International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

A Survey on Enhanced Human Identification Using Gait Recognition based on Neural Network And Support Vector Machine
Supreet Kaur, and Er.Ranjeet Kaur Sandhu
M.Tech Student (CSE), GIMET, Amritsar Assistant Professor in Dept. of IT, GIMET, Amritsar

Abstract
Gait recognition is one kind of biometric technology that can be used to monitor people without their cooperation. Controlled environments such as banks, military installations and even airports need to be able to quickly detect threats and provide differing levels of access to different user groups. Gait shows a particular way or manner of moving on foot and gait recognition is the process of identifying an individual by the manner in which they walk. Gait is less unobtrusive biometric, which offers the possibility to identify people at a distance, without any interaction or co-operation from the subject; this is the property which makes it so attractive. This paper proposed new method for gait recognition. In this thesis I will present the review of gait recognition system, different approaches and classification categories of Gait recognition like Model Free Approach, GMM for background substraction, Silhouette Segmentation. We combinedly used SVM(Support vector Machine) with NN(Neural Network) then compare it with BPNN

Keywords: GAIT Recognition, BPNN, SVM and NN

1.INTRODUCTION
Recognition of an individual is an important task to identify people. Identification through biometric is a better way because it associate with individual not with information passing from one place to another. Biometrics is a physiological or behavioral characteristic, which can be used to identify and verify the identity of an individual. There are numerous biometric measures which can be used to help derive an individual identity. They are physiological, like fingerprints, face recognition, iris-scans and hand scans and behavioral, like keystroke-scan and speech patterns. Gait recognition is relatively new biometric identification technology which aims to identify people at a distance by the way they walk. It has the advantage of being unobtrusive, difficult to conceal, noninvasive and effective from a distance. Human gait recognition as a new biometric aimed to recognize person via the style of people walking, which contain the physiological or behavioral characteristics of human. A) Gait recognition system System will identify unauthorized individual and compare his gait with stored sequences and recognize him. Background subtraction is the common approach of gait recognition. Background subtraction method is used to subtract moving objects and to obtain binary. Using background subtraction, preprocessing is done to reduce noise. Background subtraction techniques are also classified into two types: non- recursive methods and recursive methods. Non recursive techniques use sliding window approach for background subtraction. Recursive methods use single Gaussian method and Gaussian mixture model. Gait recognition method contains two parts 1) training part 2) testing part. B) Silhouette Segmentation In gait recognition, silhouette is defined as a region of pixels of the walking person. Silhouette extraction mainly focuses on segmenting the human body. The silhouette extraction process is shown in Figure.

Fig 1.1: Silhouette Extraction

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Each of the frames in the image sequence is subtracted from a background model of the respective image sequence. If the pixel value of each frame is not the same with the pixel value of the background To remove shadow from the difference image, a threshold value is applied to the difference images. The difference image map is first analyzed by generating the intensity histogram of the image so that the pixels distribution along the image can be represented clearly and in an effective way according to an applied threshold value. The threshold must be suitable so that the foreground image is neither under segmented nor over-segmented. Under-segmentation and over-segmentation purpose is to produce first and second reliable silhouette respectively. To remove noises produced during segmentation of silhouette, morphological filters are used. The main components of morphological filters that are used in the system are morphological opening, morphological closing and area thresholding through connected component labeling. C) Model Based Approach Model based approach is difficult to follow in low resolution images also they have high computational complexity. Advantage of this approach is the ability to derive gait signature from model parameter and free from the effect of different clothing . Features used in this approach are insensitive to background cluttering and noise . Model based gait recognition system includes motion of thigh and lower leg rotation that describes both walking and running . Lee and Grimson used seven ellipses to model human body. Yamet.al used double pendulum to describe the thigh and lower leg movement. Model based method construct human model to recover features describing gait dynamics such as stride and kinematics of joint angle . Parameters used in this approach are height, distance between head and pelvis. D) BPNN(Back Propagation Neural Network) Neural networks which have been widely used in image and signal processing1 are very effective for solving multipleclass classification problems. Many researchers have successfully applied neural networks to face/gait recognition Chau notes that neural networks facilitate gait recognition because of their highly flexible, inductive, and non-linear modeling ability. In this paper, we use one classical type of neural networks BPNN. BPNN usually has input and output layers, with some hidden layers in between. Actually, BPNN can be likened to a flexible mathematical function which has many configurable internal parameters. In order to accurately represent the complicated relationships among gait variables, these internal parameters need to be adjusted through training process. E) Neural Network: Neural networks are composed of simple elements operating in parallel. These elements are inspired by biological nervous systems. As in nature, the connections between elements largely determine the network function. You can train a neural network to perform a particular function by adjusting the values of the connections (weights) between elements. Typically, neural networks are adjusted, or trained, so that a particular input leads to a specific target output. There, the network is adjusted, based on a comparison of the output and the target, until the network output matches the tar. Typically, many such input/target pairs are needed to train a network. Neural networks have been trained to perform complex functions in various fields, including pattern recognition, identification, classification, speech, vision, and control systems. Neural networks can also be trained to solve problems that are difficult for conventional computers or human beings. The toolbox emphasizes the use of neural network paradigms that build up toor are themselves used in engineering, financial, and other practical applications. F) Support Vector Machine (SVM): The theory of SVM is based on the idea of structural risk minimization. In many applications, SVM has been introduced as a powerful tool for solving classification problems. Consequently, many researchers have used SVM on gait recognition. However, it is to be noted that SVM is fundamentally a two-class classifier. First class maps the training samples into a high dimensions space and then finds a separating hyper plane that maximizes the margin between two classes in this high dimension space.

2. WORK PLAN
Work plan is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures that are used to collect and analyze the needed information. It is a blue print of describing number of activities we are performing in our research work. Following are the steps for this task: i. Research process starts with gathering the requirements and then we define the phase where requirements are gathered for the research work that includes all the related material for the research, primary and secondary source of data. After gathering the information and requirements for our research, next we will proceed to feasibility phase that means whatever we decide to doing should be valid and should have not done before. ii. The next step in research design is analysis phase that analyses all the data required and the information that we gathered for our research. iii. Next step is designing all the activities to be performed by us during our research process

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Figure : Flowchart

3.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

i. We will do simulation of proposed Algorithm in MATLAB (Image Processing Tool). ii. We compare the proposed algorithm with the exiting approaches like BPNN iii. We will use Model free Approach, GMM for background subtraction, Silhouette Segmentation considering the following parameters: Distance between legs Distance between hand Distance between head and feet

REFERENCES
[1.] H. F. Alan J. Lipton and R. S. Patil, Moving target classification and tracking from real-time video, Proceedings of Fourth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV98).

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
[2.] A.K,A.S ,Amit Kale, Aravind Sundaresan and R. Chellappa, Identification of humans using gait, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 9. [3.] A. K. R.-C. Aravind Sundaresan and R. Chellappa, A hidden markov model based framework for recognition of humans from gait sequences, Proceeding of ICIP. [4.] M. Bober, Mpeg-7 visual shape descriptors, IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 11, no. 6. [5.] H. Z. Changhong Chen, Jimin Liang and H. HU, Gait recognition using hidden markov model, Lecture Notes on Computer Science. [6.] P. S. Huang, Automatic gait recognition via statistical approaches for extended template features, IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part B: Cybernetics, vol. 31, no. 5, October 2001. [7.] L. Lee and W. E. L. Grimson, Gait analysis for recognition and classification, Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition., 2002. [8.] W. H. Liang Wang, Tieniu Tan and H. Ning, Automatic gait recognition based on statistical shape analysis, IEEE Transaction on Image processing, vol. 12, no. 9, September 2003. [9.] Silhouette analysis-based gait recognition for human identification, IEEE Transaction on Image processing, vol. 25, no. 12, December 2003. [10.] D. H. Nikolaos V. Boulgouris and K. N. Plataniotis, Gait recognition: A challenging signal processing technology for biometric identification, IEEE sinal processing magazine, November 2005. [11.] M. Piccardi, Background subtraction techniques: A review, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. [12.] P. W. Power and J. A. Schoonees, Understanding background mixture models for foreground segmentation, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image and Vision Computing. [13.] C. Stauffer and W. E. L. Grimson, Adaptive background mixture models for real-time video tracking, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 82, pp. 246 252.

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