application of the C.C.T. system they are utilized
in conjunction with the acronym “PIN”:
There will always be a requirement to obtain the above factors if C.C.T. is to

be utilized effectively within the current Law Enforcement application of
reasonable use of force.
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Without all of the factors working together there may be an unsatisfactory

conclusion, which in plain terms may be serious injury or worse, the loss of an
Operatives life.
PHYSICAL APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUES
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Being able to apply these techniques is assisted by the Student making the best
use of their finite body strength. We have termed this as using our:
• Bullets
• Grenades
• Bombs
Utilizing these analogies has helped create memory, and usage of practical
hands on psychomotor skills by Students.
Bullets
These refer to our Fingers, and we will always have them when we need them.
As the natural extension of our physical body, our fingers can be utilized with
great proficiency during gross motor crisis utilizing pain by touching the
P.A.L.s of a Subject. Further penetration can be applied by increased pressure
and contact with the P.A.L.s. Remembering to release pressure after around 4
seconds, to avoid associated release of chemicals in the brain of the Subject,
such as Endorphins and Adrenaline.
Grenades
These refer to our Hands and Forearms; again we will always have them
when we need them. Forming part of our physical body, our clenched fists
(With or without additional equipment) can be utilized with great proficiency
during gross motor crisis, delivering high kinetic energy strikes to various
areas of the N.M.P.s (Hammerfist techniques.)
Bombs
These refer to our Elbows, Knees, and Legs (shin contact) our “Bombs” can
be utilized with great proficiency during gross motor crisis. Delivering gross
motor strikes to areas of a Subjects N.M.P.s
HOW C.C.T. WORKS

To understand how C.C.T. works, I have simplified what is a very deep and
interesting subject --- US! How we function --- into basic layman’s terms.
In essence, the Brain is a fluid computer, and we still do not know really how it
functions, nor what it is capable of. We believe however we know the
following:
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THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Central Nervous System of a Human Being is responsible for sending,
receiving, and processing nerve impulses. All of the Body’s muscles and organs
rely on those impulses to function. Three systems work together to carry out
the mission of the NS
THE CENTRAL
THE PERIPHERAL
AUTONOMIC
The Central nervous system is responsible for issuing nerve impulses and
analyzing sensory data, and includes the brain and spinal cord.
The Peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying nerve impulses to

and from the body’s many structures, and includes the many Cranio-spinal
nerves which branch off of the brain and spinal cord.
The Autonomic nervous system is composed of sympathetic and

parasympathetic systems and is responsible for regulating and coordinating the
functions of vital structures in the body.
With regard to these components, the Brain is the primary of the NS,
occupying the cranial cavity. Without its outer most protective membrane, the
durra matter, the Brain weighs an average of around 3 pounds (1.4kgs.)
Comprising of 97% of the entire NS, the Brain is connected to the upper end of
the spinal cord, which connects through the foremen magnum of the skull.
The Brain is responsible for issuing nerves impulses, processing nerve impulse
data, and engaging in higher order thought processes.
The Brain is divided into three parts:

• THE LARGE CEREBRUM
• THE SMALLER CEREBELLUM
• THE BRAIN STEM
The Brain Stem itself is divided descriptively into three areas:

• THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
• THE MIDBRAIN
• THE PONS
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The Cerebrum area of the brain is responsible for sending what are called
Efferent Neurons down our C.N.S. to our muscles.
There are two types of Neuron they are:
• GO NEURONS (Excitatory)
• STOP NEURONS (Inhibitory)
These Neurons are traveling around 330 feet per second for the average
Human Being. When a Thought process is developed in the brain we send an
excitatory neuron (go) down the C.C.S. this message may say for example,
“Lift my arm.” This electrical pulse reaches an Effectors Nerve, once
stimulated the Effectors Nerve will initiate an action which secrets a neural
transmitter called Acetylcholine.
This chemical Acetylcholine causes the major muscle groups to contract, thus
causing tendons to move, which in turn cause muscle movement and
coordination.
When we have exercised a lot there is a build up of the waste products of

acetylcholine which is called Lactic Acid, this lactic acid can cause cramping
and pain in the muscles themselves. This waste product can and is, removed
from our body through sweat and urine, and our body’s natural processes.
Although there are many Effectors nerves in the Body, they are concentrated in
areas we describe as N.M.P.s. Can you imagine just how many Neurons are
being sent by the brain at any one time, just to coordinate enough muscle
control for us to stand up, let alone carry out very finite controlled movements.
These movements when organized and carried out are called:

• Gross motor skills
• Finite motor skills
Experience has taught us that only gross motor skills are generally left when
we are extremely exhausted or in many cases, when we are under extreme
stress i.e. in times of crisis.
There are two basic human reaction modes, they are:

• Spinal reflex
• Brain controlled muscle reflex
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Our brain controlled reflexes are initiated through our five senses i.e..
• TASTE
• TOUCH
• HEARING
• SMELL
• SIGHT
We are able to react as a result of stimuli produced from any of the above
senses. However, it is Sight that provides us with 4/5ths of our stimuli. It is our
stimuli that assist with our effective reaction ability.
To produce an effective reaction the following elements are required.
FINITE
SEE THINK REACT MOTOR SKILLS FLIGHT/FIGHT
In reality during crisis a practical and effective reaction consists of:

SEE REACT FLIGHT/FIGHT
A LACK OF TIME WILL ALWAYS EFFECT THINKING AND FINITE

MOTOR SKILLS
When an attack or a crisis scenario develops that places us in danger, our

Fight or Flight syndrome takes over. This causes a loss of finite motor skill.
The brain however, still has to send neurons down the C.N.S. for us to function
in any manner whatsoever.
The more information the brain has to process the slower our reactions will be.
Returning for a moment with regard to how we move our muscles as a reaction
to a scenario. As the brain sends the “Go” neurons down the C.N.S. we may
also have to deal with the dumping of massive amounts of adrenaline and
endorphins and sheer flight syndromes.
When we want to move a muscle in another direction the brain sends another
neuron called an Inhibitor (Stop) which blocks the “Go” neuron from
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simulating the effect nerve. When no further stimuli are sent, the muscle will
relax causing our arm to drop.
It is this combination of stop and “GO” neurons that enable our muscles to
bind with cartilage and skin, and attached to our skeletal frame, support and
shield our vital organs, which keeps our brain alive.
With an understanding of these principles of thought and movement, and by

interruption of the signal between the Brain and the Effectors Nerves, we can
effectively stop the Effectors Nerves from stimulation of the muscles.
In real terms this causes the collapse of the muscles ability to function, and we
fall down, or are unable to move with any ease.
The advantages of interruption of the signal between brain and muscle are that
there is little or no lasting damage except for bruising. There should be no loss
of body fluids which could contain Diseases. The fact that pain may not be felt
due to drugs / alcohol presence, the signal will still not get through, thus the
techniques should be effective.
THE HUMAN BRAIN
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THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
The Medulla Oblongata is the lowest part of the Brainstem, and serves as the
site of connection between the Brain and the Spinal Cord. And is located just
above the Foramen Magnum in the skull and in front of the Cerebellum.
The Medulla Oblongata contains a number of nerve centers which are

responsible for controlling involuntary processes, such as heart beat, breathing,
and body temperature regulation.
The Medulla Oblongata is about an inch wide, and comprises of less than one
% of the weight of the C.N.S. However this area is integral in the transmission
of nerve impulses between the Spinal Cord and the Higher Brain.
Many nerve fibers pass through the Medulla Oblongata and cross over, so
many impulses from the right side of the Brain control the left side of the
Body, and vice-versa.
THE SPINAL CORD
The Spinal Cord is one of the primary portions of the C.N.S. It serves as a
telegraph cable, which allows Efferent Neurons ( Go / Stop signals ) to be sent
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from the Brain to the effectors nerves in the main muscle groups, and returned
back to the Brain.
Extending from the Medulla Oblongata, through the Foramen Magnum in the
base of the Skull, to the base of our vertebral column.. The Cord itself is about
1/4 inch in diameter, around 17 inches long and slightly flattened. It passes
through the Vertebral Canal created by the Vertebral Arches.
The Spinal Cord floats in a spinal fluid, which protects and nourishes it.
Damage or severance of the cord, will result in Body Paralysis, at or below the
point of damage.
With the basic knowledge gained from this chapter, we should now be able to
put our theory into practice.
EFFECTIVE REACTION
Reaction ability will be discussed and practiced further into this syllabus;
however there are basic principles that need to be identified as core elements.
When these elements are combined with the correct mental preparation for a
physical conflict, the effective reaction abilities of an Operator are increased.
MENTAL PREPARATION
This is probably the hardest area to achieve proficiency in. The Color Code is
an ideal platform to explain the process of, and to obtain a 'Mind Set' capable
of sustaining a defense against an attack.
All the below areas are featured within the color code system:
• COLOR CODES.
• MAKING PLANS ETC.
• MIND SET.
• ATTITUDES
Here are two areas that can be considered as useful tools during a lesson.
Behavior ..............creates...............Attitude
Attitude...................creates...............Behavior
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Therefore the correct behavior of the Officer will give rise to the best attitude;
this is also true when dealing with the suspect. If the Officer shows weak or
unlawfully aggressive behavior, it is likely to create a negative attitude in the
Suspect towards the Officer (victim,) whereby increased chances of being
perceived as an easy or Justifiable Target for attack are possible.
Developing a winning mind set is a requirement. The use of the saying below
may be considered when trying to get this over to the class.
"Life's battles do not always go to the faster or the stronger Man.

But, in the end, are often won by the Man who thinks he can"
STREET TACTICS (BODY POSITIONING)

Officer Field Stance positioning; i.e. reaction side / weapon side. 45% angle
to suspect reaction gap distance [6 feet minimum].
** Discuss Circle of Control Issues.
PAIN EXPECTANCY
It is important to understand that you may have to take some form of pain
during an attack. Being prepared for it will help you to control the situation.
Pain will create a chemical change in the body i.e. adrenaline and endorphins.
Use the increased body functions to make you less of an easy target.
VERBAL / BODY LANGUAGE

Discuss eye contact, and body language. Direct speaking to a potential attacker
before an incident is allowed to develop.
** Ego spheres and personal space.
PRESSURE AREAS AND NERVE MOTOR POINTS TARGET AREAS

The Human body both Male and Female has numerous areas
that are very susceptible to “ Strikes ”
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Environmental Effects on Motor Skills:
The environment in which the motor skills are performed will often effect
which muscle groups will be utilized. Under stressful conditions there are
many physiological effects that take place:
• Our hear rate increases

• our pupils dilate
• our hearing ability is decreased
• our rate of breathing increases
These are all natural occurrences and EVERYONE is affected by these same
symptoms of “cannibal stress”. How much each person is affected is
determined by just as many factors:
• User skills and ability

• Training/practice
• Confidence in training and technique
• What is known about the task being performed
Motor skills, gross, fine, or complex, when performed under stress are called
Open Motor Skills, such as an officer is involved in a physical altercation or a
shooting.
Motor skills performed under controlled conditions such as boxing a punching

bag or firearms training under command fire are called Closed Motor Skills.
CANNIBAL STRESS AND THE “INVERTED U” HYPOTHESIS
The Inverted U Hypothesis proposes that under stress our heart rate increases and
with this our motor skills and performance are greatly affected, with optimum
performance being achieved when the heart rate is between 115-145 beats per
minute (bpm) and performance poor at 80 and 175.
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PRESSURE POINTS/MOTOR NERVE POINTS
MANDIBULAR ANGLE: • PAIN

COMPLIANCE/BALANCE
• BEHIND THE EAR DISPLACEMENT
• TOUCH PRESSURE • DISTRACTION
• PAIN COMPLIANCE
BRACHIAL PLEXUS
ORIGIN:
INFRA ORBITAL: • SIDE OF THE NECK

• TOUCH PRESSURE/QUICK
• UNDER THE NOSE PENETRATION/STRIKE
• TOUCH PRESSURE • MOTOR
• PAIN DYSFUNCTION/STUN
COMPLIANCE/BALANCE
DISPLACEMENT BRACHIAL PLEXUS
CLAVICLE NOTCH:
HYPOGLOSSAL:
• COLLAR BONE
• UNDER THE JAW LINE • TOUCH PRESSURE/QUICK
• TOUCH PRESSURE/QUICK PENETRATION
PENETRATION • PAIN COMPLIANCE/MOTOR
DYSFUNCTION
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BRACHIAL PLEXUS TIE-IN: • INSIDE THIGH

• STRIKE
• ARM/SHOULDER JUNCTION • MOTOR DYSFUNCTION
• STRIKE
• MOTOR DYSFUNCTION TIBIAL:
SUPRASCAPULR: • TOP OF CALF MUSCLE

• STRIKE
• TRAPEZIUS • MOTOR DYSFUNCTION
• STRIKE
• MOTOR DYSFUNCTION SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL:
• LOWER SHIN/INSTEP
• STRIKE
JUGULAR NOTCH: • MOTOR DYSFUNCTION
• TRACHEA
• TOUCH PRESSURE/QUICK
PENETRATION
• BALANCE DISPLACEMENT
RADIAL:
• TOP OF FOREARM
• STRIKE
• MOTOR DYSFUNCTION
MEDIAN:
• INSIDE FOREARM
• STRIKE
COMMON PERONEAL:
• OUTSIDE THIGH
• STRIKE
FEMORAL:
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FUNDAMENTALS
OF
MARKSMANSHIP
Weapon Maintenance
During this course you will become familiar with the proper maintenance,
care and operation of the Glock 17, 9mm, semi-automatic pistol.
What follows are basic, 1st echelon procedures for the safe operation the
weapon.
Glock 17, 9mm

Field Stripping the Glock
1. Make sure that your firearm isn't loaded.
2. Point the pistol in a safe direction and pull the trigger.
3. Hold the firearm as shown and hold the slide back 1/10 inch.
4. Simultaneously, pull down the slide lock on both sides of the weapon.
5. Push the slide forward until is fully separated from the receiver.
6. Push the recoil spring slightly forward and lift it away from the barrel.
7. Remove the barrel.

8. This is what your field stripped Glock should look like.
Lubrication Points
INTRODUCTION
Police officers operate within a wide range of discretionary powers.
Probably the most sobering of these discretionary powers is the decision to
use or not to use their firearm. Equally sobering is the reality that once the
decision is made, the outcome is also dependent on the shooters ability to
use the firearm properly and safely. Police must be experts with their
firearms. Any standard lower than this one can lead to disastrous
consequences for both the police officer involved and the persons whom he
is charged with protecting.
SAFETY
Firearms safety is an attitude. It is an attitude that requires constant
reminding and attention. No safety rules are any more valuable than the
degree to which they are enforced. Firearms don't kill people, shooters using
their firearms improperly, kill people. There is nothing inherently dangerous
about firearms. The only time danger is introduced into a firearms scenario
is when the shooter is brought into the picture.
Certain things must happen before anyone is killed with a firearm.
• First, the firearm must be loaded. No one has been shot to death with a
truly unloaded firearm, only with firearms that the shooter thought
were unloaded.
• Second, the weapon must be handled by the shooter. Even a loaded
firearm will not kill another person until it is handled by the shooter.
• Third, the weapon must be pointed at a person. Obviously, the weapon
will not kill a person unless the muzzle is pointed at the person.
• Lastly, the weapon must work. Inoperative firearms don't operate
(shoot bullets) at people.
These are the chain of events that must occur in every "accidental
discharge". That phrase is in quotations because we hear it used, but in
actuality those words have no meaning. No firearm discharge occurs
as an accident just like most traffic collisions are not accidental. They
occur because of operator error, a lack of attention to detail, or a host
of excuses. However, all excuses pale in importance when a firearm
incident mistakenly takes the life or injures another innocent person.
The following are some firearms safety rules. They are designed to lessen
the misuse of firearms. They are:
• Never trust a firearm's mechanical safety. Only trust the ultimate

safety - a knowledgeable and skilled operator.
• Know where the muzzle is pointed at ALL times. The safe direction
depends on the situation and is unique to each individual situation.
• Keep the finger out of the trigger guard until ready to shoot.
• Never accept a firearm that is handed to you if the action isn't open.
• Always visually and physically inspect each firearm to be sure it is
safe. Develop the habit of physically checking the weapon also to
accommodate those low light situations you may encounter.
• Always use hearing and eye protection when using firearms.
Instructors may refer to case law, Snyder v. Philadelphia 564 A 2d at
1036 (Pa Com 1989).
In Snyder v. City of Philadelphia, 564 A.2d 1036 (Pa. Commw. 1989), the
Commonwealth Court went beyond a strong disposition to rule in favor
of the plaintiff by stating that when inadequate warnings are alleged, the
product "must be found to be 'unreasonably dangerous'". Id. at 1038-39.
The court held that the plaintiff's strict product liability claims against
the defendant handgun manufacturer should be submitted to the jury on
the theory of failure to warn of the possibility of permanent hearing loss.
• Eye injuries may be caused by ammunition failure, ejected cartridge

casings, powder grains, lead shavings, or lead poisoning (prevalent
with indoor ranges).
• No use of alcohol or drugs near firearms.
• Immediately report faulty shooting equipment of any kind.
• Immediately report a dropped firearm and let the instructor retrieve it.
• No talking except by the instructor.
• No smoking.
• No bending over at the firing line to retrieve anything unless the line
has been declared safe.
• Use only authorized targets, no aluminum cans or bottles at the beach.
• Use only authorized ammunition.
FUNDAMENTALS
This portion of the lesson will look at those elements that must be practiced
before marksmanship becomes proficient. As with other motor skill,
proficiency comes with practice. However, the fledgling shooter must ensure
he/she is practicing the elements correctly. Wrong practice reinforces
negative muscle memory in the mind and actually can do more harm than
good. Initially, bet the basics right, then practice them to improve
proficiency.
Mental Discipline
Concentration/Focus on the fundamental principles
Concentration/Focus on the round being fired
Attention to detail
Shooter awareness before firing, during firing, during recoil
Stance/Position
• Body provides a stable platform from which to shoot

• Balance enhances stability
o smaller arc of movement
o better trigger control
o enhances accuracy
• Elements of a good firing position
o Bone support
o muscular relaxation
o Natural point of aim
o Feet should be placed approximately shoulder width apart
o Knees should not be locked up
o Hips should be as level as possible
TYPES OF STANCES
Isosceles Stance
• Face target squarely

• Feet shoulder width apart
• Slightly bent forward at the waist
• Head erect
• Handgun sights are brought to eye level
• Arms are fully extended
• Elbows are locked
• Two handed grip
• Wrists are close together
• Heel of support hand contacts the grip
Traditional Weaver Stance
• Body is bladed to target at 45 degrees

• Dominant leg to the rear and straight
• Weak leg is forward and slightly bent
• Body is bent forward slightly at the waist
• Head is erect
• Sights are at eye level
• Both elbows are bent and pointing to the ground
• Two handed grip using an isometric push/pull
• Wrists are together
• Heel of support hand contacts the grip
Modified Weaver Stance
• Same as traditional with one exception

• Dominant elbow is straight and locked out
• Kneeling Stance
• 3 point high (1 knee touches ground)
• 3 point low (1 knee touches ground)
• 4 point high (both knees touch ground)
• 4 point low (both knees touch ground)
Kneeling Stance
• Assumed from a relaxed standing stance position

• Can be very quickly assumed
• Shooter moves his weak side leg forward as if to take a step
• Shooter drops to his strong side knee
• Shooter lowers his body as far as possible attempting to touch the heel
of the strong side foot
Prone Position
• Slow to get into

• Vulnerable body areas are exposed to ricochet rounds
• Assumed from the kneeling position
• Body is lowered to the ground, with weapon drawn, using the weak
side hand and arm
• Assume a two handed grip
• Raise the weapon to achieve sight picture - don't lower the weapon to
get this picture
• Body lies flat and both arms are fully extended
*Demonstrate the 90 degree angle position
Natural Point of Aim
• Procedure
o assume a stance of your choice
o close eyes
o bring weapon to eye level
o relax
o open eyes
o note where the weapon is pointing
o adjust the stance by moving the feet
o repeat as required until weapon naturally points to the target
• Benefits
o shots are grouped at the point of aim
o faster recoil recovery
o sights naturally return to the point of aim
o faster follow up shots
o smaller arc of movement
Grip
• must be consistent for each shot

• a good grip enhances accuracy
• high on the back strap
• finger must reach the trigger
• will reduce muzzle rise
• lends to faster recoil recovery
• three fingers and thumb
• just as firm as a handshake, no firmer
• weak side fingers should be wrapped around the strong hand
• wrists should be close together
• supporting hand heel should be in contact with the weapon grip
Aimed Fire
• Aimed fire is preferred, but not always practical in combat

• Judgment is based on distance to target, need for speed, person skill
level
Method and Form
• Both eyes open is preferred, but not always practical

o eyes should work together in stereo vision
o allows for depth perception
o helps reduce eye fatigue
• Focus on the front sight blade, not the rear one.
Sight Alignment
• It is a relationship between the:

o front sight
o rear sight
o aiming eye
• Front sight should be
o centered in the rear sight notch
o equal light left and right
o post top level with the rear sight top
• Focus
o front sight blade is in sharp focus
o rear sight blade is slightly blurred
o target is blurred
• Sight picture is the positioning relationship of the:
o aiming eye
o aligned sights
o target center mass
Proper sight picture is the alignment of the front and rear sights in relation to the target.
Proper sight alignment is essential for developing a sight picture. Throughout the sighting
sequence the eye should remain focused on the front sight. The rear sight and the target
will be slightly out of focus. You will also have to learn to position your body to the
target so that you are aligned properly when relaxed. This is called the natural point of
aim. The instructors will go into more detail at practice.
• Breath control
o use a normal breathing cycle of inhale and exhale
o find the natural respiratory pause
o should last about 2 seconds
o diaphragm will be at rest
o no muscular tension present
o breathe again during the recoil
Trigger Control
• Smooth pull
• Comes straight to the rear
• Cannot disturb the sight alignment
• Should lead to a surprise shot
• Trigger placement should be determined by dry firing exercises
• Single action pull is typically 3 - 5 lbs. and requires less finger
• Double action pull is typically 9 - 12 lbs. and requires more finger
Other Considerations
• Sight alignment and trigger control must be applied simultaneously

• Cure arc of movement problems with dry fire exercises
• Accept the arc of movement and squeeze
• Follow through by keeping the trigger squeezed after taking the shot
FIVE RULES FOR SURVIVING A GUNFIGHT
• Bring A Gun
• Have A Plan
o Practice scenarios
o Mental rehearsal/visualization
o Visual inventory of operational areas
• Don't Get Shot
o Use cover/concealment techniques. 60% of officer shootings
occur within 3 feet of cover.
o Wear body armor
o There's no disgrace in disengagement
• Hit What You Shoot At
o Train to become competent
o Practice mental conditioning
o Constantly be improving your firearm handling skills to include
malfunction
• Never Dry fire In A Gunfight
o Identify and correct malfunctions quickly
o Always know the status of your weapon and ammunition
PRACTICAL SHOOTING EXERCISES
• Practical shooting exercises should include, but are not limited to:
• Good mental discipline while under induced stress
• Practice in establishing positive target identification
• Practice maintaining a balanced stable stance under adverse
conditions
• Identification and use of available cover/concealment
• Delivery of accurate fire repeatedly at multiple moving targets
o Should be accomplished at varying distances <
o Should be done under normal and dim light conditions
o Should be done utilizing reloading exercises
o Should give practice in overcoming malfunctions (using
dummy ammunition)
• The ultimate goal is to prepare law enforcement officers to
accomplish the above tasks under adversity without risking the public
safety.
COVER/CONCEALMENT AND MOVEMENT
Personal survival will be greatly enhanced by a constant awareness of the

nearest cover/concealment and of course by then using it. Use whatever
cover/concealment is available. Expose as little of yourself as possible.
Cover is something that will stop a round fired at you. Concealment is

something that will keep you out of the view of your adversary. Examples of
cover and concealment are:
• Cover Examples:
o Brick wall
o Engine block
o Fire hydrant
o Thick tree
o Street curb
o Building corner
o Body armor
• Common Concealment Examples:
o Tall grass or shrubbery
o Car door
o Night time/dim light
o Doorways
o Crowds
Benefits of Using Cover/Concealment
• Provides time for target identification

• Provides time to evaluate the situation
• Best place from which to issue a challenge
• Provides best position in a gunfight
• Best place to reload and clear malfunctions
Moving from Cover
• Move only when YOU'RE ready

o Avoid open spaces/areas whenever possible
o Move forward to cover - not backward
o Remember obvious positions of cover may be booby trapped
o If possible avoid using a position of cover another officer has
recently vacated
o Avoid moving through covering fire
Consideration When Shooting From A Position of Cover
• Never push any part of the weapon past the cover/concealment

• Never lead around the cover/concealment with the barrel of the
weapon
• Adopt a shooting stance, roll out, take two shots, roll back
• Sighting around cover exposes less of your body, while sighting over
cover gives a better sight picture
• If using the prone position, roll over before moving
• Don't reappear from the same place
• Fire 2 to 3 shots at a time
• Balance the use of cover with target acquisition
• Expose the least amount of body for the shortest amount of time
• Resting the weapon on the cover:
o accentuates recoil
o changes the point of impact
o may require an unfamiliar stance
o may cause malfunctions
Considerations When Changing Firing Positions
• Swing wide around corners

o generally better technique for observation purposes
o avoids unexpected confrontations
• Never give up cover before the end of a confrontation unless it is to
move to better cover.
• Before moving you must:
o decide where you're going
o check your ammunition
o check for malfunctions
o search your current position for needed equipment
o inform your partner(s)
o make a final observation
o use erratic movements limited to 2 or 3 seconds in duration
Target Identification
Target detection and identification is accomplished by using:
• Shape
• Shine
• Shadow
• Silhouette
• Movement
• Noise
GETTING YOUR GUN OUT OF THE HOLSTER AND ON TO THE

TARGET
You may find the following useful. It's a fairly easy system to remember
when drawing your weapon and gaining target acquisition. Practice it slowly
at first, by the numbers, and then gradually speed up as your muscle memory
kicks in.
• Grip
• Clear
• Smack
• Look
• Press
Grip
Get the grip on your gun while it is still in the holster. Have your strong
hand contact your weapon so that your strong hand grip is already acquired
before beginning to draw the weapon.
Clear
Only raise the weapon out of the holster enough so that the barrel clears the
top of the holster. Once you have reached this point, and you will learn
where that point is with practice, being to bring the gun barrel up and toward
the adversary.
Smack
Slap your strong hand into your weak hand to quickly get the proper two
handed grip. Don't waste time.
Look
Immediately look at the front sight blade, get it in focus, and obtain your
proper sight picture.
Press
Once you have sight picture, begin to slowly press the trigger to the rear.
This press should be so minimal that you are always surprised when the
weapon fires.
PRACTICE DRILLS
Progressive Drill
Shooters are divided into two teams of equal numbers. The course is then
shot in two relays. As team one is shooting this course, team two is to induce
stress on the shooters by verbal means only - no physical touching or
impediment is allowed.
All shooters move to the three yard line with safe and empty weapons and
three magazines loaded with six rounds in each magazine. Shooters then
place the three magazines on the ground at the three yard line. Shooters then
disassemble their weapons and lay the grip and trigger mechanism next to
the magazines.
Shooters move back to the seven yard line. They disassemble the top slide
assembly and lay the buffer spring and retaining rod on the ground.
Shooters move to the fifteen yard line, remove the barrel from the slide, and
place it on the ground.
Shooters move to the twenty-five yard line and place the remaining portions
of the weapons on the ground.
Shooters next move to the fifty yard line and stand by.
On the command go, shooters run from the fifty yard line to the three yard
line assembling the weapon as they move. Team two proceeds behind team
one inducing stress by yelling at them. When shooters reach the three yard
line and the weapon is completely assembled, they load a magazine and fire
at the target, center mass, reload, shoot again, and reload a third time,
shooting until all 18 rounds of ammunition is expended. The course is timed
from the moment the "GO" command is given until the last shooter on the
team completes firing all 18 rounds. That time is recorded.
The second stage of fire is the same, but the teams reverse roles. Team one
will induce stress, while team two becomes the shooters.
At the conclusion of the course. The team with the lowest time is the winner.
The team with the slowest time, polices up all the brass for both teams.
Double Tap Drill
This drill offers practice in firing multiple rounds at the adversary. It also
offers practice in responding to emerging targets.
The course uses three targets for each shooter. Shooters fire individually - no
more than one shooter can complete this course at a time. Time limit for the
course is three minutes.
From the twenty five yard line, the shooter advances to the fifteen yard line
and assumes the prone position. The shooter fires two rounds to center mass
of the center target, and one round to the head of either the right or left
target, depending on whether the instructor calls out right or left. The shooter
then without further command, fires two rounds center mass of the center
target and reloads with a six round magazine. The shooter than fires one
round to the head of either the right or left target, again depending on
whether the instructor calls out right or left. Shooters then de-cock and re-
holster their weapon from a kneeling position and advance to the seven yard
line.
At the seven yard line, the shooter adopts the kneeling position, draws the
weapon, and fires two rounds center mass of the center target. The shooter
again fires one round to the head of the right or left target just done at the
fifteen yard line. The shooter then fires two more rounds center mass,
reloads and fires one round to the head of the right or left target depending
on the instructions from the instructor. From the kneeling position the
shooter then de-cocks and re-holsters the weapon. The shooter advances to
the three yard line.
At the three yard line, the shooter without further command, fires four
rounds center target center mass, and fires the remaining two rounds to
either the right or left target trying to incapacitate the target which the
shooter has identified as having had the fewest hits previously.
Scoring: Shooters receive one point for each shot that penetrates the torso or
head of each target. A passing score is 12 out of the 18 rounds.
“You will never need a gun until you need it badly”

Hits vs. Myths
&
Terminal Ballistics
For the average handgun round to penetrate the seven layers of skin the
speed of the projectile must achieve around 162fps. To break bone 213 fps.
These are relatively low velocities, But once again we must consider
clothing and outside factors such as shield mediums.
PRINCIPLES OF BULLET WOUNDING

There are four separate 'Key Areas' concerning the wounding effects of a
bullet, in order to ascertain the likelihood of 'Immediate Incapacitation.' It
should be understood that each of the 'Key Areas' combined, contribute to
the overall required ballistic effect:
1. PENETRATION.....
The tissue matter the round passes, & which it disrupts or destroys.
2. TEMPORARY CAVITY.....
The expansion of the Permanent Cavity by stretching due to the kinetic
energy transfer during the rounds passage through tissues.
3. PERMANENT CAVITY.....
The volume of area once occupied by tissue that has been destroyed by the
track of the round, or simply put, the 'Hole' caused by the round itself.
4. FRAGMENTATION.....
Pieces of the round which break up during passage through tissue, or
secondary fragments of bone, which are forced outwards from the area of
the permanent cavity. These may cause cutting of blood vessels and muscle
tissue .Hand gun rounds 'Incapacitate' by damaging or destroying 'Body
Tissue.'
'Immediate Incapacitation' can only be achieved from the following below

two factors:
• Severing of the 'Brain Stem' from the Nervous System
• Loss of Oxygenated Blood causing 'Brain Death'
As we have spoken about the impracticalities of obtaining either of these.

The extent to which the four 'Key Areas' cause or increase the two factors,
increases the likely hood of that effect being obtained.
All handgun wounds will combine the 'Key Areas' of Penetration,

Temporary Cavity, and Permanent Cavities, to a greater or lesser degree.
However, the fourth area, Fragmentation does not reliably occur in handgun
wounds due to the low velocities involved, however high velocity is not
vital.
Reliable fragmentation only occurs with 'High Velocity Rifle' rounds in

excess of 2000 fps inflicted by 'Hollow Point' or 'Soft Point' ammunition. In
these cases the Permanent Cavity is stretched so far, and at such a speed, that
tearing and rupturing occurs in tissue surrounding the wound channel.
Which may be weakened further by bullet fragmentation damage.
As handgun ammunition velocities generally do not exceed 1250 to 1450 fps
at the muzzle, fragmentation could only be achieved by designing a round so
frangible, that it would break up on impact against hard clothing. It would
not achieve the penetration required to reach vital organs.
In cases where some fragmentation has occurred in handgun wounds, the

bullet fragments have been found generally within one centimeter of the
Permanent Cavity.
It is obvious therefore that any suggested additional wounding effects,

caused by bullet fragmentation is likely to be very limited.
Temporary Cavity is frequently grossly overrated as a factor when
examining wound effects. It has been used as evidence of assessing the
wounding effectiveness. Assumption has been made, and often written
about, that the greater the Temporary Cavity, the greater the wounding effect
of the bullet strike. Ipsofacto, hollow Point 'Designer Ammunition' being
so popular.
This assumption was based on others, such as the tissue bounded by the
Temporary Cavity, was destroyed or damaged. Depth of Penetration and the
Permanent Cavity have been ignored by many Experts.
It has been proclaimed that a bullet which produces a large but shallow
Temporary Cavity creates a better Incapacitation than one which causes
deeper penetration, with a smaller Temporary Cavity. This is a myth.
Such conclusions have ignored the factors of Permanent Cavity and

Penetration. Since vital organs are found deep within the body, it should
follow that to ignore the above is to ignore the only proven means in which
to obtain 'Immediate Incapacitation.' The effect of Temporary Cavity is
caused by the tissue being stretched outwards from the permanent cavity,
although weakened it may not be destroyed.
Often Forensic Pathologists cannot distinguish wound tracks caused by a

Hollow Point bullet [Large Temporary Cavity] against a small Temporary
Cavity that would be caused by a round nose full metal jacketed round.
This is due because of the fact that a Temporary Cavity will not stay a
'Cavity.'
The tissues that make up a Human Body are mostly elastic in nature, muscle
tissue, blood vessels, bowel, lungs, are all able to withstand large stretching
pressure, with minimal damaging effects. Organs like the brain, liver, and
spleen are inelastic, and susceptible to damage caused through Temporary
Cavity.
The Body Tissue disruption caused by a Handgun Round is limited to two

mechanisms. The first is:
1. CRUSH MECHANISM......
This is the 'Space' or 'Hole' the Bullet makes when it travels through tissue.
2. STRETCH MECHANISM.....
This is the Temporary Cavity formed when tissues are driven outwards in a
radial direction from the bullet passing through the tissues.
Of the two mechanisms, ONLY the 'Crush' being the result of a

combination of Penetration and Permanent Cavity, will cause DECISIVE
DAMAGE.
Temporary Cavity has no reliable wounding effects in elastic body tissues. It

is nothing more than a stretch of the tissues, to an extent no larger than ten
times that of the round's diameter. In any case, a cavity has nothing inside it.
THE TARGET “ T ”
The Target "T" is a area that should be considered as a basic aiming point in
CQB combat. This "T" area houses the most vulnerable organs, and the
most obvious path of least resistance to the brain stem or brain itself.
It should be noted however, that most combatants tend to shoot towards the
area that they are staring at. In the main that is the weapon itself in the hand
of the Subject. Aiming for Center Mass allows for some error in shot
displacement. In most Crisis Confrontation cases, ballistic accuracy is not
easily achieved. It is suggested that only 20% of Law Enforcement rounds
fired hit their mark, this set against 11% of criminally fired rounds.
TARGETING THE HUMAN BODY
Unless there is a 'Hit' to the upper spinal cord, or brain, the possibility of
reliable and complete 'Immediate Incapacitation' by standard hand gun
ammunition is a Myth.
The human body is indeed a marvelous thing, very durable, and complex.
Generally more durable than people understand.
Physiologically, a determined person can be stopped immediately and

reliably only by rounds that disrupt the upper spinal cord, or brain. Failing
such a hit to the central nervous system, massive amounts of bleeding from
damage to the heart, or major blood vessels of the torso causing circulatory
failure, is the only way to force the body to cease functioning.
This will take an amount of time. For example there is sufficient oxygen
within the brain, to support full voluntary action for between 10 to 15
seconds after the heart itself has been destroyed.
There has been much discussion about the psychological factors involved
with a gunshot wound. The facts are, that these may actually play a
relatively minor role in achieving rapid incapacitation.
There is no physiological reason for an Individual to be incapacitated even

by a fatal wound, until blood loss deprives the brain of oxygen.
The effects of enough pain which could contribute to incapacitation is

commonly delayed during a trauma, or in the aftermath of serious injury.
Pain is often suppressed until some time later. ** endorphins etc.
In order for pain to contribute to the overall effect, firstly it must be

perceived, and secondly it must cause the emotional response forcing the
person to desist in their actions. Sometimes pain acts like a spur, and will
cause anger and increased resistance, not surrender.
If a person is unaware of a wound through drugs, stimulants, or is on such a

'High' through adrenaline, there is no stimuli to force a reaction. Will Power,
Survival, Emotions, etc. can keep a person from being incapacitated, even in
the face of extreme wounds. Time to relative incapacitation is the key.
It cannot be stressed enough times, the will to survive is an incredible factor,
and Operators must assume that their bullets WILL NOT cause the
immediate “Hollywood Incapacitation” seen so many times on films and
TV.
MORE FACTS
Physical factors such as energy deposit, momentum transfer, and size of the
Temporary Cavity wounds are irrelevant, and erroneous.
The impact of a hand gun round to the body is no more than the recoil of the
weapon. The myth of the 'Dirty Harry .44 Effect' has fooled too many
people for too long.
A certain individual named Sir Isaac NEWTON proved it a little bit earlier.
( 3rd Law of Motion ) The often referred to 'Knock Down Power' suggests
the abilities of a bullet to move its target. In truth, this is nothing more than
the momentum of the round itself.
It is the transfer of momentum that will cause a target to move, and in a

direct response to the blow received. The facts are that a hand gun round
simply will not knock a Man down. If it could, through creating enough
energy to do so, then the equal amount of energy would be applied against
the shooter, and they too would be knocked down. That is a rule of physics.
The amount of energy deposited in the body from a hand gun round is
approximately equivalent to being hit with a cricket ball or baseball. The
tissue damage would be the only physical link to incapacitation, excluding
hits to the brain, or brain stem, it is not a cause of immediate incapacitation.
Incapacitation may be eventual, not necessarily immediate!
It should be remembered however, If the psychological Factors which can

lead or contribute to incapacitation are present, even a minor wound can be
immediately incapacitating. This has been known to be due to people
believing that if they are 'Hit' they should fall down and die.
These are of
course individual and event driven reactions. No two people react the same
way.
AMMUNITION SELECTION FACTORS
The critical wounding factors for handgun ammunition in order of
importance are :
1. PENETRATION
2. PERMANENT CAVITY
The round must penetrate sufficiently into the body, to pass through vital
organs from any angle of 'Contact.' For example, a round fired through the
arm, and into the side of the Target, must penetrate at least 10 to 12 inches.
This is in order to pass through the heart, or to reach major blood vessels.
A round fired through the abdomen from the front, must penetrate at least
eight inches in an average Adult, just to reach the major blood vessels at the
rear of the abdominal cavity.
Penetration must be deep enough to reach, and then pass through vital
organs. The permanent cavity, large enough to cause severe tissue
destruction and the consequent hemorrhaging.
In recent years there have been many new designs in 'Hollow Point'
ammunition which have been intended to increase the wounding
effectiveness of the round.
Most noticeable has been the design which has a 'Center Pin.'. Other designs
have also incorporated cuts in the copper jacket, and steel centers. Some
having exotic names, that heighten the emotions so to speak. However the
real 'Effects' can often be very limited.
Handgun ammunition that is designed to expand accomplishes several

things. On a positive note it increases the frontal area of the round, thereby
increasing the Crush Mechanism, which in turn causes tissue disintegration
in the immediate path of the round.
On the negative side, the expansion will limit the penetration of the round
into the target area. It can prevent the round from penetrating the vital
organs.
This is never more so seen, than if the round has to pass through several
inches of clothing, then fat, or muscle of the body.
Increased bullet mass will increase penetration. Increased velocity will
increase penetration in conjunction with increased mass. But only until the
round starts to deform, at this point, increased velocity decreases
penetration.
Permanent cavity can be increased by the use of 'Hollow Point' rounds, and
or larger diameter rounds, which have a high degree of penetration.
However
in no case should a round be selected solely because of its expansion
performance.
Consideration of the rotation of rounds, may be the answer. Handgun

ammunition expands in the Human Body only 60 to 70% of the time
at best. Gelatin tests might produce a 'Clean Specimen' that makes a pretty
picture, with regard to the round. But this fails to take into account factors
such as angle of contact, and muscle movement during the 'strike.' Also
damage caused to the round if it hits bone, or other materials such as
clothing.
This will prevent expansion. Clothing is one of the best examples. Fibers can
'Clog Up' the hollowed tip of the round, and therefore 'Cocoon' the frontal
area preventing expansion.
Ammunition tests frequently fail to take into account long range shots which
will cause insufficient impact velocity, compounded by short barrels of a
handgun. It must be stressed that bullet expansion should never be the basis
for selection. If it occurs all well and good.
Selection must be based on the penetration effect firstly, as this is all the
Operator can rely on, if they are able to place [at least two] shots into the
target area.
A Handgun Round must be able to reliably penetrate 12 inches of soft body

tissue, and this is the minimum, regardless of whether it expands or not. If it
doesn't, then it should be regarded as ineffective for Law Enforcement
purposes. Eighteen Inches of penetration would be the ideal depth achieved
as a norm.
Given the penetration factors a larger diameter round will always have the
edge in wounding effectiveness, because by definition, the crush
mechanism, as well as the stretch mechanism will be greater. This will cause
a more rapid blood loss, as well as the other factors listed.
OVER PENETRATION - MYTHS

This is another of those 'Myth' areas of concern. Over penetration has been
sighted as an issue of serious concern for Law Enforcement firearms and
ammunition selection.
Great play was made of the elusive 'Over Shoot' and subsequent 'Innocent'
casualty. This is a complete distortion of the reality of the situation.
Operatives have simply carried on the myth stating their concerns of over
penetration, and why the
'Full Metal Jacket 9mm' is “ Not A Good Stopper, Because It Over

Penetrates ”
If time is taken to review Law Enforcement shootings, evidence clearly

indicates that the great majority of shots fired do not hit their targets in the
first place.
For example my Department had a 'Live Fire' Incident, ELEVEN ROUNDS

were fired at a Suspect from two H&K MP5's.
The Suspect was struck FIVE TIMES. Now I make no comment about the
Operatives or the Weapons, that is not the issue. The point is when it is for
real things often change.
My observation is that it should be obvious that the relatively few rounds

that do hit the subject, are not somehow more of a threat, than the rounds
that fail to find their mark at all.
I suspect that in many cases, not enough training is given to Operatives with
regard to true ballistic effects in the first place. Because if that statement is
not true, why has the misinformation been allowed to linger.
A handgun round that completely penetrates the human body will give up a
great deal of its energy in doing so. Human skin on the exit side of the body
is very flexible and tough. Tests have indicated that the skin has the same
resistance to bullet passage as approximately Four inches of muscle tissue.
Selection of a Handgun Round, or de-Selection of a Handgun Round, based

on Shallow Penetration, or so called 'Over Penetration' will seriously
compromise the effectiveness of hits that strike the target during 'Crisis.'
I have not heard of a single case of an Operative losing their life due to over
penetration of a round through a Subject, or Target.
But sadly and tragically there have been many Operatives and Innocents
caught up in the melee, that have LOST THEIR LIVES because the rounds
being fired at the Subject or Target FAILED to do what they were supposed
to.
TARGET INCAPACITATION
This section should be read in conjunction with, and support of, the first
chapter of “Hits V Myths”It has been written to encompass the additional
factors involved, when dealing with high velocity rounds discharged from
long weapons.
There is not much new information available to the Operator with regard to
targeting a Human Being. In many respects the information contained within
this section is “Old Hat.” This information has been written in order to give
the Operator sufficient knowledge to understand how the brain works. This
is in order to destroy it’s capabilities of controlling the Human Body itself.
In addition to the Brain / Autonomic Central Nervous System or C.N.S. the

only other Human Body system we need to understand fully, is the Primary
Circulatory System (P.C.S.)
Destruction of either of these two systems, is the only guaranteed method of

stopping a Human Being quickly. In the end it is really only the C.N.S. that
can attribute to the cessation of Thought Process immediately.
The Primary Circulatory System or P.C.S.
In order for the Body to stay alive, each of its cells must receive a continuous
supply of food and oxygen. At the same time, carbon dioxide and other
materials produced by the cells must be picked up and removed from the
body through natural functions.
This process is continually maintained by the body’s circulatory system. The

primary system consists of the heart and blood vessels, which together
maintain a continuous flow of blood through the body delivering oxygen and
nutrients to and removing carbon dioxide and waste products from
peripheral tissues.
A sub-system of the circulatory system, the lymphatic system collects

interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood. The heart pumps oxygen rich
blood from the lungs to all parts of the body through a network of arteries,
and smaller branches called Arterioles. Blood returns to the heart via small
Venules, which lead to the larger veins.
Crucial to this process are Capillaries, which are blood vessels a single cell
thick. This network of tiny capillaries is where the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place.
The average Adult has about 60,000. miles of blood vessels in their body.
It is important to remember under severe stress conditions the vascular
system closes down under pressure, and prevents to some extent, violent
bleeding as part of the flight and fight conditions.
There for some periods of time bleeding can be reduced. After the initial
fight and flight, bleeding will then become more severe as the body comes
‘down’ from the stress.
On the following pages are examples of recommended shot placement for

timed, precision shots that will ensure immediate incapacitation:

Contemporary Law Enforcement 1

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Contemporary Law Enforcement 1

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Contemporary Law

Thank you for your attendance and participation,

Chapter 1 Use of Force 3

Chapter 2 Weapons Retention 11

Chapter 3 Situational Awareness/Stability 15

Chapter 4 Wrist & Arm locks 22

Chapter 6 Advanced TASER 33

Chapter 7 Baton Techniques 36

Chapter 8 Search & Restraint 48

Chapter 9 Pressure Points & CCT 75

Chapter 10 Fundamentals of Marksmanship 99

Chapter 11 Hits vs. Myths/ Terminal Ballistics 123

 Force – To compel through pressure or necessity; to move against

Deadly Force Elements

 Intent – the willingness or threat by the subject to execute serious

Any agency or department that has arresting/detaining/custody authority over

Generic Use of Force Continuum:

1. Officer presence/show of force- officer present on the scene or

1. Intimidation- clenching fists, crossing arms, rolling the eyes, aggressive

A common misconception, particularly on the part of the newer officer is that

By us simply being on the scene of an incident is indeed a show of force and

There is no clear cut or blanket answer as to which level of force would be

CASE LAW REFERENCES - USE OF FORCE SCENARIO

Abuse or inappropriate use of the techniques is always the responsibility of the

“Noting that in effecting an arrest, an Officer is presumed to have acted in

** Discussion: Failure to act as a potential liability; should another receive

HOW MUCH FORCE CAN WE USE TO SUBDUE THE THREAT?

The case of People VS Brite 9 Cal. 2d 666. 681.

DO WE HAVE A DUTY TO CONTROL THE SITUATION, AND

Excessive Force guidelines were established in 1997, Johnson VS Glick.

Factors under the 4th amendment include whether:

FINDING THE CORRECT RESPONSE

Court cases that shaped use of force policies:

Graham Vs Connor, (490 U.S. 386 4th Cir. 1989)

When force is misused by a representative of the government, be they City,

TITLE 42 Section 1985

We usually think of a subject attempting to take a drawn weapon from an

It is important to remember that while a particular incident may be very

There is a multitude of methods to retain control of your side arm when a

LIKELIHOOD LOW; POSSIBILITY 100%

Remember - PREVENTION before the fact is better than REACTING

Defending yourself in any situation begins with constant situational awareness.

Situational Awareness is being knowledgeable of your surroundings at all times

Your surroundings include all of the following:

THE COLOR CODE

This is not paranoia. It often described as a “sixth sense or gut instinct".

THE PREPARED MINDSET

• Summon Assistance – Call for backup as soon as possible.

THE PRINCIPLES OF STABILITY

THE “CIRCLE OF CONTROL”

WHEN A CRISIS OCCURS, WE VERY RARELY RISE TO MEET THE

FROM THE OFFICER FIELD STANCE

Featured further in C.A.R. is the ‘Tucked Weapon Punch’ and weapon

If it comes to actively defending yourself against an attacker, you need to keep

An empty hand has a very limited Circle of Control. It requires physical

Two other factors:

• The reaction rule: action is always faster than a reaction.

A person with a knife - which by itself has a Circle of Control of their

Wrist & Arm Locks

In law enforcement and corrections hands on techniques are essential to

The Figure Four Arm Lock

The Reverse Hand Shake

The Escort Wristlock

To gooseneck is obtained by grabbing the subject’s wrist bending the hand