New Horizons in Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences

SOUVENIR
OF 1stINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON NEW HORIZONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
(NHPBMS-2013)
Jointly Organized by:

SHEETAL LIFE SCIENCES (P) LTD., DEHRADUN
AND
SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND BIOTECH.
A BRIEF ABOUT ORGANIZING COMMITTEES Patron in Chief Sh. Durga Prasad Verma, Chairman, SGI, Dehradun (U.K) Patron Sh. Dheerendra Kumar, Chairman, Society of Environment, Health & Biotech. Convener Dr. Kuldeep Arya, Managing Director, SLS, Dehradun (U.K) Chairman of Scientific Conmmitee & Organizing Secretary Dr. Abhishek Mathur, Research Scientist (R&D), SLS, Dehradun (U.K) Joint Organizing Secretaries Mr. Vinay Gupta, Lab Analyst, FICCI Research Laboratory, New Delhi Ms. Sonali Rani, General Manager, SLS, Dehradun (U.K) Ms. Sneha Kelkar, Microbiologist, SLS, Dehradun (U.K) Mr. Pradeep Tiwari, Research Associate, SLS, Dehradun (U.K) Registration Committee Ms. Yogita Bassoya Ms. Jyoti Juyal Mr. Vinay Gupta Editorial Committee Mrs. Monika Sabharwal, Managing Editor, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR) Dr. Abhishek Mathur, Research Scientist, SLS, Dehradun (U.K) Transport Committee Mr. Rahul, Admin., SGI, Dehradun (U.K) Mr. Dinesh Kumar, Asst. Professor, Uttaranchal Dental College, Dehradun (U.K)
Accomodation Committee Mr. Rahul, Admin. Manager, SGI, Dehradun (U.K) Mr. Junaid Alam Mr. Pradeep Tiwari Ms. Jyoti Juyal Ms. Sneha Kelkar Ms. Sonali Rani Food Committee Mr. Vinay Gupta Mr. Pradeep Babu Mr. Yateesh Gupta Reception Committee Ms. Yogita Bassoya Ms. Ruchi Bassoya Inaugration and Cultural Program Committee Mrs. Neelam Bamola Ms. Yogita Bassoya Ms. Manisha Rani Ms. Preeti Singh Anchoring/Stage Committee Ms. Manisha Rawat Ms. Momita Panda Discipline Committee Mr. Keshav Bassoya Mr. Priyesh Ankit Tirkey
Technical Session/Oral/Poster Presentation Committee Dr. Firoz Anwar, Dean, Dept. of Pharmacy, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun Dr. Abhishek Mathur, Research Scientist, SLS, Dehradun (U.K) Mr. Junaid Alam Ms. Sneha Kelkar Ms. Sonali Rani
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD
Prof. G.B.K.S. Prasad, Coordinator and Head, Dept. of Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P), India Prof. Neelam Mishra, Head, Dept. of Chemical Sciences
(Biochemistry), Crescent University, Nigeria. Prof. Meenu Rai, Principal, College of Life Sciences, CHRI, Gwalior (M.P), India. Dr. Jonas Contiero, Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Sauo Paulo University, Brazil. Dr. Kunjupillai Vijayan, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan Dr. S.A. Salgare, Director, Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra, India. Dr. J.K. Saxena, Head, Dept. of Biochemistry, CDRI, Lucknow (U.P), India.
KEY NOTE LECTURE
IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013
ISSN: 0975-8232
(Conference Proceedings are also available online at www.ijpsr.com)
Antiprotozoal and anti-malarial activities of traditional medicinal plants from the Garhwal region of UttarakhandState, India
Virendra K. Dua* *Scientist-G (Director Grade) & Officer Incharge, National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Hardwar-249403, India Email:vkdua51@gmail.com
In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against protozoan parasites, we have
carried out an ethnophamocological study to evaluate extracts from selected 18 traditional medicinal plants which were used by healers from the Garhwal region of North West Himalaya for the treatment of protozoal infections and fever including malaria. In vitro antiprotozoal activity of 72 extracts obtained from different plant parts of eighteen plants using solvent partitioning were evaluated against erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum, trypomastigotes of Trypanosomabruceirhodesiense, intracellular amastigotes ofTrypanosomacruziand amastigotes of Leishmaniadonovani. Cytotoxicity was assessed using rat skeletal myoblasts (L-6 cells). The 4-day test for anti-malarial activity against a chloroquine sensitive Plasmodiumberghei NK65 strain in Swiss albino mice was used for monitoring in vivo activity of plant extracts. Extracts of Andrographispaniculata, Artemisia roxburghiana, Royleacinerea, Leucascephalotes, Nepetahindostana and Viola canescens showed good antiplasmodial activity (IC50 < 5g/ml). The extract HA-2 showed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity with its IC50 value 5.5 g/ml using pLDH assay and ED50 value 18.29 mg/kg in P. berghei infected Swiss albino mice. Similarly petroleum ether extract of V. canescense (VC-1) showed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity with its IC50 value 2.76 g/ml using pLDH assay and ED50 15.8 mg/kg in P. berghei infected mice. The extracts coded as HA-2 at 30 mg/kg and VC-1 at 20 mg/kg exhibited parasite inhibition in mice: 73.2% and 63.0% respectively. Of these two plants, petroleum ether extract of V. canescense was found slightly cytotoxic.In vitro study revealed that compound 1,2-dihydroxy-6,8 dimethoxy-xanthone possessed substantial anti-plasmodial activity against P. falciparum with its IC50 value of 4 g ml-1. In vivo antimalarial sensitivity test of this compound on Swiss Albino mice with P. berghei infection using Peters 4 day test gave substantial reduction (62%) in parasitameia after treating the mice with 30 mg/kg-1 dose. In vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian cells revealed that 1,2-dihydroxy-6,8 dimethoxy-xanthone is non-cytotoxic with its IC50> 32 g ml-1.These results support investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antiprotozoal agents. On the other hand since herbalism has become the main stream throughout the world, investigation demonstrates that these non-polar plant extracts of six of the plants examined in this study could play an important role in herbal formulations for the treatment of vector borne protozoal diseases.
1 International Conference on New Horizons in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, (NHPBMS-2013), in association with International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR).
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INVITED LECTURES
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Diversity of Fungi as Human Pathogen

P.N. Chowdhry*, Suman Gupta and Nidhi Anand *Director, National Center of Fungal Taxonomy, E.G 49, III floor, Inderpuri, Behind IARI, New Delhi-110 012, India Email:pnchowdhry@gmail.com
Fungi live
everywhere - in the air, in water, on land, in soil, and in and on plants and animals. Some fungi are microscopic as well as macroscopic. Microscopic infected people, animals & plants. Human pathogenic fungi cause invasive diseases, pose a serious and growing health problem and are a major cause of death worldwide. They thrive in moist, warm areas, such as locker rooms, tanning beds, swimming pools and in skin folds. It can be spread by sharing sport goods, towels and clothing. However, superficial mycosis is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries including India, where heat and moisture play an important role in promoting of anthropophilic dermatophytes and tends to get worse during summer, with symptoms alleviating during the winter. Such infections are restricted to human and produce a mild, chronic inflammation and are popularly known as ringworm or tinea. Toe-nail or fingernail infections are known as Onychomycosis. Animals such as dogs and cats can also be affected by ringworm and the disease can be transmitted between animals and humans (Zoonotic disease). Dermatophytes usually do not invade living tissues but colonize the outer layer of the skin. Occasionally the organisms do invade subcutaneous tissues resulting in kerion development of ringworm symptoms. Ringworm should not to be confused with Roundworm, Pinworm or Hookworm. These symptoms a number of different species of Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermatophyton are proved most common causative agents. Such fungi attack various parts of the body and lead to Dermatophytosis as Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) effects on the feet; Tinea unguium on the fingernails and toenails; Tinea corporis a the arms, legs and trunk, Tinea cruris (jock itch) groin area; Tinea manuum hands and palm area,Tinea capitis the scalp, Tinea barbae affects facial hair; Tinea faciei (face fungus) the face. The other superficial mycoses (not classic ringworm or dermatophytes) are Tinea versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur; Tinea nigra caused by Hortaea werneckii. The frequency of fungal infection on human body is recorded worldwide to the extent of 76%. Out of which the involvement of Trichophyton rubrum is 27%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes 7%, Trichophyton verrucosum and T. tonsurans 3%. While, infrequently (less than 1%) recorded species are Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum audouinii, M. canis, M. equinum, M. nanum, M. versicolor, Trichophyton equinum, T. kanei, T. raubitschekii and T. violaceum. They are common in most adult people, with up to 20 percent of the population having one of these infections at any given moment.
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Green Chemistry: A New Philosophy to pursue Research in the Field of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
S.K. Sharma* *Professor, Department of Chemistry | JECRC University, Jaipur, India Series Editor, Green Chemistry for Sustainability | Springer, UK E-mail: drsanjay1973@gmail.com
Population explosion and continuous over exploitation of natural resources is the biggest threat to the
sustainability of Environment. Researchers doing research in Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical sciences worldwide are working hard to address this challenge with their findings and the solution is Green Chemistry (GC). GC is more than two decades old philosophy; which is now in the front line of Chemistry related research and publications worldwide. Inventors of 12 principals of Green Chemistry Paul Anstas and John Warner will be always known jointly as fathers of this New way of thinking Chemistry. People are now becoming more and more familiar with this new stream, much interested to know more about it and trying to correlate their researches with GCs principals to make it more sustainable and eco-friendly. Many international organizations including American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry, IUPAC, EPA etc. and publication houses including CRC Taylor & Francis, Springer, Oxford, ACS, RSC, Wiley etc. are working a lot to make it popular, but still there is a lot of scope of working to make it more adopting and preferable way for chemists, biologists and pharmacists, especially in the countries like India, Brazil, China, Japan etc. For the country like India it is the need of the day to take initiatives, grab opportunities and face challenges to promote and popularize Green Chemistry. If you adopt GC in your research methodologies youll get many more exciting results and a great satisfaction to serve the mankind, believe me. Think Green!
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Use of Reverse Vaccinology for Vaccine Development against Group B Streptococcus which causes High Mortality of Neonates
Atul Kumar Johri*, Puja Sharma, Hem Lata, Arun Kumar Kashyap and Meenakshi Dua *Associate Professor, School of Life Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi -110067, India, E-mail: akjohri14@yahoo.com
Streptococcus
agalactiae, or GBS, is animportant opportunistic pathogen which causes pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in neonates and severe diseases in immuno-compromised adults worldwide. To understand the mechanism by which pathogens cause disease, it is necessary to identify the genes that are required for the establishment and maintenance of an infection. As the conventional approaches take up to 20 years to develop a vaccine to combat the infectious diseases. Additionally, most of the vaccines developed in western countries may/may not work in case of Asian and African countries. We are using reverse vaccinology (RV) approach like Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics for vaccine development for Group B Streptococcus to identify universal effective vaccine candidate (Johri et al., 2003, Mikamo et al., 2004, Johri et al., 2006, Johri et al., 2007,Sharma et al., 2012). By using RV we have identified the role of pili proteins in adherence and invasion of the GBS of Indian origin. As the pili proteins were identified previously as vaccine candidatesagainst GBS serotypes of developed countries and we also found their role in the attachment and invasion of GBS of Indian origin thus in turn our work supports the idea of making a more effective pili protein based vaccine which can be used universally. Data related to this will be presented.
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The Light Induced Absorbance changes in Thylakoids and in Intact Leaves of Ipomoea arvensis Due to the Effect of High Light Stress on Antenna Bed
Uma Bhardwaj*, R. Bhardwaj and Vikas Shrivastva *Professor, Department of Biotechnology and Sr. Director, Arni University, Indora H.P., India -176401 E-mail: uma@arni.in
It was assumed that the leaf has energy dessipation pathway and repair mechanism while the thylakoids
lack the repair mechanism. Therefore, in order to understand the effect of high light stress on antenna bed of Ipomoea plant, the light-induced absorbance changes in thylakoids and in intact Ipomoea leaves were characterized at 678 nm in the red region and at 437nm in the blue region. Absorption characteristics of both control and photo-inhibited (after exposure to high PFD 2200 Wm-2) thylakoids and intact leaf of Ipomoea were determined. Thus the sensitivity of the leaf to high light stress in relation to bleaching of pigments should be much less than that of thylakoids. Our results supports the conclusion that the xanthophyll cycle has a central role in regulating the energy flow to the PS II reaction centers and also provide direct evidence that zeaxanthin protects against photo inhibitory injury to the photosynthetic system.Fluorescence kinetics were monitored, after the leaves of Ipomoea were exposed to high PFD for increasing duration, using fast fluorescence transients as the tool to assess photosynthesis and the changes in Fv/Fm. In intact leaves of Ipomoea, diurnal variation in leaf photosynthesis were characterized in order to understand the down regulation of photosynthesis under extreme environment, in particular high light stress coupled to high temperature.
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Present Scenario on Cancer Diagnosis and its Treatment in India

R.K. Jain* *Associate Professor and Head, Department of Biotechnology Anand Engineering College, Agra (U.P), India. E-mail: rkjbiotech@gmail.com
Despite
manifold advances in cancer care during recent time every year, at least 200,000 people die worldwide from cancer. Cancer is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or blood stream. Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including the presence of certain signs & symptoms and screening tests. Once a possible cancer is detected it is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a tissue sample. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. The chances of surviving the disease vary greatly by the type and location of the cancer and the extent of disease at the start of treatment. Cancer pathogenesis is traceable back to DNA mutations that impact cell growth and metastasis. The improved understanding of molecular biology and cellular biology due to cancer research has led to a number of new, effective treatments for cancer. As cancer diagnosis and management moves into the 21st century, cancer has become the paradigm disease of the molecular era, with a burgeoning body of research into aspects of cell biology amenable to earlier molecular diagnosis and efficacious treatment. Newer cancer therapeutic approaches leads to the identification of numerous specific molecular targets for drug therapy and their role in the cell signalling pathways that regulate tumor cell growth, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels from already existing ones), and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Very recently cancer research is focused on the Development of newer drug delivery systems like nanoparticle drug delivery and liposomal drugs, the optimal dose of drugs can now be delivered without any increase in toxicity.Cancer research is the intense scientific effort to understand disease processes and discover possible therapies including the precise nature of the genetic damage, and the genes which are affected by it.
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Gender Bias Role of AT2R in Weight Gain

Mohammad Azhar Khan* and Tahir Hussain *Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX-77204, *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849 USA. E-mail: mak0026@auburn.edu
Obesity is a major disease condition, in turn leading to pathological changes collectively recognized as
metabolic syndrome. Recently angiotensin AT2R has been associated negatively with body weight (BW) gain in male mice. However, the gender differences in AT2R and BW changes have not been studied. To understand the gender based role of AT2R involving BW changes, we fed male and female wild type (WT) and AT2R knock out (AT2KO)mice with C57BL6 background with high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. The male AT2KO had higher HFD calorie intake (WT: 1280 80; AT2KO:1680 80kcal) but gained less BW compared with the WT (WT: 13; AT2KO: 6 g). Contrary to the male animals, the female AT2KO mice with equivalent caloric intake (WT:1424 48; AT2KO:1456 80kcal)gainedsignificantly more BW than the WT mice (WT: 9 g; AT2KO: 15 g). The male AT2KO on HFD displayed lower plasma insulin level, less impaired glucose tolerance (GT), and higher plasma T3 compared with WT males on HFD; whereas the female AT2KO mice on HFD showed elevated levels of plasma insulin, more impaired GT, lower plasma T3 and higher free fatty acid and hepatic triglycerides compared with WT females on HFD. Interestingly, compared with WT, AT2KO female mice had significantly lower estrogen, which was further reduced by HFD. These results suggest that AT2R in female mice via potentially regulating estrogen may have protective role against BW gain and impaired glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism.
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Synergy in Relation to Herbal and Conventional Medicines

Shashi Alok* *Asst. Professor, Institute of Pharmacy Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India E-mail: shashialok83@gmail.com
As the direct result of advances in electronics, computer science, metallurgy, engineering, chemistry, and
physics, conventional medicine has grown as fast in this century as the basic medical sciences did in the last. Other terms for conventional medicine include allopathy and allopathic medicine; western medicine, mainstream medicine, orthodox medicine, regular medicine; and biomedicine.While many conventional drugs or their precursor are derived from plant, there is a fundamental difference between administering a pure chemical and the same chemical in plant matrix. For example Ascorbic acid in a citrus extract is more bioavailable then ascorbic acid alone. This is basically due to synergy. Synergy is an important concept in the context of chemical complexity. Synergy broadly means working together and occurs when the combined action of constituent is greater than would be expected from a consideration of individuals contribution. A well-known example of synergy is exploited in the use of insecticidal pyrethrins. A synergist known as piperonyl butoxide which has little insecticidal activity of its own, interfaces with the insect ability to break down the pyrethrins thereby, substantially increasing their toxicity. In other words components of plant which are not active themselves can act to improve the stability, solubility bioavailability or half-life of the active compound. Chemical complexity leading to enhanced solubility or bioavailability of key component has been an important topic of a number of studies. Good example of it is Trikatu. Trikatu is a mixture of black pepper, Piper nigrum; long pepper, Piper longum and ginger, Zingiber officinalis. The reason for the inclusion involves enhancement of bioavailability not only by trikatu but especially by the alkaloids piperine from black pepper. Piperine has been shown in both humans and animals to increase blood level of herbal drugs. The bioavailability enhancement probably result from the fact that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. Because of synergy, herbalists prefer to use plants in their entirely. Whereas, conventional medicine tries to separate the plants chemically active parts. It is believe that the combination of each and every part of a plant forms its healing properties. Also, each part of a plant has specific roles within the body, outside the active ingredient itself. In using the whole plant, the combination of its elements works to prevent harmful side effects. Lot of evidence are there to show that synergism does occur in extract and mixture and that we should continue to use whole extract rather than a single chemical entity is responsible which should be extracted and used alone.
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Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants of Garhwal Region

Geeta Joshi nee Pant* *Professor, Dept. of Chemistry HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246 174, Uttarakhand, India E-mail: geeta.joshi4@gmail.com
Plants
are vast laboratories capable of producing various simple to complex molecules called as
secondary metabolites. These chemicals have been found to have varied functions. Many such compounds protect plants themselves from diseases and also serve the humanity. In the presentation phytochemical investigation of some plants carried by us by us over the years will be presented.
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Advancement in Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancement Formulations

Bharat Parashar* *Associate Professor, Dept. of Pharmacy Manav Bharti University, Solan (H.P), India
E-mail: bharat.research@gmail.com
Poorly
permeable drugs remain a significant formulation challenge for achieving therapeutically
effective Oral Drug Delivery.Gastrointestinal Permeations Enhancement Technology [GPET] is a technology that addresses the challenge by safely delivering drugs across the small intestine in therapeutically relevant concentrations. This monograph provides an evaluation of GIPET, with particular emphasis on the use of a simple, inexpensive, preclinical feasibility model to advance formulations into clinical testing.
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Patents and the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Rahul Taneja* *Project Officer, Intellectual Property Facilitation Centre for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Haryana State Council for Science & Technology, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Haryana, Panchkula (Haryana), India. Email: rahulipr@hotmail.com
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a successful, high-technology-based industry that has witnessed
consistent growth over the past three decades. The current industry players comprise several privately owned Indian companies that have captured a substantial share in the domestic pharmaceutical market due to factors such as favorable government policies and limited competition from overseas. The establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has led to a tremendous paradigm shift in world trade. The agreement on Trade-Related (Aspects of) Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was negotiated during the Uruguay round trade negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and one of the primary reasons for incorporating intellectual property issues into the GATT framework was the pharmaceutical industry. Invention related to processes or products are eligible for grant of a patent. It is observed that the patent applications related to biotechnology are below 10 percent as compared to Drug & Chemical patents. Product patent regime withnational treatment is a great challenge to Indian pharmaceuticalindustry to identify leads for innovation and for a grant of a patent.Studies reveal that the number of applications and grant of patentsare gradually increasing. Filing of patent applications is an outcomeof innovation efforts which need to be followed up with necessaryforecast strategies involving creativity, money and time. As awhole, the number of pharmaceutical industries filing for patentshas to increase drastically in coming years from India.
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Natural Products and Molecules: Boon to Mankind!

Abhishek Mathur* *Research Scientist (R&D), Sheetal Life Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India E-mail: abhishekmthr@gmail.com
Natural products and molecules play a very important and pivotal role in our daily life. In basic need of
life, we used plants and organisms for procuring natural products and biomolecules for human welfare. In todays era where there all traditional medicines and antibiotics are getting failed due to the resistance acquirance by severe dreadful pathogens, there is a need to explore some natural products and molecules which are not having stressful concern in past years. Nowadays, there are several epidemics which get spread without the known cause and cure. Thus there is a need to screen some natural products and molecules for their biological and pharmacological activities. My investigation and researches are focused on the screening of some natural products and molecules for pharmacological activities viz. antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic activities. Some of these molecules and products are also found to have plant growth enhancing activities. Some amongst these are having multipharmacological and industrial useful activities. Our target/approach of study should be to isolate/screen such components which are required at urgent basis in todays time. The study should be focused on search of novel molecules, products and enzymes which can have pharmacological aspects and can aid in industrial significance. Remember.Yet there is a need to explore Naturals!
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ORAL PRESENTATIONS
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(Conference Proceedings are also available online at www.ijpsr.com) NHPBMS/ORAL/ROLLNO. / 01
Effect of gamma irradiation and blue light on survivability of CA MRSA using C. elegans as host model
Anup Kainthola1*, Suman Joshi and A.B.Bhatt Microbiology Laboratory, Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal. Uttarakhand-246174, India
To study the pathogenesis and virulence of community acquired MRSA, C. elegans has been developed as an excellent host model. In this study we have investigated the effect of gamma irradiation and exposure to blue light on the survivability pattern of CA MRSA using colonization strain M92 as the control strain. Duplicate sets of C. elegans were feeded on E. coli OP50 strain and infected by CA MRSA on L1 stage of their life. Application of gamma irradiation was done separately on each set with increasing intensity of radiation dose of 28 KGy/hr from 10 Gy to 200 Gy using gamma chamber for different time intervals (30 sec, 1 min, 1.49 min, 2.00 min). Blue light (from 400nm to 500nm) exposure was applied to C. elegans at varying time intervals (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutes) and lux.Although all the nematode survived to more than 15 days and hence, no nematocidal activity was seen by CA MRSA. The survivability of CA MRSA under 470 nm blue light for 1 hour was markedly low to 81 cfu/ml in comparison to 212 cfu/ml in gamma radiation at any grey intensity. Intensity of lux however was negligible in effecting C. elegans or CA MRSA. Survivability was estimated by maximum density growth curve patterns. Our findings thus show that blue light exposure is lethal to CA MRSA and can be used for treatment purpose. C. elegans can be used as model system to study the pathogenesis and host pathogen interactions.
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(Conference Proceedings are also available online at www.ijpsr.com) NHPBMS/ORAL/ROLL NO. / 02
Wild mushrooms and their traditional usage pattern in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Sanjeev Kumar* and Y.P.Sharma Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K- 180006, India Mushrooms are characterized by having an apparent reproductive structure, also called the fruiting body, carpophore, and sporocarp and sometimes in Ascomycetes, the ascoma or ascocarp while basidiome or basidiocarp in Basidiomycetes. Diversity of these natural resources with respect to shape, texture, colour, smell, taste, odour and ecological preferences is extremely complicated which makes their identification intricate. With the realization of implications of wild mushrooms, a large number of researchers engaged themselves in the survey, distribution and myco-ecological aspects of this natural resource wealth belonging to this group from different parts of the world. The edible mushrooms have attracted consumers due to their flavour palatability and nutritive value. The use of edible mushrooms for human consumption is probably as old as man himself. Wild edible mushrooms have been collected and consumed by people since thousands of years. The rate of consumption of edible mushrooms in many countries has increased in recent years and hence it becomes imperative to explore the treasure of these mushrooms. Some efforts undertaken in this regard on Jammu and Kashmir wild mushrooms have been discussed in the present communication. Brief macro and microscopic details, habitat description, edibility status and consumption modes have been incorporated in the communication.
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Anticarcinogenic Potential of Withania coagulans fruit against Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss albino Mice
Deepika Mathur* and R.C Agrawal Dept. of Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal (M.P), India Withania coagulans belongs to family Solanaceae and its beries are commonly known to be as good vegetable rennet. It has been reported to have withanolides which are known to be as a group of steroidal lactones found among members of Solanaceae. Withanolides are reported to have antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immune-suppressive, cyto-toxicity and antiulcer activities. In the present study, the anticarcinogenic activity of Withania coagulans of aqueous and methanolic fruit extracts was investigated on DMBA induced skin papillomagenesis. Single topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) of 100g/100l acetone, was given and one week later promoted by repeated application of Croton oil (1% in acetone/twice in a week ) till the end of experiment (16 weeks) in Swiss albino mice. Single topical application of Methanolic and Aqueous extract of Withania coagulans at the dose 1000mg/kg body weight along with DMBA+ Croton oil was found effective in decreasing cumulative no. of papillomas, tumor yield, tumor incidence and tumor burden as compared to the Control group i.e. DMBA and Croton oil. Histopathological studies also showed positive results of the Withania coagulans extracts against DMBA as promoter and Croton oil as stimulator of causing papillomagenesis. Histological sections in all the groups show marked papillomatosis, hypergranulosis and hyperkeratosis with papillary projections but in the control group papilloma consisted of fibro-vascular core with lump of epithelia showing mild dysplasia, the signs of malignancy were prominent showing Keratinous pearl and full thick dysplasia containing fibro-
significant (p<0.05) in comparison to control group.
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vascular core with lining epithelia. The tumor incidence in methanolic extract group are found statistically
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Screening of Bacillus speciesassociated with wheat rhizosphere for plant growth promoting traits
Adesh Kumar* and Daya Nand Harit** *Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, 224 229, U.P., India **Department of Zoology, Government Champhai college, Mizoram, 96 321 India. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to influence plant growth by various direct or indirect mechanisms. In search of promising PGPR strains with multiple activities, a total of 18 isolates belonging to Bacillus spp. were isolated from different wheat rhizospheric soils collected from some districts of Uttar Pradesh. These test isolates were biochemically characterized and screened for their plant growth promoting traits like production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), ammonia production, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, salt tolerance and antibiotic sensitivity test activity. On the basis of multiple plant growth promoting activities among eighteen isolates evaluated for their quantitative IAA production, the isolates ADN-2 and ADN-3 were produced IAA in highest amount (80 mg/l). Out of eighteen, eleven isolates produced ammonia, nine produced siderophore, while four isolates solubilized phosphate on the pikovskayas agar medium, and three isolates showed tolerance against 8% NaCl concentration. This study has pointed out that some isolates may be applied as bio-inoculants according to observed supporting characters as plant growth promoter rhizobacteria.
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Drug and nutrient consideration in the biochemical changes of Haemodialysis patients

Girija K1* and R.Radha2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 2Asst Professor, Department of Food Service Management and Dietetics, Avinashilingam Institute of Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Malnutrition is more prevalent in haemodialysis population due to dietary restrictions, decreased food intake, frequent hospitalization, metabolic acidosis, abnormal biochemical changes and haemodialysis procedure itself. Drugs plays the major role in reducing the risk of complications associated with excess solute overload such as hyperkalemia, hyperphosphotemia, hyper parathyroidism metabolic acidosis, etc. These patients are under severe pill burden which in turn decreases their quality of life and drug related malnutrition. In this study, 90 patients who are undergoing haemodialysis for the period of two years were selected. Their biochemical parameters such as serum urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, bicarbonate and serum albumin levels were analysed. Clinical evaluation of symptoms such as edema, nausea, vomiting, headache, skin changes, hair loss were recorded to find any symptoms that were caused by nutrient deficiencies. Dietary assessments were done to reveal the nutrient intake. In this study In this study, around 39% of the subjects where well nourished, 53% were mild-moderately malnourished and 8% were severely malnourished. From the clinical evaluation it was found that 45% of the haemodialysis subjects had dry skin, 26% of the haemodialysis subjects suffered from nausea and 44% of the subjects had hair loss. In spite of their decreased dietary intake, micronutrient deficiencies may also occur from drug and nutrient interactions. Role of physician, pharmacist and nutritionist has the major impact in maintaining the health of haemodialysis patients. This study helps to identify the drug-nutrient interactions in haemodialysis patients and paves the way to identify the route to decrease drug related abnormalities and educate the patients the correct mode of drug intake.
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Characterization of newly isolated Stress tolerant Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacillus cereus strain RNE17 from various parts of automobile engines
Debajit Borah* and R.N.S. Yadav Centre for Studies in Biotechnology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam,India The aim of the current study is to isolate potential stress tolerant hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms from various parts of automobile engines considering as an arid source. Hydrocarbon degrading microbes were isolated by inoculating and subsequently culturing the samples on Bushnell and Haas (BM) media supplemented with used engine oil as a sole carbon source. A total number of 71 bacterial isolates were obtained by culturing 25 hydrocarbon extracts taken from various parts of automobile engines. The best potential isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus strain RNE17 on the basis of 16s rDNA sequencing and biochemical characteristics. The isolate was found to be degrading 67%, 72%, 57%, 42% of diesel, kerosene, crude oil and used engine oil respectively after 28 days of incubation. The strain was found to be tolerating up to 7% of salinity, 37% glucose concentration and 52% of relative humidity. The thermal death point (TDP) of the isolate was found to be 86oC.
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An Evaluation of anticonvulsant and sedative activity of ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris leaves
Harikesh Maurya*, Garima Kandpal, Gaurav Gupta, Deepak Tiwari, Firoz Anwar Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, IT Park, Sahastradhara Road, Dehradun Alstonia Scholaris, leaves are used to evaluate the anticonvulsant and sedative activity on the basis of its traditional and folklore uses in epilepsy and also depends on its chemical constituents like alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and flavonoids which show the CNS activity. On the basis of these properties, the study was design to evaluate the anticonvulsant and sedative activity of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris.MES induced convulsion and Isoniazid induced convulsion.Locomotor activity of mice using Actophotometer and Pentobarbitone induced sleeping time in micewere performed.The extract is effective in Isoniazid and Maximal Electroshock induced model. 400 mg/kg dose of EEAS shows the maximum protection of epilepsy induced by the MES and chemical convulsant as compared to low dose (200 mg/kg) of Alstonia scholaris. EEAS also possess the sedative activity when tested in Pentobarbitone induced sleeping model and also decrease the locomotor activity in mice. The 400 mg/kg extract potentiate the effect of Pentobarbitone.From this study it was concluded that the ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris possess antiepileptic and sedative activity. These effects may be due to alteration in chloride channel of neurons associated with sleep activity.
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Taxonomic and Molecular Identification of Verpa bohemica: Newly Explored Fungi from Rajouri Dist. of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K)
Nidhi Anand*1, 2 and P.N. Chowdhry1
1
National Centre of Fungal Taxonomy (NCFT), New Delhi, India

2
Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India
A new and rare species of mushroom,Verpa bohemicawas collected from lower Shivalik range of moist temperate Conifer forest of Rajouri and identified on the basis of morphological and molecular characterization. Universal fungus primers (ITS1 and ITS4) were used in amplification process of target region of rDNA (ITS1 5.8S I). Bioinformatics approach was followed for its molecular identification. Its rDNA sequence, when aligned in GenBank by performing BLAST, matches 100% with Verpa bohemica. The rDNA sequence of this species forms a distinct clade from the rest of species of the same genus. This species is being reported first time from Rajouri Dist. of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), India.
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Genetic Manipulation of Hevein Gene in Tomato Plant through Agrobacterium tumifeciens mediated Transformation
Pradeep Tiwari* Department Of Biotechnology,Uttaranchal College of Technology & Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun (U.K) -248001
The plants, in which a functional foreign gene has been incorporated by any biotechnological methods that generally not present in plant, are called transgenic plants.The transferred gene is known as transgene and expression of a foreign gene into the genome is referred as genetic transformation. The main aim of this project was to insert a hevein gene in to the tomato plant, so that tomato plant can gain antifungal activity. Hevein is considered a lectin because it has carbohydrate-binding activity. Accordingly, all plant proteins possessing at least one Hevein domain are classified in the super family of chitin-binding lectins.The antifungal activity of hevein-like proteins has been associated with their chitin-binding activities. Pn-AMP1 and Pn-AMP2, two hevein homologues from Pharbitis nil, show in vitro antifungal activities against both chitin and non-chitin containing fungi. Purified Pn-AMPs retained antifungal activities only under nonreducing conditions. When Pn-AMP2cDNA was constitutively expressed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants under the control of CaMV35S promoter, the transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance against both the non-chitinous fungus Phytophthoracapsici, and the chitin-containing fungus Fusariumoxysporum. Thus, the chitin component in the fungal cell wall is not an absolute requirement for Pn-AMP's antifungal activities. These results when considered together suggest that Pn-AMPs have the potential for developing transgenic plants resistant to a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi.Plants are under constant invasion by pathogens which causes a reduction in yield, quality and growth rate. So we have dealt
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fungal resistance Hevein gene incorporated into them. Thereby, a tomato plant gained antifungal activity
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with some aspect of recombinant DNA technique to arrive at genetically engineered tomato plant with
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Synergistic effect of Green Tea Catechins and Antibiotics against Resistant Microbial pathogens
Jigisha Anand* *Graphic Era University, Dehradun (U.K), India Green tea in its purest and most unadulterated form has always influenced human health from generations and with recurrent scientific evidences coming from the global research, people are becoming aware of its health benefits. The benefits of green tea are attributed to its huge collection of polyphenols among which catechins makes the major contribution towards its magical potentials. The multiple potentials includes removal of free radicals, skin protection, prevention of cancer, cardio-vascular health, kidney disorders, curing of neurogenerative disorders, diarrhoea, fatigue and many more. Green tea catechins have potent antimicrobial activity, inhibiting growth of bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens.The synergistic association of green tea catechins with antibiotics and drugs is currently a major breakthrough in response to increasing multiple drug resistance among the harmful pathogenic micro-organisms which are continuously hampering the prevention and treatment of many curable diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to check the efficacy, safety and translational guidelines for a green tea to be used safe, effective combinational drug. The objective of this research work is to study combinational effect of green tea catechins and antimycotic as well as antibacterial antibiotics against fungal and bacterial pathogens respectively. Combined treatment with antibiotics and catechins allows the use of low doses of antibiotics and prevents increasing the antibiotics resistance among the pathogens. It assumed that the combinational application may help to overcome the resistance and side effects of antibiotics.
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In vitro propagation of Bacopa monnieri

Garima Shrivastava*, Ruchika Khorwal Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India The present study deals with the use of an ideal protocol for rapid and large scale in vitro micro propagation of Bacopa monnieri. Nodal explants from fields were collected and properly sterilized. Nodal explants were collected from the field of plant tissue culture discipline, Botany Division, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun and were inoculated on MS-media supplemented with different cytokinin and auxin combinations viz. BAP, KIN and NAA. Gradually these plants were subcultured with different combinations of BAP on MS medium. Consequently, the subcultured shoots were rooted and successfully established in the field after in vitro hardening in different combinations of soil, sand and fertilizers to find best combinations for best growth of the plant through biomass estimations.
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In vitro propagation of Capparis decidua

Garima Shrivastava*, Ruchika Khorwal Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Tissue culture technique has become popular as an alternating means for mass propagation and improvement of plant species. In vitro techniques of micro propagation have the following distinct advantages over conventional methods of vegetative propagation: small space requirement, high multiplication rate, freedom from seasonal dependence, controlled culture conditions, freedom from microbes, etc.The present work was undertaken in order to learn the tissue culture techniques for microprapagation of Ker i.e. Capparis decidua, which is the most capable technology for mass multiplication of plant species.Capparis decidua is widely spreading, densely branched, glabrous shrub or occasionally a small tree of 5m in height. It grows abundantly in dry and arid regions, thus, tolerant to prolonged drought due to its excellent adaptation to arid conditions. The purpose of the present study was to obtain mass multiplication of desirable and selected characteristics of this species which were at risk due to open pollination and hence difficulty in maintenance.Capparis decidua was successfully Micropropagated using axillary bud proliferation method. The composition of culture medium is an important factor in the successful establishment of tissue culture. In the present study MS medium was prepared. To it additives were also added for their specialized functions in appropriated concentration- adenine sulphate, ascorbic acid, citric acid and L-arginine.The surface sterilization procedure was optimized. It was observed that the lower concentration and duration of exposure of the sterilizing agent (HgCl2) causes less effective sterilizing condition because of not eliminating all microbes, whereas, the high concentration and longer exposure results in death of the explants Out of the different concentrations and time durations followed 0.1% HgCl2 for time duration of 5 minutes proved to be the most suitable for nodal explant and gave maximum aseptic bud break. Plant growth regulators are the most important factor in the clonal propagation of plant species. BAP is the most effective cytokinin for stimulating axillary shoot proliferation. BAP and Kinetin are commonly used cytokinin for establishment and multiplication of a wide range of plant species. Bud breaking occurred on MS media supplemented individually with 4 mg/l BAP , 2 mg/l Kinetin , 4 mg/l BAP +0.1 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l Kinetin + 0.1 mg/l NAA within 4-5 weeks of inoculation. Less number of shoots was produced on the lower concentration of BAP (2mg/l) while numerous dwarf shoots were produced on the higher concentrations of BAP. Lesser number of shoots was observed on Kinetin 2 mg/l as compared to BAP. But the MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/l BAP +0.1 mg/l NAA gave maximum response percentage. In Capparis decidua 5-6 fold shoot multiplication was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA. Experiments were also conducted for ex vitro micro propagation of Capparis decidua using cutting. Paraffin wax treatment helped in reducing the transpiration rate.Cuttings were dipped in various ppm IBA solutions out of which 1000 ppm. IBA solution gave the maximum response. Due to excessive aeration the overall response obtained was low.
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Prevalence of Hypertension among Rural Population of Doiwala Block, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
Pooja*, Yashoda Mittal *Dept. of Zoology, Govt. P.G.College Rishikesh, Dist. Dehradun- 249201, Uttarakhand, India K.L.D.A.V.P.G.College Roorkee, Dist. Haridwar Pin: 247667, Uttarakhand, India Hypertension is a major health problem in developed as well as in developing countries.The prevalence pattern of hypertension in developing countries is different from that in the developed countries. The increasing epidemic of hypertension in India was documented by studies done at various places across the country. Various studies estimated a prevalence rate of hypertension among urban population ranging from 1.24% in 1949 to 36.4% in 2003 and for rural people from 1.99% in 1958 to 21.2 % in 1994. Uttarakhand is a newly formed and one of the hilly states of the India with more than 70% rural population. Since very scanty reports are available on prevalence of hypertension from Uttarakhand so this community based cross sectional study was conducted to know about the prevalence of hypertension in rural population of an area of Uttarakhand. Gumaniwala, a village near Rishikesh was the place of survey. A total of 340 peoples aged 30 years and above were selected through simple random sampling method for the study. All the subjects underwent an interview through a pretested questionnaire and clinical examination. Blood pressure of all the study subjects was measured using standardized technique. All the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0. The prevalence of hypertension was presented as percentage. The association between categorical variables and hypertension were tested using Chi square test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was 33.2% and 40.6% respectively. The prevalence of hypertension among females is higher (34.2%) than in males (32.4%). Among all studied variables age, smoking and Body mass index (BMI) were significantly related with hypertension (p<0.05). Since prevalence of hypertension is associated with socio-demographic factors hence the identification of the variables influencing hypertensionis an important aspect for taking appropriate preventive measures to stop increase in the incidence of hypertension.
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Alterations in Hematocellular Components of Wistar rats due to aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia
Ajaz Ahmad*, Kusum Singh*, Gulzar Ahmad*, Vinita Ahirwar* and Shashi Patil** *Department of Zoology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi, (U.P), India ** Department of Life Science and Technology Boston College for Professional Studies Gwalior (M.P), India The use of plants as medicines goes back to early man. From the beginning of human existence, people have been searching for plants useful in prevention and treatment of various diseases. Medicinal plants being as an important natural resource and potentially safe drugs can play an important role in assuaging human health by contributing herbal medicines. The present study is therefore designed to investigate the alterations in Haematocellular indices i.e. Red blood cell count (RBC), White blood cell count (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Colour index (CI) due to aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia at a dose level of 300mg/kg b.wt in normal rats of Wistar strain. The study was carried out by single and daily administration of dose for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The results revealed that the RBC and WBC count as well as MCV, MCH, MCHC and CI were significantly altered due to chronic administration of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifoliaat later durations of the dose.
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Combination therapy in diabetes (Synthetic and herbal medicine): A novel approach

Muhammad Afzal, Imran Kazmi*, Ruqaiyah Khan, Rajbala Singh, Firoz Anwar Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India Investigated the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Momordica charantiawith Glipizide in high fat fed and STZ induced type-2 diabetes.A single dose of (35 mg/kg) was administered to the animals for the induction of diabetes with 58% high fat diet. Aqueous extract of Momordica charantia(250 mg/kg)was administered orally alone and in different combinations with glipizide. Blood glucose, insulin, haemoglobin, total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL), body weight, urine volume etc were measured. The elevated blood glucose and decreased insulin and haemoglobin levels in diabetic rats were better controlled in 50% Momordica charantia and 50% Glipizide. The results were statistically significant (p<0.001).It can be concluded that combination of Momordica charantia along with Glipizide may be used as a potential drug combination for reducing the dose and adverse effects associated with the utilization of synthetic drug (Glipizide).
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Species Composition of Cynobacteria from Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India

Anjali Khare* and Mukesh Kumar *Dept. of Botany, Advance Institute of Science and Technology, Dehradun (U.K), India Dept. of Botany, Sahu Jain PG College, Bijnor (U.P), India Biodiversity is the variety of worlds organisms. It is the scientific terminology for the natural biological wealth that influences human life and well-being. Cyanobacteria are cosmopolitan and possess a high potential of adaptation to diverse environmental factors. Of the 20 million estimated species of the world, only 8.5% (i.e. 1.7 million) have been identified and others are yet to be identified. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that inhabit all kinds of possible biomes. They show diversity in their cellular organization as well as in their habitats. Different species of Cyanobacteria are known to suppress weed growth, reduce the loss of applied chemical nitrogen fertilizer, can be used as an animal feed, human food, a medicine and water purifiers. Not only this, Cyanobacteria can also be used for the production of biofuels. Therefore, the screening of the cyanobacterial species may be helpful to utilize their potential in different areas specially in biofuel production.During the span of the present investigation, the cyanobacterial samples have been collected from various habitats in different seasons of the year i.e. winter, summer and rainy. Cyanobacteria growing on stone, soil, bark of trees, walls of buildings, ponds etc. were collected from different localities and preserved in suitable medium for taxonomic studies. The microslides were prepared for microscopic observations from fixed as well as fresh cyanobacterial samples. Camera-lucida drawings have been sketched and analyzed for the identification of various genera upto species level. The identifications have been made on the basis of morphological observations and taxonomic enumeration put in the pertinent literature documented in the research area. The present communication deals with the diversity of 60 cyanobacterial species belonging to 19 genera, 06 families and 03 orders growing in various ecological conditions of the area.
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Association of Leptin receptor (LEPR) gene polymorphism Glu223Arg with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus- A case control study
Masqooba Murtza*, Dil Afroze *Sai Institute of Paramedical and Allied Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India Associate professor, dept. of immunology& molecular medicines, SKIMS, Soura, Kashmir (J&K), India Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by widespread inflammation with possible involvement of any organ and system. There is a high incidence of the disease and poor prognosis, and it is incurable until now. SLE is predominantly a disease of women. Leptin plays an essential role in the regulation of body weight, neuro-endocrine function, reproduction, and the immune response. Leptin is assumed to promote inflammation and immunity and is presumed to influence the development of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disease in humans by destroying the balance of T lymphocytes. Leptin functions by binding to its cognate Leptin receptor (LEPR). We screened the Q223R (AG) polymorphism of Leptin receptor (LEPR) gene in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients and healthy controls belonging to ethnic Kashmiri population. The Q223R alleles and genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). An association of LEPR gene polymorphism Q223R with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus was observed. The genotypes of Q223R polymorphism were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (2= 2.07, P=NS). Homozygous wild allele (AA) was present in 31% of controls and 18% of cases. 58% of cases and 52% of controls carried the heterozygous (AG) genotype respectively. The homozygous variant (GG) genotype was present in 24% of cases and 17% of controls respectively. AG genotype did not differ statistically among cases and controls with respect to the wild AA reference allele (P= 0.06) where as a significant association was observed in GG genotype (P=0.03). Frequency of A allele was observed to be 0.57 and 0.47 in controls and cases respectively and G allele frequency was 0.43 in controls and 0.53 in cases respectively. This elucidates a protective effect conferred by the wild allele. This correlation indicates the positive association between the carriers of variant genotype (GG) and SLE. Subjects with GG genotype had an early onset of disease than AG and AA genotypes.A significant association was observed in arthritis (P=0.0003), alopecia, (P=0.04) lymphadenopathy, cardiac disorder (P=0.02) and haemolytic anaemia (P=0.03). These findings suggest that the variant genotypes of Q223R polymorphism in LEPR gene play a role in the predisposition, severity and progression of SLE in ethnic Kashmiri population.
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Rhizoremediation of Hindon River wastewater using Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms.

Tiwari Sukirti*, Kumar Ajay, Malik Danish, Singh Neetu, Joshi Pallavi, Pandey Neetu Department of Biotechnology, Mewar Institute of Management, Ghaziabad, U.P-201012 The main sources of pollution in the Hindon River include the municipal waste of the Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar and Ghaziabad district. In view of the above problem the present investigation wascarried out to study the periodical wastewater treatment efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes growing in wastewater under different dilutions. Wastewater was analysed for different physiochemical properties. All the parameters shows significant reduction ranges maximum in one time dilution i.e. 30-70% except pH and DO. Our pilot study finally explored the wide possibilities of developing wastewater culture medium using different dilutions from natural wastewater source in order to enhance maximum phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth.
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High Resolution Genome Sequencing of Influenza A Viruses to Detect Mixed Infections and Quasispecies
M. A. Ramakrishnan1*, Sushmita Singh3, Zheng Jin Tu4, Ashok K Chockalingam1, Sagar Goyal1, David Halvorson and Srinand Sreevatsan1,2 *Department of Veterinary Population Medicine1, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences2, Biomedical Genomics Center3, Minnesota Supercomputer Institute4, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, India We evaluated quasispecies and mixed infections by de novo sequencing the whole genomes of 10 virus isolates, including eight avian influenza viruses grown in embryonated chicken eggs (six waterfowl isolates five H3N2 and one H4N6; an H7N3 turkey isolate; and a bald eagle isolate with H1N1/H2N1 mixed infection), and two tissue cultured H3N2 swine influenza viruses. Two waterfowl cloacal swabs were included in the analysis. Full-length sequences of all segments were obtained with 20 to 787-X coverage for the ten viruses and one cloacal swab. The second cloacal swab yielded 15 influenza reads of ~230 bases, sufficient for bioinformatic inference of mixed infections or quasispecies. Genomic subpopulations or quasispecies of viruses were identified in four egg grown avian influenza isolates and one cell cultured swine virus. A bald eagle isolate and the second cloacal swab showed evidence of mixed infections with two (H1 and H2) and three (H1, H3, and H4) HA subtypes, respectively. Multiple sequence differences were identified between cloacal swab and the virus recovered using embryonated chicken eggs
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An Alternative Method toCalculate 50% Endpoint Dilution

M. A. Ramakrishnan* Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India The two commonly used methods for calculating 50% endpoint dilution are Spearman Karber (Krber, 1931; Spearman, 1908) and Reed and Muench (Reed and Muench, 1938). The advantages and disadvantages of the above methods were thoroughly discussed elsewhere (Armitage and Allen, 1950; Finney, 1978; Lorenz and Bgel, 1973). To understand and use theses formulas moderate statistical/mathematical skill is necessary. In this presentation, a simple and nonstatistical method that yet yields identical result that of Spearman-Karber methods is proposed for calculating 50% endpoint dilution.
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Seeds Germination and Seedling Analysis of Picorhiza kurroaRoyle Ex. Benth in Genwala and Bagori (Harsil) Dist. of Uttarkashi
M.P.S. Parmar1*, Lokendra Singh Negi2and Shanti Ramola 3 *Department of Botany R. C. U. Govt. P. G. College, Uttarkashi- 249 193 (Uttarakhand), India Sankalp Samajik Sanstha Genwala Barsali Uttarkashi, India Picrorhiza kurroa is a well-known herb in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and has traditionally been used to treat disorders of the liver and upper respiratory tract, reduce fevers, and to treat dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, and scorpion sting. It is a small perennial herb from the Scrophulariaceae family, found in the Himalayan region growing at elevations of 3,000-5,000 meters. Picrorhiza kurroa has a long, creeping rootstock that is bitter in taste, and grows in rock crevices and moist, sandy soil. The leaves of the plant are flat, oval, and sharply serrated. The flowers, which appear June through August, are white or pale purple and borne on a tall spike; manual harvesting of the plant takes place October through December. The active constituents are obtained from the root and rhizomes. The plant is self-regenerating but unregulated overharvesting has caused it to be threatened to near extinction. Current research on Picrorhiza kurroa has focused on its seeds and seedlings analysis in low and high altitudinal villages of District Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand). The plant is self-regenerating but unregulated over-harvesting has caused it to be threatened to near extinction (Atal C. K. et al., 1986; Subedi BP., 2004). Kutkin is the active principal of Picrorhiza kurroa and is comprised of kutkoside and the iridoid glycoside picrosides I, II, and III. Other identified active constituents are apocynin, drosin, and nine cucurbitacin glycosides (Weinges K. et. al., 1972 and Stuppner H, Wagner H.,1989). Apocynin is a catechol that has been shown to inhibit neutrophil oxidative burst in addition to being a powerful anti-inflammatory agent, (Simons J.M. et. al. 1990) while the curcubitacins have been shown to be highly cytotoxic and possess antitumor effects (Stuppner H., Wagner H.,1989).Several reports indicate the need for its conservation, sustainable utilization and cultivation (Ohba and Akiyama 1992; Olsen 1998; Manandhar 1999; Subedi 2000). This plant is not only heavily exported by local traders but also natural regenerations is hampered due to international fires set by local shepherds for making grazing area for their Yaks which altimatly leads to unsustainable management and depletition of this species (Bantawa et. al. 2009). As a result this species was enlisted in a Red data book around 20 years ago (Anon 1987). Additionally, seed setting and seedlings survival has been reported to be generally in alpine plants (Pandey 2000).
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Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Aniline by Potassium Bromate in Acidic Medium

Dinesh Kumar* *Department of Chemistry, M.S. College, Saharanpur (U.P), India Amines are widely distributed in nature. Their importance in industry as raw material, intermediates, finished products and in the laboratories is well documented. The amino group is endowed with a set of physical and chemical properties which mainly depend on the presence of certain structural elements. The oxidation of aromatic amines by different oxidants has been investigated by many workers due to the complex behaviour of their mode of oxidation. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of oxidation of aniline by bromate ion is very few and in a limited range. Hence it is proposed to carry out the title reaction. The reaction was carried out in pseudo first order condition, i.e., the concentration of aniline was always more than ten folds the [bromate]. The reaction was initiated by mixing previously thermostated solutions of postassium bromate and aniline which also contained the necessary quantities of other regagents. The complications created by in situ liberation of bromine were overcome by using mercuric acetate as a scavanger. The temperature was maintained within 0.10C accuracy. The progress of the reaction is monitored by estimating the amount of unconsumed bromate at various time intervals iodometrically. The reaction has been studied at different initial [oxidant]. The rate constants obtained at different initial [oxidant] indicate that the order with respect to bromate is one. The reaction was studied at different initial [substrate]. The rate constants obtained at different initial [substrate] indicate that the order with respect to aniline is fractional. The rate increases with the increase in the amount of Acitic Acid. The effect of perchloric acid on the reaction rate has been investigated. It has been found that the reaction is acid catalysed. The rate decreases on increasing the ionic strength indicating that the reaction is between ions of opposite charges. On the basis of kinetic data, product analysis and stoichiometry, a plausible mechanism and rate law has been proposed.
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In vitro Antimycotic Activity of selected medicinal plants of Uttarakhand against Trichosporon species causing Piedra hair infection
Veena Uniyala*, S. Saxenab, R. P Bhatta, R. Negic
a*
Department of Botany and Microbiology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
b
Department of Botany, SGRR (PG) College, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
Department of Botany, SRT Campus, Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, 249001, Uttarakhand, India.
Piedra hair infection is a fungal infection of the hair characterized by the presence of nodules of different hardness on the surface of hair shafts. Two types of Piedras have been found, White Piedra and Black Piedra. White Piedra caused by Basidiomycetous yeast Trichosporon spp. and Black Piedra caused by the ascomycete Piedraia hortae and Trichosporon ovoides. The low spread of these infections and the harmlessness of the disease probably explain why so few studies have been made on these infections. The present work is aimed at studying the antimycotic activity of ten medicinal plants of Uttarakhand in comparison to known antifungal agents against five Trichosporon species involved in Piedra hair infection. These plants selected for the present study have been reported to be used for the treatment of various other diseases. Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone and Chloroform extracts of the leaves, bark and roots of these plants were examined for antimycotic activity. The results showed that methanol and ethanol extracts were effective against all the species of the pathogens tested, with methanolic extracts exhibiting more activity. The average diameter of zone of inhibition observed against these fungi ranged from 10-35 mm. The most effective plant was found to be Plumbago zeylanica with zone of inhibition 35 mm. The MIC and MFC of
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used as positive reference controls. DMSO was used as a negative control.
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6.2-500 mg/ml of methanolic extracts were recorded. Ketoconazole, Amphotericin B and Nystatin B were
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Phytoplanktonic diversity and their relationship with few important Physico-chemical attributes of River Yamuna in Uttarakhand
D.R. Khanna and Fouzia Ishaq* *Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University Haridwar, Uttarakhand India Water is an important component of all livingbeings. It also performs unique and indispensibleactivities in earth ecosystem, biosphere andbiogeochemical cycles. The growth and diversity of phytoplankton in river system is influencedby several physico-chemical and biologicalparameters.Phytoplanktons are microscopic plants that live in all healthy aquatic ecosystems. They are the main primary producers in open waters,so they condition the structure and density of consumersas well as physico-chemical properties of water. Moreover,phytoplanktonic organisms are sensitive indicators, asphytoplankton structure and metabolism changes quicklyin response to environmental changes.Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton diversity and their relationship with few important physico-chemical parameters of upstream and downstream water in River Yamuna were studied for a period of one year covering three seasons. Phytoplanktonic diversity and wateranalysis was performed using standard procedure. Maximum population density was observed insummer season in upstream and winter season in downstream of River Yamuna.Higher phytoplankton populations were encountered at downstream whichcorresponded to the fluctuation of prevailing conditions like temperature, turbidity, velocity, Total alkalinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and BOD content of the said habitat. A total of 35 species belonging to three different families Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Myxophyceae wererecorded during the study period. The family Bacillariophyceae was represented by Ceratoneis, Amphora, Caloneis, Fragilaria, Navicula, Synedra, Diatoms, Gomphonema, Pinnularia, Melosira, Tabellaria, Denticula, Cymbella, and Cyclotella.The family Chlorophyceae was represented by Chlorella, Chlaymydomonas, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Hydrodictyon, Cladophore, Cosmarium, Chlorococcum, Oedogonium, Microspora, Desmidium, Chara, Zygenema, Syndesmus, and Volvoxand family Myxophyceae was represented by Nostoc, Anabaena, oscillatoria, Rivularia, Coccochloris and Phormidium. The family Chlorophyceae was dominant and most diverse and dense than the other two families in all the three seasons. Our findings highlighted that the water quality of River Yamuna in Uttarakhand is good and can be used for various domestic and commercial purposes. However it is also important to use this natural resource in a sustainable manner without deteriorating its quality and suggest an effective monitoring and management for its conservation.
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In vitro antimicrobial activity of Helicteresisora Linn. Against multi-drug resistant pathogens and estimation of phytochemicals
Dinesh Kumar1*, S. Farooq2 and R. K. Singh3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 2 President, The Himalaya Drug Company, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 3 Head, Dept. of Biochemistry, SGRR Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
1
Drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported from all over the world in the recent years. The drug-resistant bacteria and fungal pathogens have further complicated the treatment of infectious diseases, AIDS and cancer patients. In the present scenario of emergence of multiple drug resistance to human pathogenic organisms, this has necessitated a search for new antimicrobial substances from other sources including plants. Helicteres isora is a medium sized tree abundantly found in the hills and forests, well known for its use in traditional medicine. The fruit and bark are said to possess several medicinal values. The fruits of this plant have antiplasmid and antibacterial activity, also anti-HIV activity are reported. Hence the present study was designed to investigate their antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant pathogens and estimate the selected phytochemicals (polyphenols, tannins, total carotenoids, flavonoids)
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Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Butenolides

Veena Joshi1*and R.P. Chamoli 2 *1Department of chemistry H.N.B.Garhwal University SRT campus, Badshahi Thaul,Tehri Garhwal,Uttarakhand, India
2
House No. 10, Lane No. 2 Ashirwad Enclave, Dehradun,248001, India
Butenolides, y-butyrolactone or Furanone are the simplest alpha, beta -unsaturated lactone. Furanone moiety is usually present in many of the natural and synthetic products. Such structures are widely encountered both in flora and fauna. These small compounds have a broad spectrum of biological activity. Compounds of this group have also been of used in medicinal chemistry as many derivatives have shown significant physiological activity. Butyrolactones represent a key entity or a substructure of more complex assembly frequently present in numerous biologically active natural and synthetic products.In recent years 2(5H) butenolides and -butyrolactones have emersed as presious chiral synthons for the synthesis of terpinoidal lactone, pheromones and antileukemic lignans and other biologically active natural products.In this study some of the recently synthesizesd butenolides with potent antimicrobial activity have been discussed.
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Synthesis and Biological Activity of Oxazolyl Benzofurans

Sanjay Singh*, Firoz Anwar, Sadath Ali Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Do-Bachi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Reported on various benzofuran derivatives containing aryl, aryl alkyl and hetrogenous side chain either in furan moiety or benzene ring, which are found to possess one or other useful biological properties. Thus benzofuran containing alkyl amino side chains are known for antihypertensive,dopaminergic, antidiabetic,insecticidal,ascaricidal .antiobesity, hypnotic. To review the situation so far the steroidal agents have the extreme drawback that they lower the immunity label man. Also the undesirable effects are more. So the choice is left with the non-steroidal agent.The present of work is to synthesize certain oxazolyl benzofuran and their antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory,thus an attempt is Mde in different direction.During the present investigation a detailed study take upon the biological activity moiety like oxazolylbenzofuran reveled that this moiety suitably exploited,can still serve to give important compounds.A mixture of substituted salicaldehyde, chloroacetone and anhydrous potassium carbonate gives2- acetyl benzofuran (A) this is is the starting material for the synthesis of some chalcone derivatives by condensation with different substituent. Compound A was reflux with hydrazine hydrate. It gives compound 1. Compound -1 was stirred with chloroacetyl chloride to compound 2 and compound -2 was treated with urea to give 2-[3(2-amino oxazoles -4-yl)imino methyl nitrile ](3) this compound gives so many derivatives ( S1-S 15). The structures of all these compounds have been established on the basis of analytical and spectral data. Compounds have been screened for anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial activites.
O CO CH 3
CH 3 O N N NH O NH2
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(3) Among the compounds tested for their antibacterial activity, all compounds showed active against gram positive bacterial strains. Particular compound S5, S6 , S8, S14 and S15 are highly active against E.Coli and compounds showed moderate activity while S5, S6, S14 and S15 which are highly active against Fungal stains . The result of biological activites viz. antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory reveled that all the compound screened have been provide to be potent as they exhibited significant activity when compared with standard drug used . Clearly indicate that the change of substituent will change the activity.
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In silico Molecular interaction study of Mycophenolic acid and Ribavirin against NS3 Protein of Dengue Virus
Pratap Parida*, Priyadarshini Deka, RNS Yadav, Brajesh Shankar Bioinformatics Centre, Centre for Studies in Biotechnology, Dibrugarh University, Assam-786004, India Enormous Mutation in Non Structural Protein 3 (NS3) of the four serotypes of dengue virus i.e DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 is becoming very critical. The primary aim of the research is to block the replication activity of the virus by targeting the NS3 Protein, since NS3 constitute protease, helicase and polymerase that are essential for dengue virus replication. The retrieved sequences of NS3 protein from National Centre for Biotechnology information determine the antigenic sites of the protein are highly variable in all the serotypes. DENV-3 found to be most distantly related serotype among all the serotypes observed from the dendrograms using UPGMA method. Hence, the 3D structure of NS3 protein was modeled using homology modeling by MODELLER 9v8. Evaluation ofthe constructed NS3 protein models were done by PROCHECK, WhatIf using Exome Horizon. Mycophenolic acid and ribavirin are found to be potent drugs currently used as immunosuppressive agent, to inhibit dengue virus antigen expression, RNA replication, and virus production. The derived compounds of mycophenolic acid and ribavirin were docked using Autodock 4.2 for Protein-ligand interaction study. The compounds (in this study referred as ligands) were targeted to block the evaluated antigenic sites of the serotypes. The hydrogen bonds and the most score posing antigenic sites were observed.
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Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Screening of Zanthoxylum aromatum DCLeaves

Kamalesh Upreti*, Amit Semwal, Kumud Upadhyaya *Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies, Rajpur, Dehradun, India Zanthoxylum armatum DC belongs to family Rutaceae is a sub deciduous aromatic shrub or small tree up to 5 m high. Bark pale brown rough croky; leave alternate imparipinnate, flowers small pale yellow and bisexual.Tender shoots are eaten as vegetable, suitable with pork and considered a good vegetable by Mishings. It is presumed that cooking with pork deworms, specially tap worms, by this vegetable. [Chopra,1956]. The Photomicrographic evaluation revealed interesting microscopic characteristic. The transverse section of the midrib showed schizolysogenous cavity which is a characteristic of family Rutaceae. Double layer of palisade and presence of sclerenchyma around vascular bundle is distinct identification characteristic. Also add to this is the presence of rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals and prismatic crystals which are clearly visible in the parenchyma around vascular bundle. The leaves have anisocytic stomata which are surrounded by 4-6 straight walled subsidiary cells. The phytochemical Screening of aqueous and Ethanolic extract of leaf of Zanthoxylum armatum DC showed the presence of Alkaloid, Glycoside, Carbohydrate, tannins, Amino Acids, Sterols and Terpenoids.The Extractive Value of Z. armatum was found to be 14.66% and 10.33% in Ethanolic and aqueous extract as well as the Ash Value of powder of Z. armatum DC leaf was found to be 0.061gm. The TLC profile of Ethanolic extract of Z.armatum was found to be as 0.89 and 0.83 and the TLC profile of aqueous extract of Z.armatum was found to be as 0.78 and 0.74. These parameters will be useful in authentication of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
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Impact Assessment of Mining and Stone Crushing on Environment and Human Health in and around Jhansi, Bundelkhand region, U.P., India
Assadullah Sheikh*, S.V.S. Rana and Amit Pal *Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284128, India Mining and stone crushing in India is basically a labour intensive small scale industry, where most of the operations are performed manually. This paper highlights the impacts of mining on air, water and human health in and around the mining areas of the Jhansi, Bundelkhand region, India. The mining and stone crushing activities have considerable effects on the environment quality and human health. The dust emissions contaminate the air and water. Investigations made on air and water quality in areas adjacent to stone crushers around Jhansi have been reported in this communication. Further, impact assessment of health effects in exposed human population has also been made. Results on water analysis show decline in DO and high values of total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, total solids and total dissolved solids and also metals like- Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Si, Zn etc. were found above the permissible limits at some stations and therefore pose serious health problems to people. Stone crushing and associated activities mainly contribute to particulate matter in the surrounding environment. The mean minimum and maximum values of SPM at crushing and residential sites were recorded of 1045.49m/m3, 1268.6m/m3 and 545.86 m/m3, 617.2 m/m3 respectively. Present investigations show that exposure to dust can cause serious respiratory (45.11%), skin (43.33%), hearing (21.53%), eye (17.8%), dyspnea (14.66%) like health problems. Present study reflects that regulatory measures are urgently needed to protect the environment against pollution caused by mining and stone crushers.
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Attenuation of Myocardial Injury from Allium humileleavesMethanolic Extracts and its Fractions
Dobhal Y1, 2*, Parcha V3 and Dhasmana D.C.4
1
Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh PG Institute of biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Department of Chemistry, Sardar Bhagwan Singh PG Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
4
Department of Pharmacology, H.I.M.S.Doiwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
The term cardioprotection specifically describe interventions that preserve or enhance the viability of myocardium during ischaemia and reperfusion and thus limit the extent of acute myocardial infarction. During ischaemia and reperfusion two forms of cell death in the pathology of myocardial infarction are reported i.e. necrosis and apoptosis (programmed cell death, cell suicide). Although reperfusion is prerequisite for tissue salvage, reperfusion of the ischaemic myocardium results in irreversible tissue injury and cell necrosis, leading to decreased cardiac performance. While early reperfusion of the heart is essential in preventing further tissue damage due to ischaemia, reintroduction of blood flow can expedite the death of vulnerable, but still viable myocardial tissue, by intracellular and extracellular mechanism.The present study has been designed to investigate the efficacy of active extractand its fraction of Allium humileleaveson ischaemia and reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in isolated heart of wister albino rats. Petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and methanolic extracts of Allium humile leaves were prepared and screened for their cardio protective potential. Among all the extracts methanolic extract reduce myocardial injury. The methanolic extract further purified using column chromatographic technique that results four major fractions viz F1, F2, F3 and F4.These fractions screened for myocardial infarct size and LDH and CKMB release in coronary effluent at dose level of 100mg/kg body weight as compared with that of standard Ramipril (1mg/kg body weight). The fraction F4 of methanolic extract significantly prevented myocardial infarct size and LDH and CK-MB release as compared with that of standard ramipril. Further, cardio protective effect of the fraction F4 of methanolic extracts of Allium humile was significantly (p0.05) compared to vehicle control group.
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Role of Curcumin as an Anti-arthritic Compound in Perimenopausal Women

Jyoti Juyal*, R.N Singh, Abhishek Mathur, Jyoti Juyal SBS PGI, Balawala, Dehradun (U.K), India Sheetal Life Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India Women who enter in menopause are more prone to have health risks like heart disease, breast cancer and arthritis. It is believed that womens need estrogen to prevent bone loss. Estrogen a dministration leads to an increase in circulating immunoreactive PTH, thought to the secondary to a slight decrease in serum calcium resulting from inhibition of bone reabsorption. Estrogen therapy were prescribed to treat menopausal systems to prevent arthritis and to improve womens overall health but it has found that HRT treatment increased a risk of breast cancer and heart stroke, so it has been proven that higher estrogen also onset many disease so it is necessary that its level not rises from its normal level so one way to combat this condition is to use herbal plant therapy in place of HRT to restore normal hormonal functions in menopausal women. Curcuma longa or turmeric has long been used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. It has been proven to contain natural anti-arthritic compound called curcumin. Extensive scientific research on curcumin have demonstrated a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects especially in maintaining hormonal function in balance state as the body requires and thus helps in preventing onset of many diseases especially arthritis in menopausal women. The results of study shows that 10-3mM and 10-4mM concentration of curcumin helps to treat the arthritis, the results provide compelling evidence to support further clinical testing of curcumin containing turmeric dietary supplements for the prevention of arthritis. Curcumin shows good anti arthritic activity in the menopausal and postmenopausal women.
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Understanding the role of 16S & 23S rRNA in detecting Bacteraemia from SepsisCases: A Preliminary study
K.Bramarambica*, B.Priyanka, J.V.V.S.N.Murthy, Harasreeramulu Centre for Research, Dr.V.S.Krishna Govt. College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India PCR primers targeted to conserve rRNA gene sequences allowed the RNA amplification of virtually any bacterial species. The rapid and accurate detection of bacteremia might have a significant impact in shortening hospital stays within the intensive care unit (ICU) as well as reducing the costs to the health care system. The aim of this study is to establish a new diagnostic method to detect bacteremia, using universal primers targeted to 23S rRNA and/or 16SrRNA, directly from blood culture plates. Phase I study is doneby doing BLAST search, in which organisms like Veillonella parvula , Edwardsiella tarda, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio species, Comomonas testosterone, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteric, Escheria coli and Bacillus anthracis showed 100% sequence similarity with the primers targeted to 16S and 23S rRNA. Out of 10 samples, five are identified as E.coli, two are identified as Staphylococcus, two are identified as Klebsiella and one is identified as Pseudomonas. All the bacterial colonies gave 16S and 23s rRNA amplicons of 1404bp and 896bp except one sample which is identified as E.coli by biochemical analysis. The 23S rRNA sequences targeted are conserved, so amplified and gave 100% results but the 16S rRNA sequences are more heterogenous so gave only 90% results when used on same organisms.
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Characterization of Stress tolerant Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacillus cereus strain RNE17 isolated from various parts of automobile engines
Debajit Borah* and R.N.S. Yadav *Centre for Studies in Biotechnology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004,India The aim of the current study is to isolate potential stress tolerant hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms from various parts of automobile engines considering as an arid source. Hydrocarbon degrading microbes were isolated by inoculating and subsequently culturing the samples on Bushnell and Haas (BM) media supplemented with used engine oil as a sole carbon source. A total number of 71 bacterial isolates were obtained by culturing 25 hydrocarbon extracts taken from various parts of automobile engines. The best potential isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus strain RNE17 on the basis of 16s rDNA sequencing and biochemical characteristics. The isolate was found to be degrading 67%, 72%, 57%, 42% of diesel, kerosene, crude oil and used engine oil respectively after 28 days of incubation. The strain was found to be tolerating up to 7% of salinity, 37% glucose concentration and 52% of relative humidity. The thermal death point (TDP) of the isolate was found to be 86oC.
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Fatty Acids Analysis and Antimicrobial activity of Perilla frutescens Seed

Subhash Chandra*1, Sarla Saklani1 *Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal (U.K) , India
Perilla frutescens is a common traditional annual herbaceous Garhwal Himalaya medicinal plant frequently used as one of the most popular garnishes and food colorants in Indian states such as Uttarakhand. In general the stalks, leaves and seeds of P. frutescens are used individually in Indian medicine to treat a variety of diseases. The stalks of the plant are traditionally used as an analgesic and anti-abortive agent. The leaves are said to be helpful for asthma, colds and flus and to regulate stomach function while the seeds are employed for dysentery and cough relief, phlegm elimination, and the bowel relaxation. Considerable attention has been given to the anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-tumor promoting substances contained in P. frutescens. Perilla frutescens oil is used in Garhwal cuisine as well as industrially. The plant has also been used in traditional Indian medicine for more than two thousand years. Such plant is highly potential with medicinal value and nutritional value due to the presence of bio-actives and fatty acid constituents. Humans do not synthesize two of the fatty acids essential for the health i.e. linoleic and -linolenic acids. In this plant these two oils are presents in very rich amount and also omega-3 fatty acid. As it is widely reported that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves cognitive function in children and adults, feeding rats with P. frutescens diets followed by analysis of proteomic changes in the hippocampus can provide valuable information on the mechanism of learning and memory at the molecular level. P. frutescens seed extract has been shown to inhibit the growth of cariogenic microorganisms and can be expected to prevent dental caries. Polyphenols containing in P. frutescens seed extract have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of periodontopathic microorganisms and reduce inflammation on gums and it is expected that P. frutescens seed extract can improve periodontal diseases.
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HPTLC fingerprint for Withania coagulans from differentgeographical locations in comparison with in vitro grown plants
Preethi M.P.*, Archana.T.M, Parvatham. R and Kalaiselvi Senthil *Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India Withania coagulans (L.) Dunal belonging to the family Solanaceae and is well known for its ethnopharmacological activities. It is distributed in the east of the Mediterranean region and extends to South Asia. The pharmacological properties of Withania coagulans is diverse, including antiinflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-stress, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hemopoetic and cardio-protective activities. The major component responsible for these biological activities are withanolides; a group of naturally occurring steroidal lactones. Surface sterilized seeds of Withania coagulans were germinated in vitro and seedlings were maintained on MS basal medium with regular sub culturing. For root induction, MS basal media supplemented with indole butyric acid (IBA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) and 3% sucrose were used. The roots are also mass cultivated in air-lift bioreactor with liquid basal MS media.In vivo roots of Withania coagulans were collected from different regions of Iran. One gram of the in vitro and in vivo dried root sample of Withania coagulans wasextracted four times with 200ml of different solvent system ethyl acetate (4 50ml). The residue was dissolved in HPLC grade methanol and the concentrated extracts were used for HPTLC analysis. The standardization of solvent system for root extracts showed that the solvent system Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid in the ratio of 5:5:1 to be the best. The analysis of HPTLC profiling showed that the banding pattern of in vivo and in vitro root extract of Withania coagulans in this solvent system were found to be similar but the accumulation were higher in in vitro roots compared to in vivo roots.
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Standardization and antimicrobial study on flower of Rhododendron Arboreum: An Uttarakhand State Flower and Endangered Species
Suman Singh *, Geeta Pathak Shri Dev Bhoomi Institute of Education Science and Technology Dehradun, India The use of Himalayan medicinal plant is well known and has been in use since the Vedic time for the cure of various disease.Buransh (Rhododendron arboreum Family-Ericaceae)is a huge,dark red colour flower and gloosy-leaved tree which used as anti-diarrhea stomachic and treatment of various disease like headache, menstrual disorder etc.This flower is state flower of Uttarakhand.Their flowers aretraditionally used for prayer in Hinduism.In present study morphological, microscopical, physical evaluation, fluorescence analysis, antimicrobial activity of flower of Rhododendron arboreum was done. Petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts of flower obtained by successive solvent extraction using Soxhlet extractor and dried. To assess the antimicrobial efficacy disc diffusion method was used and zone of inhibition was calculated. Each extract was tested for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MTTC 441), Proteus microbilus (MTTC 762), Bacillus cereus (MTTC 1667)and Escherichia coli (MTTC1771). Ampicilin (25ug/disc) was used as a standard while Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as control. Rhododendron arboreum flower are color from a deep scarlet, to red with white markings, to pink to white. Bearing up to twenty blossoms in a single truss this rhododendron is a spectacular sight when in full bloom. In physical evaluation total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash were found to be 6.34 % w/w, 5.56 % w/w and 6.3% w/w respectively. The water soluble extractive value alcohol soluble extractive value was found to be 24 % and 31 %. Loss of drying was found to be 4.45% w/w. Fluorescence analysis of Rhododendron arboreum powder and extracts shows different colors under Short UV(254 nm), Long UV (365 nm) and visible light. The result of antibacterial screening led to conclusion that Pet ether extract showed best results against Proteus microbilus and Bacillus cereus and chloroform extract showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.These encouraging results indicates that this species might be exploited as natural antibiotic for treatment of several infectious disease caused by these microorganism and could be useful in understanding the relationship between traditional cures and currently available modern medicine. Above results revealed that these pharmacognostic and evaluation parameters may be useful for proper identification and standardization in future. The antimicrobial effectiveness of crude extracts confirmed its use in traditional medicine for skin, diarrheal and gastrointestinal infections.
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Novel preparations of culture media for cultivation of Cryptococcus neoformans with extracts of different plant products
Naveen Minhas1#, Bharti1, Neeraj Prakash1, Sandip Patil1*, P.C.Sharma1 1. Dept. of Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences,Bajhol, Solan (H.P)., India Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal human pathogen which causes cryptococcosis. The present study reveals that Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) agar media, Spondias dulcis (golden apple) agar media, Daucus cArota (carrot) agar media and Root of Beta vulgaris (sugarbeet) agar media support confluent growth and produce appreciable Brown Color Effect in colonies as compared with standard media like SDA and PDA. Plant broths prepared from these extracts also promoted growth of C. neoformans. The plant based agar media have added advantage of being prepared from inexpensive, readily available materials. Phytochemical analysis of different plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids,flavanoids, reducing sugars, coumarins, saponnins and tannins. It may be inferred from the present study that tomato, apple and sugarbeet agar media can be used for the cultivation of Cryptococcus neoformans and offer a novel alternative for currently available synthetic media.
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In vitro cytotoxicity of Moringa oleifera against different Human Cancer Cell Lines
Asima Shaban* *CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India Cancer is a public health problem all over the world. Medicinal herbs have been on the forefront whenever we talk about anticancer remedies, Herbal medicines have a vital role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Large numbers of plants and their isolated constituents have been shown to potential anticancer activity. Methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds showed in vitro cytotoxicity against different human cancer cell lines such as lung, neuroblastima, and colon. There was no growth of inhibition recorded against liver cancer cell line. Sulforhodamine B dye (SRB) assay was done for in vitro cytotoxicity test assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity was performed against five human cancer cell lines namely of lung (A-549), liver (Hep2) colon (502713 HT-29) and neuroblastima (IMR-32). The activity was done using 100g/ml of the extract. Against lung (A-549) cell line plant extract showed 80% growth of inhibition. In case of liver (Hep-2) showed no activity reported, where as in case of colon 502713 cell line plant extract showed maximum activity. In case of HT-29 liver human cancer line and IMR-32 neuroblastima cell line plant extract showed 95% and 93% activity respectively.
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NHPBMS/ORAL/ROLL NO. / 40
Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Natural Dye Isolation From Pinus roxburghii Needles
Rakesh Kumar1, Y. C. Tripathi1, Jawaid Ashraf2 and Prasoon Kumar Kaushik*1
1
Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun - 248 006, India 2 RSM Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun - 248 006, India
Production and subsequent use of synthetic dyes caused environmental and health hazards throughout the world. Due to negative ecotoxicological effects of synthetic dye into the environment across the globe, dyes obtained from different natural resources acquired an important position as one of the best alternatives of synthetic dye on account of their environmental benevolence. However, in India mostly natural dyes for coloration of textiles are extracted from plants by craftsman, KVIs, small scale exporters of textile having high monetary value, small scale dyeing units, NGOs etc. Out of the various reasons behind lesser feasibility of natural dyes in commercial sector, lack of intense colour and their various shades as well as their repeatability find immense importance, thus deserve sincere attention. For commercialization of natural dyes systematic and scientific approach to extraction, purification and dyeing of various types of textile are required in addition to search out appropriate raw plant biomass that are available in plenty at low cost.The aim of the study was to know the effects of various experimental parameters for isolation of natural dyes from Pinus roxburghii needle such as such as material to liquor ratio (2.0 12 gm/100ml) pH (8.0 to 12.5) and extraction time (15 to 75 min). A total of 20 isolation experiments were carried out employing the detailed conditions designed by response surface methodology based on the Central Composite Design (CCD). The critical values of material to liquor ratio, pH and extraction time were found to be 8.5 gm/100ml, 11.5 and 65 minutes respectively.
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Antibacterial activity of a Himalayan plant Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Nidhi Srivastava* and A.B. Bhatt Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India Zanthoxylum armatum DC (Rutaceae) is extensively used in indigenous system of medicine as a tonic, carminative, stomachic and anthelmintic. In the present study antibacterial activity of the chloroform, methanol and acetone extracts of Z. armatum DC. barkhas been investigated following the well diffusion method against four different bacterial strains. The results showed that all three different extractsof Z. armatum bark exhibited inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. The methanolic extract showed highest inhibition againstS. aureus(28.70.57mm) and P.vulgaris (250.0mm)followed by P.aeruginosa (23.70.57mm) andE. coli (21.70.57mm). Thechloroform extract showed maximum inhibition zone of 28.30.57mm against andP.aeruginosa (14.30.57mm). The
P.vulgaris, E. coli (25.70.57mm) S. aureus (24.70.57mm) acetone
extract dislayed maximum inhibitory action againstS. aureus(42.30.57mm), E. coli
(31.70.57mm)P.vulgaris (21.70.57mm),P.aeruginosa (11.30.57mm). Thus the results are apparent that highest ZOI was found in acetone extract against S. aureus(42.30.57mm) followed by methanol extract againstS. aureus(28.70.57mm) while highest chloroform extract against were found P.vulgaris (28.30.57mm).Tetracycline was used as a positive control. Further studies are in progress.
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Histological Alterations in the Pectoralis Muscle of Mice Induced by Diclofenac Sodium

Meenakshi Kaith1, Sushma Sharma2
2
Bahra University, Department of Biology, Wakhnaghat, Solan, India Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
A total of 30 male swiss white Balb- C strain mice were exposed to intramuscular injection with a daily dose of diclofenac sodium (DS) (10 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days to investigate the resultant histological and biochemical alterations in the pectoralis muscle. This regime of chronic exposure to subtoxic doses of DS has produced histopathological alterations in muscle and has also caused biochemical changes in the protein levels, which further supports the degenerative changes in the tissue. The obtained results indicate that diclofenac produces considerable histological changes in the pectoralis muscle.
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Wound healing activity of ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside isolated from Lantana camara
Imran Kazmi, Muhammad Afzal*, Ruqaiyah Khan, Rajbala Singh, Firoz Anwar** Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India Leaves of Lantana camara L.is traditionally used for cuts, swellings and burns for their healing property. Present study designed to evaluate the wound healing activity of ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside isolated from Lantana camara.UASG isolated from Lantana camara (100 mg/kg/day) was evaluated for its wound healing activity in albino rats using excision and incision wound models. UASG treated animals exhibited significant (P<0.01 andP<0.001) reduction in wound area when compared to controls. UASG treated wounds are found to epithelize faster as compared to controls. Significant (p<0.01) increase in granuloma breaking strength was observed when compared with control group.The wound healing activity of UASG from Lantana camara was studied by using excision and incision wound model and the UASG showed the significant wound healing activity.
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Design Expert as a Statistical tool for Optimization of Promethazine Teoclateloaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles,Using Central Composite Design
Prashant Kumar*, Rishabh Srivastava, Gaurav Upadhyay, Atul Sharma and Firoz Anwar *Department of Pharmaceutics, Siddhartha institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun (U.K.) -248001, India The aim of present investigation was to develop Promethazine Teoclate (BCS class-II drug) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles as sustain release drug delivery system, that may enhance the oral bioavailability by preventing first pass metabolism with a potential to cure chemotherapy induced long term emesis, postoperative nausea and vomiting that is not achieved by IR dosage form. Design Expert 8.0.5.2 (Stat-Ease, Inc, Minneapolis, USA) was used as statistical tool to optimize the formulations for independent variables (Amount of Compritol 888ATO, concentration of poloxamer, and volume of isopropyl alcohol) in order to achieve maximum percent cumulative drug release (% CDR), percent entrapment efficiency (% EE) and minimum particle size respectively. To achieve our goal, fifteen formulations (F1F15) were prepared by solvent injection method. Further the design was validated by means of extra design checkpoint formulation (F16) and the possible interactions between independent variables were studied. The responses of the design were analyzed and the analytical tools of software were used to draw response surface plots. On account of software analysis, formulation F7 with a desirability factor 0.980 was selected as optimized formulation having particle size 262.21.39 nm with uniform size distribution and spherical shape. F7 had also shown maximum %EE of 89.60 0.15 % and a cumulative release of 90.26 1.18% after 55 hr of drug release study. The recrystallization index of optimized formulation was observed 76.95%. Thus SLNs of PMT were successfully developed with nanometeric particle size and highest entrapment efficiency that could sustain the drug release for 55hr, which is potentially desired for the treatment of chemotherapy induced long term
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emesis, post-operative nausea and vomiting.
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Convolvulus pluricaulis Extract Reverses Stress-Induced Memory Deficits in Rats

*Sharma Komal, Bhatnagar Maheep
*Department of Pharmacology, Bhupal Nobles College of Pharmacy, Udaipur-313001. Rajasthan, India Department of Zoology, University College of Science, M.L.Sukhadia University, Udaipur-313001, India Exposure to chronic restraint stress in rats and psychosocial stress in humans has been shown to alter cognitive functions such as learning and memory and has been linked to the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Antianxiety agents used in the management of stress have several disadvantages and undesired effects. Therefore, in this study, the effect of ethanolic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis (Cp), a natural antianxiety agent in post-stress memory dysfunctions was evaluated. Since cognitive deficits have been known to be associated with increased oxidative stress, the effect of C. pluricaulis extract was also studied on markers of brain oxidative stress namely malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, and catalase. The results showed that chronic restraint stress (2 h for 21 days) impaired memory which was measured by comparing first and second day transfer latencies on elevated plus maze. Exposure to chronic stress enhanced MDA and reduced glutathione and catalase levels. Cp improved memory on elevated plus maze and normalized cognitive deficits, seen in chronically stressed rats. The extract produced a significant decrease in the brain levels of MDA, and simultaneous significant increase in levels of glutathione and catalase at 100 and 200 mg/kg, as compared to vehicle treated stressed group. The present study therefore demonstrates that the ethanolic extract ofC. pluricaulishave two pronounced effects, i.e. improving the learning and memory and, the antioxidant property in stressed rats.
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Isolation, partial Purification and Characterization of -D-Galactosidase (EC.3.1.2.23)from soil isolate

Rintu Das*, R.N.Singh, Vandana Rani and Raj Kumar Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science and Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Lactase (EC.3.1.2.23), a member of the -D-galactosidase family of enzyme, is a glycoside hydrolase involved in the hydrolysis of disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers that can be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium. Lactase is encoded by the LCT gene.It is essential for digestive hydrolysis of lactose in milk. Deficiency of the enzyme causes lactose intolerance .So it has a great importance for industrial processes such as dairy &food industries and pharmaceutical industry etc. There are several microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and fungi which can produce -D-galactosidase. Among them bacteria are potent lactase producer.Soil samples were collected from the sites where waste of milk and milk products are disposed off. Bacterial strain was selected by serial dilution. Lactase production from the bacterial strain was optimised with lactose minimal medium at 370C and 90 rpm. The enzyme activity was assayed spectrophotometrically using ONPG as substrate. Maximum activity was observed at 55 hr along with maximum protein production. Partial purification was done by salt precipitation and dialysis. Percent recovery of -D-galactosidase was 57 and fold purification was 7.2. Biochemical characterization of the enzyme revealed the maximum activities at pH 6.5 and temperature 480 C. Optimum substrate concentration for its activity was 50mM.
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In vitro Taste Assessment Method Development for Ofloxacin and Ondansetron HCl
Nancy Gairola*1, Kapil Dev2, Anupama Singh1 and Vikas Anand Saharan1 1. Sardar Bhagwan Singh PG Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 2. Seth GL Bihani SD College of Technical Education, Gaganpath, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
The purpose of this research was to develop the In vitro taste assessment method for assessing the bitterness of drugs and drug products where bitterness suppression is controlled by reducing the drug release in salivary. Using human taste panel studies, the bitterness threshold of ofloxacin and ondansetron HCl were determined as 80-85 g/ml and 22-25 g/ml respectively. An in-house in vitro drug release apparatus was used as taste assessment apparatus to study the release of bitter drugs and bitterness assessment. In vitro drug release studies were performed in the in-house developed apparatus using distilled water and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 buffer. The concentration of the drug in the release medium is used to develop five point scale (0-4) for bitterness. The developed scale wass used to correlate drug concentration with bitterness sensation of drugs and drug products. The results of in vitro taste assessment performed with in-house apparatus method correlated well to those determined byin vivo taste assessment study. Thus developed in vitrodrug release apparatus may be used to simulate the salivary release of drug which may be correlated to taste. The developed apparatus may find good acceptance and future scope for in vitro taste assessment with a target to reduce the reliance of bitterness assessment on human taste panel studies.
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Enzymatic estimation in some elite clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

S. P. Chaukiyal and Pallavi Bhatia* Plant Physiology Discipline, Botany Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248006, India Plants are surrounded by nitrogen in our atmosphere but this nitrogen is not directly available to the plants that they need to grow, develop and reproduce. In soil available nitrogen is present in the form of dissolved organic nitrogen, NH4+, NO3- or any combination of these for plant absorption. Tree species take up both NO3- and NH4+ and when NO3- is absorbed; it is reduced, both in roots and shoots, to NH4+ by nitrate and nitrite reductase before it is incorporated into amino acids. Despite nitrogen being one of the most abundant elements on earth, nitrogen deficiency is probably the most common nutritional problem affecting plants worldwide. Nitrogen is an important component of many important structural, genetic and metabolic compounds in living cells. Dalbergia sissoo is prominent for the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogenwith the help of a mutual symbioticrelationship with microflora that are present in root nodules and to release a considerable amount of nitrogen rich organic biomass, which decomposes quickly and subsequently improves the nutrient status of the soil. In order two enzymes were studies viz., nitrate reductase and nitrogenase to check the nitrogen assimilation and fixation behavior in different 19 clones of Dalbergia sissoo upto a period of six months collected from diverse parts of India. Nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrogenase activity (N2ase) was assayed by the method of Evans and Nason (1953) and Koch and Hardy et al., (1968) respectively. After conducting the experiment a two way anova was conducted for the variables showing significant relationship. Various clones showed adequate proficiency for the enzymes. Clone no. 14, 09 and 20 showed best results followed by 05, 57 and 13 for nitrogen assimilation. In case of nitrogenase activity clone no. 9 was observed best than clone no. 02, 13 and 19.
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Histopathological alterations in vital organs of albino rats due to administration of crude extract of Solanum nigrum
Kusum Singh* and Nazoora Saleh Aali Department of Zoology, B U campus, Jhansi (U.P), India Medicinal plants have been the subjects of mans curiosity since times immemorial. Almost every civilization has a history of medicinal plant use. Medicinal plants are sources of important therapeutic aid for alleviating human ailments. With increasing realization of the health hazards and toxicity associated with the indiscriminate use of synthetic drugs and antibiotics, interest in the use of plants and plant based drugs has revived throughout the world.Solanum nigrum belonging to family Solanacae found throughout India, USA and many parts of the world. Its common name is Black nightshade and in Hindi it is known as Makoi. All parts of Solanum nigrum are commonly used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for treating various diseases. Solanum nigrum is commonly used in Liv-52 tablets, cough syrup, antiseptic cream, wound healing medicines etc. It is also useful in rheumatic infections, inflammatory swelling, cough and asthma. Therefore present study is done to evaluate the histological alterations in the vital organs of albino rats due to the administration of plant extract at a dose of 250mg/kg b.wt and 1000mg/kg b.wt. The results revealed that liver and kidney show mild alterations at a lower dose, however daily administration at a dose concentration of 1000mg/kg leads to severe alterations in kidney at a duration of four weeks.
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Evaluation of Invitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of Sida cordata (Burm f.)Bioss leaves extract
Nitika Thakur*1, Deepak Kumar1 and Shefali Arora2
1
Deapartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun (UK), India
2
Departmant of Chemistry, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun (UK), India
Currently used Synthetic drugs are associated with some severe side effects. Therefore, the development of potent drugs with fewer side effects is necessary. Thus in the present investigation highlights the phytochemical analysis of different extracts of leaves of Sida cordataand their evaluation of antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant activity.The different extracts of leaves of Sida cordata were tested for various phytoconstituents viz. alkaloids,tannins & phenolic compounds,proteins and amino acids, sterols and triterpenoids, carbohydrates and saponins. Evaluation of Invitro Anti-inflammatory activity was done by method used i.e., RBC Membrane stabilizing activity. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was done by use of DPPH method.From Phytochemical analysis, methanol extract was the highly active extract for phytoconstituents. It contains all tested phytoconstituents viz. Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Phenolic compounds and Tannins, proteins & amino acid, terpinoids & sterols, fats &fixed oil and saponins. Acetone extractShowed carbohydrates, Phenolic compounds and Tannins, proteins and amino acid only. From comparison with standard drug (aspirin), it was observed that the conc. of 2000g/ml of methanol extract shows maximum anti-inflammatory activity (51.3 %).From comparison with standard drug (ascorbic acid),methanol extract of Sida cordata leaves showed maximum antioxidant activity(81.93 %) in comparison to all extracts at conc. 500 g/ml.Methanol extract showed presence of all tested
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phytoconsituents and showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity and further
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Amylase production from alkalophilic Bacillus pallidus using inexpensive agroresidues in solid state fermentation
Ashwani Sanghi*1, Gyanendra Awasthi1, Santosh Kumar1, Samir Kumar1, Neelam Garg2 and Vijay K. Gupta3 (1) Department of Biochemistry, Dolphin (P.G) Institute of Biomedical & Natural Sciences, Dehradun. (2) Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India (3) Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
Alkalophilic Bacillus pallidus (Genbank Accession number HQ853348) was isolated from soil samples collected from Jammu & Kashmir, India. Bacillus pallidus was identified by 16s rRNA & was submitted to NCBI for genbank Accession number (Genbank Accession number HQ853348). Bacillus pallidus produced amylase using easily available inexpensive agricultural waste residues such as wheat bran, rice bran, groundnut and maize bran in sold state fermentation (SSF). Among these, wheat bran was found to be best substrate for amylase production. Amylase production was highest after 15 h of incubation at 37 0C and at a substrate to moisture ratio of 1:2 (w/v). The inoculum level of 10% resulted in maximum production of amylase. Under optimized condition, amylase production in SSF was about twofold greater than in submerged fermentation. Thus Bacillus pallidus (Genbank Accession number HQ853348) produced amylase using inexpensive agro-residues at room temperature and with tap water without the addition of any mineral salt in SSF, leading to a marked decreased in the cost of amylase production thus enhancing its industrial potential & their potential could be exploited in future for production of various commercial products.
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Comparative study for conventional hot stirring, reflux process and novel microwave assisted synthesis of substituted-2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives and their Pharmacological Screening
Atul Sharma*, Rishabh Srivastava, Gaurav Upadhyay, Prashant Kumar, Vinay Naithani, Firoz Anwar Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Shastradhara Road, Dobacchi, Near IT Park, Dehradun, U.K., 248001, India The present research was aimed to compare the conventional and microwave assisted synthesis of substituted-2-aminobenzothiazole. Novel substituted-2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives were
synthesizedthrough hot stirring method, reflux process and solution based microwave technique to develop new series of substituted-2-amino benzothiazoles.In the synthetic reaction for the synthesis of substituted 2aminobenzothiazoles, the substituted anilines derivatives were reacted with thiocyanates followed by cyclization with bromine to give substituted-2-aminobenzothiazoles. Further these synthesized derivatives were compared for yield and time. On this basis microwave assisted synthesis was observed as the most efficient with highest yield and shortest time consumed in comparison of reflux and stirring process. The synthesized derivatives were characterized for crystallinity, chemical structure, max, log P and pharmacological activities (in vitro antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity. The synthesized compounds were crystalline in nature having sharp melting point with high log P with absorbance in UV range showing the presence of chromophores. On evaluation of synthesized derivatives it was found that the aliphatic derivaties (1b) were better vermifuge while aromatic derivatives (1c) have high vermicidal activity. Aromatic derivatives have high antifungal and antibacterial activity in comparison to aliphatic activity. On
also observed to enhance the antimicrobial activity.
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C-6 position of benzothiazole exhibited potent anthelmintic activity. Electronegative substitution at C-6 was
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the basis of pharmacological observations, SAR was proposed with conclusion that substitution at C-5 and
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Isolation and Characterization of Drought, ROS and Salt Stress Responsive MYB Transcription factor in Eleusine coracana
Prafull Salvi, Priya Jadav, Sandeep Aroraand Pushpa Lohani* Deptt.of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G B Pant Universaity of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (U.K), India One of the most important constraints for agriculture is water limitation and associated abiotic factors like generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and salt stress. Global warming may be worsening this situation in the times to come in most agricultural regions. Therefore it is relevant to understand the mechanisms that enable plants to cope with water deficit. Strategies involving genetic engineering show great promise. Coordinated expression of drought responsive genes is very important for the survival of plant in adverse conditions and this regulation is brought about by transcription factors (TF). Myb is a family of transcription factors comprising of a few drought responsive TF. Their expression maybe regulated with the onset of drought and other abiotic stress conditions. The plant Eleusine coracana could be a good source to fish out myb gene. E. coracana or madua is a hardy crop that is grown in the hills of Uttarakhand as well as Southern Peninsula. The present study was carried out to demonstrate the expression of Myb gene in a sensitive (PES-400) and resistant (PRM-6107) variety of E. coracana under drought, ROS and salt stress; isolate and characterize the amplified transcript using bioinformatics tools. Drought stress was provided by withholding water for 11 days whereas salt stress was given by watering the plants with sodium chloride and ROS was created by spraying paraquat on the plants.RT-PCR was used for studying the expression of Myb gene in different stress conditions. Myb gene was expressed only in tolerant variety in all the stress conditions where as there was no expression in sensitive variety as well as resistant variety under unstressed condition. However, the gene was present in sensitive variety which gave an amplicon on DNAPCR. This shows that the expression of the gene was induced with the onset of drought, ROS and salt stress. The transcript was sequenced and submitted to NCBI database (Accession No. JN107890). In-silico analysis of the partial myb gene sequence showed maximum similarity with drought responsive genes of rice and maize. Future prospects include full length cloning and functional validation of gene.
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In vitro and In vivo antimicrobial activity of the Compound Obtained From the seeds of Gloriosa Superba Linn.
Tanuja Pathak*1Balram P.Sah2,S. Sankar1, Sheeba Usmani3, B.Suresh4 Himalayan Institute Of Pharmacy and Research Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
In the present study Gloriosa superba (Liliaceae.) was selected based on the ethno medical uses, the extraction isolation, characterization, screening and documentation of phytochemicals was carried out. Hence, the plant was selected for a detailed phytochemical and biological investigation. Determination of preliminary phytochemical analysis is of use for the purpose of evaluation of crude drugs. All the four extracts of Gloriosa superba was tested for their phytoconstituents. Steroids, glycosides, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, fixed oils and tannins were found to be present in the plant. In India, the herb is largely cultivated in Tamilnadu particularly in Karur and Moolanur region. In Karnataka, growing along the Western Ghats and used as anti venom by tribal people of Western Ghats.One compound was isolated from chloroform extract ofGloriosa superba that is N-(5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo-heptalen-7-yl)-Acetamide. And the isolated compound showed significant antibacterial as well as antifungal activity against microorganisms tested andExperimental Vaginal Candidiasis was carried out forIn vivo antifungal screening.So, work has identified and isolated one of the active principle responsible for the antibacterial and antifungal activity.
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Alterations in Biochemical Components of Wistar rats due to aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia
Gulzar Ahmad*, Kusum Singh, Ajaz Ahmad, Vinita Ahirwar and Firdous Majeed Department of Zoology, Institute of basic sciences, Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Medicinal plants are staging a comeback and herbal renaissance all over the globe. The herbal products today symbolize safety in contrast to the synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to human and environment.Global estimates indicate that 80% of about four billion population cannot afford the products of the western pharmaceutical industry and have to rely upon the use of traditional medicines which are mainly derived from plant material. The present study is therefore designed to investigate the alterations in biochemical indices i.e. glycogen and protein contentdue to aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia at a dose level of 300mg/kg b.wt in normal rats of Wistar strain. The study was carried out by single and daily administration of dose for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of duration. The results revealed significant alterations due to administration of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifoliain glycogen as well as protein contents in liver due to chronic administration of the dose at the duration of 21 and 28 days.
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Suitability of Lipid Excipients for sustained release drug delivery system: Glipizide SR Tablet
Deepak Singh*, Vijay Sharma and Kamla Pathak, Firoz Anwar Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura (U. P.) 281001, India Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Shastradhara Road, Dobacchi, Near IT Park, Dehradun, U.K., India The objective of research work was to develop sustained release (SR) tablets of glipizide using lipid excipients and to compare with marketed formulation (Glytop SR). Use of lipids like Compritol 888 ATO, Stearic acid and Bees wax in an optimum quantity imparts SR properties to the tablets, by forming a complex network. This study investigates the influence of different concentrations of above mentionedlipids in prepared formulations containing glipizide as a drug candidate, on dissolution behaviour and stability. Sustained release micromatrices of lipid and glipizide were prepared by hot fusion method and evaluated for various parameters like particle size analysis, flow property, DSC and SEM. Particle size of prepared micromatrices was found between 22.21 - 36.80m and exhibited good flow property. Sustained release tablets were prepared by direct compression method by blending prepared micromatrices with various directly compressible tablet excipients and characterized for various tablet properties and were found to be satisfactory. In vitro drug release behaviour of prepared formulations was analyzed and compared with Glytop SR. Results showed that formulations containing Compritol 888 ATO exhibited 59. 61 0.234 81.73 0.756 % of drug release that was found to be less in comparison to the in vitro drug release of Glytop SR (84.62 0.470 %), while formulations containing20% stearic acid and 30% beeswax released the drug up to 95.83 0.788 % and 98.63% 0.306 respectively, that was found to be higher among all the prepared formulation. Conclusively, stearic acid and bees wax have proved their suitability asgood release
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retardant while compritol was found unsuitable for glipizide SR tablet.
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Study of virulence prototype of Salmonella isolates from different species sample using polymerase chain reaction
Amit G. Singh*1, Dixa Rawat2, Kripali Pant3, Ajay K. Upadhyay4, S. P. Singh5 and Maansi6
1,3,4,6
Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, COVAS, Pantnagar; 2 Veterinary Officer, Pauri, 5 Registrar, BAU, Bihar, India
Salmonella is an important food borne pathogen causing gastroenteritis, enteric fever and septicemia in human beings. The organism, once cross the threshold becomes intermittent or persistent carriers either in humans or in animals. A total of 600 samples consisting of poultry droppings (204), meat from slaughter house (256) calf diarrhea sample (100) and human infant diarrhea samples (40) were screened for the presence of salmonellae by conventional standard culture methods with slight modification. Only 15 isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically which were sent to Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, by stabbing them into semisolid nutrient agar (0.7%) and incubating at 37C for 24 h. On serotyping, these Salmonella isolates were identified as S. Typhimurium (10), S. Enteritidis (4) and S. Pullorum (1). Interestingly, all the isolates were from poultry dropping samples. These isolates were further characterized exploiting 3 virulent genes, viz., invA, sopB and stn using PCR.With regard to future work, it will be imperative to develop standardized protocols and procedures for computerized data analysis so that national database could be set up and used for the purpose of epidemiological surveillance and elimination of this important food borne pathogen. Further, a surveillance programme may be established for better tracing of Salmonella isolates in food producing animals and to identify sources of infection
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A Real time PCR detection of Phytophthora infestans, causing Late blight of Potato from host tissues
Touseef Hussain*a, B.P.Singhb,F iroz Anwarc and Kashif Hussaind
a
Central Potato Research Institute Campus (ICAR),Modipuram,Meerut,UP, India b Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR),Shimla,HP, India c Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, UK, India d Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies, Dehradun,UK, India
Late blight of potato is an important disease in India and main sources of inoculam is potato seed therefore early detection of P.infestans is necessary for hindering the spread of diseases from one region to another region.We studied ten specific primers and found that out of ten, seven primers were specific to P.infestans only. PINF series primers are considered as P.infestans specific primer on potato. Specific primer PINF/ITS5and PINF2/ITS3 could amplify P. infestans DNA within 24hrs from artificially infected leaves with a sensitivity limit of 10fg of DNA. To detect P.infestans present in the potato, a rapid method for DNA extraction followed by PCR with PINF/ITS5 and PINF2/ITS3 was established.The real-timePCR assay we describe is highly sensitive and specific, and has severaladvantages over conventional PCR assays used for P.infestans detectionto confirm positive P.infestansfinds in seeds and elsewhere.With increasing amounts of standard DNAtemplates, the respective threshold cycle (Ct) values were determined and a linear relationship was establishedbetween these Ct values and the logarithm of initial template amounts. By applying this methodology, we were able to detect P.infestans in potato leaf before the first symptoms of the disease were observed. The amounts of starting templates in artificially infected soil and leaves were estimated from the standard curves. This method will provide a useful tool for rapid detection of P.infestans in potato and
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demonstrate that real time PCR is a powerful technique for evaluation of soilborne inoculum in potato fields.
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Association of Serum Estrogen & Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer

Vikas Shrivastava*1,2, Gunjan Shrivastava3, Uma Bhardwaj1, Meenu rai2 1. 2. Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Dist Kangra, India Dept. of Biochemistry, Cancer Hospital & Research Center, Gwalior, India 3. Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Dist Kangra, India
Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor and is most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. Carcinogenesis is a multi step process with different mechanisms involved, in which oxidants and antioxidants also play a different role. The serum estradiol may cause oxidative stress during catabolic pathway, which may play a role in breast cancer.Thus the present study has been undertaken to assessthe serum estradiol and oxidative stress parameter in breast cancer subjects.One hundred four female human subjects (50 normal healthy & 54 breast cancer subjects) aged 25-65yrs were selected for the study which were obtained from Cancer Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Gwalior. All subjects were divided into two different groups; group I healthy control and group II breast cancer subjects. The serum estradiol, lipid peroxidation, GSH, SOD, catalase & GPx were investigated in all the groups. The significant (p<0.05) results were obtained in all the parameter. Result of the study shows that there may be strong association between serum estrogen and oxidative stress in female breast cancer.
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Nutritional Evaluation, Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Wild Edible FruitMyrica nagi Pulp
Praveen Singh , Subhash Chandra1, Sarla Saklani1, Abhay P. Mishra1
1*
*1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H. N. B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
The Garhwal Himalaya region of Uttarakhand is highly enriched with edible wild fruits. These fruits are highly potential medicinal and nutritive due to the presence of bio-active and anti oxidants. These wild fruits are consumed by local inhibitants and play a significant role as supplementary food. These edible wild fruits can be especially beneficial to those areas where there is a limited availability and variety in marketed fruits. Nutraceuticals are those chemical compounds which can be considered a food or its part which in addition to its normal nutritional value provides health benefits including preventation of diseases or promotion of health. The major diseases for the preventation and/or treatment of which, nutraceuticals have been associated are heart diseases cancer, hypertension and diabetes. The food substances used as nutraceuticals contain antioxidants perbiotics, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids certain phytochemicals and dietary fibers. Myrica nagi belongs to the family of myricaceae which is a popular potentially income-generating wild edible fruit and commonly known as Kaphal in Uttarakhand state. The analysis would lead to the evaluation of the nutritive value, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of wild edible fruit Myrica nagi pulp and other parts and for making its better utilization. The fruit of this plant are edible and prepare the refreshing drink. The bark is astringent, carminative, antiseptic and decoction used in asthma, fever, chronic bronchitis, lung infections, dysentery and in toothache. The leaf, bark and root are used for various body disorders such as liver disease, worms, jaundice, fever, asthma, anemia, chronic dysentery, ulcer and inflammation. This analysis revealed that the fruits contained higher value of fat, protein, fiber and minerals as compared to the cultivated fruits with cherry and other cultivated fruits. These findings confirm that the Myrica nagi may be potentional source for the formulation of nutraceuticals or natural foods.
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Environmental Conservation Awareness among College students

D.N. Harit* Department of Zoology, Government Champhai College, Mizoram, India Environment is one of the most important components of our ecosystem and human survival. Researches indicate Environmental degradation is taking place, which is due to various factors involved in it. Some of them are essential whereas some of them are due to human carelessness and ignorance. Environmental conservation is therefore extremely important for its sustainable use of our earth planet and for human survival and maintenance of our ecosystem. A study was conducted at Champhai district of Mizoram to access the status of environment and its conservation among college students. A result indicates the need to educate and make them aware the significance of our Environment and consequences of its degradation in near future. This paper highlights the extent of environment and its conservation awareness among college students, with special reference to Champhai district of Mizoram, North East India.
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Need of Development of Standardization parameters of Guizotiaabyssinica (L.F.) Cass.: An Endangered Medicinal Plant of India
Sumeet Dwivedi1, 2*, Seema Kohli3 and Hemant Joshi2 1, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, R.J., India 2, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ujjain Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ujjain, M.P., India 3, Pharmacy Department, K.N. Polytechnic College, Jabalpur, M.P., India Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass., Syn. G. oleifera D.C., Polymnia abyssinica L.f., Suppl., Verbesina sativa Roxb., Jaegeria abyssinica Spr.,commonly known as Ramtil in Hindi and Niger in English belongs to family Asteraceae(Compositae) is native of Abyssinica (South Africa). The plant is used in the treatment of various diseases such as arthritis, microbial infections and seed oil serve as contraceptives. The various parts viz.,stem, leavesand seeds are popular in Indian traditional medicine and as such provides good to develop herbal drug preparation to be used as phytomedicine. International criteria for validation and standardization of an herbal material as phytomedicine examination of raw material to guarantee its authenticity. The dried stem, leaves and seeds were taken to study various physic-chemical parameters. Various parameters such as FOM, LOD, ash value, extractive value and fluorescence analysis of powdered drug were determined and reported in present communication. Thus, the present paper aims at setting the standardisation standards to establish quality control parameter for the raw material. The data obtained in present study will serve as valuable tool for identification, authentication and detection of adulterants and quality control of the plant Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.
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THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF SOME PLANTS FROM UTTARAKHAND REGION AGAINST CANDIDA SPIECES
Payal Gupta*, Swati Joshi, Navin Kumar# and Nishant Rai
Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, UK, India

Candida is a well-known big fungal genus that is pathogenic in nature. It belongs to the class Saccharomycetes, the order Saccharomycetales, and the family Saccharomycetaceae. It is ubiquitous, dimorphic, opportunistic fungus that affects humans and remains commensally in association with many animals. The infection of Candida primarily depends upon the immune status of the host. Candida is usually diploid and naturally heterozygous yeast. This yeast has a high level of molecular similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Candida shows dimorphism; it exists in the forms of yeast cells, hyphae and pseudohyphae. The various forms of infection are associated with different species of Candida like Candidal esophagitis is most common infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndromes. Candidaalbicans is the most frequent pathogenic species followed by C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. According to a report, the most common species are C. albicans (47%) followed by C. tropicalis (23%). A limited number of drugs are available against it due to the factors like dimorphic transition, permeability, resistance to phagocytosis and ability to grow well at 37oC. Of many species Candida albicans receive special attention because of its association with humans. Candida species account for 8% - 10% of all nosocomical blood-stream infections (BSIs). Approximately 95%- 97% of all Candida-associated BSIs are caused by 5 species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. In US, Candidemia infection is the fourth most widely hospital acquired infection (HAI) (Wisplinghoff et. al., 2004). Candida infections are increasing alarmingly in India. Like any other microbial pathogen, fungal infection also involves some basic steps such as (1) entry and adherence to the host tissue, (2) invasion of the host tissue, (3) multiplication, colonization and dissemination in the tissues, and (4) evasion of the host immune system and damage to the tissues (Khan et. al., 2010). Some of antifungal agents are Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin, and Micafunfin. In the developing countries, fungal infections are still the main cause of deaths. The need for new antifungal drugs is constant. There are reports stating the alarming increase of antibiotic resistance in Candida. In the present study we have investigated the effect of extracts from some plants of medicinal importance (like Elaeocarpus genitrus, Pinus wallchiana, Rhododendron sp.) on the growth of Candida albicans (MTCC3017), C. glabrata (MTCC3019) and C. tropicalis (MTCC4370) using plate assays along with the appropriate controls. These plant extracts have shown the significant anticandidal properties by showing clear zones onto the media plate, when compared with available antifungal antibiotics. We are also studying the effect of these extracts on the hyphal transition in Candida since hyphal form is the pathogenic to human beings.This study opens the door to further characterize these plants for developing effective anti candidal therapeutics.
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Himalayan Viagra Yarsagumba: Extinction in Nepal Rohit Suman1, R. Ranjan2, J. N. Sah3& M. Sah4
2
B. Pharma,NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, India Departments of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar , India 3 Ph.D. Scholars, Chemistry Division, FRI, Dehra Dhun, India 4 Scientist, Regional Agriculture Research Station, Parwanipur, Bara, Nepal Email: sumanrohit7@gmail.com
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Climate change and overharvesting have put a Himalayan fungus valued for its purported aphrodisiac qualities at risk of extinction. Himalayan Viagra, the parasitic caterpillar fungus Cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) grows on and kills Tibetan ghost moths during their larval phase underground. A tiny mushroom sprouts from the head of the dead larva, poking a few millimeters out of the ground. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) claims the funguswhich is boiled and added to tea or soupcan act as an aphrodisiac, cure cancer and fight fatigue. These medical claims have not been borne out scientifically.Yarsagumba is harvested by Nepalese villagers who sell it for more than $25 a gram (retail prices soar to $150 per gram or more). But as Agence France-Presse (AFP) reports, the growth in demand has made yarsagumba supplies scarce. Villagers who once collected 150 to 200 pieces of the fungus in a month are now only finding only 10, 20 or 30 pieces. AFP also cites climate change as a possible reason for shrinking supplies. The regions where the fungus normally grows have experienced lower levels of snow and rain as well as higher temperatures in the past few years.One of the few actual studies of O. sinensis is being conducted by Uttam Babu Shrestha, a PhD student at the University of Massachusetts Boston. Shrestha found that the villagers who harvest yarsagumba live in mountainous regions that contain few natural resources and where agricultural productivity is low, making the fungus their primary source of income. In a project synopsis for a study funded by The Rufford Small Grants Foundation, he wrote that the depletion of the fungus would severely impact the economy and culture of the people who rely on it. The study, published February 1 inNature, calculated the global market for yarsagumba to be between $5 billion and $11 billion. (Scientific American is part of Nature Publishing Group.) .A 2008 study inEconomic Botany found that fungus collection represented 40 percent of the rural cash income in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, where it is also collected.
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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS PREPARED FROM LEAF AND BARK OF ALBIZIA LEBBECK
Swati Goswami*, Sandhya Malla, C K Shrotri, Reena Jain Dept. of Microbiology, Samhaggin Bottom Institute of Agr., Tech. & Sciences, Allahabad (U.P), India.
Albizia lebbeck benth, commonly known as Shirisha in Sanskrit and Hindi is a medium to large tree belonging to the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminaceae) and a member of subfamily Mimosaceae. Found all over India, from the plains up to 900 m in the Himalayas; also in the Andamans. Forkline medicinal use describes its action as Antiseptic, antibacterial, antiallergic, antidermatosis, antidysenteric. Bark used in bronchitis; bark and seeds in piles; root in hemicrania; flowers in cough, bronchitis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia and asthma; Pod is antiprotozoal. Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of stem and bark in rhinitis, sinusitis and migraine. In the current research work phytochemical screening of Albizzia lebbeck bark and leaves aqueous and methanol were performed. The bark and leaves were collected from city area of Gwalior. The percentage yield of bark was calculated as 7.8 % w/w and the percentage yield of leaves was 11.9 % w/w. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanol and aqueous extract of Albizzia lebbeck (L) bark and leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates. Methanol extract of bark had high contents of saponins as compare to extracts prepared from leaves. No reducing sugars were detected in aqueous extracts. Antioxidant evaluation of Albizzia lebbeck, was carried out using the free radical scavenging activity of the 1, 1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), total phenolics content, flavanoid content and reducing power assay on the methanol leave and bark extracts. The total phenolic content was found to be 52.48 mg/g and 36.6 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) for methanol leaf and bark extracts respectively. The reducing power for methanol bark extract was observed to be equivalent to standard ascorbic acid at concentrations of 100g/ml and 400g/ml. No such activity was shown by methanol leaf extract. Flavanoid contents of methanol leaf and bark extract was 22.30 mg/g and 2.63 mg/g 100g/ml. It indicates that this extract has the potency of scavenging free radicals in vitro and may provide leads in the ongoing search for natural antioxidants from Indian medicinal plants to be used in treating diseases related to free radical reactions.
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respectively. The DPPH scavenging activity of the methanol bark extract was found to be promising i.e. of 66% at
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ISOLATION OF CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES USING A METAGENOMIC APPROACHFROMDUNG OF RUMINANT ANIMALS

Reena Jain*, Nidhi Katare, Ashwani Keserwani
Department of Life science and Technology, Boston College for Professional Studies, Gwalior, India All biofuels, by definition, are made from plant material or from other organic material. The main biofuel in international market is corn ethanol, a type of biofuel made using the starch in corn grain. But only using grain to produce biofuels can lead to a tug of war between food and fuel sources, as well as other environmental and economic challenges. Biofuels made from cellulosic sources the leaves, stems, and other fibrous parts of a plant have been touted as a promising renewable energy source. Not only is cellulose the most abundant biological material on Earth, but using cellulose to produce biofuels instead of grain can have environmental benefits. According to U.S. Department of Energy studies conducted by Argonne National Laboratory of the University of Chicago, one of the benefits of cellulosic ethanol is it reduces greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by 85% over reformulated gasoline. To produce fuel ethanol from cellulose, it is first acid or enzyme hydrolyzed into sugar, followed by fermentation and distillation of biofuel ethanol. Currently, there are some commercial enzymes which degrade cellulose, but there is room for improvement in both rate and sugar yield. Metagenomics is a cultivation independent analysis of the metagenome of a habitat and involves direct isolation of DNA from the environment followed by cloning and expression of the metagenome in a heterologous host. This study utilized metagenomics to create a library in E.coli using pUC19 and DH5 vector-host system containing environmental microbial DNA isolated from dung of ruminant animals (cow, buffalo, goat and horse) to look for more potent cellulase producing genes. The library constructed was screened on carboxymethyl cellulose agar and the DNA from two positive clones was sub-cloned into pQE expression vectors. Two enzymes expressed were named, Cel1 and Cel 2, were purified by Ni-NTA affinity column. Specific activity towards carboxymethyl cellulose at different pH range was check by Anthron test and Native-PAGE. Both
two enzymes expressed in this study, Cel has the better potential as an industrial enzyme due to higher specific activity and better stability over the pH ranges tested.
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enzymes had a pH optimum of 6, although Cel 2 had a greater stability over the pH range tested i.e. pH 5.0-7.5. Of the
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Air pollution and its remedy through house plants in residential and working placesMonika Gaur, Sadhana Solanki and Shashi Patil*
Department of Life Science and Technology, Boston College for Professional Studies, Gwalior, M.P., India
Urbanization and industrial revolution in the last few decades has resulted in immense impact on man and his environment. Although we expect urbanization and industrialization to bring in prosperity, but they lead to many environmental problems, related to polluted air, water and soil. Environmental pollution affects our health; hence increasing awareness is most important for the better management.Some of the industries or factories located in Malanpur region of Gwalior district, M.P., are discharging noxious gases into atmosphere, some are dumping toxic wastes into nearby streams/ rivers from where they get dispersed into the atmosphere and act as pollutants. Malanpur area is day by day becoming densely populated. The people residing in the vicinity and nearby areas are getting effected by different types of pollution.Air pollution is one of the major cause of health problems in this area. Plantation is indeed a solution to certain extent to get rid of air pollution. The modern houses and most of the school and office buildings are insulated to prevent entry of dust, dirt and other pollutants. But insulated buildings accumulate indoor air for long hours. This indoor air might contain pollutants from equipments, building materials, furnishings, detergents, cigerettes, paints, pharmaceuticals etc. To keep houses and working places pollution free, some specific indoor plants can be used .The decorative or houseplants can reduce components of indoor air pollution .They clean and purify the air and also make it microbes free. It is suggested to plant around 15 to 20 such specific airpurifier plants for approximate 1600 square feet area of house or other populated buildings
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Evaluation of medicinal value of Gymnema sylvestre grown in different environmental conditions

Chandana Jain Department of Life Science, Boston College for Professional Studies, Gwalior, (M.P.), India Gymnema sylvestre is an herb native to the tropical forests of southernand central India where it has been used for the treatment of diabetes for nearly two millennia. Throughout India it is called Gurmari or Gurmar etc. As diabetes is most common disease now-a-days, so it is selected for present study. Present investigation includes phytochemistry ofGymnema sylvestre collected from different environment conditions. Results indicated that plants growing in different environment have different quantity of gymnemic acids and protein. Protein content was higher (by 9.21%) in species which were cultivated in field condition in comparison to those species grown in native habitat. Whereas quantity of gymnemic acid was higher(by 7.24%) in species grown in natural conditions as compared to cultivated species. The results of this investigation will be helpful for the estimation of medicinal value of this species and for pharmaceutical industries to design drugs for diabetes treatment.
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS
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NHPBMS/POSTER/ROLLNO./ 01
Metagenomics: The Key Technology for the Development of Novel Biotechnological and Pharmaceutical products
Anjney Sharma*, Preeti Singh, Sudheer Kumar, Alok K. Srivastava and A. K. Sharma
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau Nath Bhanjan, (U.P.) India Microorganisms of millions species exist in every corner of the Earth, which form a dynamic genetic reservoir of bioactive natural products and several other products including antibiotics, anti-tumour, immune suppressants and others are currently used as therapeutic agents for human and domestic animals. Most of these products were obtained from cultivable (1%) environmental microbial communities and this means that the vast majority of microbes (99%) are not clearly revealed and categorized due to barrier in current cultivation technology and therefore are not accessible for others microbial products and drugs. Metagenomics is a recent cultivation-independent approach now open up the roads to analyze and screen the genetically and metabolically rich hidden microbial communities in their entirety. In this approaches DNA is directly isolated from environmental samples and cloned into suitable vectors to construct complex genomic libraries. These libraries can be analyzed for novel genes and pathways with sequence-based techniques or through screening proteins and drugs that are being produced in surrogate hosts. The approach of directly cloning environmental DNA greatly enhances the opportunities to take full advantage of the enormous naturally occurring microbial resources. Phenotypic analysis of the introduced unknown genes in culturable bacteria could be an important way for functional genomics of unculturable bacteria. Massive construction of metagenomic libraries and development of high throughput screening technology should be necessary to obtain valuable microbial resources. Recently several new bioactive molecules and proteins have been discovered using a metagenomic approach. Industrialization of this mature technology now offers great opportunities tobiotechnological and pharmaceutical companies to enable access to the untapped reservoir of secondary metabolites from previously uncultured bacteria and to converts this genetic diversity into new sources of bioactive molecules and novel chemical entities. Finally a metagenomic strategy can provide an efficient tool for identifying and production of several bioactive molecules, products and drugs for human welfare.
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Estimation of Gingerol content in different brand samples of Ginger powder and their Antioxidant activity: A comparative Study
Abhay Prakash Mishra*, Sarla Saklani Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal,Uttarakhand, India Gingerol is the most abundant constituent of fresh ginger has potent antioxidant activity but it decreases during postharvest storage and processing. The present work efforts have been made to estimate Gingerol content in different brand samples of Ginger powder and their antioxidant activity compared with the sample cultivated through organic farming.The sample cultivated through organic farming was collected from the local area of Srinagar Garhwal (UK), other samples were taken from the markets of Srinagar Garhwal and Dehradun and was identified from the Dept. of Botany H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal (UK). All regents and chemicals were used of analytical and HPLC grade and extraction was carried out by hot solvent extraction method. FRAP method was used for Antioxidant activity. Simple reversed-phase HPLCUV method, with gradient elution, was used to estimate the gingerol. A typical HPLC-UV chromatogram was obtained which exhibited a clean and smooth baseline with excellent resolution where all the marker peaks could be identified and quantified. The amount ofgingerol in the sample S1 is 04.54%, in S2 is 08.01%, in S3 is 06.74%, in S4 is 04.20%, in S5 is 06.74% and in S6 is 08.54%, estimated respectively by HPLC analysis. Among all samples, S6 (ginger cultivated through organic farming) has significant quantity of gingerol in comparison to other market samples.The reducing ability of different samples of ginger extracts was in the range of 360.20 23.43-3020.16 42.31mol/g dry weight. The FRAP values for the methanolic extracts of rhizomes in all six varieties were significantly lower than those of vitamin C and -tocopherol, but higher than that of BHT. When we compared all five market samples with ginger cultivated through organic farming had excellent antioxidant activity. The results conclude that ginger which cultivated through organic farming has a significant antioxidant activity, positive relationship between antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents. The high antioxidant activity shows the higher level of total phenolic and flavonoids.
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Antibacterial potentiality of Daucus carotaextracts against multi drug resistant microbes

Alka Sahrawat* and Sushil Kumar Shahi* Bio-resource Tech Laboratory, Microbiology Department, CCS University, Meerut-250005, India In the present study the antimicrobial activity of different solvent extract of root were used against multidrug resistant bacteria viz., Gram +ve (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococus epidermides) and Gram ve (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi,and Salmonella thiphimurium). The water extract did not show significant activity but the organic solvent extract had significant activity with the methanolic extract demonstrating the highest activity against the test pathogens. The activity of the extract was also compared to standard antibiotics, gentamycine, ampicillin, doxycycline and erythomycine. The extract demonstrate the highest activity against to all the gram ve bacteria than the gram +ve bacteria tested, with the highest activity (16 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Salmonella sp. Increase in temperature enhance the activity of the extract while alkaline pH decrease the activity. The MIC and MBC of the extract range between 10-500 g/ml. The extract also exhibited potent activity against strain which showed associated resistant to antibiotics. Thus the solvent extract from waste part of Daucus carota may be used for prevention and treatment of antibacterial infection has been suggested.
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Antimicrobial investigation of different medications against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Shuchi Kaushik*, Archana Shrivastav1, Sudhir Kumar Jain2 *Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Gwalior, (MP), India 1 Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Gwalior, (MP), 2 Department of Microbiology, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.), India
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Staphylococci are one of the important causes of human infections but are also found as non-pathogenic microorganisms in human samples. The major reservoir of Staphylococci in hospitals is colonized/infected inpatients and colonized hospital workers. There is a progressive increase in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence and multi-drug resistance in staphylococci. Vancomycin is still the drug of choice for MRSA infections. Resistance transfer from staphylococci to E. coli as well as from clinical to carrier staphylococci due to antibiotic stress seemed to be an alarming threat to antimicrobial chemotherapy. The present study was undertaken with the aim of determining epidemiology of clinical and carrier staphylococci and studies of their acquisition and dissemination of resistance in a hospital setting in central India. The study was conducted between 2010-11 on 250 human subjects, yielding 176 strains of staphylococci from clinical specimens (125), nasal cultures of hospitalized patients (50) and skin & nasal sources of hospital workers (25 & 50 respectively). Organisms from clinical samples were isolated, cultured and identified as per the standard routine procedures. Susceptibility was measured by the agar diffusion method, as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The modified method of Birnboin and Takahashi was used for isolation of plasmids from Staphylococci. It was shown that 35.1% of Staphylococcus aureusand 22.5% of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates were resistant to methicillin. Highest percentage of MRSA (35.5%) was found in pus specimens (n=22). The multiple drug resistance of all MRSA (n=61) and Methicillin resistant Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (MRCNS) (n=40) isolates was detected. In case of both methicillin-resistant as well as methicillinsensitive Staphylococcal isolates 9% (n=16) resistance was found to vancomycin whereas highest resistance was found to penicillin G followed by ampicillin.
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Indigenous knowledge on local plants: a potential resource for drug development to take care of some typical health ailments of global concern
Tribhubana Panda* *Kalahandi Institute for Tribology and Ethnobiology(KITE),At- Jilingdar,PO-Dedar 766014, Dist. Kalahandi, Odisha, India The hilly terrain of Kalahandi district supports about 13 major ethnic tribes of Dravidian origin and povertystricken higher caste of Aryan origin. These people constituting about 48 % of the district population live in nature as a part of it. They are the repository of age-old accumulated experiences, and have specific knowledge on indigenous methods of uses, management and conservation of local flora and fauna for their livelihood and health care practices. They use 39 locally available herbs to cure 8 most typical health ailments like malaria, jaundice, contraceptive, reproductive disorders, abortion, menstrual disorders, snake bite and insect bite which are also of global concern. The plants are used either singly or in combination with other and it is seen that medicinal uses of plants by local inhabitants, recorded herein, are more often different from the literature recorded in the Indian Ayurvedic system of healthcare practices.A chemical and clinical basis of action of these plants and synergistic and antagonistic effects of the plant combination on these characteristic health ailments would clarify the doubts in the minds of the people associated with the Ayurvedic system of health care practices, help in handling with the skeptic elite mass and definitely help in the sustainable development of tribal and rural health and economy.
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Achieving Sustainable Development through White Technology

Surendra Kumar Yadav* Associate Professor, Department of Engineering & Technology (SCRIET), CCS University, Meerut-250004 (UP), India White or industrial biotechnology is one of the most promising new approaches to pollution prevention,resource conservation, and cost reduction. Applications of white biotechnology can contribute to meet environmental objective to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20% in 2020. Industrial biotechnology can help prevent pollutionand offers new ways to produce goods and services.Environmental benefits are often combined withincreased economic efficiency, leading to cost savingsin the production process while the production outputand quality remains the same or increases. Industrial biotechnology, based on renewable resources, can save energy and significantly reduce CO2 emissions; and it holds much greater promise for the future by avoiding the use of fossil raw materials. It involves the use of enzymes and microorganisms to make bio-based products in a diverse variety of industry sectors. The feed-stocks are agricultural biomass and organic waste materials, even wastewaters. Industrial biotechnology, based on renewable resources, can save energy and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. Besides bio-fuels, industrial biotechnology can contribute to climate change mitigation through diverse products in the plastics and chemicals sectors. These products are less controversial, some are closer to market than second generation bio-fuels, and yet do not enjoy the wealth of supportive supply and demand policies as seen with bio-fuels. Several sources predict that bio-based chemicals could in the near future occupy a much larger market share than at present. As befits the remarkable biodiversity of microorganisms, the diversity of potential bio-based
intervention must be based on social acceptance, environmental friendly, and economical viable to achieve sustainable development.
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chemicals can replace their fossil-based counterparts with significant GHG emissions reductions. Policy
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chemicals is wide. In many cases, organic chemistry has no feasible replacement; in other cases, bio-based
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Climate Change Impacts on Community Health: Issues for Developing Countries Like India
Surendra Kumar Yadav* Associate Professor, Department of Engineering & Technology (SCRIET), CCS University, Meerut-250004 (UP), India Environmental health is directly related with negative feedback in ecosystems. To address gaps in communication, knowledge, intervention, and identify priorities and strategies for future research in developing countries like India, the scope of climate change studies is enormous. Based on the potential for climate change and variability to exacerbate endemic malaria, dengue, yellow fever, cholera, and chikungunya, as well as chronic diseases, particularly among the millions of people who already experience poor sanitation, pollution, malnutrition, and a shortage of drinking water, there is need for visualization and analysis of situations related with climate change and associated increases in climate variability willlikely further exacerbate global health disparities. To accuratelypredict the anticipated impacts and inform effective interventions, there need for improving the surveillance, monitoring, and integration of meteorological, environmental, geospatial, and health data while working in parallel to implement adaptation strategies. There is need for collaboration across diverse institutions and bodies at all levels for developing countries to invest in improvements in information infrastructure that are innovative and that promote interdisciplinary collaborations while embarking on adaptation strategies. Best available technologies (BAT) with innovative ideas can be used in research on the likely impacts of climate change on health that reflect Indias diverse climates and populations, with respect to technical capacities for risk communication and promoting adaptive behaviour. Indias efforts to handle the climate change strategy need more meaningful ideas that help and support India's efforts to handle climate change and particularly implementation of Millennium Development Goals. Further it is essential to understand the plans and strategies in respect of climate change and the various related programmes to fight against climate change and poverty reduction. Evidence suggests that rainfall variability plays an important role and that a long-term trend in increasing temperature during the 20th century is sufficient to significantly increase the abundance of vectors. Monthly parasite incidence can be positively correlated with temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Potential adaptation strategies in response to climate variability and change must be designed on specific temporal and spatial scales relevant to India and must be focus on controlling infectious diseases by removing vector breeding sites, reducing vectorhuman contact via improved housing, and coordinating monitoring of mosquitoes, pathogens, and disease burden. Promotion of effective two-way communication channels to enable the researchers to engage with integrated interdisciplinary research towards poverty reduction and sustainable development to establish an interdisciplinary research network for integrated research towards developing suitable strategies for sustainable flow of ecosystem services and economics of natural resource management, biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihood under changing climate, as these all issues are inter-related with each other directly or indirectly, and have impacts on public health.
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NHPBMS/POSTER/ROLLNO./08
Climate Change Mitigation for Agricultural Practices through Green Biotechnology

Surendra Kumar Yadav* Associate Professor, Department of Engineering & Technology (SCRIET), CCS University, Meerut-250004 (UP), India Consequences of climate change include declining crop yields, ocean acidification, malnutrition and heat stress, population displacement and threatened ecosystems. These effects could be particularly dramatic in the light of growing population levels, in order to feed the overall population. More heat waves, storms and floods caused by melting glaciers (which could affect more than 30% of the worlds agricultural lands). Green biotechnology can help farmers produce food sustainably through greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, crop adaptation, crop protection and increased yield from less available arable land. Green biotechnology can help farmers produce food sustainably through less fuel consumption on farms through a reduced need to spray crops, carbon sequestration and reduced fertilizer use and N2O emissions. Soil carbon sequestration will be an important part of any international strategy to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. By adopting more sustainable management practices, agriculture can play a large part in enhancing global soil carbon sequestration. N2O from agricultural fields happens when nitrogen fertilizers applied to crops interact with common soil bacteria. Reduced fertilizer use will also mean less nitrogen pollution of ground and surface waters. There is no doubt that the changing meteorological conditions associated with climate change will have an impact on agricultural yields. Addressing climate change will require substantial efforts; policies will have to be developed now, and then adapted over several decades in light of experience with implementation and evolving scientific and technical understanding. Green biotechnology provides options for farmers to help them adopt sustainable agricultural practices that can tackle tomorrows challenges. Genetically modified (GM) crops are helping farmers to increase yields whilst using fewer precious natural resources and being more resistant to pests and diseases that are likely to spread in a changing climate. There is need for further research to understand climate change mitigation strategies for agriculture practices through green biotechnology.
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Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Environment

T.R. Sahu*, Department of Botany,Dr.H.S.Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470003 Plant diversity provides a buffer against the effect of climate change, and a source of raw material for adaptation. Plants are of particular importance as they are major regulators of global climate and are the keystone of the carbon cycle. Forests are especially important, acting as major sinks by soaking up Co 2 and storing it as biomass and in soils. Conversely, the ongoing destruction, deforestation, developmental activities etc. which today continues at around 13 million ha/yr, is a major source of Co2 emissions. Because of Co2 emission there is unequivocal evidence that the earths climate is warming at an unprecedented rate.The climate system is currently warming at global average temperature have risen by on an average o.740 over the past century (1906 to 2006). It is predicted that an ice free Arctic will appear in summers by 2040. (Holland et. al. 2000). Melting ice masses (overland) will contributed sea level rise and the release of carbon and methane, long locked in ice. Cumulative loss of glacier mass is currently occurring ubiquitously and uncharacteristically rapidly (Manning 2007) with increasing rates of ice loss since mid- 1980s in India. The Himalaya mountain ranges are known as the water towers of Asia Since the glacier fed rivers originating from the mountains comprise the largest river run off from any single location in the world. Changes in these influence water recourse, agriculture infrastructure, live hood, biodiversity, and cultures and would affect the lives of about 40% of words population (UNEP-2007 a) such as all these aspect will be discussed. Global average sea level will rise; higher ocean levels will contaminated underground water sources particularly in smaller island states including Indian oceans is the Caribbean sea and some of the most productive deltas, arid and semiarid regions are becoming drier which will result prolonged droughts. On the other hand atmosphere water content is increasing globally and mid to high altitude are becoming wetter, possibilities of extreme weather events such as heat waves, wild fire, storms, and flash, floods etc , loss of Biodiversity.Agroecosystems also face many of the same threats from climate changes as species in natural ecosystems. The negative impacts of climate change on agriculture (reduction in yield, shifting crop likely to be most severe in Asian Country and tropical Africa where an additional75 million people or more could become at risk of hunger and problems adapting to new extremes in temperature and rain fall.Ecosystems managed for agriculture are dependent on the goods and services provided by natural ecosystems. As with natural ecosystems, the key to adaptation is maintaining genetic diversity and it is crucial to conserve crop diversity and crop wild relatives to meet the needs of agricultural breeding program. Biofuels have been touched as one way to reduce green house gas emission but they are far from a panacea. Increased biofuel production may drove up food costs for many stable foods, including maize, decreasing food security. Even if non-food crops are used for biofuels, the carbon footprint of fuel production can be significant if intact plant communities are cleared for plant production. Many of the worlds food depend directly on harvesting non-timber plants for lively hood and loss of natural vegetation many of these species are under threat. Climate change will further threaten these species and as a consequence, the people who depend on them.
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Plankton diversity of Raipur reservoir in Gwalior region, Gwalior

Meenakshi Saxena* and D.N. Saksena School of Studies in Zoology,Aquatic Biology Laboratory,Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.) The present work focused on diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Raipur reservoir in Gwalior district for the period of April, 2009 to March, 2011. 66 species of phytoplanktonic organisms belonging to 5 classes, 11 order, 19 families and34 genera have been identified Out of which eighteen species, viz.,Microcystis aeruginosa, M. pseudofilamentosa, Merismopedia glauca, M. tenuissima, M. punctata, Anacystis cyanea, Aphanocapsa grevillei, A. montana, Synechococystis pevalekii, S. aquatilis, Anabaena aphanizomanoides, A. naviculoides, A. flosaquae, Spirulina labyrinthiformis, Arthrospira platensis, Oscillatoria princeps, O. limnetica, Oscillatoria sp., under Cyanophyceae, twenty nine species, viz.,Pediastrum simplex, P. duplex, P. duplex var. reticulatum, P. duplex var. gracillimum, P. tetras, P. ovatum, Chlorococcum humicola, Tetraedron trilobulatum, T. gracile, Volvox aureus, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Closterium setaceum, C. parvulum var. angustum, C. acutum, C. dianae, Closteriopsis logissima, Arthrodesmus convergens, Cosmarium puntulatum, Cosmarium monomazum, Scenedesmus carinatus, S. alternans, S. obliquus, S. dimorphus, Glaucocystis cingulata, Staurastrum sp., S. leptocladium, S. chaetoceras, Spirogyra sp., Crucigenia tetrapedia under class Chlorophyceae, eleven species, viz., Melosira sp., M. varians, Tabellaria fenestrate, Cymbella naviculiformis, C. tumida, C. affinis, Gomphonema sp., G. herculearnum, Diatomella balfouriana, Gyrosigma kutzingii, Pinnularia sp., under the class Bacillariophyceae, Six species, viz.,Euglena acus, E. elastica, E.proxima, Euglenamorpha hegneri, Trachelomonas similis, T. horrida under the class Euglenophyceae, two species, viz., Ceratium hirudinella, Peridinium inconspicum under the class Dinophyceae were identified and 51 species of zooplankton were represented by 7 species of Protozoa, 28 species of Rotifera, 9 species of Cladocera, 4 species of Copepoda and 3 species of Ostracoda. Eggs and Nauplius larvae are also observed in abundance under zooplankton. Arcella discoides, Centropyxis aculeata, Difflugia lebes, D. muriformis, D. urceolata, Nebella flabellulum and Wailesella eboracensis under Protozoa, Anuraeopsis fissa, Asplanchna brightwelli, Brachionus angularis, B. bidenteta, B. caudatus, B. calyciflorus amphiceros, B. calyciflorus v. dorcas, B. calyciflorus v. heterospina, B. diversicornis, B. falcatus, B. forficula, B. plicatilis, Dicranophorus sp., Filinia longiseta, F. terminalis, Keratella cochlearis, K. tecta, K. tropica, Lecane bulla, L. (M) bulla, L. luna, L. ohioensis, L. unguilata, Lepadella ovalis, Mytilina acanthophora, Pompholyx sulcata, Polyarthra vulgaris and Testudenella patina under Rotifera, Alona intermedia, Bosmina longirostris, B. deitersi, Chydorus sphaericus, Daphnia lumholtzi, D. similis, Diaphanosoma exisum, Macrothrix rosea and Moina brachiata under Cladocera, Cypris sp., Cyprinotus gunningi and Cypridopsis rhomboidea under Ostracodaand Heliodiaptomus vidus, Mesocyclops hyalinus, Phyllodiaptomus blanci and Thermocyclops crassus under Copepoda have been identified.
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Pongimia pinnata potent Antimicrobial Agent against Microbial Pathogens

Reena*, Rajat Singh and M.C. Purohit 1. Department of Chemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University) Campus, Pauri (Garhwal) Uttarakhand, India 2. Sai institute of paramedical and Allied Sciences, Dehradun, India Pongimia pinnata belongs to family leguminaceae a large, shady, deciduous tree, dotting much of the central Indian landscape, both wild and cultivated. According to WHO (1993), 80% of the worlds population is dependent on the traditional medicine and a major part of the traditional therapies involves the use of plant extracts or their active constituents. These plants represent a rich source from which novel antibacterial and antifungal chemotherapeutic agents may be obtained. Pongimia pinnata traditionally used in medicines were subjected to antifungal screening against several pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. The present investigation emphasis on the isolation and characterization of new broad spectrum compounds and study of plant extract (in different solvent) for antimicrobial activities against the selected microbial pathogens.Plant materials (bark) were collected from Sahashradhara, Dehradun and shade dried. Dried seeds were extracted with ethyl alcohol and petroleum ether for 72 hrs. An oily mixture was obtained; mixture was stirred after every 24 hrs and filtered. The filtrates obtained were concentrated in vacuum using rotary evaporator at 30 oC. The bacteria were inoculated into soybean casein digest agar\broth and incubated at 370 C for 4 hrs. Similar procedure is done for fungal strains by inoculating in Sabourauds dextrose broth for 6 hrs. Extracts has been evaluated. Broth dilution method was adopted for the determination of M.I.C and M.B.C. values of the test activity using agar well diffusion method at sample concentration 200 g/100 l. The ethyl alcohol extracts of plants showed strong and broad spectrum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. pyrogenes and Escherichia coli etc, at 200 g/100 l. similarly done antifungal activity against the fungal pathogens. isolation and characterization of compounds is in progress.
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sample. The ethyl alcohol and petroleum ether extracts of plant was tested for antibacterial and antifungal
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SOD- A Key Enzyme in Plant Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification

Talwinder kaur*, Priyanka Chaudhary, Junaid Farhan, Vikas Shrivastava, Uma Bhardwaj Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Kangra (H.P.) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen free radicals; singlet oxygen, superoxides, peroxides and hydroxyl radicals. These are the by-product of normal cell metabolism in plants under stress conditions, when the balance between production and elimination is disturbed. ROS rapidly inactivate enzymes, damage vital cellular organelles in plants, and destroy membranes by inducing the degradation of pigments, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which ultimately results in cell death. Plants possess a complex battery of enzymatic (SOD,APX, CAT, GR, DHA and DHAR) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid, glutathione, -tocopherol) antioxidative defense systems that can protect cells from oxidative damage and scavenge harmful ROS.Superoxide dismutases, a first line of defense against ROS, is a family of metalloenzymes convert O2radical to H2O2 and classified into three groups according to their metal cofactors; copper-zinc (Cu/Zn-SOD), iron (Fe-SOD) and manganese (Mn-SOD) . Fourth class with a nickel atom cofactor (Ni-SOD) has been identified only in Streptomycesgenera . It has been suggested that regulation of expression of plant Fe and Mn SOD may differs due to their subcellular location. SOD activity decreased due to increased H 2O2 concentration. In Arabidopsis plant with knockdown SOD, suppressed growth and development has been reported. Data regarding overproduction of Fe-SOD providing oxidative stress tolerance to transgenic maize has been provided. Greater resistance against oxidative stress in transgenic tobacco plant with over expressed Cu/Zn and Mn-SOD and potato plants with Cu/Zn SODs has also been reported previously. The different pattern of consensus sequences found suggested the phenomenon of different expression of the SOD gene under stress conditions. It is hoped to identify what promoter sequence combinations corresponds to what kind of regulation for detoxification of ROS.
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Ethnomedicinal survey of folklore plants for treatment of Jaundice and Diarrhoea in Anjar taluka of Kachchh district, Gujarat-India
Kalpesh D. Sorathia* Department of Botany,Tolani College of Arts & Science, Adipur, Gujrat, India A comprehensive study and documentation of the medicinal plants were undertaken in different villages of Anjar taluka of Kachchh district-Gujarat, to determine the present status of traditional knowledge regarding medicinal use of various plants in Jaundice and Diarrhoea. The knowledge regarding sources and use of local plants by the villagers were collected and compiled. This paper deals with 18 medicinal plant species frequently used in folk system in Anjar taluka for the treatment of Jaundice and Diarrhoea diseases have been documented. These plants are used in crude form.
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Evaluation of In vitro and In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Parthenium camphora

Vinay Gupta1, Shefali Chauhan2*, Archana Prakash3, Abhishek Mathur4
1 2 3 4
Uttarakhand Technical University (UTU), Dehradun (U.K), India
Sai Institute of Paramedical & Allied Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India
Department of Biochemistry, HIHT University,Jolly Grant, Dehradun (U.K), India
Department of Research & Development (R&D), Sheetal Life Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India
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The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of solvent extracts of Parthenium camphora(Family: Compositae), a non-useful and waste weedgrowing through waste sides. The anti-inflammatory activities were assessed through in vitro and in vivo procedures, the results were found to be very surprising and promising. Aqueous and Ethanolic solvent extracts of Parthenium camphora were found to have significant anti-inflammatory activity at doses 100 and 120 mg/Kg during in vitro antiinflammatory assay. Theethanolic fractions of the plant causes significant reduction in inflammation i.e. 92 % (120 mg/kg) followed by aqueous extract i.e. 85 % (120 mg/kg) compared to standard anti-inflammatory drug,Diclofenac Sodium i.e. 87 %(10 mg/kg). The values of reduction in paw volume, 0.10 0.05, 0.14 0.05 and 0.16 0.05 were found significantly of ethanol extract, aqueous extract and Diclofenac sodium, respectively at 4 h after carrageenan administration. Ethanolic extracts showed potent anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to aqueous extracts. The extracts showed higher anti-inflammatory potential as the dose varies. Thus results showed that extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in dose-dependent manner. The extracts exhibited membrane stabilization effect by inhibiting hypotonicity induced lysis of erythrocyte membrane. The erythrocyte membrane is analogous to the lysosomal membrane, and its stabilization implies that the extract may as well stabilize lysosomal membrane. Stabilization of lysosomal membrane is important in limiting the inflammatory response by preventing the release of lysosomal constituents of activated neutrophils such as bacterial enzymes and proteases which cause further tissue inflammation and damage. From the above study it was concluded that the ethanolic extract of Parthenium camphora has significant membrane stabilization property compared to the aqueous extract of the same plant and it was comparable to the standarddrug Diclofenac Sodium.
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Production of crude protein from Bacillus species and its inhibitory effect on different bacteria
Manisha Rani1*, Geetanjali Bhatia2
Beehive (P.G.) College of advance studies Dehradun (U.K), India The aim of this study was to isolate the crude protein from Bacillusspecies and its effect at different pH and sugars on different bacterial strains (Protease mirabilis, Streptococcus mutans,Streptococcus gordonii, Staphyllococcus aureus and Protease vulgaris). Pure colonies of Bacillus were isolated from an agricultural soil sample. The result obtained in the present study clearly shows that maximum activity of crude protein isolated from Bacillus species at pH 8.5 against Streptococcus gordonii and Staphylococcus aureus i.e 25mm each. The activity of crude protein at different sugars shows that the maximum activity of crude protein was shown against Protease mirabilis and Streptococcus gordonii, when maltose was used as a carbon source i.e. 25mm and 23mm and the minimum activity of crude protein was shown against Protease mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus, when lactose was used as carbon source i.e 10 mm each.
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Prospects of Plant tissue culture towards propagation, conservation and utilization of medicinal plants
Aseesh Pandey* and Sushma Tamta Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, India In vitro propagation is must for the sustainable utilization of medicinal property of high value medicinal plants. As plant tissue culture is useful for conservation of endangered, threatened medicinal plants by their mass multiplication, medicinal properties of such plants can also be enhanced in vitro by the application of different elicitors, biotic and abiotic stresses. Different secondary metabolites (berberine, Kutkin etc.) can be produce in vitro in huge amount without disturbing natural plant by the application of biotransformation. Considering these facts in mind different explants i.e., seeds, nodes, cotyledonary nodes of some important medicinal plants of Indian Himalayan region viz.Berberis chitria Lidl., Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent Origanumvulgare L., Picorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth, Citrus sinensis L. were used to develop in vitro propagation protocols. Complete in vitro propagation protocols have been developed for above mentioned medicinal plant species with promising results. These developed protocols will definitely be useful in exploiting medicinal properties as well as propagating and conserving the important medicinal plants of Indian Himalayan region.
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Isolation and Characterization of Antidiabetic Principle from Aloe vera Leaves

Alok Maithani*, Versha Parcha, Geeta Pant, Deepak Kumar Dept of Chemistry, SBS PGI, Balawala, Dehradun, India Dept of Chemistry, HNBGU, Bidla Parisar, Srinagar, Garhwal, India Dept of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dolphin PG College, Manduwala, Dehradun, India Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hyper-cholesterolaemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action or both. Plants and many plant derived preparations have long been used as traditional remedies and in folklore medicine and the available evidence suggest a high prevalence of utilization of alternative medicine for the treatment of diabetes in some regions of the world. In the present study isolation and characterization of antidiabetic principal was carried out. Firstly, various extracts from Aloe vera leaves were prepared and evaluated for anti-hyperglycaemic effect. The most significant aqueous extract was termed as active extract which was fractionated giving rise two fractions C & D. Out of these fraction D was most effective in lowering blood glucose of diabetic rats and thus further fractionated which leads to fraction D1 and D2. D2 was active in lowering blood glucose and chromatographic isolation of this subfraction isolated 4 compounds namely AD1, AD2, AD3, & AD1. Compound AD4 was the only compound that showed good antihyperglycemic action and thus referred as anti-diabetic principal in Aloe vera leaves. It was characterized as anthraquinone through spectral studies involving UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopy.
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Metal speciation of nickel in polluted soils: A lab study

Geeta Tewari* Department of Chemistry, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India-263001 Industrial sludge is a useful fertilizer for soils, but due to presence of some heavy metals, it may have some potentially harmful effects on crops, animals and possibly humans. Knowledge of the relative intensities of different chemical fractions of heavy metals in soil is very important as far as its mobility, bioavailability and long term impact on the environment is concerned.A laboratory incubation experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of moisture regime and incubation time on speciation of nickel (Ni) into five chemically extractable pools: water soluble and exchangeable (P1), sodium acetate extractable (P2), oxidisible (P3), reducible (P4) and residual (P5) in three polluted soil types (acidic, neutral and alkaline) incubated for a period of 16 months (1week to 16 months).Mean content of water soluble and exchangeable pool (P1) and sodium acetate extractable pool (P2) was highest in acidic soil; oxidizable pool in alkaline soil while reducible and residual pools were found to be highest in neutral soil. Field capacity moisture level maintained higher Nimean content of P1, P2, P3 pools in all tested soils and P5 in acidic and neutral soils as compared to flooding moisture level. The mean concentration of P1 pool was observed to be higher in inorganically polluted soils as compared to organically polluted soils. The mean concentration of Ni-P1, Ni-P3 (acidic soil) and Ni- P5 poolsdecreased with the incubation time. The results suggested that availability of Ni decreased under flooding moisture level especially in sludge amended soils. Thus excessive Ni addition in acidic soil especially under field capacity moisture level should be avoided to check accumulation of Ni in food chain.
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Molecular characterization of -thalassemia Patients with unique pattern of mutations in Western Uttar Pradesh
Sandhya Hora1*, Mamta Gupta2, Ziledar Ali3
1 2,3
Central Research Lab,Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences,Bareilly,India
Departmentof Biochemistry,Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences,Bareilly,India is heterogeneous inherited single gene disorder characterized typically by
-thalassemia
transfusiondependentanemia. The disease results from one or more of 380 different mutations in the -globin gene. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of India, comprising various ethnic groups and Bareilly is one of the largest cities situated in Western Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). Examined the prevalence of five common thalassemian mutations: IVS 1-5 (c.92+5 G>C), Fr 8/9 (c.27_28insG), Fr 41/42 (c.124_127delTTCT), IVS 11 (c.92+1 G>T)and Cd 26 G-A (c.79G>A) HbE in Western U.P. About 50 blood samples were collected from July 2011 to May 2012from the patients -thalassemia which transfusion dependent. All the samples were analyzed for five common mutations by using the ARMS - hot start polymerase chain reaction technique.We detected all the five common mutations except Cd 26 HbE which is prevalent in northeast India. The four mutations accounted for 58% of the total number of our patients. The commonest mutation found in our study is IVS 1-5 with a frequency of 46% and with the frequency of 21% FR 8/9 was the second common mutation and the other two mutations IVS1-1 (12%) and Fr 41/42 (4%). From this study we found the different pattern of mutations of -thalassemia in Western UP from the other parts of India and even from Delhi and Punjab. To the best of our knowledge the second commonest mutation of our study Fr 8/9 has never been reported to be so common anywhere in India. And HbE mutation is absent in our study but it is prevalent in other region. Hence we called it unique pattern of mutations to Western U.P.
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Traditional food system of Kuloor watershed of Kumaon Himalaya, India

P S Bungla, Kamal Kishore, Lalit M Tewari*, R S Rawal and I D Bhatt *Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
#
G B Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora (U.K), India
The surrounding environment and biological diversity played an important role in the development of human civilization. The system of traditional knowledge developed in the society and moved forwarded for further improvement in the society. The Central Himalayan region has been rich in biological wealth and would become an uplift resource of socio-economic status of the Himalayan people. The present study was designed to document the food recipes for sustainable livelihood in the Himalayan regions especially in Kuloor watershed of Kumaon Himalaya. The Kuloor watershed is situated at Gangolihat and Berinag tehsil of Pithoragarh district and Kanda Tehsil of Bageshwar district in Uttarakhand, India. It differs from plains in topography, elevation, geographic features, diversity of habitats for flora and fauna, ethnic diversity, land use system and socio-economic conditions. The low productivity of cereals,oilseeds and pulses is a major hindrance in the food security in the region. To meet the requirement of food for subsistence, local
communities have identified a large number of plant species from the wild natural stand. Local people have wonderful skill to identify these, their palatability and preparation. Diversification of food recipes is a major speciality of the region. There are many recipes used as substitute of the items, which are meagrely produced in the region. It forms a representative in habited watershed with prevalent traditional local food system. The overall watershed divided into three elevational zones that is upper (2000-2361m asl), middle (1000-2000m
were randomly selected from 15 villages of the watershed. Information collected from a house head about his diet on the basis of breakfast, lunch and dinner. After that their food valuecompared to national and international diet chart (FAO, Rome. 1996).
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asl) and lower (700-1000m asl ). In each elevational zone comprises 5 villages for study. Sample households
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Antibacterial activity of Linezolid against clinical isolates of Methicillin resistant Staphylococci from Garhwal Himalaya
Prashant Kumar Singh* and S.C. Tiwari Microbiology Laboratory, Deptt of Botany & Microbiology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttrakhand, India Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) by Staphylococci are responsible for a variety of infections which include skin and soft tissue infections, surgical site infections, bacteraemia and endocarditis. Methicillin resistancein Staphylococci, has become very common worldwide which impose a serious threat to patients admitted into hospital, as limiting the treatment options available. Linezolid, first member of oxazolidinone class of syntheitic antibiotic which have an effective spectrum of activity against mostly common gram positive cocci including those resistant to methicillin and glcopeptides, may be used as an alternate to vancomycin (a glycopeptide) in a life threatening conditions of hospital patients. One hundred clinical isolates of Staphylococci were evaluated against Linezolid activity using Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method and MIC determination by using HiComb discs. ATCC 25923 and ATCC 29213 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were served as standard strains. Multi drug resistance was found high. MIC90 (4mg/l ) of Linezolid for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found comparable with methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS); however activity of Linezolid at MIC50 for MRCoNS was found double with compare toMRSA. This indicates that Linezolid possess excellent activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococci including multidrug resistant strains and can be deployed after failure of other antibiotics.
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Preparation and evaluation of Gastro retentive floating tablets of Metformine hydrochloride

Akanksha Singh and Geeta Rawat* Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India The ultimate goal of an oral drug delivery system should be aimed to providing a desired therapeutic response that comprises of controlled release for required duration while avoiding or minimizing potential adverse effect.Gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GR DDS) was formulated on the basis of delayed gastric emptying and sustained release principle and are intended to localize the drug delivery device in the stomach until the drug is released.Floating tablets of Metformin Hydro chloride were formulated by using HPMC K 15M, and HPMC K 100 M, as a gel forming agent, Sodium bicarbonate as a gas forming agent, Sodium Alginate and Carbopol 934P as matrix forming agent (Release Retarding Agent).Metformin is anti hyperglycemic drug belongs to Biguanide category. Thus an effervescent floating tablet was developed and evaluated for floating lag time, hardness, friability, Drug content, Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), In vitro drug release study. The lambda max for Metformin was found to be 234 nm and was performed in 0.1N HCl.
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Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of Extract ofTinospora cordifolia Stem On Experimentally Induced Diabetic Rats
Neelam Kandari*1,Ishan Dhulia1, Versha Parcha1, Geeta Pant2 1. Department of Chemistry SBSPGI,Balawala ,Dehradun (U.K), India 2. Department of Chemistry HNBGU,Srinagar Garhwal (U.K), India Plant based products have been popular all over the world for the centuries. There are many plants which have been reported to possess Anti-diabetic potential. These Herbal Drug are cost effective, potent and bear least side effects. Tinospora cordifolia(Willd) known as Guduchi or Giloy in Hindi is a large, glabrous, deciduous climbing shrub belonging to the family Menispermaceae. It is distributed throughout tropical Indian subcontinent and china, ascending to an altitude of 300m. The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is one the constituents of several ayurvedic preparations used in general debility, dyspepsia, fever and urinary diseases. The stem is bitter, stomachic, diuretic, stimulates bile secretion, causes constipation, allays thirst, burning sensation, vomiting, enriches the blood and cures jaundice. Guduchi is widely used in veterinary folk medicine/ayurvedic system of medicine for its general tonic, Antiperiodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-allergic and anti-diabetic properties. It is widely used in Indian ayurvedic medicine for treating diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed tostudy the blood glucose lowering effect ofdifferent extractof Tinospora cordifolia stem on experimentally induced diabetic rats. From the results it could be concluded that Methanol extract levered Blood Glucose level is 58.95%(150 mg/kg) as compared is standard 62.22 at dose(5mg/kg).further extract were evaluated for acute toxicity study and it was found to be non toxic.
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Microencapsulation: A New Multiutility Advanced Technology

Sharma Nupoor * B.N. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India Microencapsulation is a new technology where by small discrete solid particles or small liquid droplets are surroundedand enclosed by an intact shell.It is used to modify and delayed drug release form pharmaceutical dosage forms. Its complete study, morphology of microcapsules, reasons for microencapsulation, release mechanism including degradation, osmosis, diffusion, dissolution and erosion. The release rate characteristics depend on following characteristics:1) Drug release rate from microcapsules follow the zero order kinetic.2) Microcapsules of monolithic type have the t1/2 dependant release rate for the first half of the total drug release and thereafter turn down exponentially.3) Microcapsules of monolithic type having large excess of dissolved drug, the release rate are t1/2 dependant throughout almost the entire drug release.Materials for microencapsulation, different methods of microencapsulation like physical method- air suspension coating, coacervation, spray drying , pan coating ,centrifugal extrusion , chemical methods- solvent evaporation, polymerization involving interfacial polymer, in-situ polymerization and matrix polymer , its general methods of applications in cell immobilization, drug delivery, beverages production ,in textiles ,soil inoculation, quality and safety in food etc and its efficient use in many controlled release and sustained release of drug delivery like to mask bitter drugs, sieve analysis .To reduce gastric and other gastro intestinal (G.I) tract irritations,a liquid can be converted to a pseudo-solid for easy handling and storage. Carbon tetrachlorides and a number ofother substances have beenmicroencapsulated to reduce their odour and volatility,Separation of incompatible substance has been achieved by encapsulation,Microencapsulation has been employed to
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provide protection to the core materials against atmospheric effects etc.
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Sacred groves in conservation of plant biodiversity in Banaskantha District, Gujarat, India

P.K. Patel* Department of Botany,SPT Arts & Science College, Godhra, Gujarat, India Nature conservation practices are very ancient tradition in India. Useful biodiversity species have much reverence in culture of our country. Sacred groves are seen throughout Gujarat, having varied forms, cultural practices and belief systems. The vegetation in the groves is highly varied viz. mangroves, fresh water swamps, or other tropical forest types. Sacre groves represent tradition of environmental conservation based on indigenous knowledge by the tribal communities of Banaskantha District, Gujarat, INDIA. The study deals with the role of sacred groves in conservation of plant biodiversity in Banaskantha District, Gujarat, India. Among the 11 sacred groves surveyed, over 25 different plant species are reported. In the sacred groves surveyed, only a few are well protected while most are partially threatened due to anthropogenic pressure. Considering all the dimensions of sacred groves, it is clear that these groves are considered as one of the most species-rich areas for plants, birds and mammals.
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Biochemical Alteration Due to Ethanolic Extract of Melia azedarach in Liver, Kidney, Spleen and Pancreas of Diabetic Albino Rats
Reena Singh*, Kusum Singh, Vinita Ahirwar, Geetanjali and Nesar Ahmad Department of Zoology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi, (U.P) India Medicines that are used today are not definitely the same as those that were used in ancient times or even in the recent past. The modern system of medicine has more than 25 percent of drugs in use, which are either plant based or plant derived. Thus the present study aimed to clarify the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The extract was prepared by Triple maceration process and the doses were prepared with gum acacia in saline (0.9%). Thirty adult albino rats of wistar strain were randomly selected and divided into five groups, the first served as a control group while each of the remaining four groups were injected with alloxan (100mg/kg b.wt) to induce diabeties by a single intra- peritoneal injection. The second group served as diabetic rats while the third and fourth groups were treated with plant extract at a dose concentration of 300mg/kg b.wt and 600mg/kg b.wt respectively and the fifth group was treated with standard drug (Glibenclamide). After 7, 14 and 21 days of duration the biochemical parameters viz. glycogen and protein were studied on liver, kidney spleen and pancreas. The results were compared, it revealed that the protein and glycogen content was decreased in alloxan induced diabetic rats while after oral administration of ethanolic extract of Meliaazedarach and Glibenclamide significantly increased the content of glycogen and protein as compared to diabetic and control rats (P<0.05). The results of this study clarify the role of Melia azedarach as antidiabetic plant and this work stimulates the
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researchers for further research on the potential use of medicinal plants having anti-diabetic potential.
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Chromatographic analysis of Saraca asoca Roxb. (Stem bark)

Panchawat S.*1& Sisodia S.S.2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur (Raj.), India Bhupal Nobles College of Pharmacy, Udaipur (Raj.), India For the past few decades, compounds from natural sources have been gaining importance because of the vast chemical diversity they offer. Herbal drugs, singularly and in combinations, contain a myriad of compounds in complex matrices in which no single active constituent is responsible for the overall efficacy. Chromatographic fingerprint analyses of herbal drugs represent a comprehensive qualitative approach for the purpose of species Authentification, evaluation of quality and ensuring the consistency and stability of drugs and their related products. Saraca asoca Roxb.has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of external inflammation, ulcer and skin diseases. It is useful in signs of congested uterus and painful periods. It contains many phytochemical such as catechin, epicatechin, P-sitosterol, quercetin, palmitic, stearic and gallic acid. Phenolic compound was estimated in alcoholic extract of Saraca asoca Roxb. (stem bark) by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Precoated silica gel 60 F 254 (E. Merk) TLC plates were used as stationary phase and Toluene: Chloroform: Acetone (40:25:35 v/v/v) was used as mobile phase. Detection and quantification were performed by densitometry at 254 nm. The linear range was 100 ng to 700 ng. This HPTLC method was found to reproducible, accurate and precise.
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Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger

Rosy Kundra*
CSIR-CIMAP, Pant nagar (U.K), India
Idiophase, the citric acid producing stage of Aspergillus niger was mathematically modeled to identify required to optimize citric acid production. For this reason, a consistent picture of cell functioning had to be achieved. The transient idiophase nature was established by stoichiometric analysis. The main intracellular fluxes were computed by application of material and physiological constraints (ATP, reduction equivalents, proton motive force) at culture time 120 hours. The HMP pathway accounts for 16% of the glucose input (carbon basis), the Krebs cycle for 13% and the citric acid synthesis for the remaining 71%. This profile implies an operative glycerol-P shuttle. It recycles 93% of the cytosolic glycerol-P to cytosolic DHAP thus coupling the transformation of cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial FADH. A cellular maintenance energy of 3.7 mmol ATP/gh was determined. It would be spent in fueling cytoplasmatic (1.4 mmol H+/gh) and mitochondrial (1.8 mmol H+/gh) H+-ATPase pumps with efficiencies of 0.65 and 1.2 mmol H+/mmol ATP respectively. The role and extent of the alternative respiration system activity and polyol excretion is accounted by the model as well. In addition, the significance of GABA shunt and futile NH 4+/NH3 cycle were rejected. According to the developed model, the specific citric productivity would be increased in 45% by an unique change if glucose influx were duplicated. Differences with predictions from other model that required many manipulations are also discussed.
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Development of HPTLC fingerprint in commercial products containing Aswagandha

Pradeepa, D.*, Renugadevi, T., Pankajavalli, T. and Kalaiselvi Senthil Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology & Bioinformatics,Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women University,Coimbatore 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India In Ayurveda, Aswagandha (Withania somnifera) is classified as a rasayana and expected to promote physical and mental health, rejuvenate the body in debilitated conditions and increase longevity. It is used as a general tonic and adaptogen, helping the body to adapt stress. In addition, it possesses antioxidant activity and has an ability to support healthy immune system. Aswagandha is the key ingredient of herbal formulations used as health supplements. However proper quality control of herbal formulation is necessary. Hence an attempt has been made to study the phytochemical parameters of mono and poly herbal products containing Aswagandha both qualitatively and quantitatively.Also, HPTLC profiles were established which could be used as a fingerprint for that products. Twenty marketed preparations were used for the study. HPTLC was carried out for quantitative analysis of Withanolide A and Withaferin A of all the formulations. The Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids,saponins, steroids, quinone, etc., and wide variations in the content of all the constituents tested. Chromatographic analysis was carried out with a mobile phase of Chloroform with: ethyl acetate: methanol: toluene in the volume ratio of 74:4:8:30. Spectrodensitometric scanning was performed by TLC scanner III (CAMAG) in absorbance mode at the wavelength of 254nm.Spots obtained for the products in HPTLC were found resembling spots of Withanolide A at Rf0.36 and Withaferin A at Rf 0.21. The linear range for standards was 0.2 to 0.7g. The concentration of Withanolide A and Withaferin A in the products ranges from 0.070 to 0.409 g and 0.029 to 0.668 g respectively. The data evolved in the present study will help to maintain the quality of the formulation.
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Survival and reversal of drug resistance in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus using Panchgavya
Puneet Gaur*, Anup kainthola and A.B.Bhatt Microbiology Laboratory, Deptt. of Botany & Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Emergence of MRSA as a community pathogen is posing a serious threat to the public health due to irrational use of drugs. Hence a non-allopathic, natural antibiotic is need of the hour. In present study, we have investigated the growth dynamics and reversal of drug resistance of the two epidemic strains of MRSA (HA MRSA (D +ve), CA-MRSA SCC mec IVa) in panchgavya. Panchgavya was prepared from the indigenous Knowledge of local population of garhwal by mixing Cow urine, extract of dung, milk, ghee and curd(all from unhybrid, wild type cow) in the ratio of 5:1:1:1:1. MRSA strains were cultured on TSB for24 hrs and 100l of it was added to sets of 5ml of panchgavya&river water. Spectrophotometric readings along with CFU/ml was recorded at different intervals (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 hrs). Resistance profile against B-lactam drug and hemolysin production was determined by kirby baeur drug diffusion method and culturing the strain on blood agar respectively. It was observed that in comparison to the river water, growth of both strains of MRSA was substantially checked in panchgavya. Bacteriostatic activities of panchgavya was found with minimal increase in count of MRSA (107 CFU/ml in 1 hrs to 125 CFU/ml in 24 hrs for HA strain) & (96 CFU/ml in 1 hrs - 104 CFU/ml in 24 hrs (for CA strain) to 36 hrs (panchgavya treated strain). A marginal reduction of 1-2 min of inhibition zone was observed. We propose that panchgavya interferes in the growth dynamics of both strain of MRSA (HA& CA) by elongating the lag phase.
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Histological Effect of Lead Acetate Exposure on Testes of Male albino rats

Shailendra Kumar Gaur*, Kusum Singh, Vinita Ahirwar, Farhan Ali and Tabasum Fayaz Department of Zoology, Institute of Basic Science, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.) India The human population in the industrialized World is ubiquitously exposed to the complex mixture of environmental contaminants at different stage of his life span and majority of them are harmful. One of the oldest harmful agents known to mankind is lead. It is found in very high concentration in earth crust. The utility of lead and its compounds were discovered in pre historic times during very early in the history of civilization and its poisonous effects were soon discovered by Greeks and Roman. It is used in making bullets, in construction, in chemical industry and as protective shielding of x-ray machines (Stokinger, 1981). A blood lead value of 80mg or above is considered under lead poisoning Historically Lead is known as abortifacient and spermicidal agent due to high exposure, even occupational exposure of lead to men decreases their fertility (Thomas and Brogan, 1983) However prolonged lead exposure initially produces a direct testicular toxicity followed by hypothalamic or pituitary disturbance on long exposure (Rodamilans et al,1988). Present study is therefore performed to study the effect of lead acetate at a dose of 1.25mg/kg body weight to male rats and histological changes were recorded in male reproductive gland i.e. testis. It was clearly noticed that severe degeneration has occurred in the seminiferous tubules after 3, 5 and 7 days of treatment. Hence it is concluded that exposure to lead acetate is toxic and may leads to fertility impairment.
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Antimicrobial activity of Murraya koenigiiagainst various bacteria

Rashmi Verma* Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India The antimicrobial properties of the medicinal plants are reported from all over the world and used in the treatment of many disease. The present study was conducted to evaluate antibacterial activity of curry plant ,Murraya koenigii, belonging to family Rutaceae. The extracts from dried and powdered leaves were prepared in two different solvents ,ethanol and 2-propanol, and their antimicrobial activity checked against four different bacterialstrains,E.coli, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Staphylococcus. Tetracyclin was used as a control. Zone of inhibition noted against Bacillus of extract of curry leaves in ethanol was 25 mm,for 2propanol was 15mm ,and for tetracycline was 22mm. Zone of inhibition noted against Pseudomonas of extract of curry leaves in ethanol was 22mm, for 2-propanol was 15mm, and for tetracycline was 25mm. Zone of inhibition noted against Staphylococcusof extract of Curry leaves in ethanol was 13mm, for 2-propanol was 12mm and for tetracycline was 25mm. Zone of inhibition noted against E.coliof curry leaves in ethanol was 23mm, for 2-propanol was 7mm and for tetracycline was 35mm. Along this phytochemical studies of the plant extract also conducted. From the above results we concluded that Curry leaves extract showed maximum antimicrobial activity in ethanol solvent against Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, E.coli and Staphylococcus species as compared to in 2-propanol. Phytochemical studies revealed that the leaves contain alkaloid, saponins and tannins. So this study concluded that the Curry plant have the antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and can be used as medicinal plants.
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Effect of ethanolic extract of Crateva nurvula on biochemical parameters in Diabetic albino rats
Manzoor Ahmad*, Kusum Singh,Vinita Ahirwar, Shahzada Arif and Shailendra Kumar Gaur Department of Zoology, Institute of Basic science, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.) India Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8% of the worlds population and is anticipated to cross 5.4% by the year 2025.Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore, they have become a growing part of modern, high-tech medicine. It was suggested that, plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Capparidaceae is a high value medicinal plant which includes trees, shrubs and rarely herbs that are distributed in the warm, tropical and sometimes arid regions of both hemispheres. Medicinal usage has been reported in traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda and Unani. The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxicological evaluation of the ethanolic extracts of Crataeva nurvala on Diabetic albino rats of Wistar strain (150 10gm/kg b.wt), purchased from DRDE Gwalior, Government of India.The Diabetic induced animals were divided into four groups.Two served as experimental, which received doses of plant extract at a level of 300mg/kg b.wt.and 600mg/kg b.wt., third group received the doses of standard drug Glibenclamide at 5mg/kg b.wt., fourth group served as diabetic experimental(Alloxan) and fifth group served as normal control.After 7, 14 and 21 days of treatment the biochemical parameters viz protein and glycogen etc were studied using standard techniques. The results revealed that the protein and glycogen contents wereincreased due to chronic administration of ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvala at a dose level of 300mg/kg.and 600mg/kg b.wt.
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Detection of mec-A gene and fem-A gene among Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolates in Doon Valley hospitals, Uttarakhand
Amitabh Talwar1*, Seema Saxena2, Ajay Kumar3,Tanuj Sharma 4 and Bikramjit Singh5 (Uttarakhand Technical University) Department of Microbiology, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Distt- Sirmour-173025 (HP) India 2 Department of Botany & Microbiology, Shri Guru Ram Rai (P.G) College, Dehradun-248001, (Uttarakhand) India 3 Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Education, Shimla - 171 011, (HP) India 4 Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Distt- Sirmour-173025 (HP) India 4 Department of Microbiology, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Distt- Sirmour-173025 (HP) India A total of Six isolates of Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) out of thirty eight Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for which MICs of vancomycin above of 32 g/mlhad previously been recorded and these six VRSA isolates were tested for the presence of the mecA gene, gene coding for penicillin binding protein 2A andfemA gene, factor essential for methicillin resistance with multiplex PCR assay. Thesizes of the amplified products for mecA and femA were 310 and 684 base pairs,respectively. There was complete concordance in our study between the PCR results and those of phenotypic methods were found in six isolates.
*1
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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDE (CHITIN) EXTRACTED FROM EXOSKELETON OF FRESH WATER CRUSTACEANS Junaid Alam1*, Gunjan Bhatt2, Anita Rawat3, Abhishek Mathur1
1
Sheetal Life Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India, 2SGRR (PG) College, Dehradun (U.K), India, 3Govt. PG College, Rishikesh (U.K), India
Chitin, a natural polysaccharide of animal origin, is obtained from waste material of seafood industries. It occurs in the skeletal material of crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns and crayfish. Chitin is also the important component of exoskeleton of Arthropods Chitin is also forming the important composition of fungus. Chitosan is the deacetylated product formed by treatment of chitin with concentrated (50%) caustic alkali. The regulatory and toxicological status of Chitosan has already been established. Chitin and Chitosan are described as a family of linear polysaccharides consisting of varying amounts of linked residues of (1, 4) linked N-acetyl-2 amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-Dglucose residues. In the present investigation, the chitin and chitin-based derivatives were procured through succesive extraction steps from exoskeleton of fresh water and fresh water prawn. Further the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of these derivatives were evaluated and assessed. It was found that chitin and chitin-based derivatives extracted from fresh water crab and prawn possed potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.
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Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Menthol by Potassium bromate in acidic medium

Meena*, Aswini Kumar, Amit Kumar *Principal, Managing Trustee, Research Scholar RCPs (PG) College of Allied Sciences Roorkee (U.K), India The Kinetics and mechanistic studies on oxidation of menthol by potassium bromate in presence of mercury (II) acetate as a scavenger have been carried out in aqueous acetic acid and perchloric acid medium. The title reaction is first order each in [oxidant] and [substrate]. The reaction mixture containing menthol, perchloric acid, aqueous acetic acid, mercuric acetate, sodium perchlorate (if necessary) was thermally equilibrated for an hour at desired temperature under subdued light. The reaction was initiated by the addition of temperature equilibrated potassium bromate of requisite concentration. All the reactions were carried out under the conditions using ions or more fold excess of [Menthol] over [bromate]. The stoichiometry is found to be 3:1 (menthol v/s potassium bromate) and menthone was identified as main product. The product was identified as menthone by the 2, 4 dinitro pheyl hydrazone derivative and by thin layer chromatography. The IR specturum was found identical with anauthentic sample of menthone.The oxidation of menthol by postassium bromate was to follow first order kinetics with respect to the substrate. The reaction exhibits total second order kinetics, one with respect to each reactant. The rate law for the reaction is given by d [BrO3]/dt = k2 [Bromate] [menthol] The specific rate is independent of the initial concentration of mercuric acetate which shows that the only
specific create increasing with increase in [HClO4]. The rate was found to be independent of the ionic strength. Hence, the oxidation does not involve any reaction between ions. The effect os dielectric constant of the medium one the reaction was studied by varying the composition of the solvent mixture.Keeping in mind all the above studies, the plausible mechanism and rate law has been proposed.
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function of mercuric acetate is to fix the generated bromine. The oxidation is catalysed by Hydrogen ions. The
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Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Benzaldehyde by Potassium bromate in acidic medium

Meena*, Sudheer, Anshul Jain *Principal, Managing Trustee, Research Scholar RCPs (PG) College of Allied Sciences Roorkee (U.K), India The oxidation of benzaldehyde by postassium bromate has been studied in acidic medium in the presence of mercuric acetate in binary solvent mixture of acetic acid and water. The reaction is first order each in [oxidant] and [substrate]. The product of oxidation is the corresponding carboxylic acid, i.e. benzoic acid.Kinetics runs were carried out under pseudo first order condition [Benzaldehyde] >> [Bromate]. Rate studies were carried out at a constant temperature. All the solution were thermostated for 30 minutes. Before mixing requisite amounts of Benzaldehyde, Acetic Acid, perchloric Acid, Mercuric Acetate, Sodium per chlorate were taken in a Jena Glas reaction vessel and placed in a water thermostate maintained at a desired temperature. The reaction was initiated by rapid addition Potassium Bromate solution and its progress followed by estimating Idometrically the amount of unconsumed bromate at regular interval of times. The stoichiometry of the Reaction was determined by mixing a known amount of substrate with a known excess of oxidant in experimental conditions. The stoichiometry is found to be 3:1 Benzonic Acid was identified as the product of oxidation of benzaldehyde.The oxidation was fond to follow first order kinetic with respect to substrate. An increase in the benzaladehyde concentration results is increase of specific Rate. The plot of log k vs log [substrate] and 1/Kobs vs 1/[substrate] were found to be linear. The Reaction is of first order with respect to [oxidant] and specific rate is independent of [Bromate]. Hence the reaction exhibits total second order kinetics, one with respect to each reactant. The rate law for the reaction is given by:d[BrO3] Dt = k2[Br O3] [Benzaldehyde]
On the basis of Kinetic data, product analysis and stoiochiometry, a plausible mechanism and rate law has been proposed.
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Phytoremediation Potential of Halophytes

RupaliPanchadhaye* and Arvind Sharma Division of Life Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences,Patel Nagar, Dehradun. 248001, India The effect of organic (e.g. herbicides) & inorganic (e.g. heavy metals) on the environment &especially on human health forced scientist to focus considerable research on the inhibition of their introduction in food chains. Additionally, although not absorbed by some plants species, the presence of these contaminants in soil cause yield losses in susceptible crops. Phytoremediation is the new technology in remediating ecosystems contaminated by eco toxic pollutants like herbicides and heavy metals like Zn, Cu, Na, Cl, Cr, especially Cd which is soluble in water. Based on the tolerance of Cd & other toxic elements plants like B.vulgari, Zea mays, C. intibus, B.sterrilis& E. sativa, seems to have the potential in remediating Cd contaminated soils. Halophytes like M.crystallium, A.halimus, A. nummularia are tolerant to NaCl& Cu. Thlaspicaerulescens in a plant species tolerant to large number of heavy metals &is the only HYPERACCUMULATOR of Cd. Hyper accumulator s are defined as plant species which when growing on naturally metal rich soils, exhibit very high shoot metal conc. In aquatic plants for waste water treatment wetland plants like Typha Sp. Phragmites Sp. Leersia Sp. Juncus Sp. &Spartina Sp. to reduce the levels of heavy metals in polluted waters. Bcopamonnieri is an aseptically appealing plant that has the potential for hyper accumulation of nutrient & metals. And currently in India, the shallow water hyacinth Echharniacrassipes shows better treatment efficiency compared to conventional water hyacinth. In the world of microorganisms Algae has an important role in controlling metals deposited in lake &oceans. Their ability to absorb metals like Ar& Boron were found in many phylum of algae like Chlophyte, Cynophyta, Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta with highest BAF (bio-accumulating factor). Research on accumulation of heavy metals by halophytes has been carried out by many researchers (Gallego et al., 1996; Lagriffoul et al., 1998; Ali et al.,2000; Salt et al., 1998; Suresh and Ravishankar., 2004; Guerinot and Salt, 2001; Fotiadis et al., 2007).
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In vitro culture of Withania somnifera and their medicinal importance

Naveen Gaurav* Faculty of Biotechnology SGRRPG, College, Dehradun Uttrakhand-248001, India Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, Winter cherry, Ajagandha, Kanaje Hindi, Amukkara in Tamil and Samm Al Ferakh, is a plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family.Withania somnifera is a perennial shrub native to Southeast Asia and hardy in many other regions of the world. Products from this plant are used in herbal preparations in several traditional medicinal disciplines, including Ayurveda in India.Commercially packaged products which contain Withania somnifera are readily available in some health food stores and health markets, especially if they have an ayurvedic focus.Products from this plant are used in several different ways. The plant is treated as a general immune system booster and adaptogen, meaning that it is supposed to help people cope with physical and environmental stresses. For these reasons, it may be recommended to people who are often in stressful situations, or to people who are feeling rundown.
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Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradication concentration in evaluation of susceptibility profile of community acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Robit Sddiqui*, Anup Kainthola, Akhilesh Bhardwaj Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Botany & Microbiology, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University) 249161, India Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum biofilm eradication concentration estimation was done and results were compared to understand differences if any in the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of community acquired methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus in planktonic and biofilm phase.CA MRSA strain isolated from community sources was cultured on tryptose soy broth for 24 hrs incubation at 37 0C. The 100l of this culture was added to 5ml of fresh TSB for another 24 hrs in a glass culture tube and was checked for biofilm formation at the walls of the tube. After decantation of planktonic cells, 10l suspension of attached biofilm was taken as inoculums for 12 well polystyrene microtitre plate filled with 100l TSB. Incubation was provided for another 24hrs. Decanting the planktonic cells left biofilm in the microtitre wells which were washed then with 1% PBS twice to remove unbound cells. These biofilms are then treated with 12 different antibiotic solutions of different dilutions. MBEC was measured by ability to regrow by bacteria from biofilm treated with antibiotic. Reading was recorded by microtitre plate reader. MIC of the planktonic cells was determined by E strips following guidelines of CLSI 2011 and compared to the MBEC using SPSS 16.0 (Statistical Package). It was observed that biofilm phase was more resistant to majority of the antibiotics in comparison to planktonic phase and hence compels to opt a different treatment strategy for clinical cases with
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associated biofilm.
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Production of polyhydroxybutyrate (biopolymer) by Bacillus species isolated from municipal waste

Mamta Patra Shahi1* and Sushil Kumar Shahi*2
1 2
Biotechnology Department, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut-250005, India
Bioresource Tech Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, CCS University, Meerut- 250005, India
Plastic wastes are considered to be severe environmental contaminants causing waste disposal problems. Widespread use of biodegradable plastics is one of the solutions, but it is limited by high production cost. Municipal waste generates large quantities of organic matter for microbial growth. Only a few reports focus on the potential of utilizing resident Bacillus species from municipal waste in polyhydroxbutyrate (PHB) production as well as the production of PHB from food wastes. They have attractive properties such as short generation time, absence of endotoxins, and secretion of both amylases and proteinases that can well utilize food wastes for nutrients, which can further reduce the cost of production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). 37 isolate were isolated from municipal waste and out of 37 isolates 13 were found to be PHA producer. Only four strains viz., MW-4, MW-9, MW-26 and MW-34 were found higher producer. Isolation of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)-producing bacteria, recognition of brightly retractile cytoplasmatic inclusions, lipophilic stains with Sudan Black and Nile blue, and chemical extraction of PHB were used as a culturedependent strategy for the detection of PHB-producing bacteria. Biochemical analysis showed that PHA producing strains belongs to Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Escherichia and Bacillus genera. PHA extraction was done by sodium hypochlorite digestion method. Strain MW-4 was showed maximum percentage (54 %). Production of PHA was optimized for different temperature and pH. Thus, in future new PHA producing strains, utilization of renewable materials or industrial waste and culture technology for PHA production can be developed.
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Production of oyster mushroom and its nutritional and medicinal properties

Madhu Gupta* Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences, Cancer Hospital Campus, Gwalior, (M.P.) An approach for production of oyster mushroom was experimented in our laboratory conditions. The several white rot fungi are edible mushrooms and are saprophytic basidiomycetes, which have been successfully, cultivated at commercial level worldwide using lignocelluloses wastes as substrate for their cultivation. Pleurotus florida (Oyster mushroom) is a wood digestive fungus which was first cultivated on logs. Mushrooms can convert lignocelluloses waste materials into a wide diversity of products, which have multibeneficial effects to human beings, i.e., as food, health tonic and medicine as feed, as fertilizers and for protecting and regenerating the environment. Today it has become practice to prepare Pleurotus substrate from shredded wheat straw. Present paper discusses cultivation of oyster mushroom on two different substrata. Pleurotus florida was cultivated two different agro-wastes viz. wheat straw and soybean straw and their combination on in 1:1 proportion to determine the effect of these agro waste on yield, moisture content, crude fiber, crude protein, total carbohydrates, fat, ash and minerals. Soybean straw showed significantly highest yield and other contents (Nature and Science, 2009). There has been a recent upsurge of interest in mushrooms not only as health vegetables but also as a source of biological active compounds of medicinal value, including use as complementary medicine/ dietary supplements for anticancer, antiviral, immunopotentiating, hypocholesterolaemic and hypo protective agents. this new class of compounds termed mushroom nutraceuticals(Chang and Buswell 1996), are extractable from either the fungal mycelia and fruiting body and represent an important component of the expanding mushroom biotechnology industry. Mushroom nutraceuticals may possess both nutritional and medicinal properties.
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Antimicrobial activity of lichen forming fungus Everniastrum cirrhatum against pathogenic microorganisms
Sushil K Shahi1, Shaheen Ara*, Mamta Patra Shahi and, DK Upreti2 *Bio-resource Tech Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, CCS University, Meerut- 250005, India.
2
Lichen Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
A lichen forming fungus was successfully isolated by spore discharge method capillary methods from Indian lichen (Everniastrum cirrhatum) collected from rocks of Manikaran region (Ditt. Manali, Himachal Pradesh) India, during excursion tour. The isolated lichen forming fungi (LFF) inhibited growth of several plant pathogenic viz., Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme and F, udum and human pathogenic fungi viz., Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypsium and Trichophyton rubrum as well as pathogenic bacteria viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Staptococcus mutant, Shalmonella typhi and S. thyphimurium. During optimization of culture media, modified potato dextrose broth was found to be the medium favorable for large scale production of antibiotic from the isolates. The antimicrobial substances from LFF were also compared with that of natural thallus extract and found the lichen forming fungi isolates potential inhibitor in comparison to natural thallus (combination of phycobiont and mycobiont). The MIC of the LFF isolates were found ranges from 50-100 l/ml, 20 -80 l/ml, 50 -100 l/ against plant pathogenic, human pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria respectively. This is the first attempt to evaluate antimicrobial properties of lichen forming fungi (Everniastrum cirrhatum) against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. This study suggests that the lichen forming fungi can served as a promising bio-resource to develop novel antimicrobial agents in future.
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Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of leaves of Clemantis montana

Hemlata Sati*, Sarla Saklani1
*, 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar-246174,Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Clemantis montana(Ranunculacece) is used for the treatment of Migraine, Nervous disorders, Diabetes, Liver disorders, Hypertension and Skin infections. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Clemantis montana leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. A dose dependent antidiabetic activity was observed with ethanolic extract of Clemantis montanaleaves. A significant antidiabetic activity was observed at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight.
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Allevation of Isoniazid and Rifampcin induced hepato-toxicity by Spirulina maxima

Santosh Kumar Jatav*, Archana Kulshrestha, G.B.K.S. Prasad SOS in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior Pin- 474011, India Thepotential of Spirulina maxima in alleviating the isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model.Hepatic damage was induced in male Wistar rats by administering anti-tuberculosis drugs viz., Isoniazid (INH) (50 mg/kg, orally) and Rifampcin (RIF) (75 mg/kg, orally) for two weeks. Aqueous extract of S. maxima was either co-administered with anti-tb drugs to assess the protective role or administered after induction of hepatic damage in order to assess the therapeutic potential in drug induced toxicity. The protective or therapeutic efficacy of S. maxima as compared with silymarin was monitored by measuring biochemical markers of liver function viz., alanine aminotranserase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in serum and biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage at specified intervals during the course of experiment.INH and RIF administration for two weeks resulted in significant hepatic damage as evident from significant alterations in liver function markers viz., bilirubin, ALT, AST and ALP and Oxidative stress markers such as SOD, catalase, GSH and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Co-administration of S.maxima along with ati-tb drugs prevented development of hepatic damage. On the other hand, administration of S.maxima extract consecutively for two weeks soon after inducing liver damage reverted the INH and RIF induced hepato-toxicity as evident from the restoration of liver function, oxidative stress and DNA. Administration of S.maxima had a remarkable protective as well as therapeutic effect on anti-tuberculosis drug induced hepatotoxicity.
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Molecular modeling of 4-aminoquinoline derivatives as potent Antimalarial Compounds

Ankita Agarwal*, Sarvesh Paliwal, Ruchi Mishra Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India
Global physicochemical descriptor based QSAR models were developed using multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least square (PLS) and feed forward neural network (FFNN) techniques for 29 4aminoquinoline derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain). The compounds of selected series were characterized by molecular descriptors calculated using QSAR software tools for structure activity relationship (TSAR) and accelerys discovery studio. The outcome showed comparable results with good predictive ability. The statistical values, such as r, r2, r2cv, r2 (test), F and s values were 0.93, 0.873, 0.790, 0.77, 31.01and 0.34 respectively for MLR and r2, r2cv r2 (test) and statistical significance values were 0.87, 0.79, 0.77 and 0.99 respectively for PLS were satisfactory. The model developed from FFNN technique also showed good correlation value of r2= 0.93 and r2 (test) = 0.80.The analysis helped to ascertain the role of Lipole X component (whole molecule), First Atom E-state index (subst.1), Vamp total dipole (whole molecule) and Vamp polarization XY (whole molecule) in determining the affinities of4-aminoquinoline derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum. Similarity based QSAR was also performed on 4-aminoquinoline derivatives. The MLR and PLS generated comparable models with good predictive ability and all other statistical values such as r, r2, r2cv, r2 (test), F and S values were 0.90, 0.81, 0.79, 0.79, 37.80 and 0.39 respectively for MLR and r2, r2cv r2 (test) and statistical significance values were 0.81, 0.78, 0.79 and 0.99 respectively for PLS were satisfactory. The model reveals the importance of charge similarity parameter in imparting enzyme inhibitory activity. These investigations (Global physicochemical descriptor based and similarity based QSAR analysis) will further help in rationalizing the design of anti-malarial agents.
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Genetic mechanism of sex determination in Populus ciliata with the help of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers
A. Kumari* and P.K. Khosla
Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan(H.P.), India Populus ciliata Wall.ex Royle is a large deciduous, indigenous, dioecious tree found throughout the
Himalayas at altitudes of 1200-3500 m. Sex chromosomes are not identified in this species and the male and female plants do not reveal any significant difference in growth and other related characteristics at juvenile stage. Male and female plants are different at maturity from each other on the basis of their biomass, vigour, growth rate, compatibility with other plants and habitat. This plant has made positive impact on the economy of the people of the Himachal Pradesh. The inability to determine gender at the early/seedling stage in dioecious plants influence the economic value, breeding and opportunities for commercial use of genetically transformed plants. Therefore, the increasing demand for planting material and genetic improvement has necessitated the development of techniques for identification of male and female genotypes. In the present study ten decamer RAPD polymorphic primer were tested on five male and five female plants to identify the sex specific molecular marker. Out of ten polymorphic markers one primer gave significance difference between male and female plants. OPK-20 primer produced three amplification products of different sizes from female plants but failed to do so in the male plants. The preliminary results of this study for sex determination would help the recognition of correct sex for ornamental purposes, as nurse crop, and genetic improvement which can be done only at seedling stages and overcome the limitations of clonal propagation. Sex related any differences may help to identify the gender influenced region in the genome which further helps in researchers, breeders, molecular biologist for their further studies.
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Drug Discovery from Plant Sources: Setting New Horizons

Kainth Amrita*; Parashar Bharat; Garg Ruchika; Kabra Atul; Kumar Hitesh Manav Bharti University, Solan (H.P), India. Ages back the treatment of diseases started with traditional resources. As the time passed by science made many developments and discoveries. New drug development was a part of this progress which brought a new ray of hope for treatment of many indomitable diseases. Arrival of combinatorial chemistry provided new optimism of higher success rates of new chemical entities. Natural products have been the source of most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients of prescribed medicines. Although, the use of herbal drugs had always been an integral part of the treatment of different ailments but the new prospects are being set with latest drug discovery from plants. The drug discovery program based on natural products cover therapeutic areas, such as cancer, infections, neuro-pharmacological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, inflammation, metabolic, etc. With the most recent reports, clinical trials are ongoing on more than 100 natural product derived drugs and at least 100 molecules/compounds are in preclinical development stage. Most of these molecules in the developmental pipeline are derived from leads from plants sources.
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Multidrug Resistance and Its Remedy

Bhawna Chopra* 1, Ashwani Kumar Dhingra1, D. N. Prasad2 *1 Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India 2 Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Ropar, Punjab, India.
Multidrug resistance is a condition enabling a disease-causing organism to resist wide variety of drugs or chemicals. Multidrug resistance is emerging in both eukaryotes as well as in prokaryotes. Resistance of microorganisms to many classes of antibiotics and other drugs has become a serious problem of public health. According to the world wide surveillance studies, multidrug resistance phenomenon is found in many species of bacteria, fungi and tumour cells mediated by the three mechanisms namely target modification, antibiotic inactivation or default of its accumulation within the cell and is responsible for exporting drugs from cells resulting in low ineffective concentration of the drug. The phenomenon of microbial multidrug efflux was first reported by Ball and McMurry for the efflux of tetracycline in Escherichia coli. Recently, an efflux pump has become increasingly recognized as a major component of resistance to many classes of antibiotics. Thus, the present review is an approach towards inhibition of efflux pumps. Efflux pumps are transport proteins involved in the extrusion of toxic substrates (including virtually all classes of clinically relevant antibiotics) from within cells into the external environment. Efflux pumps occur as either single-component or multicomponent systems. Some efflux pumps selectively extrude specific antibiotics such as macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclins where as other, referred to as multidrug resistance pumps, expels a variety of structurally diverse anti-infective with different modes of action. To combat the menace of drug resistance, efflux pump inhibition may prove to be a challenging target. In this approach, the antibiotic is co-administered with an inhibitor that neutralizes the resistance and, consequently, the antibiotic is still useful, even in resistant organisms.
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Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activities of Amaranthus gangeticus roots

Bhawana Sati*, Sarla Saklani1 *Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali, Rajasthan- 304022.
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar- 246174, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
The aim of the present study was to study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory profile of ethanolic extract of Amaranthus gangeticusroots.The analgesic activity was assessed by using acetic acid induced writhing in mice and tail-flick method using rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan induced rat paw oedema in rats. A significant dose dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity was observed with ethanolic extract ofAmaranthus gangeticus roots.
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Hemocue: A Reliable and Alternative Technique for Estimation of Hb in Resource Limited Areas
Mushtaq Ahmed* Doon Paramedical College, Dehradun (U.K), India The determination of hemoglobin estimation by the cynamethaemoglobin is time consuming create delays in treatment which may lead to the loss of lives. The hemocue is a point of care device and potable for the determination of hemoglobin. The hemocue device is useful in maternity intensive care and theater etc. in the study cyanmethaemoglobin and hemcue method found no significant differences in the hemoglobin concentration determined by these two methods with no perceptible trend for disagreement with high or low values. The hemocueis a portable device which directly measures the hemoglobin .this method is quicker (60 seconds), simple to use gives immediate reading. It gives accurate result and is cost-effective and more accurate method. The mechanical filling of the cuvettes with 10 ml of the blood by capillary action avoids several manual errors which often occur in collection, the dilution and measurement of the simple in the cyanmethaemoglobinmethod.
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Exploitation of Manganese Sulphate waste in developing building materials

Deepika Chauhan*, S. K. Agrawal and P. K. Gupta EST Division, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-246667,Chemistry Division,Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248006, India The uses of built-up wastes and untreated micro fillers in the development of building materials have received maximum attention over the lastdecade. In the exploitation of flyash, slag and silica fume due to their pozzolanic nature. The use of flyash in the development of cement results in the saving of energy and reduction in carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emissions. Other factors prompting use of waste materials are the dwindling resources steadily increasing volume of waste materials and the ecological and environmental problems associated with quarrying and exploitation of cement raw materials. Partial replacement of cement (in concrete) by slag, flyash, rice husk ash and rock mineral is very beneficial in terms of mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete. Lime stone dust poses disposal and environmental problems and has been suggested as a Portland cement.The present study is about the utilization of sludge when manganese oxide is reacted with sulphuric acid to form manganese sulphate solution. The aqueous solution is extracted leaving behind the cake which is non hazardous in nature. The use of manganese sulphate waste has been done in the development of added products. The uses of manganese sulphate waste in the development of building materials like flooring tiles, bricks, blocks and partial replacement of cement have been highlighted in this study.
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Kinetics of oxidation of Aliphatic Primary alcohols by Cyclohexylammonium chlrochromates (CHACC)

Vikas Singh Jasrotia* *Dept. of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K), India Halochromates have long been used as mild oxidizing agent. Cyclohexylammonium chlrochromates (CHACC) is a versatile reagent in this category. In the present study the oxidation of aliphatic primary alcohols to corresponding products was study in presence of CHACC to find out the results and mechanisms related to these reactions. It was found that CHACC oxidised some aliphatic primary alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds in glacial acetic acid. MichaelisMenten type kinetics with respect to alcohol was observed. Hydrogen ions dependence in the form: kobs = a + b[H+] was also studied in the reaction. The oxidation of [1,1-2H2] ethanol (MeCD2OH) exhibits a substantial primary kinetic isotope effect. Oxidation of aliphatic alcohol was studied in 09 different organic solvents. Effects of solvents were also studied to establish the suitable mechanism for the reaction.
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Analysis of Antioxidant Property of Bioactive Peptides Derived From Yak Milk Casein
Santosh Kumar1*, Ashwini Sanghi1, & Vikrant Kumar2
1
Department of Biochemistry, Dolphin (P.G.) Institute of Bio-Medical & Natural Sciences, Manduwala, Dehradun, India
2
National Yak Research Centre, Karnal, India
Milk protein especially casein derived bioactive peptides are potential modulator of a various regulatory process in the body. The structural and chemical changes occuring during the protein processing leads to release of bioactive peptides. Significant data already available on various properties of bioactive peptides derived from yak milk caseins but there is almost no data has been reported till date regarding the antioxidant activity. In the present work antioxidative activity of bioactive peptides, obtained from yak milk casein after treatment with different proteolytic enzymes, has been studied (DPPH Method) w.r.t. different incubation periods. Tryptic hydrolysates of yak casein showed best antioxidative activity followed by peptic and chymotryptic hydrolysates. Antioxidant activity goes on increasing with the increase in time of hydrolysis (i.e., incubation period). Thus it could be concluded that bioactive peptides derived from yak milk casein show good antioxidant property which has useful application in food science & nutrition in the future prospective.
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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Rosa brunonii Linn.

1
Naveen Kumar*, 2J S Jangwan
*1Department of Chemistry, KL DAV (PG) College Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
2
Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University Campus Badshahi Thaul, Tehri, 249199 Uttarakhand, India
The Composition of volatile oil constituents of Rosa brunonii Linn.was analysed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty five compounds represent 99.7 % of the total oil. The main components of the oil were, Linalool acetate (53.6%), Linalool (9.6%), NN (m/z 91, 105, 117, 145, 79, 43,160) (7.3 %), (E)-8-Hydroxy geraniola (4.1%), Verbanol acetate or piperitol acetate (3.7%), (Z)-8-Hydroxy geraniola (3.6%), Geranyl acetate (2.2 %) and Terpineol (1.9 %). The oil was subjected for its antibacterial activity with four pathogenic bacterial strains i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and found to be more active against Escherichia coli with 10 mm (zone of inhibition) activity.
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Organic farming and Biofertilizers

Manan Sharma* and Pijush Das Gupta Doon (P.G.) Paramedical College, Dehradun (U.K, India Organic farming system is not new to India and is being followed from ancient times. Organic farming is a method of farming system which primarily aims at cops cultivating the land and raising crops in a way that keeps the soil alive and in good health. It is possible by the use of organic wastes (crops , animal and farm waste , aquatic waste) and other biological material along with beneficial microorganisms (bio fertilizers). These materials of biological origin release nutrients to crops for increased yields in an ecofriendly, pollution free environment. Basically, there are five basic components of organic farming : green revolution, crop rotation, organic manures , bio pesticides and bio fertilizers. components of integral plant nutrient system. Benefits of organic farming: 1. Helps in maintaining environmental health by reducing the level of pollution. 2. Reduces human and animal hazards by reducing the level of residues in product. 3. Increases agricultural products and make it sustainable. 4. Ensures the optimum utilization of natural resources for short-term benefit and helps in conserving them for future generation. 5. Saves energy for both animal and machine and reduces the risk of crop failure. 6. Improves the physical and chemical properties of soil. Bio fertilizers are in a way one of the
better in quality like bigger in size , look , flavour and aroma. Animal products are better in quality when animals are fed with feed and fodder produced organically. The underground water of the area where such farming system is in practice has been found to be free of toxic chemicals. In this review we provide an overview of the most relevant findings made by research community in the recent years and discuss how these significant findings improved our understanding of events.
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7. Besides above it has also been demonstrated that plant products from organic farming are substantially
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Optimized production and Characterization of Laccase enzyme from Pleurotus sajorCaju

Sneha Kelkar* *Sheetal Life Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India Laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) are copper-containing oxidase enzymes that are found in many plants, fungi, and microorganisms. Laccases act on phenols and similar molecules, performing one-electron oxidations, which remain poorly defined. In the tricopper site found in many laccases, each copper center is bound to imidazole. Laccases are multicopper oxidases capable of coupling the oxidation of a variety of substrates, polyphenols, metoxy-substituted phenols, diamines and even some inorganic compounds, to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water.Most of the known laccases are of fungal origin, in particular from the white rot fungi. These fungi secrete lignolytic enzymes, which generate radical species that cause the complete biodegradation of lignin polymers. The ability to oxidize priority pollutants with somewhat low substrate specificity has attracted interests in its possible use in wastewater treatment and bioremediation. This project deals with studies on the production of laccase from Pleurotus sajor-caju in liquid state fermentation. Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultured using basal salt media at various pH, carbon sources and nitrogen sources in liquid state fermentation. The bulk production of laccase under optimum pH (6.0), carbon (maltose) and nitrogen (ammonium sulphate) was carried out in liquid state fermentation. The culture filtrate was purified by dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. In the study
conducted, the laccase enzyme was produced from Pleurotus sajor-caju, under optimized conditions and the molecular weight of the protein was found to be 62 KDa.
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Microbial Fermentation Technology

Reeta* *Department Of Center of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural ScienceBanaras Hindu University, Varanasi The term fermentation is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, which describes the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain during the production of alcoholic beverages. Thegrowth of a microorganism may result in the production ofa range of metabolites but to produce a particular metabolite the desired organism must be grown under precise cultural conditions at a particular growth rate. Microbial fermentations may be classified into the following major group (i) Produce microbial cells (biomass) as the product. (ii) Produce microbial metabolites. (iii) Produce microbial enzymes. (iv) Modify a compound which is added to the fermentation the transformation processes. (v) Produce recombinant products. Microbial biomass is produced commercially as single cell protein (SCP) for human food or animal feed and as viable yeast cells to be used in the baking industry. Enzymes may be produced from animals and plants as well as microbial sources but the production by microbial fermentation is the most economic and convenientmethod. The major commercial utilization of microbial enzymes is in the food and beverage industries. Fermentations are termed transformation processes,biotransformation, or bioconversions. The advent of recombinant DNA technology has extended the range of potential microbial fermentation products.
capable of synthesizing foreign (or heterogonous) proteins. Thus, microorganisms are capable of producing a wide range of products, a range which has been increased by the techniques of in vitro recombinant DNA technology to include mammalian products.
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It is possible to introduce genes from higher organisms into microbial cells such that the recipient cells are
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DNA vaccines for the prophylaxis of animal diseases

Ankit Chauhan1*, Ritu Das2, M. A. Ramakrishnan1, and P.K. Gupta3 Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, (UK); 2Departmenty of Biological Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, (TN); 3Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (UP)
1
Vaccination with DNA vaccines, which are generally plasmids expressing a protective antigen of a pathogen, stand out as the most promising novel immunization techniques against pathogens. Nucleic acid based vaccination is an effective way for the in vivo expression of desired protein to initiate immune response. The application of DNA immunization as a new generation vaccine has been well studied since its invention, and a variety of such vaccines have undergone clinical trials. DNA vaccines against dreadful animal diseases like rabies, avian influenza, foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever, and brucellosis have been developed in past few years. The DNA vaccine elicits desired immune response viz. cell mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immune response (HIR); and it is much easier for their manipulation using recombinant DNA techniques and production in bacteria using fed-batch fermentation. As an effective vaccine, plasmid DNA has a gene encoding a protective antigen of a pathogen, which when injected into host, is transcribed and translated, to induce a specific immune response. The advantage associated with DNA vaccines includes simplicity of manufacture, stability at room temperature, low cost of production, ease of construction and ability to induce full spectrum of long-lasting humoral and cellular immune response, ease of transport in lyophilized form, and their ability to act in presence of maternal antibodies. The current scenario of
effective, safe and economically viable vaccines that could ably address the threat posed by emerging infectious agents of animals.
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incorporating novel methodologies in the DNA vaccine research promises the development of the much
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Zinc enrichment in Spirulina maxima and evaluation of its phytochemical constituents

Senthilkumar.S*, Aruna Singh, Anish Zacharia. J, GBKS.Prasad and P.S Bisen SOS in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior- 474011 Spirulina is a microscopic blue-green, unbranched, filamentous aquatic plant and it is the natures richest and most complete source of organic nutrition. The S.maxima has gained importance and international demand for its high value phytonutrients and pigments, which have applications in health foods, feed, therapeutics and diagnostics. Spirulina is able to sequester heavy metal ions by the same adsorption and absorption mechanisms as other microbial biomass, in addition to the formation of polychelatins which they synthesise in response to toxic heavy metal stress (Gekeler et al, 1988; Wilde & Benemann, 1993).In this work we studied the effect of zinc on S.maxima growth when various concentrations of zinc is added to the nutrient media.A standard initial Inoculum of the isolated algae was inoculated to culture flasks. The culture flasks were supplied with various concentrations of Zinc ranging from 2.5mg/l-10mg/l. Parameters were monitored at three different growth phase of cultures. (Lag, log and stationary phase) The cultures were filtered and washed several times by distilled water for measurements the various experimental like total protein content, total carbohydrate and chlorophyll bioavailability of zinc etc.The data show that the lower doses of the (2.5mg/l)zinc had stimulatory effect in biomass yield of S. maxima, whereas the higher doses (10mg/l) were inhibitory. The total protein content, total carbohydrate and chlorophyll gradually decreased in a dose dependent on the zinc concentration in the medium.The S.maxima takes up zinc from the nutrient medium in a dose dependent manner and the zinc enriched S.maxima holds specific nutritional significance for subjects with nutritional and zinc deficiency as Spirulina is SCP and considered super food.
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Therapeutic applications of Probiotics

Singh Neetu1#, Kumar Ajay1*, Singh Rajni1, Gaurav S.S.2
1
Department of Biotechnology, Mewar Institute of Management, Vasundhra, GZB, U.P., India 2 Department of Biotechnology, CCS University, Meerut, U.P., India
A number of studies have found probiotic consumption to be useful in the treatment of many types of diarrhea, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults, travellers diarrhea, and diarrheal diseases in young children caused by rotaviruses. The most commonly studied probiotic species in these studies have been Lactobacillus GG, L. casei, B. bifidum and S. thermophilus. Probiotics and prebiotic galactooligosaccharides are involved in prevention of allergic diseases. An interesting development in recent years has been the finding that lactobacilli administered by mouth can stimulate macrophage activity against several different species of bacteria. Bifidobacterium animalis is famed for its ability to improve digestive regularity. One subspecies of B. animalis is used by the yogurt manufacturer Dannon, which markets strain under the patented name "Bifidus regularis. "Lactobacillus reuteriis found in human breast milk and may be responsible for some of the immunosupportive and anti-gas effects associated with breastfeeding.
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Assessment of metal nutrients in Ocimum americanum L.

Deepshekha Punetha*, Shalini Singh Geeta Tewari, Chitra Pande and Charu Singh Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaon University, Nainital (U.K) The present study was carried out to assess the metal nutrients in medicinal plant Ocimum americanum L. (family Lamiaceae), which play an important role in many therapeutic uses. All heavy metals can cause toxic effects to plant and humans if found in higher concentration, therefore it is necessary to establish the levels of some elements in medicinal plants.The essential elements such as Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn have been investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrometric method in Ocimum americanum L. Collected from ten sites of Uttarakhand. The results of analysis showed different metal concentration levels in the samples. The highest mean concentration (mg kg-1) of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn are 48.50, 365.86, 20.76 and 45.08 from Rushi, Mussorrie, Kilbury and Rushi respectively. The lowest mean concentration (mg kg -1) of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn are 18.91, 137.53, 5.00 and 25.56 from Mussorrie, Rudrapur, Banbasa and Banbasa respectively.Elemental analysis of Ocimum americanum L. showed metal levels that are generally low and within PFA limits. All samples were found to be safe for human consumption.
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Solid Dispersions: To modify Bioavailability of Hydrophobic Drugs

Aditya Sharma*, Gourav Chaudhary, Vijay Kumar Jyoti Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal (Central) University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttarakhand-246174, India Solid dispersions have attracted considerable interest as an efficient means of improving the rate and hence the bioavailability of a range of hydrophobic drugs. The article reviews the various newly optimized manufacturing techniques for solid dispersion that are coming out of academic and industrial research and compiles some of the recent technology transfers. Some of the practical aspects have been discussed in the article such as; types of carriers, methods of evaluation and characterization, along with an insight into the molecular arrangement of drugs in solid dispersions are also discussed. Various types of solid dispersions based upon the molecular arrangement have been highlighted along with an example of the marketed preparations with their brand name. Various practical or, industrial problems have been mentioned in the present article and methods to overcome such problems are discussed. Problems of Scaling up and manufacturing costs are discussed in the later sections of an article. All stability aspects of amorphous solid dispersions have been discussed in the later part of this article. Future prospects of this latest technology have been briefly discussed in the manuscript.
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Antidiabetic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Amaranthis spinosus on Albino rats

Ankita Shrivastava*, Kusum Singh1, Vinita Ahirwar1, Neha Gupta1 and Sapna Rani1 *PMS, Degree College, Barabanki (U.P.), India
1
Department of Zoology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.)- India
In recent years, investigation of bioactive natural products has assumed a greater sense of urgency in response to the expanding human population for good health. On the other hand, we have to depend on allopathic medicines for quick results, which in long term lead to severe side effects. Action of herbal remedies may vary from human to human and care should be observed in using it. Medicinal plants originate from every part of the globe. Amaranthus spinosus is commonly known as prickly amaranth or pig weed and belongs to family Amaranthacae. It contains a number of chemical constituents spinoside, uracil, adenine,glucoside, quercetin, amaranthine and isoamaranthine etc. The leaves of Amaranthus spinosusare used for gastroenteritis, gall bladder inflammation, abbesses, colic menorraghia, arthritis and for the treatment of snake bites. Therefore, in present study the effect of methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus is tested on blood sugar level of albino rats at a dose level of 250mg/kg b.wt for the intervals of 5, 7 and 14 days of treatment. The results revealed that blood sugar level significantly decreased (p<0.05) as compared to their respective control groups. Therefore, it is to be further investigated against diabetic rats.
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Impact of water deficit stress on seed germination and seedling growth of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
Arti Jamwal*1, S. Puri1, S. Sharma1 and S. Bhattacharya1
1
Shoolini University, Department of Botany, Post Box- 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173229, India
Plants in nature are continuously exposed to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these stresses, water deficit stress is one of the most adverse factors of plant growth and productivity and considered a severe threat for sustainable crop production in the present changing climate. Drought triggers a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from cellular metabolism to changes in growth rates and crop yield. One of the most important phases in the cycle of plant is seed germination. The response of plants to water deficit stress differs significantly at various organizational levels, depending upon intensity and duration of stress as well as plant species and its stage of development. The objective of present work was to determine the impact of water stress on seed germination; root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedling in Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Drought stress was induced by using PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol 6000) solution. Different concentrations of PEG-6000 (15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% PEG) were used for seed treatment. The seeds were kept for 15 days in B.O.D. incubator at 202C. The results indicated that drought stress had significant effect on germination percentage and seedling growth parameters. The various osmotic potential generated showed significant decrease in germination percentage except at 15% PEG. All the seedling growth parameters (root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight) decrease with increase in PEG concentration except the root length at 15% PEG.
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De novo approaches to influenza A genome sequencing

M. A. Ramakrishnan1*, Sushmita Singh3, Zheng Jin Tu4, Ashok K Chockalingam1, Sagar Goyal1, David Halvorson and Srinand Sreevatsan1,2 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine1, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences2, Biomedical Genomics Center3, Minnesota Supercomputer Institute4, University of Minnesota, saint Paul, MN 55108, India * Current address: Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 246 138, India We have developed a simple pyrosequencing technique for whole viral sequencing of influenza A viruses isolated using either tissue culture/embryonated chicken eggs origin or directly from cloacal samples. In the current study, we show evidence of successful genome sequencing for 11 different influenza A viruses from water fowl (n = 5; 4 H3N2 and 1 H4N6); turkey isolate (n-1; H7N3); a bald eagle isolate (H1/H2N1 mixed virus); two swine influenza virus (H3N2); and waterfowl cloacal swabs (n=2). Full length sequences were realized with ~ 100 X to 300 X coverage for all the viruses and one cloacal sample.
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An Improved non-enzymatic DNA extraction method for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) by polymerase chain reaction
Chauhan A, Santhamani R, Majumder S, Pandey A. B. and Ramakrishnan M. A* *Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 246 138, India Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), caused by bovine herpesvirus 1(BoHV-1), is a disease of domestic and wild cattle. BoHV-1 is a member of the genus Varicellovirus in thesubfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which belongs to the Herpesviridae family, order Herpesvirales. The viral genomeconsists of double-stranded DNA that encodes for about 70 proteins, of which 33 structural and more than15 nonstructural proteins have been identified. BoHV-1 infection may be suspected on the basis of clinical, pathological and epidemiological findings. However, to make a definite diagnosis, laboratory examinations (serology and/or virus detection) are required.During the past decade, various methods for the detection of BoHV-1 DNA in clinical samples have been described, including DNADNA hybridization and the PCR. The PCR is also increasingly used in routine diagnostic submissions. Compared with virus isolation, the PCR has the primary advantages of being more sensitive and more rapid: it can be performed in 12 days.Classical DNA extraction procedures such as Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol and other commercial column-based commercial kits are expensive, time consuming, and require multiple extraction and purification steps in addition to proteinase K digestion. A rapid non-enzymatic procedure for extracting DNA from clinical samples and tissue culture was developed to overcome some of the limitations of the available DNA extraction techniques. The procedure requires few mg of tissue and yields DNA with high purity [OD260/OD280 ratios is >1.8] with concentrations ranging from 13 to17 g/ mL. The DNA was extracted from samples suspected/known tissue culture of BoHV1. The suitability of the DNA for PCR assay was assessed using specific primers. We have also compared the new DNA extraction method with DNA extracted using commercial QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and observed that the sensitivity of new non-enzymatic protocol is equally sensitive that of commercial kit for the detection of BoHV1. We have also successfully applied this non-enzymatic protocol for the detection of other viruses.
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Combined 2D QSAR and 3D pharmacophore modeling of Pneumocystis crania DHFR inhibitors

Ruchi Mishra*, Sarvesh Paliwal, Ankita Agarwal *Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India 2D-Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis were developed using multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least square (PLS) and feed forward neural network (FFNN) techniques for 53 pyrimidine derivatives as Pneumocystis crainii dihydrofolate reductase (pcDHFR) inhibitors. MLR and PLS generated comparable models with good predictive ability and all other statistical values r, r2, r2cv, r2 (test) F and s values were 0.90, 0.81, 0.80, 0.76, 83.66 and 0.35 respectively for MLR and r2cv, r2,r2 (test) and statistical significance values were 0.80, 0.81, 0.76 and 0.99 respectively for PLS were satisfactory. Model developed from FFNN technique also showed good correlation value of r2= 0.85, r2 (test) = 0.78. The analysis indicates importance of Inertia moment2 size and Kier chiV2 (path) index in determining the activity of pyrimidine derivatives as potent anti-pneumocystis agents. 3D QSAR pharmacophore model was developed for pcDHFR inhibitors by using Catalyst HypoGen algorithm. Best pharmacophore model for selective pcDHFR inhibitors (Hypo-1) was obtained through Cat-Scramble validation process, which consisting of two hydrogen bond acceptor lipid (HBAl) and one ring aromatic (RA) features with highest correlation coefficient (0.89), cost difference (47.1), low RMS (0.79), it shows a high goodness of fit and predictive factor. RA feature is essential for ligand pharmacophore interaction. Pharmacophore model have been validated towards 18 test molecules and also evaluated with external test set which also showed three point mapping. Model was used for screening chemical data base. This resulted in identification of ten druggable potent lead compounds.
activities and designing novel selective pcDHFR inhibitors.
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The results of study will act as a valuable tool for retrieving potent compounds with desired biological
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Need of Pharmacological Assessment and Clinical Research on some Endangered Medicinal plants for Active constituents
Pooja Mishra1* and Sumeet Dwivedi2 1, ALPINE Institute of Technology, Ujjain, (M.P.) India 2, Ujjain Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ujjain, (M.P.) India Herbsarestagingacomebackandherbalrenaissanceishappeningallovertheglobe. Theherbalproductstodaysymbolisesafetyincontrasttothesyntheticsthatareregardedas unsafetohumanandenvironment.Althoughherbshadbeenpricedfortheirmedicinal,flavouringand aromaticqualitiesforcenturies,thesyntheticproductsofthemodernagesurpassedtheirimportance,for awhile.However,theblinddependenceonsynthetics is over and people are returning to the naturals with hope of safety and security. Importance of medicinal plants is widely accepted, there is a serious lack of comprehensive information on the economically important and threatened species of Madhya Pradesh. The present paper deals with the pharmacological assessment and need of clinical research in some of the endangered medicinal flora such as Sarcostemma acidum, Sauromatum gattum, Guizotia abyssinica, Abelmoshcus moschatus, Gloriosa superb etc. which will be useful in the development of various new lead compounds which may be utilize for the formulation of various suitable dosage form.
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Radon and Thoron concentration in Tehri District

A.A Bourai* and Sunita Aswal Department of Physics, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Badshahi Thaul Campus, Tehri Garhwal 249199, India On the bases of feidwork the soil gas radon and thoron concentrations were measured in soil from the Tehri district, using RAD7 detector. The measured value of radon concentration was found to vary from 2380 Bq/m3 to 18004 Bq/m3, and thoron concentration value found to vary from 2530 Bq/m3 to 4890 Bq/m3. An average value of soil gas radon concentration was found 13542 Bq/m3 and thoron concentration was 4345 Bq/m3
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Gums as important pharmaceutical excipients

Jaspreet Singh*and Balwinder Singh Department of Biotechnology, Khalsa College Amritsar 14002, Punjab, India Increasing demand of natural ingredients over synthetic ones immensely contribute to explore and develop new plant based materials. These natural materials are chemically inert, nontoxic, less expensive, biodegradable, eco-friendly and widely available, so have advantages over synthetic ones showing disadvantages of high cost, toxicity, non-renewable sources and poor health compliance with side effects. Natural gums are obtained as often products from different tree species, which exhibit unique and diverse physico-chemical properties and have a wide variety of applications. These are important non-timber forest products collected by tribals, mostly in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. Compositionally gums are heteropolysaccharides mostly composed of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose, glucose, D-glucouronic acid and D-galactouronic acid etc. This paper presents a review of some novel research on the gums indicating their potential for use as thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, gelling agent, excipients, microencapsules and controlled drug delivery systems in food, plant tissue culture and pharmaceutical industry. Compilation of scientific findings in the article is an attempt to make a world-wide recognition of gums among scientific community to promote further research for their applications in cosmetic, paper, textile industry and other different fields.
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Novel preparations of culture media for cultivation of Candida albicans with different extracts of plant products from Solan Area of Himachal Pradesh
Bharti1#, Naveen Minhas1, Sandip Patil1, P.C.Sharma1, Amit Kumar1 1. Dept. of Microbiology, school of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences,Bajhol, Solan (H.P).,India Candida albicans is dimorphic yeast. Study reveals that all plant based media support the confluent growth of Candida albicans which is comparable to that seen on standard media like SDA and PDA. In present study, plant based media Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) agar media, Allium cepa (onion) agar media, Beta vulgaris (sugarbeet) agar media and Pisum sativum (pea) agar media were utilized for cultivation of this fungus. Broths prepared from these plant extracts also supported confluent growth of this organism. This is perhaps the first report. These plant based media are cost-effective, easily available and take less time for their preparation. The tomato, onion and sugarbeet agar media can thus be used for the cultivation of Candida albicans and offer a novel alternative for currently available synthetic media.
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Role of Stellate Cells in Liver Fibrosis

*Naresh Chandra1, N.K.Jain1 and A.B. Srivastava2
1
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Madhya Pradesh Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, M. P., India.
Department of Wild Life Health and Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Madhya Pradesh Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, M. P., India.
The hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is mesenchymal cells which lies within the space of disse and has a variety of functions, which is known under a variety of names: Ito cell, fat-storing cell, lipocyte, per sinusoidal cell, parasinusoidal cell or hepatic stellate cell. They are the main place of vitamin A storage in characteristic lipid droplets. Synthetic activity of collagens and other extracellular matrix proteins involved in hepatic fibrosis. HSCs are an important cellular site for -carotene accumulation and metabolism within the liver. HSC undergo activation, transforming from a quiescent vitamin A-rich cell to a proliferative, fibrogenic, contractile myofibroblast. Stellate cell activation leads to an accumulation of scar (fibril-forming) matrix. This in turn contributes to the loss of hepatocyte microvilli and sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae, which results in the deterioration of hepatic function. Resolution of liver injury, if it may include selective clearance of activated stellate cells by apoptosis, or possibly their reversion to a quiescent phenotype. Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological process involving multiple cellular and molecular eventsthat lead ultimately to deposition of excess matrix proteins inthe extracellular space. When this process is combined with ineffectiveregeneration and repair, there is increasing distortion of thenormal liver architecture, and the end result is cirrhosis. The hepatic stellate cell is the primary source of ECM in the normal and fibrotic liver as they are the key fibrogenic cell type in the liver. Stellate cell activation refers to the transition from a quiescent vitamin A rich cell to a highly fibrogenic cell characterized morphologically by the enlargement of rough endoplasmic reticulum, diminution of vitamin A droplets, ruffled nuclear membrane, appearance of contractile filaments, and proliferation. Targeting of HSC and fibrogenic mediators will be the mainstay for therapy.
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Comparative study between two anaerobic bacteria Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium sordellii from slaughter house soil sample
Sonali Rani*
Sheetal Life Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India The genus Clostridium is composed of a very heterogeneous group of micro-organisms which are anaerobic Gram-positive, rods, which forms spores. Their natural habitat is the soil or intestinal tract of animal & human. Among the pathogen are the organisms causing botulism, tetanus & gas gangrene. The study of these two species is carried out with the aim to differentiate both the species of clostridium due to their 90% resemblance to each other.C. sordellii as rods shaped, 3.0-5.0 by 1.2-1.5 motile C. sordellii forming arborescent colonies in deep agar, & fermenting glucose, fructose, & maltose, but not glycerol or sorbitol. C.sordellii is highly toxigenic & pathogenic, &producing urease.C. bifermentans was described as 5.0-6.0 by 0.8-1.0; motile; forming clustered lenticellular or raspberry-like colonies in deep agar; fermenting glucose, fructose, maltose, glycerol & sorbitol. C. bifermentans is non-pathogenic, non-toxigenic, & nonurease producing.Soil samples collected from slaughter house, Sewanagar and Pinto Park (Gwalior) for the comparative study of C.bifermentans &C. sordellii. 6 isolates were taken for study in TPYG (Tryptone Peptone Glucose Yeast) and CMM (Cooked Meat Media) media and differentiated on the basis of several morphological, & biochemical tests and molecular test. These tests indicated that C. bifermentans&C. sordelliiare rod shaped & motile. C. bifermentans is non- pathogenic, non toxigenic & non urease producing , although C. sordellii is pathogenic, toxigenic & urease producing. C.bifermentans was described as 5.0-6.0 by 0.8-1.0; motile; forming clustered lenticellular or raspberry-like colonies in deep agar; fermenting
urease producing.
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glucose, fructose, maltose, glycerol & sorbitol. C. bifermentans is non-pathogenic, non-toxigenic, & non-
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PCR Amplification of Fowl Adenovirus 4 Hexon Gene

Upasna Sharma and Anant Rai* IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput,Delhi Road(NH-24), Moradabad (U.P), India *Institute of Biotechnology & IT, 197,Mudia Ahmadnagar, Bareilly (U.P), India The genomic DNA of Fowl adenovirus 4 available in the biotechnology laboratory was used as template for amplification of FAV4 hexon gene, the gene specific forward and reverse primers and Pfu DNA polymerase were used to amplify the gene. The PCR amplification resulted in amplification of 2916 bp hexon gene as observed on 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis. Further work on cloning of this gene in p Alpha vector is in progress.
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Toxicological Evaluation of Albizia Lebbeck (L.)Benth.

Arun Sharma*1, Ashwani Jangra1, Neetu Jangra2 *,1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FAMS),Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar-249404 (India)
2
R.K.S.D. Colleges of Pharmacy, Kaithal, Haryana, India
Albizia lebbeck is well known for its anti histaminic, anti asthmatic, anti fertility, anti microbial, spermicidal and ophthalmic use. Seeing such usefulness of the plant it is essential to evaluate certain safety parameters associated with it. The study was conducted for estimating any alterations in the neurological, hematological and physical alterations in the albino mice. Extraction of dried stem bark was done with soxhlet apparatus using alcohol as a solvent. For acute toxicity study healthy Swiss albino mice of either sex (n=6), weighing 20-25 g, divided in each group, were fasted for 18 hrs overnight and were used for the study. The mice were administered the sample extract orally in increasing dose of 250, 500, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight. Then the animals were continuously observed for 2 hrs for any gross behavioral, neurological or autonomic toxic effects and for any lethality after 24 to 72hrs. For the sub- acute toxicity studies, the animals of the acute toxicity studies were administered daily for a period of 15 days. Attention was given to observe the occurrence of tremors, convulsions, salivation, diarrhea, sleep and coma. The parameters of the acute toxicity studies such as motor reflex, behavioral pattern and lethality were tabulated after 48 and 72 hrs of the dose administration and those of the sub acute study such as body weight, food intake and hematological patterns were tabulated after 15 days. No acute and chronic toxicity was observed. This showed the potential safety of plant for consumption.
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Vandana Yadav1*, Abhilasha Mishra2 1 College of Engineering Studies, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Bidholi via Prem Nagar, Dehradun, India 2 Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Kalidas Road, Dehradun (U.K), India A novel, accurate, precise, specific and reproducible reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for quantitative determination of bulk Fesoterodine Fumarate (FST). It is a new competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. Muscarinic receptors play role in contractions of urinary bladder smooth muscle and stimulation of salivary secretion. FST specifically indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency.FST is commercially available under the brand name of Toviaz. Chemically, FST is designated as isobutyric acid 2((R) - 3-diisopropylamino-1-phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxymethyl) phenyl ester hydrogen fumarate, as shown below.
A Validated HPLC Assay for Determination of Fesoterodene Fumarate
Chemical structure of Fesoterodine Fumarate Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Kromasil, C8 (250 x 4.6 mm), 5.0 m column in gradient mode with mobile phase, phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (60:40v/v). The mobile phase was pumped through column at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detector wavelength monitored at 210.0 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 25C. The RP-HPLC method is validated with respect to specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Response was a linear function of concentration in the range 159.60 -239.40 g/mL for FST. LOD and LOQ for FST were found 0.03 g/mL and 0.09 g/mL. Regression analysis showed correlation coefficient value greater than 0.999. Accuracy of the method was established based on the recovery obtained between 98.3% and 98.4% for FST.
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Fungal Biodiversity: Conservation threats on Heritage Monuments of JammuRegion (J&K)

Mahesh Koul*, Nidhi Anand, P.N. Chowdhry Mewar University Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India NCFT national centre of Fungal taxonomy (NCFT), New Delhi, India *School for Hospitality and Tourism Management (SHTM), University of Jammu, (J&K), India
The paper deals with the conservation ,preservation and restoration aspects that are of paramount importance to restore these heritage assets to their pristine glory to at least certain time frame.The detriorating condtion of these heriatge monuments poses serious challenges to the expertise of the consevartion architects, historains, tourism professionals and policymakers. The paper identifies the the threats and suggest the ways to mitigate these.The biggest challenge that the sustainable managemnet of these monuments posess post conservation is the sympathetic reuse in terms of their overall safety. The lays asmphasis on the invlovement of all the stakeholders as they are the ultimate beneficiaries and inheritors of this legacy in erms of cultural and aeshetic value.The presence and deteriorating action of fungal organisms on heritage monuments have received considerable attention in the last few years.so the information about the fungal biodiversity present on stone materials in the monuments is the initial and important step for the successful conservation treatment and control.So the following study was done to record the fungal biodiversity present on some important heritage monuments of Jammu Region. About 73 different stone samples are collected from the affected historical sites of jammu region.Furthur proccessed for isolation and purification of fungal cultures. About 24 fungal species belonging to 18 genra were recorded.The most frequent reported fungal species were Aspergillus flavus, A.nidulans, A.terreus, A.niger, A.fumigatus, Absidia cylindrospora,Cunninghamella echinulata ,C. elegans ,Chaetomium globosum,Mortierella elongate,Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus ,Cladosporium oxysporum, Curvularia lunata ,C.clavata,Fusarium sp.,Mucor sp.,Mycelia sterilia (white),Paecilomyces varioti, Penicillium chrysogenum,Trichoderma viride ,Rhizopus stolonifer,Rhizomucor pusillus,Syncephalastrum racemosumandYeast.Out of the ten studied sites The Moti Mehal,the Mubarak Mandi Complex,The jasrota Fort had reported maximum fungal biodiversity followed by Bahu fort,Ramnagar fort,Lakhanpur fort, Hiranagar fort, Akhnoor fort,Dandidhar fort,Sambha fort.The presence of fungal diversity on these monuments is a clear indication of threat to their conservation and management so it is useful information for furthur consevational studies on monuments.Thus the paper stresses the sensitisation of the local population of the destination area to adopt the conservation techniques that are compatible with the materials used for the construction of the heritage structures.To address the post consevation and restoration challenges,the paper argues that the involvement adoption of the tourism marketing strategies helps to make the heritage monuments self sustainable to generate the costs of maintenance of the conservation,preservation and restoration costs.The paper stresses the multidisciplinary aproach that involves the botanists, heritage conservation professionals,historians,tourism professionals and conservation architects to restore the heriatge monuments of the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state which is already engulfed in ethno-religious conflict and the adverse effect is reflected in the adhoc policy making due to contested definition and explanation of the heriatge by the vested interests who are unaware as far as the holistic approach neded to to restore the the tangible heritage and its intangible motivations.
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Antibacterial activity of Ethanolic extracts of Mores Ingra and Viola serpents

Anu Kumar*1,P.K. Chauhan2, Virender Singh3, Ankur Tyagi1, Keshav Thakur1 1.Dept. of Biotechnology, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib (H.P.) India 2.Dept. of Biochemistry, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib (H.P.) India 3.Dept. of Microbiology, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib (H.P.) India This research provides information which could trigger further research in direction of partial or full isolation and characterization of the constituents of leaves extracts of Morus nigra and Viola serpensin order to decipher the specific photochemical activity and free radical scavenging activity of plants. Qualitative analysis of ethanolic leaves extracts of both plants (M.nigra & V.serpens) showed the presence of flavonoids, Tannins, Terpenoids and Reducing sugars. The overall antioxidant enzyme as well as non-antioxidant enzymes content was highest in ethanolic extract of Viola serpensand lowest in ethanolic extract of Morus nigra.The present study was designed to identify the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Mores Ingra and Viola serpents which was also compared with six standard antibiotics against clinical isolates from the serum samples of patients suffering from jaundice disease. Ethanolic extract of Viola serpens showed maximum antibacterial activity as compared to other plant as well as antibiotics. Zone of inhibition values ranged from 0 - 14 mm for antibiotics while they were much higher ranging from 10 - 22 mm for the plant extracts.
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Sulphonamide: A potent Chemotherapeutic Agent

Sarla Saklani, Rashmi Chauhan*,Abhay P. Mishra, Subhash Chandra Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H.N.B.G.U. Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India In the 1930s Domagk first demonstrated that a chemotherapeutic agent could influence the source of a bacterial infection.Sulfanilamide is a structural analogue of p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) which is essential for the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria. Folate is required for the synthesis of the precursors of DNA and RNA in both bacteria and mammals.This medication may cause stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, headache or vomiting during the first few days as your body adjusts to the medication. If these symptoms persist or become severe, inform your doctor. This drug may increase sensitivity to sunlight. Notify your doctor if your condition worsens or you develop: easy bruising. Rarely, this medication can cause serious, even fatal, side effects such as a severe peeling skin rash known as Stevens- Johnson syndrome, blood disorders (e.g., agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia), or liver damage. skin rash or blisters, unusual fatigue, persistent sore throat or fever, yellowing eyes or skin, dark urine, abdominal pain In the unlikely event you have an allergic reaction to this drug, seek medical attention immediately. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include: rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, trouble breathing.
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Rauwolfia serpentina: A Review

Sarla Saklani, Rashmi Chauhan*, Abhay P. Mishra, Subhash Chandra Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H.N.B.G.U. Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Rauwolfia serpentina is a small, woody shrub that originated in South Asia whose roots contain reserpine, a milky substance used medically for its reported sedative effects. The plant is also known as serpentwood, snakeroot and rauwolfia, among other names. The root extract is thought to have a bitter taste and some practitioners of herbal medicine advice against using rauwolfia serpentina because of its reported side effects. In India, Rauwolfia serpentina is called the insanity herb, because it is used to treat mental disorders such as anxiety, paranoia and nervousness. It is also used as a topical medicine for snakebite and insect stings.Hindus used this plant for centuries as a febrifuge and as an antidote to the bites of poisonous reptiles like snakes. It was also used to treat dysentery and other painful affections of the intestinal canal. Some believed it caused uterine contraction and promoted the expulsion of the fetus. It was also mentioned as a stomachic that cures fever. Extracts of the roots are valued for the treatment of intestinal disorders, particularly diarrhea and dysentery and also as anti-helminthic .The root was believed to stimulate uterine contration and recommended for use in child-birth in difficult cases.
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Harnessing Nature`s Goodness for Good Health

Kashif Hussain*a, Touseef Hussainb
a
Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies, Dehradun (U.K), India, bCentral Potato Research Institute Campus (ICAR), Modipuram, Meerut (U.P), India
In this paper, the author likes to draw the attentation towards role of organic farming in production management system that promotes and enhances agro ecosystem health, including biodiversity, landscape, soil, quality of water resources, climate, air and energy. Now a day, it is a challenging task to fulfill the needs of the people of our country. But, over the past few decades, human activity in the name of development has adversely affected global biodiversity in an un precedented way. Due to price rise, the cost of inputs like chemical fertilizers, pesticides & other industrial implement has increased. Constant use of fertilizers had lead to various changes in nutrients of soil & increased in the nuisance of insects. Today total consumption of fertilizers in our country is about 9.2 million tonnes & is expected to increase to about 2.5 million tonnes by turn of the 20th centuary. Now a days ,the trend of switching over to organic farming is worldwide ,as the organic food are in more demand as the organic fertilizers are useful in enhancing the soil fertility as well as healthy growth of plant is assured. Besides unlike general perception, organic food is far better in taste & quality. Today organic food is more nutritious than ordinary produce & helps to lengthen our lives. These organic produce contains 40% more antioxidants, which can cut the risk of cancer & heart diseases & also have higher levels of beneficial minerals, thus while there may be many ways to increase the sustainability of agriculture & the safety & nutritional value of foods, these alternatives are largely invisible outside the network of professional agriculturist. But unfortunately, we are not aware of the benefits, of the may due to lack of knowledge, less availability or high cost, which is discouraged by consumers from switching over to
higher price for organic food, plus point for farmers as well. This research will highlights some of the popular beliefs about who is involved in organic food network & why that have been discussed throughout this paper. Thus, the investment spent on this method is low than that of production using fertilizers and also minimizing the pollution too. If organic farming is giving the consideration on its merits, it has the potential to transform agriculture as the main tool for nature conservation.
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them. Even it is also argued that the Western world increasingly prefers organic produce & is willing to pay a
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Effect of Industrial Pollution on Metal Content of Seasonal Vegetables Kiran Tewari*, Chitra Pande and Deepshekha Punetha Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India Vegetables can be contaminated with heavy metals from the environment during growth and manufacturing process. The level of essential elements in plants is conditional, the content being affected by the geochemical characteristics of the soil. Plants and animals both depend on some metals as micronutrients. However, certain forms of some metals can also be toxic, even in relatively small amounts and therefore pose a risk to the health of animals and peoples. Aim of the present study was to determine physico chemical properties, heavy metal content and their transfer factor in vegetables and soil samples collected from areas located near industrial sites. The content of heavy metals such as Zn, Cr, Pb, Mn and Fe respectively were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.In all the studied vegetables samples the concentration of heavy metals varies in ranges of 40-293, 323.2-1311, 13.5-258, 63.5-361.5 mg kg-1 for Mn, Fe, Zn and Cr and in soil samples ranges varies from 361-478, 1570.1-1594.475, 544-141, 131-50 mg kg-1 for Mn, Fe, Zn and Cr. Cr shows the highest transfer factor of 6.05 while the transfer factor of Mn and Fe is less than 1 and transfer factor of Zn varies from .02-1.83.
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Effects of the Intramuscular Administration of Diclofenac Sodium on Pectoralis Muscle Weight in Mice
Sushma Sharma, Meenakshi Kaith* Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India Diclofenac Sodium has drawn its attention in recent times due to the renal failure in Vultures. Diclofenac Sodium is generally given in the musculoskeletal pains so, their long term effect on the muscles needs to be studied.Mice received Diclofenac sodium (10mgKg-1 body weight) intramuscularly for 10, 20 and 30 days daily. Biochemical studies were conducted for all stages of investigation.The intramuscular administration of diclofenac sodium resulted in the decline in the body and muscle weight of the growing mice. This decline was further confirmed by the decrease in the protein profile of the mice. Measurement of dry muscle mass and total protein decline in the muscle homogenate from pectoralis muscle suggested muscle atrophy largely responsible for this weight loss.
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Identification of multi drug resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Pus, Blood, Urine and Sputum
Neha Sharma*, Aarti Bains, Sunity Singh Department of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (H.P.), India Multi drug resistance in S.aureus with variable epidemiology has become an alarming problem world wide. It has a remarkable property of evolving different resistance mechanism to most of the antimicrobial agents. To study the phenotype prevalent in this region (Himachal Pradesh) and to choose the appropriate antibiotic therapy regimen present work was designed. A total of 45 isolates (20 pus, 5 blood, 8 sputum, 12 urine) were obtained from IGMC, Shimla. All were identified using standard laboratory procedures of gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was carried out by disc diffusion method. The resistance profiling of the isolates showed it a clear case of MDR- MRSA phenotype. Out of 45, 36 were found to be multidrug resistant with methicillin resistance as well.Maximum resistance was obtained in case of oxacillin (75%) and penicillin (75%) followed by tetracycline (65%), erythromycin (65%), cotrimoxazole (55%), ciprofloxacin (50%) and cephotaxine (45%). Vancomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin and netilmycin showed 100% sensitivity followed by clindamycin which showed 90% sensitivity. Resistance pattern obtained was same irrespective of the source of isolate. This study showed that all MRSA isolates were significantly less sensitive to other antibiotics and is a multidrug resistant microorganism and principal nosocomial pathogen.
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Plant Polyphenols as Antioxidants for Health Protection and Diseases Control

Nishat Anjum* and Y.C. Tripathi Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248006, India Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants that are generally involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens.During the last decade,polyphenols are the subject of increasing scientific interest because of their possible beneficial effects on human health. More than 8,000 polyphenolic compounds have so far been identified in various plant species and classified into major groups including phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans. Studies have repeatedly shown an inverse association between the consumption of polyphenolic rich diet and the risk of chronic human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered to be toxic by-products of aerobic metabolismleading to potential biomolecular damage that can contribute to the age-related development of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and many other disorders, if not properly repaired. These ROScan be disposed of using antioxidants. The phenolic groups in polyphenols can accept an electron to form relatively stable phenoxyl radicals, thereby disrupting chain oxidation reactions in cellular components.It is well established that consumption of polyphenol-rich food increase plasma antioxidant capacity thereby reducing levels of oxidative damage in human cells. There are increasing evidences that as antioxidants, polyphenols may protect cell constituents against oxidative damage and therefore, limit the risk of various degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress. Role of polyphenols in human health is a promising area of research offering great hope for the prevention of chronic human diseases. The importance of the plant derived antioxidants is also raising interest among food manufacturers and consumers as the trend of future is moving toward functional food with specific health
protection against development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and age related neurodegenerative diseases. Biological effects of plant polyphenols as antioxidants in the context of their relevance to human health are discussed in the paper.
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effects. Epidemiological studies and associated meta-analyses strongly suggest plant polyphenols offer
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Preparation and Evaluation of Rizatriptan Benzoate Fast Dissolving Tablet Based on Vaccum Drying Technique By Using Camphor as Subliming Agent
Agarwal Piyush*, Tanwar Y.S.1, Chouhan C.S. 1, Naruka P.S.1
1
*Geetanjali Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur 313001, India Department of Pharmaceutics, B.N. College of Pharmacy, Udaipur, 313001, India
Rizatriptan benzoate tablets were prepared by vacuum drying technique, using subliming agent camphor in different ratio with respect to drug. All the ingredients were passed through a 100-mesh screen prior to mixing. Subliming material, intragranular fraction of disintegrates and mannitol was mixed using a glass mortar and pestle. All the ingredients were dry blended and alcoholic solution of PVP was added to the mixture in a quantity just enough to bind the mass. The wet mass was passed through 30-mesh and the resulting granules of 30/100-mesh screen were collected and vacuum dried at 800C for 3 hour to facilate sublimation of camphor. The granules were mixed with the extragranular fraction of crospovidone. These granules were lubricated with a blend containing talc and magnesium stearate. The uniformly mixed blend was compressed into using single punch tablet machine to produce convex faced tablets. In Vitro studies were carried out in artificial saliva pH 5.8 for 1 hrs. After 1 hour all four formulation show above 95% drug release and formulation containing high ratio of camphor shows highest drug release nearly about 97 % after 1 hrs. The data obtained from in vitro dissolution studies were fitted to different dissolution models to know the release pattern. Regression analysis was performed and regression values R2 were 0.972 to 0.993 for different formulations. Slope values (0.5<n<1.0) suggest that the release of Rizatriptan benzoate from fast dissolving tablets followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism.
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Coccinia indica (Cucurbitaceae): A Potent Source of Herbal Medicine for Human Health
Priyanka Tiwari*, Sarla Saklani, Abhay P. Mishra, Subhash Chandra Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H.N.B.G.U. Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Coccinia indica belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae commonly known as (Littlegourd, Bimba, Kanduti ki bhel). Cucurbitaceae is the largest family belongs to category of medicinal plants. The species of this family grows all over the world; native to wasteland in Asia, Africa and Thailand. This review shows the traditional use of Coccinia indica; including the habitat, nativity, status and medicinal use. The plant species used to treat different ailment such as asthma, diabetes, sores, ulcer and anemia.As traditional knowledge, ayurveda is well known for its effective herbal treatment.Nature has bestowed on us a rich botanical wealth and large number of plant which play important role and constituent the backbone of traditional medicine. Coccinia indica is a perennial herb grows abundaly and widely all over India particularly in Andra Pradesh and Karnataka. The leaves are sweet, acrid havingcooling and astrigent effects. Stems act as antisparmodic and fleshy green fruit is better chewed to cure sores on tongue. The plant contains saponin, flavonoids, sterols, alkaloids, riboflavin, oleic acid, thiamine, palmitic and lupeol. As nutritional viewCoccinia indica rich in -carotenol,fiber,complex carbohydrates and good source of protein, helps in keep blood sugar under control. According to literature surveythe antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether extractof Coccinia indica showed maximum zone ofinhibitioni.e. 19.0 mm whereas chloroform extract had least activity with 1.0-7.0 mm zone of inhibition. Generally Coccinia indica is used in cure and treatment of skin diseases, chronic sinuses and urinary tract infection.It can be concluded that study on Coccinia indica can serve as important source to reduce metabolic complication under diabetic condition and helps to develop antidiabetic,antipyretic, hepatoprotective, larvicidal, and anti-inflammatory activity.Variousphytoconstituents reported in C. indica arecephalandrol, tritriacontane, lupeol, b-sitosterol,cephalandrine A, cephalandrine B, stigma-7-en-3-one, taraxerone and taraxerol. Terpenoids arefound to be responsible for antidiabetic activity.
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Antibacterial Potency and Phytochemical Analysis of Berberis aristata Leaves against Human Pathogenic Bacteria
Renu Negi1*, Suman Bisht1, Yogesh Kumar Negi2, Seema Saxena3, Veena Uniyal3 SRT Campus, Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
2
Sardar Bhagwan Singh P. G. Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research, Balawala, Dehradun, India.
3
SGRR PG College, Pathri Bagh, Dehradun, India
Berberis aristata has played prominent role in herbal healing since ages. It is commonly known as daru haldi and kingood in native of Garhwal Himalaya. The present work is carried out to study phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the aqueous, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform extracts of the leaves of Berberis aristata against six pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activities of the different solvent extracts were determined using agar well diffusion method. The ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extract found to be most effective solvents. Methanol extract showed moderate activity, while hexane and chloroform exhibited less activity. Klebsiella pneumonia exhibited maximum zone of inhibition (24mm) against the ethyl acetate extract and S. aureus reported most susceptible pathogen among all tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) carried out by Micro-dilution technique revealed MIC range of 10-20mg/ml in case of ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate solvent extracts. Phytochemical analysis of crude extract of the leaves showed presence of tannins, saponins, steroids.
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Application and Comparison of DNA Based Molecular Markers

SabitaRangra* and Arvind Sharma Division of Life Sciences,Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, India Molecular markers are the class of genetic markers which consist a site which reveals polymorphism at DNA level and their advent provided a broad spectrum of knowledge in plant and animal biotechnology and is one of the most leading and significant development in the field of molecular genetics. Molecular markers consist of specific molecules which facilitate both genotype identification essential for modern plants and animal breeding and isolation of genes based on their map positions and hence show easily detectable differences among different strains of a species or among different species. Ever since their discovery they are constantly being modified to enhance utility automation in genome analysis, selection of desirable genotypes and bring genetic improvement in crop plants. However they also serve as an important tool for individual identification and genetic distance estimation. Hence molecular markers are used to make genetic maps and to evaluate differences between molecular markers in the expression of a particular trait(Vignal et al., 2002). We reviewed the DNA based markers RFLP, Microsatellite, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR and their comparison one over the other(Adams et al., 1993; Akopyanz et al., 1992; Batley et al., 2003; Blake et al., 1996; Blears et al., 1998; Chambers and MacAvoy., 2000; Cordeiro et al., 2001 Decroocq et al., 2003; Kojima et al., 1998; Meksem et al., 2001; Semagn et al., 2006; Sharma and Bakshi., 2011). Comparison among widely used DNA markers: Low copy coding regions are examined and thoroughly studied in case of RFLP whereas whole genome is used microsatellite, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR. High amount of DNA is required in case of RFLP which is medium in AFLP and low quantity is used in microsatellite, RAPD, ISSR. Level of polymorphism observed in DNA sequence is very high in AFLP followed by the microsatellite, RAPD, ISSR and low in RFLP. Co-dominant inheritance is shown in RFLP and microsatellite whereas RAPD, AFLP, ISSR shows dominant inheritance. High degree of reproducibility is shown in RFLP, AFLP and microsatellite whereas it is intermediate in RAPD and it varies from medium to high in ISSR and SSR. Start-up costs are high in RFLP and microsatellite and are labour intensive which is a disadvantage while using these markers where as it is medium in AFLP and ISSR, and low in RAPD.
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Influence of Biofertilizers and Variable Phosphorous Levels on Yield Attributes and Uptake of Greem Gram (Vigna radiata L.)
Satyendra Tiwari*, Suresh Kumar and T.P.S Katiyar Department of Soil Science, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) 224 229, India An experiment was conducted during summer season 2010 at student instructional farm, N.D.U.A&T, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P), to study the effect of biofertilizers and variable phosphorus levels on growth, quality, yield attributes and uptake of (Vigna radiata L.). Four levels of phosphorus fertilizers (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) with the combination of different biofertilizers (VAM, PSB) were used. The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of variable levels of phosphorus in combination with biofertilizers viz. control, PSB and VAM on quality and different yield contributing traits. The twelve treatments were laid out in randomized block design with four replications. The results of field experiment revealed that plant height, number of root nodules plant -1, fresh weight of nodules plant -1, dry weight of nodules plant -1, dry matter accumulation plant
-1
and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, test weight and quality like protein content in
seeds, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in seed and stover were increased significantly due to inoculation of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + VAM. The application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + VAM was more effective in increasing in all the growth, yield attributes, protein content and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus in seed and stover which was statistically at par with PSB and significantly superior with Uninoculated.
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Role of Gemcitabine in Chemotherapy Medication: A Review

Sarla Saklani, Monika Kinger*, Abhay Prakash Mishra, Subhash Chandra Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H.N.B.G.U. Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Gemcitabine is drug used during chemotherapy treatment of certain types of cancers including mesothelioma, metastasis breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer. It is also known as 2,2-Difluorodeoxycytidine.Its active ingredient is gemcitabine hydrochloride. It is a part of a group of chemotherapy medication called antimetabolites.Gemcitabine was first studied in clinical trials in the United States during the early 1990s. A year prior to its approval by the FDA in 1996, Gemcitabine was made available to doctors for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients in a Treatment Investigational New Drug (TIND) study. Over 3000 patients with pancreatic cancer were able to receive gemcitabine during the TIND study.In these trials, patients receiving the gemcitabine regimen experienced an increase in their one year survival time that was significantly better than that seen with the comparator regimen. Gemcitabine became first line treatment for bladder cancer stage 4 with metastases in combination with cisplastin.Gemcitabine is a colorless fluid which is obtained after dissolving the white powder. It is given as a drip through a fine tube inserted into a vein, over a short period of time.Cancer forms when cells within the body multiply abnormally and uncontrollably. These cells spread, destroying nearly tissues. Gemcitabine works by stopping the cancer cells from multiplying. It does this by being incorporated into the cells genetic material, DNA and RNA. Both DNA and RNA are needed for cells to grow, repair themselves and multiply. Gemcitabine causes problems within the production of DNA and RNA in the cancer cells, and this causes the cells to grow in an unbalanced way, resulting in the death of the cells.Unfortunately, gemcitabine can also affect normal, healthy cells,
the bone marrow where blood cells are made.Therefore doses are administered in courses at various intervals to allow normal cells to recover from the adverse effects of anticancer medicines between doses.Gemcitabine is available in two strengths 200mg and 1g which is single use vial. It is marketed as Gemzar. Gemcitabine should be stored away from the moisture, heat and light. It should be stored at the room temperature between 59-860F.
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particularly those that multiply quickly such as blood cells and hair cells. The most important side effect is on
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Quality Assessment of Water Resources in Gaula Catchment of Nainital District, Uttarakhand (India)
Madan Mohan Suyal*, Tejpal Singh and S.P.S. Mehta Department of Chemistry,D.S.B. Campus of Kumaun University Nainital- 263002, Uttarakhand (India) Gaula River is one of the important rivers of Kumaon region in Uttarakhand state of India. Water of this river is utilised by the human beings of the area for drinking, irrigation and other household purposes. Therefore the present study was carried out to assess the quality of water of catchment area of this river for different sites. In the present study the water quality parameters like pH, EC, BOD, COD, OD, Alkalinity, Hardness etc. were analysed and results are compared with standards of WHO and BIS India. Results of the analysis shows that the water of catchment area is not much pollute and hence can be used for irrigation purposes as such, but it needs to be treated in a treatment plant when used for drinking purposes. Furthermore in this study the water samples from springs were also analysed and results are compared with results of other selected sites of the catchment area. Total ten sampling sites were selected for the analysis of water quality. This study is important as the Nainital city is being a tourist place.
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Cyanobacteria: A Source of Pharmaceutical Compounds

R.K. Gupta*, Neelam Bamola Maithani and Mohd Irfan Department of Botany, Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G.College, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India Cyanobacteria (Blue- green algae), a diverse and widely distributed group of oxygen - evolving photoautotrophic prokaryotes, are highly productive and efficient biological system endowed with metabolic flexibility and biochemical diversity. Their potential application in agriculture, aquaculture, human nutrition and bioremediation are well known for years. More recently, several aquatic and terrestrial cyanobacterial species have been shown to produce novel and chemically diverse bioactive compounds exhibiting pharmacological activities. These include anticancerous/antineoplastic agents, muscle relaxants, antiinflammatory agents, immunostimulants, antimutagenic agents, enzyme inhibitors, antioxidants,
hypocholesterolemic agents, antiviral, anti - HIV agents, and antibiotics.Pharmacological screening aimed at discovering novel pharmaceuticals has largely been carried out with higher plants and non-cyanobacterial microorganisms. Algae, in general, and cyanobacteria, in particular, have not yet received much attention. Till now, our knowledge of cyanobacteria - derived pharmaceuticals is based on few species. The chance of discovering pharmacologically active compounds from these underexplored organisms seems to be high. Because of their rapid growth rate, simple growth requirements, amenability to controlled laboratory culture, ubiquity and diversity, they appear to be suitable candidates for the purpose.
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Vegetables: A Source of Heavy Metals in the Food Chain

Gitu Kunwar*, Geeta Tewari and Kiran Tewari Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
It is well known that metals are present in soil in different chemical forms, which influence their reactivity and hence their mobility and bioavailability. Heavy metals are generally present in agricultural soils at low levels. The knowledge of both the total concentration and available metal concentration is necessary to characterize the behavior of heavy metals in soil. Ten composite soil and vegetable samples were collected from Kashipur, Bajpur, Rushi (Nainital), Lalkuan (Haldwani) and Rudrapur in rainy, winter and summer season for first and second year. These were then processed and prepared for determination of physical properties of soil and total heavy metal content in plant and soils samples. The total metals content in soil and vegetable samples (on dry weight basis) were also determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The mean concentration of all metals was found to be maximum in summer followed by winter and rainy seasons. In most of the cases bhindi was found to accumulate more metals as compared to others. The analytical results indicated that in dry season (winter and summer), mean concentration some heavy metals were above the natural concentration of a typical soil and foodstuffs. pH of the soil increased significantly in rainy season (from 1st year to 2 nd year). EC of the soil decreased significantly in rainy season (from 1st year to 2nd year). Mean concentration of Zn increased significantly in rainy season (from 1st year to 2nd year). Total metal concentration increased from first year to second year while available metal content except Cu decreased indicating lower availability of
food results in low level heavy metals accumulation in body and the detrimental impact becomes apparent only after several years of exposure. Zinc and copper were found to be of special concern in agricultural soils of Uttarakhand.
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metals for plants. Concentration of all vegetables was within the safe limits in second year. Dietary intake of
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Studies on Screening Characterization and Production of Antifungal Substances from Bacteria Isolated from Soil
Neelam Bamola Maithani1,2*, Abhishek Mathur2,Rajan Kumar Gupta1, Mohd. Irfan1, 1 Govt. P.G. (Autonomous) College, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India 2 Sheetal Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Antifungal antibiotics that are currently used for the treatment of the fungal infection are produced by actinomycetes and fungi. The present study is focussed on the isolation and selective screening of some bacterial strains from soil which have antifungal/antibacterial activity against clinical fungal and bacterial pathogens.The study is thus based on the investigation of natural antibiotics/antifungal agents against dreadful fungal pathogens which have acquired resistance against traditional medicines. In the present study a total of 20 soil bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples of Srinagar Garhwal region in Uttarakhand by Crowded Plate Technique Method. The results were found to be very surprising. Amongst the 20 isolates obtained from soil a total of nine(9) isolates were active against E.coli, Micrococcus, Salmonella abony, S1, S2, S3(multiple drug resistant), Candidaalbicans & Aspergillus niger isolated from clinical specimens.
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Oxidation Kinetics of Amino acid Metal Complexes in Different Concentrations

Tejpal Singh*, Madan Mohan Suyala , S.P.S. Mehtaa and Jeewan Gahtoria a Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus Kumaun University Nainital- 263002,Uttarakhand (India). Amino acids are monomers or building blocks of the molecular structure of the important class of compounds known as proteins. Amino acids are organic acids have tetrahedral structure, containing NH2 and COOH groups. The first carbon atom of amino acid with COOH group is alpha carbon, second carbon is beta carbon, third is gamma carbon and fourth carbon is delta carbon. All proteins are formed of alpha amino acids only.Proteins are widely distributed in nature being present in living organisms. These are the essential constituents of cells walls of animals and infact hair, nails, skin, feather, muscles, are made up of largely of proteins. Amino acids and most of their metal complexes are soluble in polar solvents, like water but their solubility varies greatly. The solubility of amino acids and their metal complexes is influenced by the presence of neutral salts in the solution. Solubility of amino acids and their metal complexes increases in the presence of low salt concentration, but decreases in high concentration of salts.Amino acids form proteins through peptide linkages by the reaction between NH2 of one amino acid and COOH of other amino acid. Generally peptides of molecular weight up to 10,000 are called polypeptide and higher are called proteins. Several amino acids and their metal complexes are required for the bio-synthesis of various tissue proteins, enzyme, hormones and plasma proteins Therefore the synthesis and kinetics of amino acids metal complexes are important in the field of Bio-Organic and pharmaceutical chemistry . The metal complexes which are soluble in water have been selected for the present study.
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Antimicrobial Potential of Root Extracts of Scutellaeria scandens D. Don

Lalit Mohan* and Anand B. Melkani Chemistry Department, Kumaun University, Nainital. 263002, India The genus Scutellaria belongs to family Lamiaceae and is represented by six species in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Out of these six, four species which are reported to grow in Nainital with an elevation of 1,300 to 2,100 m. Various species of Scutellaria are used in traditional and folk medicine in different parts of the world for the treatment of hypertension, inflammatory diseases, hepatitis, allergy, cancer and diarrhoea and have sedative, antioxidant activity.The roots were collected from Nainital (Uttarakhand) at an elevation of 1,900 m in the month of September, when the plant was in its flowering stage. The roots of the plant were used for the extraction.Ten pathogenic bacteria and three animal pathogenic fungi were taken to check their activity and which was found comparable with the standard antibiotics (Streptomycin and Erythromycin) used for comparison. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was done by using disc diffusion method. To determine the MIC/MBC values, five different concentrations of solvent extracts (500, 250, 125, 62.5 and 31.25 g/mL) were prepared and those bacterial, fungal strains were taken which showed inhibition 10 mm in the screening analysis at 1000 g/mL.Different solvent extracts were active against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Erwinia
chrysanthemi,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida.The hexane extract showed maximum inhibition against the test microorganisms (ZOI, 13 19 mm) followed by ethanol and chloroform extract (ZOI, 6 17mm). The inhibitory activity of these extracts was found very effective as compared to Streptomycin (10 g) and Erythromycin (15 g) standard antibiotics which were used as positive controls against these tested ethanol and chloroform extract followed by hexane and ethyl acetate extract at (250 g/mL).The hexane extract showedmaximum zone of inhibition (12 mm and 10mm) against Aspergilus nigerand Candida albicans. The present study on broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of plant justifies its known uses in dysentery and antiseptic agent in traditional medicine. microorganisms.Klebsiella pneumoniae showed MIC value at lowest concentration (62.5g/mL) against
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Dental Problems in Dehradun: Current Scenerio

Stutie Pathak Anand*1, Prashant Dabral2
1, 2, 1
Department of Pharmacy, G.I.S. Institute of Professional Studies, Dehradun
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, G.I.S. Institute of Professional Studies, Dehradun
Dental caries is the most common oral disease in the world showing striking geographic variations in socioeconomic distribution and severity. WHO reports that 50% of Indias population suffers from gum disease. DCI survey reports that dental disease prevalence in 35-44 year olds is 80-95% and for 5-12 year olds is 5254%. The main purpose of this review is to compile an oral health database relating to oral hygiene status, dental caries experience, causes and treatment of dental problems prevalent in Dehradun Metropolitan area. Three multispecialty hospitals (Doon multispecialty Hospital, Sri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Coronation Hospital) and ten pharmacies were selected randomly. A survey was conducted by using a questionnaire or self prepared data collection form. Patients, Doctors and people of all age groups belonging to different socioeconomic backgrounds were interviewed. Prescriptions were analyzed and checked with pharmacies. The data collected from those interviewed provided information on the number of dental problems among various age groups and gender, the relevant causes and treatment methods of dental problems in Dehradun. Dental caries was most common, present in 70% of cases, owing mostly to increased levels and frequency of sugar consumption, junk food and/or tobacco consumption and improper cleaning of teeth. Other problems included plaque, need for cleaning, crooked teeth or teeth that needed braces, soft teeth, teeth falling out, discoloration, enamel and gum problems. Dentists confirmed that the incidents of dental problems are on the rise in the city, especially among children, with 3 in 5 children suffering from tooth decay. The data collected from Pharmacies provided information on the availability of necessary medicines in the city for common dental ailments. Dentists routinely prescribed fluoridated toothpastes to their patients. The study concluded that the scenario is grim in Dehradun, with dental problems on the rise.
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Characterization and typing of Staphylococcus species recovered from food samples procured from commercial sites and individual households at Solan City of Himachal Pradesh
Urmila1, Amit Kumar *2,Ajay Kumar1, Tarun Kumar2, Sandip Patil2 Sushila Negi2 and Devender Kumar Sharma2 1. Department of Microbiology, Shoolini Institute of Life Sciences and Business Management,Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India 2. Department of Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India Staphylococcus is the most commonly isolated bacteria in the food samples. Most species of this organism are usually nonpathogenic, but infections are common in immuno compromised subjects.These organisms multiply at fairly high pace in the foods at room temperature and produce toxins. The toxins may be present in large amounts in foods that have no signs of spoilage, such as a bad smell. Staphylococcus isolates are mostly multidrug resistant. Therefore, treatment of infections due to Staphylococcus and their control is very difficult. Constant monitoring is essential in order to control their spread to the community.. The present study has been designed for the examination of food samples collected from Solan city of Himachal Pradesh for assessing the extent of contamination of different foodswith Staphylococcus species at commercial settings as well as individual households. A total of 30 food samples were examined. Of these 15 had contamination with Staphylococcusspecies. Isolates were identified on the basis of biochemical, morphological and selective virulence characteristics. Of the 10 isolates examined, 9were resistant to different antibiotics such as
Molecular characterizations of selected Staphylococcus isolates showing multi drug resistance were done by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.The study revealed thatamong the MDR isolatesStaphylococcus
succinus,Staphylococcus saprophyticus and one strain which could not be speciated were the main culprits in the contamination of food samples.
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Penicillin, methicillin, vancomycin, ampicillin, gentamycin, erythromycin, clindamycin and amikacin etc.
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Does in vitro propagation of Aloe vera L. with some growth regulators have a role in enhancement of the components against oxidative stress and microorganisms of public health significance?
Neelofar Khanam1*and G.K. Sharma2
1
School of Biotechnology, IFTM University Moradabad, (U.P.) India 2 Deptartment of Botany, Hindu college Moradabad, (U.P.) India
Oxidative stress depicts the existence of products as free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are formed under normal physiological conditions but become deleterious when not being eliminated by the endogenous systems. In fact, oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidant systems. ROS are major sources of primary catalysts that initiate oxidation in vivo andin vitro and create oxidative stress which results in numerous diseases and disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neural disorders, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, alcohol induced liver disease, ulcerative colitis, ageing, atherosclerosis, diabetes etc. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is also increasingly becoming a concern to public health. Currently used antibiotic agents are failing to bring an end to many bacterial infections due to super resistant strains. For this reason the search is ongoing for new antimicrobial agents, either by the design and synthesis of new agents or through the search of natural sources for as yet undiscovered antimicrobial agents. Herbal medications in particular have seen a revival of interest due to a perception that there is a lower incidence of adverse reactions to plant preparations compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals. Coupled with the reduced costs of plant preparations, this makes the search for natural therapeutics an attractive option. The majority of plants used for medicine are harvested from the wild. This result in serious problems like depletion of resources, extinction of rare species, insufficient supplies, incorrect identification, and adulterations in dried materials, etc. Systematic cultivation of medicinal plants instead of collecting them from the wild minimizes many of the above problems. Tissue culture techniques for micro-propagation have an important role in the genetic improvement of medicinal plantspecies. However, genomic instability, in vitro recalcitrance, and loss of morphogenetic potentialare limiting factors affecting plant biotechnology initiatives. Investigations on in vitro plant development in combination of some growth regulators such as auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4-D) & cytokinins(BAP, Kn) could lead to achieve abetter understanding of tissue cultures which may have useful applications in medicinal plant improvement in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial components status.
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Could There Be an Interaction of Bacterial Biofilm Forming Pathwaysin S. aureus?

Poonam Verma1*, Danish Inam, Saikat Mukherjee IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, NH-24, Delhi Road, Moradabad, Pin code- 244001, U.P., India Bacterial biofilm is a group of bacterial cells, covered by self-produced polymeric matrix film which adheres tightly with an inert or living surface constituting a protected mode of growth that allows survival in unfavorable environment. However the molecular mechanisms underlying the bacterial biofilm formation is complex and variations exist among different strains. The biofilm-forming microorganisms follow specific mechanisms for initial attachment to a surface, formation of colony leading to development of threedimensional mature biofilm structure. Bacterial biofilms are important in device related infections in hospitals, a characteristic feature of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain. The major operon system involved in the biofilm formations and regulations is the icaADBC operon which is involved in formation of extracellular polysaccharide adhesion, termed polysaccharide intercellular adhesion(PIA) or polymeric N-acetyl glucosamine(PNAG), however icaADBC independent biofilm mechanism has also been recently reported in methicillin resistant S. aureus clinical isolates. Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin resistant S. aureus strains (MRSA) differ in the molecular mechanism of biofilm formation. S. aureus strain has many adhesion proteins on its surface, but it is not known how they interact with each other to form stable interactions to form bacterial biofilm. Biofilm formation in MRSA is icaindependent pathway and involves a protein adhesin(s) regulated by SarA and agr, whereas SarA-regulated PIA/PNAG plays a more important role in MSSA i.e. icadependent pathway for biofilm formation phenomenon. Both of the pathways could be having molecular crosstalk and the interaction of the two pathways can be depicted by coimmunoprecipitation experiments with the recombinant tagged proteins of each pathways. Identification of a molecular crosstalk could lead to a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial biofilm formation and disassembly. However the molecular mechanisms underlying the bacterial biofilm formation is complex and variations exist among different strains.
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Limnology of Lar Stream, Kashmir, (J&K), India

Assadullah Sheikh1*, Muzaffar Ahmad*1, Amit Pal1, Ashok K Pandit2
1
Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-28412, UP.

2
Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, India
The aim of the present study is to assess the qualitative and quantitative analysis of macro-invertebrates of Lar Stream, an important left bank tributary of river Jhelum, in Kashmir .The study showed that the water is slightly alkaline (pH, 7.2-8.3), having temperature 190C and contained mainly bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. The nutrients content was generally low however the nutrients like phosphates, nitrates, potsium were in sufficient quantities for the growth of aquatic plants and animals towards the downward stream during summer. In all 26 species of macro- invertebrates were recorded from the study sites of which the arthropoda (20) and annelid (04) were the dominant components. Macro-invertebrate diversity and density was higher at the points where the stream receives domestic waste water much as well as the catchment areas where the agricultural activities are performed.
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Anti-inflammatory Activity of Solanum indicum Linn. Berries on Wistar Albino Rats

Prashanta Kumar Deb1*, Ranjib Ghosh2, Panna Deb3, Subrata Deb1, Tejendra Bhakta 3
1 2
Dept. of Pharmacy, Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura (W), India
Dept. of Pharmacology, TMC & Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital, Hapania, Agartala799 014, Tripura (W)., India
Regional Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Abhoynagar, Agartala799 005, Tripura (W)., India
The anti-inflammatory potential of Solanum indicum (Solanaceae) commonly known as Teet Begun (Bengali Synonym) has been evaluated on the basis of its traditional uses and literature references. As this herb is renowned in traditional Ayurveda for treating various medical complications like pain, fever, oedema, sexual impotency, insomnia, anorexia etc. present study was taken into consideration to evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of methanol and aqueous extract of Solanum indicum berries on Wister Albino Rats (Carrageenin induced hind paw oedema). Treatment with methanolic and aqueous extract of Solanum indicum berries at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight and Diclofenac Sodium at a dose of 1mg/kg was taken as a standard which was compared with the Control group (Distilled water as control). All the drugs were given orally. The displacement of mercury in the mercury Plethysmometer due to the swelling of paw after administration of pholgistic agent (Carrageenin) was measured and the percentage of inhibition of oedema was calculated. The methanolic extract showed significant (p<0.05)inhibition of paw oedema at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Aqueous extract exhibits comparatively less effective in paw oedema inhibition. The
extracts was decided from the previous toxicity studies (LD50).
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maximum efficacy was exhibited by the methanolic fraction at higher dose. The concentration of dosage of
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Fermentation Technology and Its Application

Ashima Gouniyal*, Sabita Rangra and Anju Rani Division of Life Science,Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, India Fermentation is one of the oldest technology used for food preservations. A variety of food products is derived from this technology in households, small scale food industry as well as in large enterprises. Fermentation technology play a very important role in the field of biotechnology which produces various enzymes, antibiotics, single cell protein, various food products which are carried out in vessel called bioreactor. Various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeast etc are used for the production of fermented foods and have individual applications in fermentation technology. Aspergilllus Niger species are being used for the production of pectinase. Lactic acid bacteria influence the flavor of the fermented foods by undergoing lactic acid fermentation and there is production of acid which lowers the pH and increases the sourness of the product. Lactic fermentation inhibits growth survival and production of toxins by number of pathogenic and toxigenic bacteria. Fermentation produces alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages using a substrate like Barley, wheat, grapes, waste of sugarcane like molasses, oat etc with the help of microorganism like yeast i.e. Saccharomycescerevisiae and bacteria like Lactobacillus which convert simple sugars to ethanol. Fermentation is an affordable food preservation technology and of economic importance to developing countries. The application of fermentation technology is the improved flavours, elimination of undesirable flavor, enhancing the nutritional quality, and improvement in texture of food. Bio-fermentation technology also allowed nutritionists to prepare vegetable protein sources with large protein molecule and anti nutritional factors suitable for feeding. Fermentation has the potential of enhancing food safety by controlling the growth and multiplication of a number of pathogens in food. Fermentation on cider leads to the biomass reduction leading to a product with significant residual sugars content, a low alcoholic degree, and with a fruity flavor. In addition, it was possible to practically eliminate all nitrogen, which was important to control the natural gasification. This article reviews the fermentation technology and its application in food and beverages technology (Khairnar et al., 2009; Motarjemi., 2000; Sung Woo Kin., 2010; Singh et al., 2011).
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Role of Curcumin as an Antiarthritic Compound in Perimenopausal Women

R N Singh 1, Abhishek Mathur2, Jyoti Juyal1*
Biochemistry Dept. SBSPGI Balawala, Dehradun (U.K), India Sheetal Life Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India
Estrogen therapy were prescribed to treat menopausal systems to prevent arthritis and to improve womens overall health but it has found that HRT (Hormone replacement therapy )treatment increased a risk of breast cancer and heart stroke, so it has been proven that higher estrogen also onset many disease so it is necessary that its level not rises from its normal level so one way to combat this condition is to use herbal plant therapy in place of HRT to restore normal hormonal functions in menopausal women.One of the most important herbal plant in this regard is curcuma.Extensive scientific research on curcumin compound found in curcuma longa (Turmeric) have demonstrated a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects especially in maintaining
hormonal function in balance state as the body requires and thus helps in preventing onset of many diseases in menopausal women. For the present study subject was chosen which were at menopausal stage (45-50) and all are suffering from Arthritis, random samples and plasma of each sample was isolated for the different diagnostic test of Arthritis. And same sample was incubated with 10 -3mM, 10-4mM and 10-5mM concentration of curcumin and same diagnostic test was repeated. The results of study shows that 10 -3mM and 10-4mM concentration of curcumin helps to treat the arthritis, and provide compelling evidence to support further clinical testing of curcumin containing turmeric dietary supplements for the prevention of arthritis. Curcumin shows good anti arthritic activity in the menopausal and postmenopausal women.
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Volatile oil composition and Antioxidant activity of Chareophyllum villosum Wall.Ex DC from Uttrakhand
Rakesh Kumar Joshi* Department of Chemistry Kumaun University Nainital, Uttrakhand, India The genus Chaerophyllum, belonging to Apiaceae family. Chaerophyllum villosum Wall.ex DC.is widely distributed in Himalayas from India to Bhutan, Nepal and China and widely grows in moist shady places, road sides or open grassy places at elevations of 2100-3500 m. It is commonly known as Ganjari. The leaf essential oil of C. villosum was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.34%) represented by -terpinene (74.93%) as single major constituent followed by p-cymene (10.00%), terpinolene (2.93%) and -pinene (2.54%). On the contrary, the rhizome oil showed the dominant presence of phenolic compounds (70.23%) with carvacrol methyl ether (31.12%), thymol methyl ether (18.60%) and myristicin (19.06%) as major constituents. Other constituents identified in significant amount in rhizome essential oil of C. villosum were terpinene (11.69%), p-cymene (3.47%) and bornyl acetate (1.18%). The free radical scavenging activity of oil was measured by 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil method.
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Utilization of Algallipid for biofuel production from Rice field strains of Anabaenasp.
Sushil K Shahi*1 and Mamta Patra Shahi2
1 2
Bioresource Tech Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, CCS University, Meerut- 250005, India Biotechnology Department, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut-250005, India
During extraction of lipids and fatty acids from various strains of Anabaena sp, of Rice cropping system being evaluated. Total lipids extracted with lipophilic organic solvents (ether, petroleum, ether, chloroform, etc.) from Anabaenaisolates. There was gradual increase in total lipids with increase in incubation period. Whereas some cultures showed initial increase up to 14 days or 28 days with marginal increase there after. Anabaena sp. (RF-10) accumulated maximum total lipids at the end of incubation closely followed by another Anabaena sp. (RF-8). In another observation showed maximum accumulation of total lipids after 14 days of incubation was found in Anabaena sp. (RF-8). The two Anabaena cultures viz. RF-10 (Anabaena sp.) and RF-8 (Anabaena sp.) were quits similar in lipid biosynthesis, Showing higher lipid content as compare to other Anabaena cultures. The strain RF-6 recorded least amount of total mean lipid content among different Anabaena isolates. Wheat field isolates showed maximum variation among the strain RF-10 (Anabaena sp.) showed maximum total mean lipid. Conclusively, the available information suggests that algae represent a valuable source of wide spectrum of fats and oils with different application potentials. In future, cyanobacterial species may be utilized as an important renewable source of liquid fuels.
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Isolation, cultivation and antimicrobial activity of lichen forming fungus of Parmotrema nilgherrense
Shaily Javeria*,Monika Rawat andSushil Kumar Shahi* Bio-resource Tech Laboratory, Microbiology Department, CCS University, Meerut-250005, India A lichen forming fungus was successfully isolated by spore discharge capillary method from Indian lichen. The lichen thalli of Parmotrema nilgherrense were collected from the tree bark atkaichi temple, Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, (India), during May 2012. The isolated lichen forming fungi (LFF) inhibited growth of several pathogenic bacteria viz., Pseudomonas aeroginosa (100), Pseudomonas florescence (100), Proteus vulgaris (100), Shegilla flexneri (100), Klebsiella pneumonia (100) andSalmonella typhi. During optimization of culture media, modified potato dextrose broth was found to be the medium favorable for large scale production of antimicrobial substances from the isolates. The antimicrobial substances from LFF were also compared with that of natural thallus extract and found the lichen forming fungi isolates potential inhibitor in comparison to natural thallus (combination of phycobiont and mycobiont). The MIC of the LFF isolates was found ranges from 100-200 l/ml against multidrug resistant bacteria. This is the first attempt to evaluate antimicrobial properties of lichen forming fungi ( Parmotrema nilgherrense) against pathogenic bacteria. This study suggests that the lichen forming fungi can served as a promising bio-resource to develop novel antimicrobial agents in future.
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Formulation and Evaluation of Bilayer Tablets of Metaformin HCl and Glimepiride

Hamid, Geeta Rawat*& Vikram Singh** Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India The present research work was an attempt to design a formulation to improve oral therapeutic efficacy with optimal control of plasma drug level which contain two antidiabetic drug i.emet formin HCL and Glimepiride. Bilayer tablet formulation has been developed consisting of two drug containing layers which comprises Metformin sustained release layer and an immediate release of Glimepiride was optimised separately and constituted in bilayer tablet, a common analytical method for quantitative combined drug estimation was employed and evaluated. Acrypol 974 and polyethylene oxide was used as polymers in order to get the sustained release profile over period of 24 h. The excipients used in[Acrypol 974 p][microcrystalline cellulose][colloidal silicon dioxide] [magnesium stearate][colloidal silicon dioxide][microcristaline
cellulose][starch 1500][color{iron red oxide}][magnesium stearate] this formulation did not alter physiochemical properties of drug, as tested by HPLC, DSC, and FTIR. To achieve this goal, various prototype trials were taken and evaluate for various quality parameter such as Density, sieve analysis, Content uniformity and dissolution. Presently many brands are present in market, but present study carried out for developing Metformin and Glimepiride Bi-layer tablet as generic product, which is cheaper, safe and better than other marketed products. Bilayer tablet is improved beneficial technology to overcome the shortcoming of the single Layered tablet. There is various application of the bi-layer tablet it consist of monolithic Coated or multilayered matrices.Bilayer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugsin combination,separate two incompatible substances and also for sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate release as
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initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose.
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Phytochemical Screening of Garhwal Himalaya Medicinal Plant Dioscorea deltoidea tuber

Pankaj Bisht*1, Subhash Chandra1, Sarla Saklani1, Abhay P. Mishra1
1*
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H. N. B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal Uttarakhand, India, Pin code - 246174, India
India has great wealth of medicinal plants and their traditional uses. Uttarakhand region covers the new state of India which comprising the major divisions of Garhwal and Kumaun. Herbal medicine is the oldest form of health care known to mankind. Herbs have been used by all cultures throughout the history and they constitute an integral part of the development of modern civilization. Medicinal plants are used medicinally in different countries and are a source of many potent and powerful drugs. The Uttarakhand is highly enriched with edible wild tubers. In recent years, multiple drug/chemical resistance in both human and plant pathogenic microorganisms have been developed due to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs/chemical commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases.Dioscorea deltoideatubers commonly known as wild yam.Dioscorea deltoideatubers are horizontal and ginger like shaped and highly potential with medicinal value and nutritional value due to the presence of bio-actives. These will be the best source of the nutraceuticals. These tubers are consumed by local inhabitants to play a significant role as supplementary food. Dioscorea deltoidea tubers used for the treatment of different diseases such as digestive disorder, sore throat for struma, diarrhea, irritability, abdominal pain, wounds burns and anemia. The tubers are also believed to possess activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, stomachicand hypoglycemic activities. Furthermore traditionally Dioscorea deltoidea is used prophylatically for chronic liver pain diseases. The
of
Dioscorea
deltoidea.
Since
tubers
are
richer
in
micronutrients
and
bioactive
secondary
crude fiber 7.500.14%, the successive extractive values were studied fresh part weight. Thepreliminary phytochemical analysis test showed the presence of carbohydrates and glycosides,alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, tannins, unsaturated triterpenoids, sterol and resin.
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metabolitesandcontain ash value, (total ash 3.34 0.15%), moisture 58.920.10%, crude fat 0.600.20% and
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present study is aimed at evaluating the nutritional value, successive extraction and thin layer chromatography
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In vitro Antimicrobial Activity, Nutritional Profile, and Phytochemical Screening of Wild Edible Fruit Ficus auriculata Pulp
Raziullah*1, Subhash Chandra1, Sarla Saklani1, Abhay P. Mishra1
1*
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H. N. B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
Uttarakhand has been known to be rich repository of medicinal plants. The forest in Uttarakhand is the principal repository of large number of medicinal and aromatic plants which are largely collected as raw materials for manufacture of drugs and medicinal products. Traditional herbal medicine possesses greater significance in Uttarakhand Himalaya hence interest in herbal medicine has gradually increased in recent years.Ficus auriculata is a very tasty fruit. It is very much liked by all. They cover a wide range of pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers and other supplements. Ficus species are rich source of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoid which are responsible for strong antioxidant properties that help in prevention and therapy of various oxidative stress related diseases such as neurodegenerative and hepatic diseases. They are also used in diarrhea and dysentery. Stem bark juice is effective for diarrhea, cuts and wounds. Roasted figs are taken for diarrhea and dysentery. Root latex is used in mumps, cholera, diarrhea and vomiting. The various fractions of Ficusauriculata pulp show different activity e.g. in vitro antimicrobial activity, nutritional profile and phytochemical screening. This contents nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber and ash content, and minerals as calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus respectively. The ethanolic fruit pulp extract of Ficus auriculatashowed significant activity 171mm, against Shigella flexneri against food poisoning bacteria, and phytochemical screening for the presence of glycosides, flavonoid, phenols, resin and tannins. This analysis revealed that, the fruits contained higher value of fat, protein, fiber and minerals as compared to the cultivated fruits with apple and mango. Consumption of fruits may promote general health and well-being as well as reduce the risk of chronic diseases. These findings confirm that the Ficus auriculata may be potentional source for the formulation of nutraceuticals or natural foods.
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Orchid Mycorrhiza and Biotechnological Tools

Pallavi Pal* and Neelam Negi Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, D.B.S. (P.G.) college, Dehradun,( U.K.)-248001, India The present article is reviewed information collected from literature and that based on work done. The paper describes the nature of orchid mycorrhiza, flow of various minerals, nutrients and mycobiont characterization. The keys to identification of form genus Rhizoctonia are also given. Biotechnology offers wide scope in high value ornamentals like orchids. Rapid multiplications of wonderful orchids, breeding of novel types have been commercialized through the development of tissue culture techniques. Biotechnology also offers wide scope for germplasm conservation, fingerprinting and symbiotic germination of orchid seeds have also been described and discussed.
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Formulation of Paracetamol Suspension Using a Novel Bio Anti-settalant Agent from Artocarpus Heterophyllus
Sneha Singh*, Pranshu Tangri*, Shaffi Khurana, Sayantan Mukopadhyaya GRD(PG)IMT, Rajpur, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India The current aim for our research work is to isolate a novel bio- material from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus and to evaluate its anti-settling property by formulating a suspension using paracetamol as model API. The bio material was separated from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus by a simplified economic process. The isolated bio-material was subjected to various physico-chemical properties like particle size, viscosity, particle shape, colour changing point. Bio suspensions were formulated using paracetamol as a model API, bio- material and other processing agents. The formulated suspensions were compared and evaluated for its parameters like particle size, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, pH, density and viscosity with FM1. Our experimental results reveal that the formulated bio suspension showed significant stability in respect to sedimentation volume, redispersibility, pH and viscosity in comparision with the marketed preparation. Finally, the conclusion was drawn that the isolated bio-material can serve as a potential bio anti-settlant agent for formulation of various pharmaceutical suspensions.
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Plant Molecular Pharming

NikiNautiyal* Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G.B Pant Univ. of Agr.and Tech., Pantnagar, India
Plant molecular pharming (PMP) is a new branch of plant biotechnology, where plants are engineered to produce recombinant pharmaceutical and industrial proteins in large quantities. Crop plants can synthesize a wide variety of proteins that are free of mammalian toxins and pathogens. Plants are considered ideal candidates as host systems because of several features, such as ease of transformation, low cost of investment, dispersed capital requirements, rapid scale-up, high and controlled level of expression and capability of performing post translational modifications.DNA molecule carrying the genetic information for a pharmaceutical substance is introduced into the plant genome.The transformed plant acts as a bioreactor producing large quantities of the pharmaceutical using its protein making machinery. Through industrial processing, the pharmaceutically active substance is extracted from the plant and made into a formulated product. There are several companies like CropTech, Monsanto ProteinTech, SemBioSys, Medicago which are in molecular farming work over the last few years.Over the past ten years, several efficient plant-based expression systems have emerged, and >100 recombinant proteins have been produced in a range of different species. Most recently Syngenta produced high -amylase for non food/ non feed ethanol production in maize and is approved by USDA in Feb.2011. Further a Japanese team has succeeded in curbing a protein (The Mainichi Daily NewsSep.2011). associated with Alzheimers disease using genetically modified rice
Human collagen has been produced in transgenic maize (Biomedical Centre June 27, 2011). Higher
promoters in intact plants or better plant species as expression hosts. Issues related to gene transfer to non targeted species can be overcome by chloroplast transformation which shows maternal inheritance and precise targeting of inserted genes. Extraction and purification of protein can be made easier by Rhizosecretion.
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expression levels will be reached by better control of gene silencing and the identification of novel, stronger
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Chloroplast Engeenering
Niki Nautiyal* Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G.B Pant Univ. of Agr.and Tech.,Pantnagar, India Creation of genetically modified Organisms (GMOs) to confer novel traits is an important milestone in biotechnology. However, public acceptance of GMOs has been slow due to several environmental concerns. In order to address environmental concerns, the chloroplast genetic engineering approach is being looked for. Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants. Plastids of higher plants are generally semi-autonomous, circular molecule of double stranded DNA makes up as much as 10-20% of the total cellular DNA and contains about 130 genes.Chloroplast engineering offers a number of advantages as a plant-based expression system including multi-gene engineering in a single transformation event , lack of gene silencing and position effects due to site specific transgene integration, minimal or lack of pleiotropic effects due to subcellular compartmentalization of toxic transgene products, and transgene containment via maternal inheritance.First stable plastid transformation was achieved in a non tobacco species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Stable plastid transformation has been successfully achieved in crops species such as oilseed rape, petunia and poplar. It is even more excitingly noteworthy that chloroplast transformation has been possible in leafy edible crops like lettuce and cabbage, and other edible crops like potato, tomato andcarrot. Chloroplast transgenic approach has been successfully used to confer desired plant traits, including herbicide, insect, disease resistance, drought tolerance and phytoremediation and the expression of biopharmaceutical proteins & vaccines. A chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens conferring dual immunity against cholera and malaria by
accumulation of foreign proteins or to confer phytoremediation is also an added advantage. In order for any transgenic approach for edible vaccine or oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals to be successful, it is essential to develop a selection system free of antibiotic resistance genes. Such marker free chloroplast transformation systems have been accomplished.
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oral or injectable deliveryhas been produced .Hyper-expression of bacterial operons with exceptionally large
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In vitro antioxidant impact of Ascorbic Acid on Conjugated diene and Malondialdehyde formation in copper mediated oxidative modification of Low Density Lipoprotein, isolated from novice smoker plasma
Amir Khan*1, Fouzia Ishaq2, Deepti Malhotra
1*
Department of biotechnology &Biochemistry, Division of Life Science, Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research Balawala, 248161, Dehradun,UK,India
Department of Env. Science and Zoology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India 3 Dept. of Biotechnology, Shri Guru Ram Rai (P.G) College, Dehradun, U.K, India
Cigarette smoking contains a large number of oxidants leading to the production of free radicals which results for oxidative damage to critical biologic substance
[2]
.Tobacco epidemic death toll is 100 million in the 20th
century which is estimated to be one billion during the 21st century [3]. Currently 5.4 million deaths every year but by 2030 it may rise to 8 million deaths every year Cigarette smoking is a mixture of over 4000 chemicals containing bioactive substances[4].One puff of a cigarette exposes the smoker to more than 1015 free radicals and other oxidants and additional free radicals and oxidants are found in the tar of a cigarette. In this study we investigated the efficacy of antioxidant agent Vit. C by analyzing all the parameters in plasma, VLDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, HDL2-C, HDL3-C, LDL-P, HDL-P, VLDL-P, TBAR, MDA and invitro oxidizability of LDL in absence and presence of Vit. C. In this study, ex-viva Baseline Diene Conjugation level and Malondialdehyde values of young smokers to significantly increase in comparision to normal control values. After the Cu2+ mediated oxidation of LDL were seen to increase. Invitro LDL oxidation was carried out in the presence of Vit. C, which decreased the maximum amount of CD of LDL oxidation after 4 hrs incubation. These results indicate that Vit. C has strong anti-oxidative properties. On the other hand, Our result showed a
treatment with Vitamin C. Ascorbic acid mediated multiple therapeutic benefits in the present study. Daily intake of Vit.C as dietary supplement by young/old/moderate or heavy smokers including passive smokers maybe useful in prevention and treatment of tobacco including hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.In addition, daily intake of Vit. C will be efficacious and cost effective.
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significant decrease value in total antioxidant status in plasma of young smokers and significant increase after
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Fatty acid composition of pet- ether extract of seeds and Antimicrobial activity of various extract of Alseodpahne andersonii
Bandana k Thakura, Amit Antwala, Devendra Singh Rawata, Rashmi b and MSM Rawat *a
b a
Chemistry Division,Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India -248006,
Department of Chemistry, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, (A Central University) Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 246 174
Alseodaphne andersonii (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm is a Lauraceous plant growing in the Himalayan region. This species is a dominant tree of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the region. The whole genus is less studied for phyto-constituents and their biological activities. In present study the fatty acids composition and antimicrobial activity of the seeds of Alseodaphne andersonii has been investigated. Twenty two components have been identified which comprises 70.602% of total concentration. Hexadecanoic acid ME/ methyl palmitate 8.247%; 9, 12-octadecanoic acid ME/methyl lineolate 9.667%; 9, octadecanoic acid ME 10.932%; 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, Bis (2-ethylmethyl) ester / Di-iso-acetyl-phthalate 17.41% as major components with highest percentage.Other componets were present in minor quantities. Antimicrobial bioassay of the diffrent extracts has shown average activity against some bacterial and fungal strains.
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RESPONSE OF SUB-MONTANE FOREST DIVERSITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
GOVIND S. RAJWAR Department of Botany, Govt. College, Narendranagar (Tehri Garhwal) - 249175 Uttarakhand, India Present study deals with changing ecological features such as changes in vegetation shifting, phenology of some important plants, and impact of invasive species in sub-montane forests of southern Tehri Garhwal under climate change scenario. Continuous field observation, collection of primary data, analysis of phytosociological data and collection of climatic data were made during the study period. Field study revealed that the forests of the region have been infested by some alien species such as Lantana camara, Eupatorium glandulosum, Urena lobata and Tagetus minuta. The spread of the Lantana camara is accelerating because of variation in temperature and relative humidity. This species has caused major damage to regeneration and survival of native tree and other species. This invasive species has shown spread to the higher altitudes of the region in recent years. Microclimatic conditions are also favouring the severity and occurrence of such invasive species in the region. Species migration due to changing climate may well be the most devastating impact by affecting the regeneration of important trees. Distributional range of some species like Shores robusta was altered, which showed shifting to higher altitude and in some cases its populations varied either enhanced or reduced. The most common change in majority of the species represented by changed phenotypic cycle has been more evident in flowering and fruiting stages. A shift in species composition, replacement of native species by invasive species, and loss of some habitat will require the immediate adaptation strategies.
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Impact of waterdeficit and salinity stress on Oenothera biennis L. under laboratory conditions
Sikha Sharma*1, S. Puri1, A. Jamwal1 and S. Bhattacharya1
1
Shoolini University, Department of Botany, Post Box- 9,Solan, Himachal Pradesh- 173229,India
In both natural and agricultural conditions plants are frequently exposed to environmental stresses. Himachal Pradesh is a rich repository of medicinal and aromatic plants. Around 150 species of medicinal use recorded from Himachal Pradesh. The increase in human population has put tremendous pressure on medicinal plants all across the Himalaya. This has adversely affected the natural habitat of these plants. Furthermore, the productivity of plant is greatly affected by various environmental stresses in terms of abnormal morphological and physiological changes that cause delayed germination, high seedling mortality, stunted growth and lower yields. The realization of this strategy requires an understanding of agronomic requirements of the medicinal plant species including the responses to variations in growth conditions on account of abiotic stresses. The aim of present study is to determine the adverse effects of abiotic stresses viz. water and salinity stress on the growth of Oenothera biennis L. an important medicinal plantat the germination and seedling growth stage using solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) (1%,, 5%, 10%, 15%, PEG and 20% PEG) and NaCl (5 mM, 10mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 75 mM NaCl and 100 mM NaCl) respectively. At lower concentrations water deficit and salinity stress not affected the germination and seedling growth so much but at higher concentrations the stresses applied adversely affected the seedling growth.
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Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity of Canna indica L.

Rajat Singh 1*,R.K.Bachheti1, Reena Purohit2 1.Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India 2. Sai Institute of Paramedical and Allied Sciences, Dehradun, India In the present study, an attempt was made to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of crude powder Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethanol and Water extracts of the leaves of Canna indica. The preliminary antimicrobial analysis was carried out using agar well-diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts were then determined against E. coli, B. cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Stretoccocus mutans,Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klabsiella pnumoniae, A. niger, A. flavus, Nigrospora oryza and fusarium. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH free radical scavenging assay.Preliminary phytochemical analysis of showed the presence of Carbohydrates, Protein & amino acids, Steroids, Alkaloids, Phenolic & flavanoids, Tannins, Terpenoids. Based on the results obtained in the present study, Canna indica definitely possess potent antimicrobial activity against most of the selected pathogens and these extracts are effective in scavenging free radicals and have the potential to be a powerful antioxidant.
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A conserved and immunogenic potential of recombinant VacJ outer Membrane lipoprotein of Pasteurella multocida in Mice model
Sathish B. Shivachandra*, Revanaiah Yogisharadhya, Abhinendra Kumar, M.A. Ramakrishna and K. N. Viswas, Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI),Mukteswar-263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand (UK), India Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, is known to affect wide range of domestic as well as wild animal/avian species by causing high mortality and economical losses globally. The strains of P. multocida have several surface exposed virulent factors including lipoproteins which are involved in diverse mechanisms of pathogenesis. In the present study, vacJ gene encoding for VacJ outer membrane lipoprotein of different P. multocida isolates (n=4) were amplified, sequenced and compared. We also amplified coding sequence (~699 bp) for mature VacJ from P. multocida serogroup B:2 strain P52 (an Indian haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine strain), cloned in to pET32a vector and over-expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli as fusion protein. The recombinant VacJ protein (~44 kDa) including hexa-histidine tags on both terminus (Nand C-) was purified under denaturing condition; and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Comparative multiple sequence (n=13) alignment at amino acid level indicated absolute homogeneity (100%) among different P. multocida isolates/strains. Immunization of mice with rVacJ revealed elicitation of humoral response with high antibody titres. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that VacJ is a chromosomal gene product exposed on the bacterial surface essential for the pathogenicity of Pasteurellae and distributed
subunit vaccine or diagnostic antigen in development of immuno-diagnostics for pasteurellosis in livestock.
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widely among P. mutocida serogroups. The study indicated potential possibilities to utilize VacJ as either
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Design and characterization of tableted microspheres containing Captopril for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery
Rakesh Gupta1, Nithya Shanthi2, Arun Mahato2, Shivangi Singh2* 1. LBS College of Pharmacy, Udai Marg, Jaipur-302002, Rajasthan, India 2. Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research Balawala, Dehradun-248161, Uttarakhand, India Captopril is widely used as an anti hypertensive agent. The development of once a day captopril formulation has been an interesting topic of research for a long period of time. The drug is freely soluble in water and its elimination half life is 1.7 hours. The main problem with the drug is that it is stable in the pH 1.2 in gastric region and as the pH increases it becomes unstable. Therefore it would be advantageous to formulate the captopril Gastroretentive formulation, so that the system can be retained in the stomach for longer period. The aim of the present study is to develop and characterize tableted microspheres of captopril. The oral administration of such tablets could prolong the gastric residence time and improves bioavailability of drug in stomach. The captopril microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method in which the drug was mixed with polymers (Eudragit RLPO, RL100 and combination of both polymers) in the ratio 1:1 and 1:2 respectively. These formulated microspheres were evaluated for different parameters such as percentage yield, entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, and drug release. The interaction studies of drug with polymers were carried out by IR, DSC, and TGA and found the drug and polymer showed no possible interaction. The percentage yield of microspheres of all formulation was in the range of 80.13 to 90.08%.The drug content and in vitro drug release of microsphere formulation F6 was 94.20% and upto 5h respectively. The average particle size of the microspheres ranges from 25.2-102.43m. The formulation F6 showed better release characteristics and were then compressed into tablets using direct compression method. The in vitro release of tableted microspheres was about 90.17% upto 12h. Thus, the tableted microspheres of captopril showed improved gastroretention by disintegrating into individual microspheres which were buoyant for prolonged period.
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In vitro production of rosmarinic acid and forskolin from Coleus species

Balwinder Singh* Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, India Coleus speciesare of great importance acting as source of medicines, providing food and as ornamentals. Different species of Coleus have been used for the treatment of a variety of diseases including heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, painful micturitions, insomnia, convulsions, skin problems, worms, etc. Coleus species are known to produce interesting secondary compounds e.g. C. blumei synthesizes rosmarinic acid (RA) and C. forskohlii produces forskolin.Attempts have been made to use plant tissue culture techniques for the production of forskolin and RA. Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium has been reported to enhance rosmarinic acid and forskolin production in transformed cultures of C. blumei and C. forskohlii. Both these compounds are known for a number of promising biological and pharmacological activities. Rosmarinic acid has been shown to exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antiallergic activities in mammalian systems. Forskolin, a diterpenoid, present in root tubers of C. forskohlii Briq is known to lower blood pressure and intraocular pressure.An ample amount of work has been reported on micropropagation of different spp. of Coleus from different explants. Further, large scale production of rosmarinic acid and forskolin from cell cultures of C. blumei and C. forskohlii, respectively has also been reported.
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ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDY OF A POLY HERBAL DRUG COMBINATION Kuldeep*,1, Vinod Nautiyal1, A.K. Jangra1, Pranav Gupta1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FAMS),Gurukul Kangri University,Haridwar Uttarakhand 249404 (India) Inflammation, a defense mechanism helps body to protect itself against infection, burn, toxic chemicals and allergens. The synthetic anti-inflammatoryagents are having a lot of side effect, so it is a prime requirement and safe way to discover new potent herbal remedy for the swelling and associated problems. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of a poly herbal drug combination, viz. NIRGUNDI, METHI, SONTH and BLACK PEPPER etc. The drugs were extracted hydroalcohally (1:1) individually and the combinations of different doses were made. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the combinations was determined using plethysmograph. Carrageenan was used as an inflammatory agent andIndomethacin (10mg/kg b.w.) as standard. Albino rats were divided into different groups and anti inflammatory effects were observed by administering the different doses of poly herbal extracts. Distilled water was used to prepare test solutions. Carrageenan was administered in the hind paw and different doses of combined test samples (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) were administered orally. The paw volume was measured in an interval of thirty minutes, and up to two hours, from the administration of the test sample. The different paw volumes were tabulated and compared with the standard drug. The poly herbal drug combination exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan induced paw oedema. The anti inflammatory efficacy of the combined poly herbal extracts was having good potency comparable to standard drug. Further detailed studies are required to know the individual anti inflammatory potency of the drug and isolation of active constituents responsible for this effect.
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Effect of biofertilizer, vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on different physical andbiochemical parameters of Glycine max and Vigna mungo
Shozeb Javed Graphic Era Univ., Department of Biotechnology, Dehradun (U.K), India The objective of any agricultural research program is to increase the level of crop productivity. The strategy to boost the level of crop productivity would be through the adoption of package of practices comprising use of seeds of high yielding varieties, adequate doses of manures and fertilizers and plant protection chemicals.Seed germination is one of the important factors for progressive farming. In present investigation, the effect of plant fertilizers on growth and productivity of Glycine max and Vigna mungo were studied at the various concentrations of fertilizers.We used Biofertilizer (B), Vermicompost (V), Chemical fertilizer (C) and combination of these three. It was found that ,the seed germination percentage was high in Vermicompost treated soil in Vigna mungoand Biofertilizer treated in Glycine max.Vigna mungoprotein content was found high in B+C treated soil, carbohydrate and phenol content increased in B+V treated soil , height of the plant was best observed in C+B treated soil and high seed germination % was observed in vermicompost treated soil .In case of Glycine max, carbohydrate content increased in C+V+B treated soil ,protein and phenol content observed max. in vermicompost treated soil, high seed germination % and height of the plant was best observed in biofertilizer treated soil. In the soil of both plants low nitrate and high phosphate content was found.
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EMULGEL: A NOVEL TOPICAL DRUG DELIEVERY SYSTEM

Amit Purohit*, Mona Semalti Dept. Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand-246174, India Emulgel is a novel delivery system which brings revolutionary changes in the field of topical drug delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Now days, emulgels are developing as the simple way of the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Emulgel is the combined dosages form of emulsion and Gel for the topical drug delivery system. Due to both emulsion and gel Emulgel has dual release control system.For the dermatological purpose emulgel having such peculiarities such as; thixotropic,easily spreadable and removable, longer shelf life,hydrophilicity, transparent non-staining, emollient etc.Emulgel provide better application
properties,loading capacity,permeability and stability than cream,ointment and other topical drug delivery system.Polymer used in emulgel act as emulsifying agent and thickness due to its gelling capacity that provide formulation of stable emulsion, cream by reducing surface and interfacial tension and at the same time increasing viscosity of aqueous phase. In fact gelling agent convert the classical emulsion into emulgel in aqueous phase. The prepared emulgel were evaluated on the basis of their pH, viscosity, drug release, globule size,skin irritation test,physical appearance, drug content,in vitro release, and stability studies. The basic mechanism of entry of emulgel into skin is Diffusion, Swelling and Erodibility. On the basis of general consideration emulgel having better drug release for sustained drug delivery in controlled manner than other topical drug delivery system.
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2-AZETIDIONES: A NEW PROFILE OF VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Ashwani K. Dhingra1*, Bhawna Chopra1, Rameshwar Dass2, Sanjeev K Mittal3
1
Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India.

2
Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India.

3
S. D. College of Pharmacy, Barnala-148105, Punjab, India.
During the last two decades 2- azetidiones, a class of cyclic amides has been extensively studied to explore interesting biological activities. Historically, 2-azetidinone (-lactam) is an important structural motif ofthe penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem and carbecephem classesof antibiotics.The primary biological targets of the -lactam drugs having antibacterial activities are the penicillin binding proteins, a group of transpeptidases anchored within the bacterial cellular membrane, which mediate the final step of cell wall biosynthesis.The Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition reaction is the most common method for the synthesis of monocyclic 2-azetidinone (Scheme 1).
R1 O R1 R Cl N R2 N
(Et)N, Solvent
R2
Heat
R O
Acid chloride
N-alkyl imine Scheme 1: Synthesis of 2-azetidiones
2-azetidinone
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In recent years, -lactam hasbeen attracting considerable interest in organic synthesis as versatilesynthetic intermediates and chiral synthons like paclitaxel, docetaxel, cryptophycins, -turn mimetics of enkephalin and stereo-selective synthesis of indolizidine alkaloids. Apart from this, -lactamderivatives are also reported to possess diverse pharmacological activities like cholesterol absorption inhibitory activity, human tryptase, thrombin and chymase inhibitory activity, vasopressin V1a antagonist activity, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, anti-parkinsonian and anti-HIV activity. Moreover, these derivatives are also found to be moderately active against several types of cancer.However,it is obvious that the potential of -lactam has been explored extensivelyin an impressive breadth, which has created an entirelynew field of chemical and medicinal research. Thus, it is safe to saythat this field of research will continue to expand and flourish.
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Cytokine gene expression in avian splenocytes after infectious bronchitis virus infection
Kalpana Yadav1, Megha Kadam Bedekar2, Yogender Singh3, Dr. B.C. Sarkhel4 1 MVSc Animal biotechnology MPPCVV Jabalpur, M.P., India 2 Senior Scientist, Division of Acquatic Animal Health and Management, CIFE Pune., India 3 MVSc Animal biotechnology MPPCVV Jabalpur., India 4 Director Animal Biotechnology Centre, MPPCVV Jabalpur, M.P., India Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens, however the disease severity is influenced by genotype of chicken and the strain of virus involved. The disease causes severe economic losses in poultry industry. The causative agent of IB is infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belonging to group III of genus Coronavirus of family Coronaviridae . The molecular mechanism of disease generation process is still not fully understood, limiting the generation of an effective vaccine. A number of new and variant serotypes are being reported due to a single nucleotide change in S1 subunit of spike protein, leading to problems in immunization and vaccination and thus for ascertaining the molecular responses in terms of cytokine gene expression this study was conducted using splenocyte cell culture. Cytokine expression helps in determining the various molecular pathways undertaken by the cells in response to exogenous antigens. Cytokine gene expression for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN were analysed in IBV and infectious bronchitis vaccine virus (IBVV) treated splenocytes using Concanavalin A (Con A) treated splenocytes as control at 24, 48 and 72hr duration post stimulation. IFN, IL-4 and IL-6 levels were upregulated, IL-2 was downregulated and IL-8 levels were maintained at a baseline without any change, at all the duration of treatments. It was also observed that the viability of splenocytes was reduced by treatment of IBV and IBVV and that IFN was a major player involved in development of immune response as it was maximally upregulated as compared to other cytokines studied and thus, the information generated in present work will be helpful in future, for developing strategy for viral vaccines.
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Determination of deltamethrin residues in muscles of chickens by HPLC

*Naresh Chandra1, N.K.Jain1, S. Sondhia2 and A.B. Srivastava3
1
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Madhya Pradesh Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, M. P., India.
2
Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur-482004, M. P. India.
Department of Wild Life Health and Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Madhya Pradesh Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, M. P., India.
Deltamethrin (DM) is a type II broad-spectrum insecticide mainly used to protect crops, fruit and vegetables from pest such as mites, ants, weevils and beetles. Birds, animals and human beings living in same ecosystem are directly or indirectly at the risk of exposure to this insecticide leading to substantial decrease in growth. Thus DM contaminated feed ingradients of commercial or traditional poultry diet may generate toxic effects in broilers resulting in economic loss.The residue levels of deltamethrin in liver, breast and leg muscle were estimated by Shimadzu High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo diode array detector. The forty eight healthy one week old chicks divided into six groups with eight birds in each group. First group were given with standard poultry feed only, whereas group II, III, IV, V, VI received feed containing tocopherol @ 300 mg/kg of feed; feed with DM @ 100 mg/kg of feed, feed with DM @ 100 mg/kg of feed and - tocopherol @ 300 mg/kg of feed, feed with DM @ 150 mg/kg and feed with DM @ 150 mg/kg of feed and - tocopherol @ 300 mg/kg of feed respectively daily for 42 days. DM residue was found to be highest in liver.
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Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidative effects of Lagenaria sicerariain high fructose induced diabetic rats
Srishty Rani*, C Katare*, P S Bisen, GBKS Prasad School of studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 47411, M.P. India *Department of Food and Nutrition, KRG PG College, Gwalior, MP, India High intake of dietary fructose exerts a number of adverse metabolic effects such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress etc. in high fructose fed diabetic rats. The study evaluated the antihyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic and anti-oxidant effects of Lagenaria siceraria juice (LLSJ) in high fructose fed diabetic rats. In addition, the effect of LLSJ on body weight and diet intake were also recorded regularly. Oral administration of LLSJ (200 mg/kg/day) showed significant anti-hyperglycemic, anti-lipidemic and anti-oxidant effects in high fructose diet induced diabetic rats. The LLSJ administration considerably reduced the blood glucose and plasma lipid concentrations in at par with that of reference drug rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg bw). Also LLSJ alleviated body weight gain in high fructoseinduced metabolic abnormal rats. Our results thus suggested that the LLSJ could be explored as a safe alternative/supplementary therapy for type II diabetic patients.
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TO APPRAISE THE DEGREE OF FUNGAL INFECTIVITY IN HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENTS AND TO EVALUATE THE ABILITY OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS TO DECREASE SUCH CONTAGION
Sulakhshana Sharma1, Seema Saxena2, Praveen Kumar3 Santosh Kumar Singh4 Department of Botany, Shri Guru Ram Rai P.G. College, Dehradun-248001, Utttarakhand (India) Various earlier studies indicated that contamination of different fungi or pathogen is very serious problem at national and international level. This problem not only limited to our home but also sever at health care stations.Our main objective is to compare the mycotic charge difference, between air-conditioned and non airconditioned rooms, as well as to suggest the use of HEPA filters and use of such air-condition systems which can reduce contamination in different areas of hospital.We monitored airborne fungal contamination in various environment of Dun-Hospital, equipped with air conditioning.Sampling was performed through passive sedimentation method (morning and evening exposure) of petridishes containing a fungus-selective medium (Sabouraud-Dextrose-Agar, SDA) and incubated at 25C for 7-10 days. All fungal colonies appeared on agar plates were sub-cultured on two SDA plates, and again incubated at 37C & 25C for 7 day & 10 days respectively. Total fungal contamination was identified by macro&microscopically, morphologically and germ tube test.Analysis of the fungus in the different environments revealed that the different levels of contamination, such as lowest number of fungus viz. Aspergillus&Penicillium were recorded in operating theaters (OT) and the highest viz. A. flavus, A. niger, Penicillium,Rhizopus&Clostridium were noted in kitchens. The fungal genus most commonly encountered was Penicillium in kitchens & general wards, displayed the highest percentage airborne contamination as 53% & 54% respectively. The proportion of Aspergillus documented in the general wards, OPD & washroom was higher than that in any other environments monitored. The fungal contamination observed in the present study are comparable to those recorded in other studies conducted in hospital environments and are significantly lower than other indoor environments that are not air conditioned. These findings demonstrated that the effectiveness of airconditioning systems in reducing fungal contagion. This work may be helpful to aware the people about fungal contamination and to take precaution before reaching this environment.
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KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF BENZALDEHYDEBY POTASSIUM BROMATE IN ACIDIC MEDIUM

Anshul Jain*, Meena, Mr. Sudheer, Research Scholar *Principal, Trustee,RCPs (PG) College of Allied Sciences Roorkee (U.K), India The oxidation of benzaldehyde by postassium bromate has been studied in acidic medium in the presence of mercuric acetate in binary solvent mixture of acetic acid and water. The reaction is first order each in [oxidant] and [substrate]. The product of oxidation is the corresponding carboxylic acid, i.e. benzoic acid. Kinetics runs were carried out under pseudo first order condition [Benzaldehyde] >> [Bromate]. Rate studies were carried out at a constant temperature. All the solution were thermostated for 30 minutes. Before mixing requisite amounts of Benzaldehyde, Acetic Acid, perchloric Acid, Mercuric Acetate, Sodium per chlorate were taken in a Jena Glass reaction vessel and placed in a water thermostate maintained at a desired temperature. The reaction was initiated by rapid addition Potassium Bromate solution and its progress followed by estimating Idometrically the amount of unconsumed bromate at regular interval of times. The stoichiometry of the Reaction was determined by mixing a known amount of substrate with a known excess of oxidant in experimental conditions. The stoichiometry is found to be 3:1 Benzonic Acid was identified as the product of oxidation of benzaldehyde. 3C6H5CHO + HBro3 3C 6H5COOH + HBr The oxidation was fond to follow first order kinetic with respect to substrate. An increase in the benzaladehyde concentration results is increase of specific Rate. The plot of log k vs log [substrate] and 1/K obs vs 1/[substrate] were found to be linear. The Reaction is of first order with respect to [oxidant] and specific rate is independent of [Bromate]. Hence the reaction exhibits total second order kinetics, one with respect to each reactant. The rate law for the reaction is given by:d[BrO3] dt = k2[Br O3] [Benzaldehyde]
On the basis of Kinetic data, product analysis and stoiochiometry, a plausible mechanism and rate law has been proposed.
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Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Triorganotin(IV) Complexes of Schiff Base

Garima Matelaa*, Robina amana, Poonam Chanda, Manjulata Upadyayb
a
Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, S.S.J.Campus Almora-263 601, India

b
Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J.Campus Almora-263 601, India
Organotin(IV) complexes show a spectrum of biological effects and have been extensively studied in various biological fields such as anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, anti-carcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, herbicidal, insecticidal and anti-microbial activities. It is worth noting that, for a long time, organotin(IV) complexes have been widely used in a variety of industrial and beneficial use in agricultural applications.On the other hand, Schiff bases are very important ligands in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields because of their wide spectrum of biological activities. Most of them show biological activities such as antinematicidal, anti-insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti HIV, anti-inflammatory as well as antitumor activity. The rapid development of these ligands resulted in an advance research activity in the field of coordination chemistry leading to very interesting conclusions.The organotin(IV) complexes of Schiff bases have received notable attention in view of their structural chemistry and the coordination mode between tin metal and the ligand has been studied from the last decade due to their versatile and significant biological activities. Regarding this, the conformation and geometry and biological activity of triorganotin(IV) complexes of Schiff basesnamely, N(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylidene) glycine, have been investigated. In the present study, we have replaced halogen of triorganotin with isopropoxide group by reacting them to sodium isopropoxide. The triorganotin isopropoxides were isolated and reacted to ligand. These reactions proceed with the liberation of isopropanol,
been made to elucidate the structure of the resulting complexes on the basis of elemental, azeotrope and gravimetric analysis and conductivity measurement. The precise information about their structure is obtained from IR and 1H NMR spectral measurements. The binding site of the ligand was identified by IR spectroscopic measurement. All the complexes exhibit good antifungal activity against four pathogenic fungi namely, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp.
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which is fractionated out azeotropically and estimated to monitor the completion of reaction.An attempt has
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PRONIOSOMES-A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

*Gourav Chaudhary, Aditya Sharma, Lalatedu Mohanty Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal Central University, Srinagar, Garhwal Uttarakhand-246174, India A comprehensive research has been done in pharmaceutical nanotechnology in last few years, which impact revolutionary changes in the field of pharmaceutical sciences including drug delivery, diagnostic etc. The advances in pharmaceutical nanotechnology helps in preparing newer formulation in pharmaceutical industry one of the advancement in pharmaceutical nanotechnology is the preparation of proniosomes derived niosome.Proniosomes are dry formulation of water soluble carrier particles that are coated with non-ionic surfactants and can be converted into niosomes immediately before use by hydration.proniosomes are preferred over niosomes because they minimize the problems of niosomes physical stability like sedimentation, aggregation or fusion and leaking, and provide additional convenience in transportation, distribution, storage and dosing. These proniosomes derived niosomal are as good as or even better than conventional niosomes. The powder form provides optical flexibility, unit dosing in which the proniosome powder is provided in capsules, tablet could be beneficial. Proniosomes are generally two types-Dry granular proniosomes, Liquid crystalline proniosomes and they are generally prepared by slurry method, slow spraycoating method, and coacervation phase separation method. Proniosomes are promising drug carriers for the future with greater physical and chemical stability and potentially scalable for commercial viability. Proniosomes has attracted a great deal of attention for the delivery of drugs through transdermal route because of the advantages like non-toxicity and penetration enhancing effect of surfactants and effective modification of drug release properties.This article focuses on the recent advances in proniosomal drug delivery, potential advantages over other delivery system, formulation methods, method of characterization and the current research in the field of proniosomes.
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IN VITRO -AMYLASE INHIBITORY AND IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.)
Joohee Pradhan* Dept. of Pharmaceutical sciences, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur313001, India
Treatment of diabetes and its complications mainly depend on the chemical or biochemical agents, but the fact is that nobody has recovered totally from diabetes. With the distinctive traditional medical opinions and natural medicines mainly originated in herbs, the mucilage of traditional vegetable Abelmoschus esculentus performed good against increased blood sugar and is showing a bright future in the therapy of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Based on the chemical and pharmacological research work, we hereby report that the mucilage of A. esculentus can aid to the anti diabetic therapy as it caused a statistically significant (p<0.001) reduction in blood glucose in a dose of 0.5 ml and 1 ml/100g body weight of rats respectively in alloxan diabetic rats, thus reducing vascular complications involved in the disease, the possible mechanism of action being the inhibition of - amylase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of starch to relatively simpler sugars.
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IN VITRO STUDIES ON PRESELECTION OF PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM CM 25

Khushbu Singhal*, Harshada Joshi and B. L. Chaudhary *Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan, Block B: New Campus,Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001 (Raj.) India. Coronary heart disease is a growing problem worldwide. The present study was conducted to screen the potential Lactobacillus plantarum CM 25 for bile and acid tolerance, antibacterial activity, antibiotic resistance, BSH activity, acidifying & proteolytic activity, tolerance to acidic P H value, hemolytic activity, amino acid libration from bile salt, cholesterol removal ability at different initial concentrations, cholesterol removal by different cell biomass of probiotic isolate and combination of probiotic Lactobacillus isolate and different prebiotics. Lactobacillus plantarum CM 25 was isolated from cow milk sample using MRS medium supplemented with 0.2 % both of sodium taurocholate and sodium glycolate and was already characterized using PCR assay and biochemical activities aided with PIB Bryant software. Lactobacillus plantarum CM 25 showed demonstrable antibacterial activity against different pathogenic organisms. The diameter of inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis (NCDC 71), Eschechia coli (MTCC 40) was 10.66 mm and against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737) was 12.66 mm. The isolate was found to be acid tolerant showing the survival percentage 46.7 and 30.45 at pH 3.0 and 2.0 respectively. The isolate was categorized as fast acidifying strain as the delta pH was increased to 0.3 U in less than 3 hours. The isolate showed fairly high proteolytic activity 0.0147 mg/l tyrosine at 72 hr. Lactobacillus plantarum CM 25 efficiently removed cholesterol from the medium. The maximum absorption of cholesterol (64.66 g/g) by the isolate was observed at 100 g/ml initial concentration of cholesterol. The three different prebiotics namely sorbitol,
plantarum CM 25 for the removal of cholesterol from the medium. The above results suggest that Lactobacillus plantarum CM 25 is favorable for use as probiotics.
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mannitol and maltodextrin at three different concentrations 0.5%. 1.0% and 1.5% used with Lactobacillus
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Optimization of medium for the production of Streptomycin by Streptomyces griseus

Lekh Ram* Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Dist. Kangra (H.P), India The present investigation was made to find out the optimal media for the growth of the Streptomyces griseus bacteria which is more useful for the production of Streptomycin. The soil sample was collected from the Jayanagar 4th block from Shalini park Banglore. A specific media Starch Casine Agar (SCA) was used for the isolation and culturing of the bacterial strain.Characterizations of these strains were also studied by visual observation of colony, microscopic observation and biochemical tests identified the specific bacteria namely Streptomyces griseus.Antimicrobial activity of isolated bacteria was performed against E.coli bacteria. Estimation of Streptomycin sample was done with the help of HPLC. The isolated sample contained 80% of the Streptomycin per 100ml.Optimization of medium for the production of Streptomycin was done by on the basis of pH, Time, Carbon Source, Nitrogen source. Streptomyces griseus showed maximum growth at pH value of 9, incubation time of more than 72 hours, maximum growth in the medium having glycine as nitrogen source,and maximum growth in the medium which contain rice bran as a carbon source. .
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Antiangiogenic Cancer therapy

Natasha Mahajana*, Uma Bhardwaja,Vikas Shrivastavaa,Vijayta Sharmaa,Robin Sachdevab
a
Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Indora, Himachal Pradesh, India (176401)

b
Department of Biotechnology, IIT Guwhati, Assam (781039), India
Angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels and is essential for normal reproduction, development, and repair. Stimuli such as hypoxia, however, can tip the net balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors that normally keep physiologic angiogenesis under tight control, and this turns on the angiogenic switch. Endothelial cells are recruited by tumors to produce growth and survival factors for tumor cells and to initiate the formation of new blood vessels. Without angiogenesis, primary tumors or metastases cannot develop into clinically significant disease. Targeting angiogenesis is also an attractive strategy, because vascular endothelial cells are genetically stable and less likely to develop resistance to therapy than neoplastic cells in their vicinity. Antiangiogenic agents include monoclonal antibodies against angiogenic factors or their receptors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, VEGF traps.
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ADVANTAGES OF LED BASED FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPYOVER BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY IN TREATMENT OFMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSISIN FOLLOW UP CASES
Pankaj Rathee* New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, Delhi Gate, New Delhi- 110002, India Fluorescence microscopy is a useful, rapid, and reliable tool for the examination of specimens for AFB. It should be seriously considered for supplementary usein laboratories that handle large numbers of specimens.The better case detection rates of AO over ZN were comparable to those found by several studies. Since screening was done under lower power of magnification (400x), fluorescence microscopy has been found to be less time consuming as compared to ZN method (1000x) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The tubercle bacilli stood out as bright objects against a dark background in fluorescence microscopy which makes them easily identifiable hence causing less eye-strain. The efficacy of fluorescence microscopy proved to be much higher than conventional light microscopy and comparable to that of culture.A total of Seven hundred fifty (n=750) clinical samples from Follow up patients were considered in this study. Demographic data was collected.Patients in the study group ranged from 5 years to 75 years. Age group 15-30 years contained the maximum number of patients (38.6%).The mean age was 29.5 12.5 years.Smears were prepared directly from 750 patient clinical samples. Out of 750 samples, 7.3 % samples were found AFB scanty positive, 6% were showed 1+ positive, 8.5% were 2+ positive and again 7.3% were 3+ positive and 70.8% were remains negative(Table:2) by ZN staining microscopy. By using Florescent microscopy, 9.2% samples were found AFB scanty positive , 8.0% were 1+ positive, 9.8% were 2+ positive and 9.8 % were 3+ positive and 63% were remains negative.Overall 7.7 % of increment in positivity rate (sensitivity) by FM staining than ZN Staining method.Smears were prepared directly from 750 clinical decontaminated samples. Out of 750 samples, 8.% samples were found AFB scanty positive, 7.4% were 1+ positive, 9% were 2+ positive and 8.% were 3+ positive and 66.9% were remains negative (Table:3) by ZN staining microscopy. By using Florescent microscopy, 10 % samples were found AFB scanty positive , 9.2% were 1+ positive, 10.5% were 2+ positive and 10 % were 3+ positive and 60.2% were remains negative.Positive rate was increased 58(7.7%) by florescent microscopy (Auromine O staining) results over bright filed microscopy (ZN staining) before concentration method (NALC NAOH). After concentration 50(6.6%) patients samples showed increased positive microscopy (Auromine O staining) results over bright filed microscopy (ZN staining). In fluorescence microscopy, the same area that needs examination on avg. 5-6 minutes with a bright filed microscope in ZN staining. But by Fluorescent microscopy staining slides examined on Avg. 2-3 minutes.On average it takes five minute to screen a smear by ZN method but by FM smear screening, it takes one minute or lesser.
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Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of some novel analogues of 2-[(z)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) ethenyl]furan

Anurag Chaudharya, R. D. Kaushik b, Prince P Sharmab, Pranav Guptab*
a
Kharvel Subharti College of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, NH-58, Meerut Bypass Road, Meerut 250005, India. *,b Department of Pharmaceutical Science (FAMS), Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar 249401, India.
A series of 2-[(z)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]furan analogues were synthesized in order to obtain new compounds with potential antiangiogenic activity.Base catalyzed condensation of p-nitrophenyl acetic acid (3) with furfuraldehyde (2), in the presence of triethylamine, yielded carboxylic acid derivative (4) which on esterification, with methanol, using a catalytic amount of H2SO4, gave corresponding ester derivative (5). Reaction of thionyl chloride with carboxylic acid derivative in refluxing benzene gave the corresponding acid chloride (6), which on subsequent reaction with appropriate amine gave compounds 7a-k. All compounds were evaluated for their antiangiogenic activity by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay methods. Compounds 6 and 7h showed pronounced antiangiogenic activity, however, they were less active than standard (-1,4-galactan sulphate). All other compounds showed significant inhibition of angiogenesis when compared to control but they were much less active than standard.As some of 2-[(z)-2-(4nitrophenyl)ethenyl]furan analogues showed significant antiangiogenic activity, this moiety may be further explored to find new antiangiogenic leads.
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Preparation and Characterization of Solid Dispersion floating Tablet of Diclofenac Sodium with Polyethylene Glycol
Ankit Saini*1,Peeyush singhal1, Pranav Gupta1, Vipin Kumar Sharma1, Arun sharma1 *1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FAMS), Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar-249404 (India) In this study, an attempt has been made for the formulation of effervescent controlled release floating tablet of Diclofenac Sodium (DS) using solid dispersion (one of the most successful techniques to improve dissolution rate of poorly aqueous soluble drugs.) by usingpolyethylene glycol (PEG) as carrier.DS is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 activitiesand a class IV drug as per BCS is having poor solubility and poor dissolution rate. The main purpose ofthis investigation was to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of DS by preparing its solid dispersions (SDs) with PEG ascarrier using thermal method(Simple fusion). Solid dispersions (SDs) of DS were prepared in various proportions (1:1, 1:2,1:3 and 1:4). Prepared SDs was optimized for solubility studies, percent drug content and percent dissolution rate studies.Tablets were formulated containing solid dispersion products and compared with commercial products.Tabletscontaining solid dispersion exhibited better dissolution profile than commercial tabletsand the tablets showed good floating properties and controlled release profiles. Thus, the solid dispersion technique can be successfully used for improvement of dissolution of DS.
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Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Catharanthus roseus andMoringa oleifera

Prachi Gupta*, Neha Thakur, Saurabh Kulshrestha Department of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Bhajol (H.P), India Based on the local use of diseases and ethanobotanical knowledge, an attempt has been made to assess the antimicrobial property of Catharanthus roseus and Moringa oleifera collected from plant nursery in phase I, Mohali (Punjab) and Arki, distict Shimla (H.P) respectively. Both the plants were screened for antimicrobial property at 1mg/ml by cup plate agar diffusion method against gram positive and gram negative bacteria i.e. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts of plants were prepared in different organic solvents of varying polarity i.e acetone and methanol. The acetone extract of Moringa oleifera was active against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus but showed no activity against Staphylococcus aureus whereas methanol extract exhibited an inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The acetone and methanol extract of C.roseus showed zone of inhibition against Bacillus sp. only. Antifungal assay was also carried out against two fungal pathogens i.e. Rhizoctonia and Fusarium but no antifungal activity was exhibited. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal screening was also studied against Bacillus sp. Both the plants showed Bacteriostatic activity but methanol extract of C. roseus showed bactericidal activity. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the dried leaves of both the plants was carried out according to standard methods. Based on the organic solvent extract analysis, the acetone extract of M. oleifera contains tannins and methanol fraction contains tannins and terpenoids which is responsible for its greater inhition activity. The acetone
Bacillus sp. with higher efficacy whereas the methanol fraction contains tannins and terpenoids. These studies provide an evidence to support traditional medicinal use of the plant.
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extract of C. roseus contains tannins, steroids and alkaloids which may be responsible for its activity against
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Callus culture and Establishment of cell suspension culture of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)
Suthar Ramchandra S.*, Bhatt P. N. and Bhatt D.P. Department of Biotechnology, P. S. Science & H. D. Patel Arts College, kadi-382517.KSV University, Gadhinagar. Gujarat, India *Sun Agrigenetics P. Ltd, Vadodara, India. Resistance to diseases would be an important step for the establishment of a genetic transformation system in plants. In current research, callus induction and establishment of cell suspension culture was investigated in Cuminum cyminum. Callus inducted from hypocotyls segments.The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin plant growth regulator in four levels (0, 0.1, 1 and 10M/l in the MS basal medium. Callus was inducted 95.6% on MS medium supplements with 2,4D 0.1M/l and KIN 10M/l. Thecell suspension culture was established from the callus of cumin GC-4. It is most popular variety of Indian cumin in Gujarat. Using different concentrations and combinations of 2, 4-D and kinetin the growth patterns of cell suspension cultures were examined during a range of culture periods (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The growth rates of cells were initially slow but as the culture proceeded, they increased significantly and accumulated great amounts of biomass over a period of 28 days. Medium containing high kin (10 M/l) and 2,4-D (0.1M/l) induced higher rates of cell division than the medium containing low kin (0.1 M/l) and 2,4-D (10M/l) or the control. After selection of small aggregates and single cell culture at 15 days intervals for 2 months, homogeneous and light yellow CSCs, composed of single and small cells aggregates were established. Growth kinetics was study from 2 month old CSCs with 1ml,2ml,4ml and 8ml aliquots. All aliquots were centrifuged at 200 g for 5 min. Settled down viable cells (pellet) were cultured in 15ml of liquid MS medium supplements with 0.1 M/l 2,4D 10M/l Kin,30g/l sucrose, pH 5.8 in a 100 ml flask on a rotary shaker at 90 rpm in fluorescent light (16h/day) at 25-270C.
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FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF LANTANA CAMARA FOR ITS STANDARDIZATION AND SOLUBILITY DETERMINATION
Udayvir Singh*,1, Vinod Nautiyal1, A.K. Jangra1, Pranav Gupta1
*, 1Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FAMS),Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar 249404, India.
Standardization and the declaration of evaluation parameter of herbal drugs becomes the necessity due to their increasing consumption as health foods. The versatility in the therapeutic efficacy of Lantana Camara, viz. healing of gastric ulcers, antibacterial activity and are traditionally as an antipyretic, carminative and in the treatment of respiratory system infections makes it essential to be evaluated, to ensure proper dose and the confirmation of its quality or standard. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the extracts of the leaves of Lantana camara via a qualitative method, viz. fluorescence analysis, by spectrophotometry using UV cabinet. Fresh leaves collected from the university campus were shade dried and powdered. The powder material was extracted hydro alcoholically (1:1) using soxhelet assembly. Different solvents (20 ml) were taken after literature survey in order of their increasing polarity, i.e., hexane<petroleum ether<isopropyl alcohol < acetone<methanol<ethanol. The extract (0.5gms) was dissolved in these solvents and fluorescence emitted by the different solutions was noted. Fluorescence character was then tabulated at visible light, short UV and long UV. The following conclusion can be drawn from this study: firstly, solubility could be estimated on the basis of the solublization of the extracts in different solvents of varying polarity, secondly, the fluorescence emitted could be compared to the standards, and can be taken as a confirmation parameter for affirming the extract to be of Lantana camara only.
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Formulation of Sustained Release Aceclofenac Matrix tablets using Prunus Armenica L. Gum as a release retardant
Mohd. Vaseem Fateh*, Supriyo Saha1, Rajendra S. Mehta
1*
Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun-248001, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263136, India
In this study our main intention is to find out a best formulated sustained release matrix tablet of Aceclofenac using a natural gum Prunus armenica L. obtained from high altitutde of Kumaun region (Mukteshwar) as well as evaluate its various parameters such as , Drug solubility study, Drug Excipients compatibility study, Drug content,Cumulative percent drug release ,stability studies as well as compare it with marketed formulation (Aceclo- SR- Aristo pharmaceuticals). Phytochemical test and derived properties of powder gum was evaluated and compare its properties with Guar gum and Gum tragacanth as well as compare its IR spectra with reference standard molecule. Here we formulate 10 different formulations such as F1-F10 by varying the percentage of Gumcontent to find out the sustained release property throughout the 12 hour dissolution study using in vitro USP type I dissolution test apparatus. The drug release study was carried out in 0.1 N HCl for initial 2 h, followed by in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 10 hr. Each 900 ml of dissolution media maintained at 370.5C and agitated at 100 rpm. Among the 10 formulations, Formulation F4 with Prunus armeniaca gum 25% was found to be most promising formulation as they showed sustained release (99.75 %) as well as maintained excellent matrix integrity during the period of 12 hr study. Formulation F4was selected as the best optimized formulation.
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Diversity of Listeria serotypes in soil and fecal shedding of animals from Varanasi region
*RK Rai1,4,**Preeti Singh1,2, SP Tiwari3, M Loganathan4, TM Mohapatra1
1
Deparment of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, U. P.-221005, India

2
National Bureau of Agricultural Important Microorganism, Mau, U.P., India

3
Department of Microbiology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur., India

4
Indian Institute of Vegetable Research Varanasi, U.P.-221305, India
Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, facultativeintracellular bacterial pathogen that can cause a serious disease in animals and humans. Complications of L. monocytogenes infection can lead to abortion, central nervous system disease and death. This bacterium comprises a high degree of species and serotype diversity. In present study, it was investigated that the species and serotype diversity of Listeria isolates obtained from the samples of agricultural soil and animal faecal, collected from Varanasi region. Total 54 Listeria isolates were obtained from the 600 samples and differentiated into species and serotypes. The species differentiation was based on different biochemical and pathogenicity tests, whereas the serotype differentiation was based on agglutination of somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens of the bacterium with immunised rabbit antisera and was performed by using Denka Seiken Listeria antisera (Tokyo, Japan)according to manufacturers instructions.After species determination, maximum (51.8%) isolates were identified as L. monocytogenes.
serotype 1/2b and 4b. The species and serotype diversity of a particular pathogen from both environmental and clinical samples may be helpful in determining the source of Listeria infection to animal and humans.
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Among L. monocytogenes isolates serotype 1/2a was found in maximum number of isolates followed by
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Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Triazole Linked Hydroxamic Acid Derivative

Supriyo Saha, 2Dilip Kumar Pal, 1Sadath Ali
1* 2
Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, India
Guru Ghashidas Institute of Pharmacy, Central University, Koni, Bilaspur, India
In this study our main intention is to develop a new triazole linked hydroxamic acid by taking the SAHA (Suberoyl Anilide Hydroxamic Acid) as a pharmacophore by changing the surface recognition and linker portion to conquer against various types of cancer as well as to provide better antioxidant, antimicrobial activity. Molecular docking studies were performed of the designed molecules using 1T69 as receptor pdb of HDAC8 ( Histone Deacetylase) which showed a reasonable docking score with respect to standard SAHA molecule and by means off docking score the best fitted molecules were synthesized as well as justify them by elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR and Mass spectrometry. Free radical scavenging activities by DPPH method were tested and FP1 and FP2 showed the better activity as IC50 38.578 g/ml and 54.652 g/ml respectively in comparison to Ascorbic Acid 14.418 g/ml. Antifungal study was performed by Agar Dilution method following by screening and zone of inhibition was performed using (Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabarata, Candida tropicalis SSKM) which showed very meager difference with respect to standard Fluconazole. All the synthesized molecules have shown their diversity as a suitable drug molecule. Data obtained from the fungal studies was really encouraging. By dint of their free radical scavenging activity they
and it is being well supported by the docking results. The binding energy generated from the docking studies.
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enforce us to continue the study in the field of cancer chemotherapy especially the promising target HDAC
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In vitroAntibacterial potential& Phytochemical Analysis of some medicinal plants extracts against MDR strain of Staphylococcus aureus (Super bug) isolated from Clinical specimens
Pradeep Babu1*, Gaurav Batar2, Satish K. Verma3, Abhishek Mathur4 Uttarakhand Technical University (UTU), Dehradun (U.K), India; 2Sai Institute of Paramedical & Allied Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India; 3Govt. (PG) College, Allahabad (U.P), India; 4Sheetal life Sciences(P) Ltd., Dehradun (U.K), India. The present investigation was carried out to overcome the serious problem of multi-drug resistance in todays era. The multi-drug resistant bacterial strains are commonly known as superbugs. These superbugs are not only showing multi-drug resistant behavior against traditional synthetic antibiotics but are also showing severe pathogenicity. The search of novel and natural molecules in herbs and shrubs lead to carry out the present investigation. The results of the investigation at concentration 200 g/ml showed remarkable conclusions. Methanolic extracts of whole plant of Parthenium camphora showed maximum antibacterial potential against superbug S.aureus (z.o.i: 25 mm) followed by ethanolic extracts of whole plant of Swertia chirayta (z.o.i: 21 mm), ethanolic extracts of leaves of Azadirachta indica (z.o.i: 20 mm) and methanolic extracts of whole plant of Rheum australae (z.o.i: 20 mm).Three methanolic extract of the plants Rheum austral, Tinospora cordifolia and Artemisia annua showed potent antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa.Methanolic extract of whole plant ofRheum australae (z.o.i: 40 mm) showed potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosafollowed by Artemisia annua (z.o.i: 35 mm)and Tinospora cordifolia (z.o.i: 30 mm).The extract of Rheum australae showed maximum antibacterial
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0.45mg/ml. Traditionalantibiotics as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, azithromycin and gentamycin (at concentration 1 mg/ml) showed no activity against superbug. Further studies are in continuation to isolate the active principle present in plant extracts and to study the mechanism of action of these plant extracts on such MDR strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
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activity amongst other plant extact at MIC value 0.25mg/ml followed by Parthenium camphoraMIC value
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Synthesis and characterization of newer quinazolinones as potential antimicrobial agents

Arun Mahato1, Birendra Shrivastava2, Nithya Shanthi1, Naveen Chaudhary1* 1 Sardar Bhagwan Singh PG Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun-248161, Uttarakhand, India; 2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University, Jaipur-302025, Rajasthan, India Compounds containing the 4(3H)-quinazolinone ring have been reported to possess dierent biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antiviral, anticancer and anticonvulsant activity depending on the substituents in the ring system. Looking at the biological significance of quinazolinone nucleus it was thought to design and synthesize new quinazolinone derivatives and screen them for their antibacterial and anti-fungal activities. Expecting an enhancement of biological activity we have placed two potential bio-active sites, a quinazolone moiety as well as a Schiff base in our systems. The present study deals with the synthesis of ten novel 3-substituted 7-chloro-2-methyl-benzalaminoquinazolinone derivatives.
O N Cl N (3) N CH3 R Substitute benzaldehydes: (3a) furfuraldehyde; (3b) benzaldehyde; (3c) p-chloro benzaldehyde; (3d) o-chloro benzaldehyde; (3e) o-hydroxy benzaldehyde; (3f) o-nitro benzaldehyde; (3g) m-nitro benzaldehyde; (3h) 3,4-dimethoxy benzaldehyde; (3i) 4methyl benzaldehyde; (3j) p-hydroxy benzaldehyde
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All the compounds contained a common methyl group at the 2-position and chloro group at 7-position while the substituents on the arylideneamino group were varied. Chloroanthranilic acid was treated with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine to undergo cyclization forming 7-chloro-2-methyl-4H benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one (1), which on condensation with hydrazine hydrate yielded 3-amino-7-chloro-2methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (2). Compound (2) was then treated with different substituted benzaldehydes in the presence of ethanol to form the corresponding 3-(arylideneamino)-7-chloro-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)ones (3a-j). The structures of these compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR spectral data and mass spectra. All the synthesized compounds showed good antimicrobial, antifungal activity against bacterial strains (S.aureus and E.coli) and antifungal strains (C.albicans,A.niger) out of which the derivative (3e) showed significant activity against the standard Ciprofloxacin and Amphotericin B respectively.
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Recombinant Expression and Characterization of L-asparaginase II from Pseudomonas fluorescens in E. coli BL21
Vijay Kishorea, Manonmani H.K.* a Dept. of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore-560057 *Fermentation and Bio-engineering Department, CFTRI, Mysore- 570 020 (A constituent laboratory of CSIR, India)
L-asparaginase II gene was isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescensby PCR, cloned in TOPO pET101vector and expressed in E. coli BL21. Fusion protein-asparaginase complex was given a lysozyme and sonication treatments followed by a passage through Sepharose 6B column. The asparaginase activity was shown by fractions with a specific activity of 9.5 IU/mg protein. The purified protein was observed to be a hetero tetramer with total molecular weight of the cloned product is around 141KDa. The optimum activities were at a temperature of 34 C and in a buffer system of pH 6.3. The kinetic parameters for the enzyme were calculated from LineweaverBurk plot,and Km and Vmax were 109.99 mM and 2.88M/min. Half-life of cloned enzyme was found to be 35 h at 28C and 45.5 h at 37C, respectively.
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Natural Biodiversity and Conservation Requirement for Sustainability of Forest Resources

M.S. Bhandari 1, S.K. Tewari2 and Madhu Bartwal3* Division of Genetics & Tree Propagation, FRI, Dehradun-248 195, Uttarakhand; 2Genetics and Plant Breeding Department, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar- 263 145, Uttarakhand; 3Research Scholar, R.C.U. Govt. P.G. College, Uttarkashi-249 193, Uttarakhand, India The biodiversity of Himalayas contains immense wealth of flora and fauna resources. The forest region maintained the fertility of the soil of high hills along with preventing soil erosion and flash flooding during monsoon season. The excessive rainfall caused by cloud bursting pour more water in river valleys and tributary streams. The ecological impacts such as the flooding of a reservoir may result in irreversible change of the ecosystem and water table downstream. The livelihood of local community depends fully on the ecological resources for food, income and employment. Most cases lack the baseline information on biodiversity of major forest and river basins in the Himalayas. The potential value of forest not only sustained the livelihood but also check the destructive impact of natural hazards. Therefore, conservation and protection is required essentially for managing the forest biodiversity.Information is a powerful tool for the planning and management of biodiversity resources. The information can be collected through different approaches, according to current mechanisms and resources available. Various tasks involved in collecting such relevant information can be integrated and could be entrusted to process data collected. Information for monitoring trends should include aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity (Amphibians, Pisces, Mammals etc), environmental conditions relevant for inland forest species such as Oak, Deodar, Shisham, Teak etc. Current statistics and
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departments (BSI and ZSI). Due to the continuing deterioration of the environment the status of flora and fauna diversity needs to be revised through an in-depth assessment of the current situation. Also, if the situation is found serious, a long-term action plan for the preservation of the endangered species should be prepared and implemented. The local inhabitants got the opportunity for employment, including a stimulus for eco-tourism to earn foreign currency.
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information should be reviewed, revised or developed with other stakeholders such as relevant government
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ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFICACY OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS

Neetu Jangra2, Nitish Lohan*1Ashwani Jangra1, Pranav Gupta1 R.K.S.D. College of Pharmacy, Kaithal, Haryana, India *,1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FAMS),Gurukul Kangri University,Haridwar-249404 (India) Depression may be described as feeling sad, blue, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps. It is a widespread psychiatric disorder affects about 5% of the population. Due to the presence of tannic acid, the compound shown to have non-selective mono-amine oxidase activity, Emblica Officinalis is believed to exhibit the anti depressant activit. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to evaluate the anti depressant efficacy of Emblica Officinalis, using an actophotometer. Albino mice weighing 25-30 g were used in the study and were divided into three groups (i.e control, test & standard). The hydroalcoholic extract of Emblica Officinalis was obtained using Soxhelet assembly and was suspended in 1% gum acacia. A dose of 250mg/kg was used as test. Very prominent depressant drug Phenobarbitone sodium (20mg/kg) was used to induce depression (Standard drug). The mobility readings were taken for the mice using the actophotometer, for 10 minutes, and were used as control. The dose of standard and test drug sample was accurately calculated for each mouse, the test drug was administered orally and the standard drug was administered intraperitonially. The mobility readings were again taken after 30 minutes of drug administration,using the same actophotometer, and was compared with the control and standard. The present study clearly demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract of emblica officinalis opposed the depression caused by the Phenobarbitone sodium. Therefore, the fruits of Emblica Officinalis may serve as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic agent against depression. However, further studies are still required.
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Physicochemical analysis of Hot water springs of Sikkim - Polok Tatopani, Borong Tatopani and Reshi Tatopani
Mingma Thundu Sherpa1, Sayak Das * and Nagendra Thakur 3
1,2,3
Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Samdur, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India-737102
Fenced by the geo-political features all around, Sikkim sits magnificently in the lap of The Himalayas with Mount Khanchengdzonga signifying the peaks of divinity and cultural proximity. Sikkim is the natural ecological host to many Hot springs of geothermal characteristics. Hot Springs of Sikkim are regarded as ethical and holistic elements having importance of locale panacea. Hot springs are any natural geothermal spring or a natural discharge of groundwater with elevated temperature with respect to the surrounding. The characteristics or the suitability of these hot springs for human use is determined by its chemical constituents. Most of the Hot Springs is rich in several kinds of chemicals and minerals. Presence of these chemicals and minerals along with higher temperature of these hot springs determine its baleno-therapeutic properties. The average temperature of the studied Hot springs being 60C according to Kent classification as Scalding can be regarded as the best ecological niche for thermophilic microorganisms.These Hot springs are supposed to cure off many bone related diseases like arthritis and is also equivalently used in treatment of skin infections and diseases.For curing the Gastrointestinal and bowel associated diseases, water from these hot springs is also drunk. Hence a complete detailed study of the chemicals and the physical properties of the three Hot springs of Sikkim were studied.30 different physicochemical parameters of the water samples collected from
like colour, conductivity, turbidity etc. and chemical parameters like the quantification of anions, cations, trace elements and other chemical constituents of the Tatopani were analysed. A comparison with W.H.O. standards showed that the water sample of Polok and Borong Tatopani water is suitable for drinking purposes whereas Reshi Tatopani water showed higher concentration of TDS(i.e. 608mg/l).
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these study areas were analyzed using the ICPMS Spectroscopic methods and Kit method. Physical properties
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EVALUATION OF FRENCH BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) GENOTYPES FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD CHARACTERS MUKESH TOPWAL*, DHIRENDRA KUMAR SINGH and KUMUD KALA1 Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India.
1
Department of Horticulture, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, 246 174, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.
The present investigation was conducted to evaluate French bean genotypes for variousmorphological and yield characters at Vegetable Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during January - May, 2009. The analysis of results revealed maximum plant height in genotype FB-12 (74.41 cm) and minimum in Contender (15.61cm). Number of primary branches per plant varied from 3.0 (VLFB130, Contender, FB-1, FB-5, FB-6, FB-8, FB-22, FB-26, FB-27, FB-28, FB-31 and FB-33) to 4 (FB-3 and FB-45). Genotypes VLFB-130 was earliest (59.00 days) to 50 per cent flowering, whereas Contender (65.13 days) and FB-28 (64.93 days) were late to 50 per cent flowering.Number of pods per cluster was recorded maximum in Pant Bean-2 (2.67), whereas minimum value for number of pods per cluster was recorded in FB11 (1.40) and Selection-3 (1.40). However, number of pods per plant varied from 8.90 in Arka Komal to 16.07 in FB-20. Pod yield per hectare was observed maximum (107.52 q/ha) in FB-7 followed by FB-13 (101.75 q/ha) and minimum in Contender (31.21 q/ha). Genotype FB-19 recorded maximum seed yield per plant (84.44 g) whereas, FB-30 had minimum seed yield per plant (33.36 g).
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Seasonal prevalence of Heamoprotozoan in the cattle of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand, India

Anupriya Gupta, Shweta Kohli and Prof. UK.Atheya Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, 566/6, Bell road, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India- 248002 Theileria and Babesia are the common heamoprotozoan of cattle in India. Indigenous cattle of India are not sensitive to heamoprotozoan but the cross breed cattle are prone to these blood parasites as these parasites are transmitted through ticks which cannot survive in the colder regions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of these heamoprotozoan in Dehradun district so few herds of this region were selected for the study where some cattle were introduced from the neighbouring states like Haryana, Punjab etc where these diseases are prominent and many of the cattle may be carrier. As our study resides in Dehradun where the temperature is not favourable for the parasites to sustain but to increase the dairy production the crossbreed cattle were imported in the selected herds as these are the high milk producing cows.To check the prevalence of heamoprotozoan the blood samples of the clinically sick cows were taken and examined through microscopy using Giemsas stained blood smear method. The sample collection was done in summer and rainy season 150 samples were examined in each season and it was found that 60% cattle were found positive for theileria and 48% cattle were found positive for babesia in the months of summer. In rainy season 37 % and 22% cattle were positive for theileria and babesia respectively.So as per the results it was observed that there is a higher incidence of theileriosis in summer season than in the rainy season. So there is a need of further epidemiological investigation using serological and molecular techniques.
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Hormonal effect onin-vitro culture of Rauwolfia serpentina L. Benth

Vikas Kumar Choudhary, Archana Naithani and Arvind Sharma Division of Life Sciences,Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, India Rauwolfia serpentina L.Benth belongs to the family Apocynaceae. The roots of Rauwolfia serpentina is used for the treatment of various central nervous system disorders associated with psychosis, schizophrenia, insanity, insomnia and epilepsy. The extract of roots are valued for the treatment of intestinal disorders particularly diarrhea and dysentery. This species is known from many centuries and the plant has threatened with extinction due to low germination rate of seed and overexploitation by local peoples. Due to the prevailing reasons there is a huge need for in-vitropropagation of Rauwolfia serpentina. This species is considered as an endangered medicinal plant. The plant is facing a high threat from various kinds of poachers in the wild due to improper ways of collection as well as almost no conservation strategy. Many researchers have identified the way for rapid in-vitro multiplication of this species using tissue culture technique as an effective tool for ex-situ conservation. Maximum shoots per culture were obtained in shooting media containing BAP (1.5-2.0 mg/lt) and NAA (0.2-0.5 mg/lt) with MS media. Maximum root survivability was found in (0.2-0.5 mg/lt) IBA and (0.2-0.5 mg/lt) NAA. The in-vitroregenerated plantlets were transferred to the glass house with 75% to 90% survivability (Panwar et al., 2011; Ihsan Ilahi et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2009; Salma et al.,2008;Jainet al., 2002).
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Synthesis, DNA binding and Photoinduced cleavage activity of Ru (II) complexes

C.N. Sudhamani*, H.S. Bhojya Naik, Sangeetha Gowda K.R Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta 577 451, Karnataka, India The newthree Ru(II) complexes of fused aromatic N-containing ligands such as [Ru(bnp)3](PF6)2 (1),[Ru (phen)2(bnp)](PF6)2 (2) and [Ru(bpy)2(bnp)](PF6)2 (3) (where bnp = dibenzo(b)1,8-naphthpyridine,phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and bpy = bipyridine) were synthesized and structurally characterizedby FTIR, 1H-NMR, elemental analysis and electronic spectral data. An octahedral geometry has been proposed for all the synthesized Ru(II) metal complexes. The DNA-binding behaviors of the three complexes were investigated byabsorption spectra, viscosity measurements andthermal denaturation studies. Detailed analysis revealed that the metal complexes intercalates into the DNA base stack as intercalator. The photo induced cleavage studies shows that the complexes possess photonuclease property against pUC19 DNA under UVvisible irradiation.
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Phytochemicals in the Tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum L.) and their properties
Lalit Kumar*, S.C. Dhiman1, Poonam Tyagi and Durgesh2 Department Of Chemistry, 1Department of Zoology,M.S. (P.G.) College, Saharanpur-247001, 2Govt. PG College,Thalisain, Pauri, U.K., India The tulsi plant or Indian basil occupies an important place in the Hindu religion. The name tulsi connotes the incomparable one. Tulsi is a venerated plant and Hindus worship it in the morning and evening. The plant grows in the wild in the tropics and other warm regions. Dark or Shyama tulsi and light or Rama tulsi are the two main varieties, with the former possessing greater medicinal value. Of the many varieties, the Krishna or Shyama tulsi is also commonly used for worship.Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Vana Tulsi (Ocimum gratissimum). Each variety lends its own distinct and characteristic taste that contributes to the delicious flavour and aroma of our blend. "Modern scientific research offers impressive evidence that Tulsi reduces stress, enhances stamina, relieves inflammation, lowers cholesterol, eliminates toxins, protects against radiation, prevents gastric ulcers, lowers fevers, improves digestion and provides a rich supply of antioxidants and other nutrients. In the essential oil of tulsi leaves many phyto chemicals were estimated by different techniques. The chemical composition of Tulsi is highly complex, containing many nutrients and other biologically active compounds. The nutritional and pharmacological properties of the whole herb in its natural form, result from synergistic interactions of many different active phytochemicals. Tulsi essential oil has 38 organic compound and 8 menerals were present. Pinene, Apigenin 7 glucuronide, Camphor, Cineol, Eugenol, Linalool, Malic acid, Methyl chavicol, Nerol, Orientin, Terpinene-4-ol, Ursolic acid. These constituents were separated by different modern techniques i.c, Electrophoresis, follen reaction, fractional distillation, mass spectroscopic. Out of these Eugenol is main constituent. Eugenol was obtained as a yellow viscous compound.The 1H NMR spectrum of major constituent of O. sanctum leaf oil showed the presence of 12 protons in the molecule. Eugenol showed the antifungal property against ringworm, antibacterial against S.typhi and E. coli. and insect repellent against mosquitoes and house flies.
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Chemical variability in wild Craniotome furcata from Uttarakhand

S. Singh*, G. Tewari, C. Pande and C. Singh Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University,Nainital 263 002, Uttarakhand, India
Craniotomefurcata (Link.) O. Kuntze (Syn. C. versicolar, Anisomeles (Link) furcata, A. nepalensis, Nepeta versicolor) belonging to family Lamiaceae is used as folk medicine. The leaf juice is applied for treatment of wounds.The essential oils of ten wild growing Craniotome furcata (Link.) O. Kuntze of the family Lamiaceae, collected from different locations in Uttarakhand, India, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oils were rich in sesquiterpenes. The cluster analysis showed the presence of four groups. Group-I was significantly rich in -elemene and germacrene D while group-II had germacrene D in abundant quantity. Bisabolol oxide A, -cadinol and germacrene D-4-ol were major constituents of group-III. Group-IV showed the presence of -muurolol and germacrene D as major constituents. Germacrene Dwas found to be the most abundant constituents in all C. furcata species with some percentage variation. Germacrene D was positively correlated with altitude of the collection regions. Total and available zinc, available copper and total manganese in soil was positively correlated with -bisabolol oxide A, suggesting role of nitrogen, zinc, copper and iron in their biosynthesis in C. furcata. Plant height was positively correlated with -elemene and negatively with -muurolol.
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Extraction and Characterization of Peroxidase from Camellia sinensis

Shaheen Shah*, RNS Yadav and Debajit Borah Centre for Studies in Biotechnology, Dibrugarh University, Assam (India)
The state Assam located in the eastern part of India is well known in the world as a major tea grower. Peroxidase is an oxidative enzyme known to be involved in defence reactions in plants. Peroxidase enzyme extracted from Camellia sinensis (tea) leaves collected from 5 leading tea estates located in Dibrugarh District of Assam, India was characterized and optimization study was carried out. Its effect on varying substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salt were studied. Its activity was found to be inhibited by EDTA. The optimum temperature and pH was 30oC and 6.5 respectively. The enzyme was found to be thermostable showing activity upto 60oC. Its specific activity was found to be 6.19 U/mg protein and km and Vmax, values were found to be 0.01 mg/mL (0.04 mM) and 0.03 mg/mL (0.03 mM) respectively. With all the above features, the impact of the study was found to be its large scale extraction for industrial and agro use.
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Evaluation of different carbon and nitrogen sources in production of prodigiosin by Serratia marsescens
Rampa Thakur*1, M. Sharma1 and K. Dev1
1
Department of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
Prodigiosin is a red colored compound produced by some microorganisms like Serratia marsescens, Vibrio psychoerythrus, Rhodcoccus, Pseudomonas magnesiorubraJanthinobacterium lividium, Saccharopolyspora, Hahella chejuensis, Zooshikella rubidus and other eubacteria. Prodigiosin has been demonstrated in numerous laboratories worldwide to have an immunosuppressive, antifungal and antiproliferative properties. Prodigiosin is promising antineoplastic agent that triggers apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. A bacterial strain, Serratia marsescens that can produce Prodigiosin was newly isolated from Palampur tea garden soil. Culture conditions involving variations in carbon and nitrogen sources were examined at constant temperature and pH, with the aim of increasing productivity of prodigiosin in the process. The best results were obtained when using maltose as carbon source and ammonium chloride as nitrogen source.Among the carbohydrates which favored the production of prodigiosin are maltose > glucose > galactose > Lactose > dextrin > Sucrose > Starch. The polysaccharides repressed the prodigiosin production. Caesin acid hydrolysate increased biomass but significantly suppressed prodigiosin production. The optimum temperature and pH for growth of the Serratia marsescens were 30oC and 7.2 respectively.
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Pharmacogenomics: a new Paradigm to Control Drug Reaction

Dayadhar Dikshit*, *Department of Chemistry, Pt.L.M..S. Gov. (Autonomous) P.G. College Rishikesh-249 201, Uttarakhand, India Drug response on the patient is mainly based on its metabolism. Important drug interactions are due to their effects on drug metabolizing enzymes, resulting in either inhibition (reduced activity) of the enzyme or induction (increased activity) of the enzyme. It is made more complex by the fact that there are multiple pathways of metabolism for many drugs. Therefore prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is a major challenge for biotechnologists, medical science including pharmaceutical science. ADRs have been recognized as one of the most common causes of death and hospital admissions in the United States and Europe. Therefore new medications (e.g. more selectively targeted immunosuppressants, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors) have been introduced to treat various diseases such as chronic kidney diseases (CKD)4-7. Currently there no simple way to determine whether people will respond well, badly, or not at all to a medication. Pharmacogenomicsdeals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single nucleotide polymorphism with a drugs efficacy or toxicity. Therefore it provides a revolutionary pathway to diagnosis the disease and prescribes Personalized medicine on the basis patients genotype. Genetic variation in drug receptors can have a profound effect on drug efficacy. It has been already reported that variation in sequence of amino acid in DNA directly affects the response of 2 adrenoreceptor to 2 agonists. In this paper we discusses polymorphism in DNA and its effect on synthesis of drug metabolizing enzymes in human beans and other organism and its use to determining the doze to control the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with its benefits, challenges and various research scope.
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Studies of feeding behavior of some fishes along with the physicochemical characteristics of Lake Mansar in Jammu (J&K)
Veena Maurya,Gunjan Bhatt*
Department of Zoology, S.G.R.R (P.G) College, Dehradun (U.K), India
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Jammu and Kashmir State, extensively hilly areas is bestowed with number of lentic and lotic water bodies In Jammu, Mansar Lake is perennial water bodies spread over an area of 3.295sqkms situated at altitude of 666mts with humid subtropical climate. The present investigation are undertaken to study the biology and ecology of several species, fishes inhabiting Lake during Sept 2011 to Feb2012. The fishes inhabiting Lake Mansar are Channa gaucha, Danio raria, Rasbora rasbora, Trichogaster fasciatus and Puntius conchonius.The study of feeding biology of fishes is undoubtedly very significant for biological and ecological investigation. The trend in food analysis is toward more exhaustive determination of quantitative and qualitative aspect of diet and the way in which food habits are influenced by habitat preference season, temperature, fish size, daily feeding periodicities and competitor species in the particular aquatic ecosystem. On the basis of investigation conducted during the course of present studies the results are taken. The atmosphere temperature .has been recorded to vary from 15.10c to 32.50c, during six months of study. Water temperature has been recorded to fluctuate between 14.70c to 30.20c. pH values showed a narrow range of fluctuation of 7.80(Jan) to 8.40(Sept). Dissolved oxygen varies from minimum of 6.50(mg/lt) in Jan .to maximum of 12.15(mgl/lit) in oct.CO2 fluctuated from .35mgl/lit (Nov) to 3.50mgl/lit (Jan) specific conductivity ranges from minimum of 157.80mhos/cm (Feb) to maximum of198.10mhos/cm (Sept) during the present investigations. C.gachua has been observed to be a column feeder .Stenophagy is recorded in this fish, predominantly carnivorous and predatory and is visual feeder .D.raria being surface feeder (planktivorous) is carnivorous exhibits euryphagy and stenophagy. R.rasbora is a column feeder, plankti-herbivore fish. T.fasciatus is a periphyton feeder and is purely herbivorous fish. P.conchonius is a column feeder and is a detri-herbivore. It feeds predominantly on detritus and plant matter. In R.rasbora,T.fasitus and P.conchonius,vigorous feeding,intensity is also related with their pre and post spawning period ,generally feeding intensity during spawning time is reduced. The quantitative and qualitative comparison of food in the gut of the fishes of Lake Mansar is greatly influenced by physico-chemical factors like temp, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, Cl- during present studies.
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Ovule culture: Potential tool for early recovery of immature embryos in haploid breeding programme
Manoj Kundu*, A.K. Dubey and Manish Srivastav Division of Fruits & Horticultural Technology, IARI, New Delhi-110012 (India) Gynogenesis by insitu pollination with irradiated pollen is an effective tool for the induction of haploid embryos. But the major problem is the degeneration of the embryos at the early stage of maturity of the fruit. On the other hand, embryo rescue at early stage of fertilization but well before the degeneration of embryos followed by culturing of them under invitro condition could helps to germinate the embryos and regenerate them into plantlets. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to standardize the optimum time period required in different citrus species for higher germination of immature embryos and regeneration of plantlets through ovule culture technique. Experimental results revealed that invitro germination of the ovules gradually decreased with the increased dose of irradiation. Germination of the ovules recorded in B5 basal media was found minimum (17.25%) at 20 days after pollination (DAP) in Pummelo, when it was pollinated with 500 Gy gamma ray irradiated pollen grains of Sweet lemon while maximum germination (47.26%) was found at 50 DA) in Pummelo x Mosambi cross combination without any irradiation treatment. Similar trend was also observed in MT basal media, although slightly higher germination was recorded in MT media as compared to the B5 media. Irrespective of irradiation doses and species, invitro germination of ovule was recordedminimum at 20 DAP which gradually increased thereafter and maximum germination was observed at 50 DAP in all cross combinations. On the basis of the experimental results, it could be concluded that for higher germination and maximum recovery of immature embryos through ovule culture technique, citrus ovule should be collected at 50 DAP rather than the early collection at 20 and 35 DAP.
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Development and Evaluation of Verapamil Hydrochloride Oil Beads as Sustained Release Formulation
Panna Deb1*, Prashanta Kumar Deb2, Sankari Das3, Debangshu Nandi1, Tejendra Bhakta1
1 2
Regional Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Abhoynagar, Agartala799 005, Tripura (W); Dept. of Pharmacy, Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura (W), India; 3Womens College, Govt. of Tripura, Agartala 799 001, Tripura (W), India.
The interest in formulated dosage forms, where the drug release can be controlled, has increased steadily during the last 50 years. In most cases the purpose is to make a product that maintains a prolonged therapeutic effect at a reduced dosing frequency. Hence, in the present investigation the popular calcium channel blocker antihypertensive drug Verapamil Hydrochloride is taken into consideration for the development of its sustained release formulation. Here, oil beads of Verapamil Hydrochloride are being prepared as sustained release formulation. The beads are prepared using different oils, polymers and cross linking agents by emulsification-gelation technique. After preparation of the beads, the various evaluation parameters viz; particle size, percentage yield, floating time, swelling index, percentage drug entrapment, in-vitro drug release etc. are studied. From the results of the present investigation it was observed that the prepared Verapamil Hydrochloride oil beads shows successive sustained release property as well as fulfills other evaluation parameters. Hence, from the findings of the present study it can be concluded that the selected materials and sustained release property offering very promising area in the field of research. This field is wide open for the researchers to work on this material on designing of novel drug delivery devices.
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Micropropagation studies in Catharanthus roseus from Apical Buds and nodes

Shub Soniya Kapil* Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Dist. Kangra (H.P), India Catharanthus roseus is a tropical and subtropical plant belonging to family Apocynacae. It is commonly known as Sadabahar in India. It is self pollinated seed propagated herb. C.roseus is an important medicinal plant having alkaloids in leaves and roots. These alkaloids are used in treatment of Hodgkins disease, lymph sarcoma and circulatory disorders. It is traditionally used in treatment of diabetes. There is high demand for alkaloids for the treatment of cancer all over the world. The micro propagation protocol of medicinally important plant Catharanthus roseus was standardized using apical bud and nodal segments. The explants were surface sterilize with HgCl2 (0.1%) for 8 minutes prior to inoculation on medium. The sterilized explants were inoculated on MS media supplemented with BAP (2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/l), 2 4-D(2.0,3.0,4.0 mg/l), IAA alone and IAA (2.0 mg/l) supplemented with IBA (2.0 mg/l) showed a good degree of shoot induction, callus induction and root induction respectively. The maximum shoot induction frequency callus induction frequency and root induction frequency for apical bud explants has been observed in medium MSB3,MSD2, MSA2+MSIB2 respectively. Catharanthus roseus thus produced by in vitro technique is apt to get healthy plants in relatively short period of timeand with a high survival rate.This protocol could be helpful to establish and cultivate Catharanthus as a promising newly introduced Anti- Cancer medicinal plant..
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Better environmental Management for control of dengue

S. Singh* and Abdul Lateef Khanday *Deptt. of Zoology Entomology Lab, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun- 248001 (Uttarakhand), India Dengue is a vector borne disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The incidence of the disease is increasing worldwide and currently 40% of the global population is at risk of the infection. The number of cases in the WHO Southeast Asian region surged nearly 70% from 152,448 in 2004 to 257,882 in 2009. There is no specific treatment of the disease and the only way to control the disease is through vector control, which includes removal or covering water harbouring containers, the use of insecticide treated bed nets and fogging with insecticides.Social and environmental factors including increased urbanization as well as expansion of international travel and trade are linked to the resurgence of dengue disease. Climatic change also may affect transmission, as dengue mosquitoes reproduce more quickly and bite more frequently at higher temperatures.In proximity of human settlements, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes breed primarily in artificial water containers, and the mosquitos life cycle is closely associated with human activities. Larval habitats are increasing rapidly in urban areas. Since there is no curative treatment for dengue, targeted environmental and ecosystem management is increasingly relevant. In many settings however, generalized community clean up campaigns or space spray application of insecticides, have had only a transient and limited effect- or even no measurable effects at all on disease incidence.New strategies for dengue prevention and control are to identifying the most productive mosquitoes breeding sites. By careful local assessment of the ecology of Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae can help target environmental management and other control measures towards the most productive categories of breeding sites. This can be achieved using surveys to measure pupal productivity to identify the categories from which the majority of adult mosquitoes emerge. Similar tool known as key container and key premise indices have been developed and tested. Effective bottom up community participation increasingly is recognized as an important component of environmentallysustainable control programmes which make use of recent knowledge and more environmentally friendly biological and chemical tools. Local leaders, together with school childrens, can conduct clean up campaigns and awareness events.
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Methotrexate Loaded Albumin and Gelatin Based Microspheres: Characterization and kinetic study of drug release
Abhilasha Mishra*, Ashish Kumar, Vandana Yadav *Advance Institute of Science and Technology,Kalidas Marg, Uttrakhand, Dehradun, 248001, India
Controlled drug delivery is delivery of drug at a rate or at a location determined by the needs of body or disease state over a specified period of time. Microspheres can be defined as solid, approximately spherical particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 m. A series of microspheres based on albumin and gelatin were prepared. Microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and particle size analysis. It was found that most of the microspheres lie in the size range of 1-100 m which is suitable for lung specific targeted drug delivery. Stability of microspheres was observed at varing pH range. The prepared microsphers shows good stability from acidic to basic pH. Swelling behavior of these microspheres in different physiological fluids was studied at room temperature. Swelling of these micropshers was found to be slow but sustained till 24hrs Microspheres were also subjected to thrombus formation, hemolysis assay and red blood cell (RBC) interaction to check their blood compatibility. It was found that all microspheres show appreciable blood compatibility. An anticancerous drug, Methotrexate was loaded in these microspheres and their release pattern was observed, which shows almost zero order release.
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SCALE-UP AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR LOSARTAN POTASSIUM FILM COATED TABLETS
Anubhav Mittal1*, Amit Kumar Singh1, Anupama Singh1, Vikas Anand1 and Ravindra Badoni2
1
Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161, India
2
Jubilant Organosys, Bhagwanpur, Roorkee, Distt. Haridwar Road- 247661, Dehradun, India
This research work involved processoptimization and scale upstudies of losartan potassium film coated tablets (25/ 50/100 mg) from the process and formulae obtained from Industriess R&D section. Three different batches (A01, B02, C03) were manufactured as a part of scale up study and evaluated for average weight, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro dissolution. During the process of making tablets various processes sifting, mixing, granulation, roller compaction, milling, blending, lubrication and compression were optimized. Further, tablets were coated by pan coating and various process parameters inlet temp, pan rotation speed, speed of peristaltic pump, spray rate and atomization pressure were optimized. Coated tablets were evaluated by performing dissolution studies.Holding time study and moisture uptake studies were carried out for selected batch. The stability studies of tablets were performed at accelerated conditions 40 C and 75% RH. Sampling at various stages like premixing, blending, lubrication, compression, film coating, holding time study, moisture uptake study and stability study was analyzed and was within the acceptance criteria, based on the in-process and finished product analytical data.The result suggested that the finished product complies the acceptance criteria as in process protocol. Exhibit batches of losartan potassium film coated tablets may be prepared at manufacturing scale. The results of exhibit batches may be forwarded
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to the regulatory agency for approval of manufacturing.
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PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SARCOSTEMMA ACIDUM AND CEROPEGIA JUNCEA USED AS SOMA

A.B. BAJPAI*, NIRMALA KORANGA** & RICHA S. NEGI Department of Botany, D.B.S. ( P.G.) College, Dehradun, India
Plants have been a source of medicine and drugs since times immemorial. Tradition medicinal systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy are all based mainly on plants. As we delve deeper into the most ancient system in our country that is, Ayurveda, we find that there are many plants mentioned in the classical Ayurvedic texts that are still in popular use. Yet there are also plants that have become controversial due to their multiple uses, magical properties or synonyms. One such plant mentioned is Soma. Soma plant has been associated with stimulating, rejuvenating and life giving properties. There are a number of plants today being used under the name of Soma. In the present study we try to evaluate and compare the pharmacological activity related to the Central Nervous System of two popular plants used as Soma that are Sarcostemma acidum and Ceropegia juncea. The aim of the study is to decide which one of these can be said to be a closer representative of the Soma plant.
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Synthesis and Characterization of a Macrocyclic ligand and its Biological Application

Radhey Shyam* Department of Chemistry, DB.S (P.G) College, Dehradun, India The environmental, human and animal health is affected by heavy metal ion pollution which is important and complex problem of our society. Various chemicals and biological properties of Macrocyclic complexes can be tuned to force heavy metal ions to adopt unusual coordination geometries. Almost every heavy metal or metallic compound in manufacturing industry presents some type of ecological hazard. From the more realistic point of view, the principal health hazards are caused by Ni, Co, Pb, Hg, As, Cr, Cd, Sb and their relative compounds. Among these, Chromium and Arsenic is a major pollutant metallic compound.Hazards from Chromates have been known for over 100 years. These occur generally in the form of ulcers known as chrome holes. The spray of chromic acid produced during the process of plating is injurious to workers. In practically all of the chromium-plating baths now used have chromic acid as the principal component. Continuous daily exposure to concentrated chromic acid is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues of the workers. Contact with abrasions in the skin is also dangerous. Chromates also cause severe kidney damage and intestinal inflammation. The environmental point of view, there is a strong need to develop new methods to determine chromium (III) ions in chemical and biological samples.Elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements, mass, 1H-NMR. (Ligand) IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies.The measurement of a wide variety of different ions directly in complex biological and environmental samples. In this respect, Macrocycles have been widely used as suitable neutral carriers for constructing membrane ISE for heavy and toxic metals.
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DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OFORAL TRANSMUCOSAL FILM OF SALBUTAMOL SULPHATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA
Babita Gupta1*,Ms. Urmi Chaurasia1 and Prithviraj Chakraborty2 1. Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161, India 2. Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, B.R.B. Sarani Bidhannagar Durgapur, West Bengal 713212, India The present study was aimed to develop a quick release drug delivery system for the treatment of acute asthmatic attack by using antiasthamtic drug such as Salbutamol sulphate (SS). The oral bioavailability of SS is approximately 44%.So the investigation was planned to prepare oral transmucosal film of SS which will improve oral bioavailability by sparing the drug from first pass metabolism and provide immediate relief.Oral transmucosal films were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using two water-soluble polymers in combination like sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in 3 different levels. The prepared films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight uniformity, thickness, drug content,folding endurance, swelling index, moisture content andin-vitro drug release studies.32 factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables viz. levels of SA and PVA on dependent variable;time required for 80% drug release and % moisture content for optimization. Film (A3) containing SA (300 mg) and PVA (150 mg) exhibited optimum performance against all other prepared formulations. The optimum formulation A3 also exhibited better dissolution profile than marketed tablet (Asthalin) releasing 99.49% drug in 7 min against 52.44% and it fitted to Korsmeyer- Peppas model. Thus oral transmucosal film provides immediate relief without any need of specific delivery device. Moreover such type of delivery system has advantages over conventional tablet by avoiding first pass metabolism of drug.
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In Vitro Culture Studies of Medicinal Plant Stevia

Km. Rupesh Bisht, Surya P. Upadhyay, Bhaskar N. S. Bisht, Dept. of Biotechnology, Chinmaya Degree College BHEL, Haridwar (U.K), India Tissue Culture is the culture and maintenance of plants cells or organs in sterile, nutritionally and environmentally supportive conditions (InVitro).The first commercial use of plant tissue culture on artificial media was in the germination and growth of orchid plants in the 1920s. Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, plant improvement and basic research. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Bertoni) is the perennial herbaceous plant and is part of the Asteraceae family. Stevia is an incredibly sweet herb, obtained by a natural selective breeding process of the sweetest Stevia parent plants. The Sweetener, Stevioside, Extracted from the plants, is 300 times sweeter than sugar. What makes the Stevia plants so special is that it can be used to replace sugar (Sucrose). The documented properties of Stevia are antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammantory, antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-yeast, cardiotonic, diuretic, hypoglycemic and hence a boon to diabetic people, hypotensive, tonic and vasodilator.Indeed, the leaves contain diterpeneglucosidase with a sweet taste but which are not metabolized and contain no calories. The biggest part of the sweet glucosides consists of the stevioside molecule.Stevia plants it widespread application due to its medicinal and biochemical properties. This as necessitated mass cultivation of the plant in recent times. Hence plant tissue culture or In Vitro micropropagation provides an appropriate altimate for mass propagation of plant as well as for other biochemical and molecular study.In the present study carried out both the Auxins, 2-4D as well as NAA has been found suitable for callus induction out of different plant growth regulator the combination of BAP+ IBA
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have been found to be most suitable for multiple shooting leading to average of 5-6 shoots per explants.
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Isolation And Screening Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria From Soil Near Kadi (Gujarat) Region
HardikPethapara* and Nilesh Patel Dept. of Biotechnology, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India Ten bacterial isolates recovered from the crude oil contaminated soil samples from anONGC well nearKadi region, Gujarat showed optimum growth in presence of crude oil. The crude oil degrading isolates were identified as species of genera Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, Methylobacterium,Pseudomonas sp, Rhodococcus and Noccardia. All the ten isolates degraded 1% crude oil in Bushnell Haas broth. Highest biodegradation of crude oil was found to be 70% by the isolate KD1 which belonged to genus Pseudomonas sp. Other isolates showed biodegradation in the range of 55-30%. On addition of 1% Tween 80 biodegradation reduced in majority of cases. 70% of the bacterial isolates scored positive for biosurfactant production and emulsified toluene however emulsion stability varied drastically among the isolates. None of the biosurfactant producing bacterial isolates was hemolytic.
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND COMPLEMENTARY APPROACH

Kalpana Jaggi*, Vikas Shrivastava1, Gunjan Shrivastava2, Uma Bhardwaj*1, Sumit Thakur1, Brijesh Rathore3
1 2
Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Indora, H.P., India
Department of Chemistry, Arni University, Indora, H.P; 3Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College, Sarfarajganj,Hardoi Road, Lucknow (U.P.), India
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology and is mainly characterized by the progressive erosion of cartilage resulting in chronic polyarthritis and joint distortion. It affects approximately 1% of the world population, and unlike OA, generally involves many joints because of the systemic nature of the disease. Although the exact pathogenesis of the disease has yet not been determined, however, studies suggest that cellular proliferation of synoviocytes result in the pannus formation which further damages the cartilage and bone. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first drugs of the choice for the symptomatic treatment. But because of the risk associated with the use of the NSAIDs and other limitations, the use of the alternative therapies, acupuncture and medical herbs, is on the demand. Despite the response to these treatments is variable and often unpredictable, some patients have shown systemic improvement or even complete and long lasting remission. Attention towards these treatment options may have the capability to benefit many patients with Rheumatoid arthritis.
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Folk traditional plants used for healing fractures in Uttarakhand: Their role in drug development research
Chetan Sharma andK R Arya* Dept. of Botany, CDRI, Lucknow (U.P), India Botany Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001 (India) Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants and their uses offer great opportunity for detection of bioactive molecules for therapeutic values and provides unique source for identification of novel pharmacological agents.Uttarakhand Himalaya the herbal medico-capital of India is well known for its Phytomedicodiversity. Ulmus wallichiana Planchon (Chamourmaou) belongs to family Ulmaceae and two other plant species i.e. Pholidota articulata Lindley and Coelogyne cristata Lindley (Hadjojen) family Orchidaceae are the important plant species commonly used for healing fractured bones in folk therapy of Uttarakhand Himalaya. On the basis of these folklore information, bark of U. Wallichiana was collected from Kumaon Himalaya and investigated. During investigations, two novel bioactive compounds Ulmoside A& B were isolated from its ethanol extracts and showed ant-osteoporotic activity.Whereas, a third known compound Naringenin-6-C--D glucopyranoside isolated from the same extract, also showed osteoblast function and inhibited adipogenesis.The novel compound K058 for osteogenic activity is under the process of licensing for its commercial production. With the same concept, further we have collected two more plant species (Coelogyne cristata and Pholidota articulata) used for healing fractures in Uttarakhand Himalayas. Preliminary chemical fingerprinting of these plant species revealed 56 chemical moieties; however, further investigations are under progress.
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RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS OF FOWLADENOVIRUS-4(FAV-4) DNA

Manjusha Tyagi* and S.M.Singh Dept. of Microbiology SGRR(PG)College,Dehradun (UK), India Fowl adenivirus are non-enveloped icosahedral particles that range in size from 70-100nm in dia.It has 250 capsomere of which 240 are hexon and 12 pentons. Adenovirus infections are widespread in most of the poultry raising countries of the world.The adenovirus constitute the Adenoviridae family of viruses,which is divided into two genera,Mastadenovirus and Aviadenovirus.The Aviadenovirus genous is limited to viruses of birds,whereas the Mastadenovirus genous includes human,simian &bovine viruses.The FAV-4 DNA was digested with two restriction enzyme i.e Pst-I and BamHI. When FAV-4 DNA was digested PstI enzyme, 7 fragements of 17.38,11.80,4.62,3.79,3.27,2.02 and1.75 kb sizes were obtained.The total genomic size of the viral DNA appeared to be approx 44.73kb.Digestion with BamHI enzyme yielded 8 fragement of 12.65,11.22,7.5,4.48.3.35,3.05,1-92 and1.75kb sizes.The total genomic sizes of the viral DNA was obtained to be approx 45.92 kb.
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Isolation, of Ursolic Acid from Euclyptus hybrid, its Dervitisation and Evaluation as New Neuro-Protective Agent
Neha Naithani*1, Veena Kumari1, Versha Parcha1 andYogita Dobhal2
1 Department of Chemistry, SBSPGI, Balawala, Dehradun, India 2Department of Pharm Science,SBSPGI, Balawala, Dehradun, India
Neuroprotection is the effect of any chemical, biological molecule or medical practice which has a protective effect in the nervous system against neurodegenerative disease or brain injury.This effect may take the form of protectection of neurons from apaptosis or degeneration.Agents such as piracetam, pramiracetam, anikracetam and cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil are presently used for AD but usually, associated with side effects. Present study was targeted to explore potential of Ursolic acid and its derivatives as neuro-protective agent for prevention of cognition defects & oxidative damage and their possibility to be used in the treatment of dementia and AD. Acetone extract of Eucalyptus hybrid leaves, subjected to column chromatography, yielded Ursolic acid as white amorphous powder. It was further synthetically derivatized to five derivatives C2-C5 whose structures were confirmed by spectral analysis. These compounds were screened to assess their neuroprotective potential using in vivo behavioural tests and Biochemical parameters on rat model of D-galactose induced neurotoxicity. Neuro-protective activity was assessed in term of escape latency time, and concentration of biochemical enzyme Pre-treatment of C1-C5 (10mg/kg each for successive 14 days significantly attenuated the Neuro-toxic effect of D-galactose (150mg/kg). Ursolic acid and synthesised derivatives significantly decreased escape latencies (time taken to find platform) as compared to D-galactose treated groups throughout the training sessions using Morris water maize,thus these derivatives might prove to be useful memory restrorative agent in the treatment of dementia seen in elderly. Result of biochemical analysis of Urosolic acid and synthesized derivatives C2-C5,Shows significant improvement in lipid peroxidation and decrease in free radical formation suggest significant improvement in anti-oxidant enzymes level after treatment with C2-C3.The results suggest the order of activity in following manner:Methyl ester of U.A (C2)>ethyl ester of U.A (C3) >propyl ester of U.A(C4)>butyl ester of U.A(C5).Thus,from the above study it can be concluded that derivatization(C17 ester)of Urosolic acid showed better result than itself.However increasing the substitution in side chain decreased the neuroprotective activity as compaired toU.A.Only methyl ester and etyl ester can be regarded as better neuroprotective agent than U.A.Hence,they could be beneficial in cognitive disease.
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IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND LIVSTOCK

Pooja Goswami1* and Vinod R. Bharati2
1
Research Scholar BHU, Varanasi 221005 (U.P.) 2 Vivakanand collage of Agriculture Hiwara BK Maharashtra, India
Climate change is one of the most important global environmental challenges facing humanity with implications for food production, natural ecosystems, freshwater supply and health etc. Global mean temperature may increase between 1.4 and 5.8 0C by 2100 (IPCC 2001). Climate is an important factor of agricultural productivity. The potential effect of climate change:Seasonal precipitation distribution patterns and amounts could change due to climate change. With warmer temperature, evapotranspiration rates would rise, which would call for much greater tinny of water use. Also weed and insect pest ranges could shift. Perhaps most important of all, there is general agreement that in addition to changing climate, there would likely he increased variability in weather, which might mean more frequent extreme events such as heat waves, droughts and floods. Crop species vary in their response to different concentrations of CO 2. Wheat, rice, and soybeans, which belong to plants, respond readily to increased CO2 levels. Corn, sorghumsugarcane and millet, which are classified as C4 plants follow a different pathway Though the C4 plants are more efficient photosynthetically than C3 plants at present levels of CO2, they tend to be less responsive to enriched concentrations of CO2 rapidly and increase photosynthetic activity. Climate change could affect dairy production. The higher temperature would likely result in a decline in dairy production, Reduced animal weight gain, Reproduction, Lower Feed-conversion Efficiency, More incidence of diseases of livestock in warmer condition. Increased level of CO2also affects the weed growth. Weeds that are reproduced by vegetative means may show strong response to atmospheric CO2. (Ziska and George 2004).Adaptation Option to climatic change :Changing varieties/crops, Altering fertilizer rates to maintain, rain or fruit quality and be more suited to the prevailing climate, , Harvest water, Conserve soil moisture conserving soil moisture through appropriate tillage methods, and improving irrigation efficiency, Use water more effectively, Altering the timing or location of crops.
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MONITORING BLOOD PROTOZOANS BY MICROSCOPY AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Shweta Kohli, Anupriya Gupta and Prof U.K.Atheya Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, 566/6, Bell road, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India- 248002 In India 20% of total cow population is cross breed cows. The cross bred cows are very sensitive to blood protozoans like Theileria, Babesia etc. The pathogenic species of theileria infecting cattle are T. annulata and T. parva. These parasites have detrimental effect on cows as it causes high mortality and irreversible lose of production and reproduction in the survived animal. The cows affected with Theileria annulata suffered from fever, enlarged lymph node, corneal opacity and decreased milk production as recorded. In Babesia the blood comes out with urine, it ensures that the animal is suffering from babesia. It is also known as Red water disease. Diagnosis of Theileria is based on identifying parasites through blood smear. Giemsa staining of blood smears is the common method for the identification and characterization of the piroplasm.As this method is not sensitive so it confronts some false positive and false negative results. With the availability of sequenced parasite genes and PCR, it is possible to detect parasites within samples of blood as PCR is the sensitive diagnostic assays for heamoprotozoans. This DNA technology monitors the presence of parasites which is not visible by microscopic examination as PCR catch holds the carrier cases. PCR is highly specific and sensitive method for identifying the carrier cattle. Giemsa staining method is not suitable for detecting the carrier or chronic phases of theileriosis, although it is an easy and fast method for detecting the infection in cattle. So this attempt is a biotechnological solution to reduce the mortality and increase the milk production which will be beneficial for Indian dairy industry.
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Physiological and Biochemical changes in soyabean (Glycine max) plants by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization
Shweta Srivastava1*, Rashmi Verma2
1
Department of Biotechnology, Beehive College (H.N.B.Gharwal), Dehradun (U.K), India
2 Department of Biotechnology, Beehive College (H.N.B.Gharwal), Dehradun (U.K), India The symbiotic association between certain plants and microorganisms plays an important role in soil fertilization, and improves their growth and mineral nutrition. The symbiotic association between vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and roots provides a significant contribution to plant nutrition and growth. VAM mycelium in soil results in greater efficiency of nutrient absorption particularly for slowly diffusing mineral ions, especially phosphorous.The present investigation aims to study the effects of VAM fungi on the physiological and biochemical changes of the selected seedlings viz., Glycine max. Physiological characteristics i.e., Chlorophyll, Caretenoid content, Length of plant, No. of leaves, pH of stem, and Biochemical characteristics i.e., Proteins, Carbohydrates, Amino acid, Proline, and Phenol from leaves of soyabean plant associated with the mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal soil were quantified and compared. It is concluded that plants associated with mycorrhizal colony do show increased levels of phenols and proteins which in turn help them to resist pathogenesis.The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, content increased in VAM fungus treated seedlings compared with non-mycorrhizal seedling. Mycorrhizal seedlings show a greater increase in the rate of photosynthesis than their controls which may be due to increase in the content of total chlorophyll. The results showed that there exist some host-dependant variations in AMF colonization in the soyabean plant. The changes may be due to enhance most of water uptake and nutrient absorption, especially P from the soil, which may be due to VAM fungus, since VAM hyphae extend beyond the root hair zone increase the absorptive surface of the host. These variations in turn attribute to the physiological and biochemical changes in the plants, like phenols and sugars which are important for the plant health.
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EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CRATAEVA NURVALA ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN ALBINO RATS Shivkumar Patel*, Sapna Rani, Kusum Singh, Vinita Ahirwar, Zamin Ahmad Dar and Shailendra kumar Gaur Department of Zoology, Institute of Basic science, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.) India Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatment for numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. Crataeva nurvala (family: Capparidaceae) is a high value medicinal plant that grows almost all over India, especially in the semi-arid regions. Medicinal usage has been reported in traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda and Unani. The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxicological evaluation of the ethanolic extracts of Crataeva nurvala on albino rats of Wistar strain (150 10gm/kg b.wt), purchased from DRDE Gwalior, Government of India. The dose concentration of the ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvala at a dose concentration of 250mg/kg b.wt.was given orally to test animals. After 7, 14 and 21 days of treatment the hematological parameters viz RBC, WBC, MCV, MCHC, and CI etc were studied using standard techniques. The results revealed that the RBC, Hb%, MCV, MCHC, PCV, ESR, and CI decreased continuously but level of WBC was significantly increased due to chronic administration of ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvala at a dose level of 250mg/kg.
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Preparation of solid dispersion of Loratadine

Sarvesh K. Choudhary*, Vijay K Jyoti, Abhay P. Mishra Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Loratadine is a hygroscopic and white color powderis an antihistaminic drug and also used for hay fever.It possesses anti-allergic properties such as the inhibition of the degranulation of mast cells induced by immunological and non-immunological stimuli and inhibition of the release of cytokines, particularly of the TNF in human mast cells and monocytes.In the current study we prepared the solid dispersion of Loratadine using polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) as a super disintegrant by melting method. Loratadine was obtained as a gift sample from Alkem Pharma.Ltd. Mumbai.PEG 6000 was purchased by Ranbaxy fine chemical limited(RFCL).Solvents of analytical grade and deionized water were used in all experiments. Melting method wasused for preparation of Loratadine Solid dispersion (SD). PEG 6000 was used as a polymer in different drug-polymer ratio such as 1:2.5 (SD1), 1:5 (SD2) and 1:7.5 (SD3).The obtained solid dispersions powder was dried at 650C for 10 min, screened through sieve no. 18and was stored in a closed container away from light and humidity until use. The saturation solubility of Loratadine and solid dispersion was observed in phosphate buffer in different ratio of drug and polymer. SD3 (1:7.5)formulationshowed maximum solubility in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 thatis 1.085 mcg/ml, was 2.60 folds higher than the solubility of pure Loratadine. Drug contents were determined at 280 nm by UV spectrophotometer. The percentage yield of each formulation was calculatedto be in the range from97.36% to 99.82%.In-vitrodissolution studies results suggest a strong need to
1 hour. The solid dispersion of Loratadine was successfully prepared with significant enhancement of water solubility. The study concludes when the concentration of polymer (PEG6000) was increased anincrease in the release rate of drug was also found.
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enhance the dissolution of Loratadine. The maximum drug release was found to be 104.87%for SD3 (1:7.5) in
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PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF OCULAR INSERTS FOR SUSTAINED RELEASE OF OFLOXACIN

Ritu Negi and Vikram Singh* Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Ocusert is the new drug delivery systems which are designed in such a way that they release the drug at the predetermined rate thus eliminating the frequent administration of the drug. The aim of the present study was to develop an ophthalmic insert of ofloxacin and evaluate for sustained ocular delivery of the drug. Seven ocuserts of the drug (F1-F7) were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol in different concentrations by solvent casting technique. The prepared ocuserts were evaluated for weight variation, content uniformity, swelling index, surface pH, assay, % moisture absorption, % moisture loss and assessment of drug release. According to the results, 100% of drug was released from the F5 over a period of 16 h.The data obtained from this study suggest that the ocular inserts of ofloxacin are promising for sustained drug delivery, which can reduce dosing frequency.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND COPING STRATEGIES: SOME CONSIDERATIONS

Rakhi Upadhyay* D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun (U.K), India Environmental changes have direct influence on the living organisms. The heavy industrialization and rapidly growing urbanisation have great impact on the work and personal life of individuals. Environmental pollutions of water, air, noise, etc., poor living conditions, coupled with intense hunger for more and more material prosperity leads to tensions, frustrations in the work and personal life of most the working population. Nervous break down and tensions, neuroticism and even severe types of psychotic disorders of personality disintegration are the defense mechanisms (coping strategies) that are manifested by the individuals, working under the stress and strain conditions, to cope with rapidly changing environmental situations. The majority fails to adjust with the changed situations and, in turn, increases incidence of mental disorders. The endeavour of Psychologists and Psychiatrists has been to bring about healthy changes in the environment that promote industrial peace, mental health, and generate a positive attitude towards life. These environmental impacts are the outcome of the heavy emphasis on industrialization, which are hazardous to human life, but at the same time, industrialization is a must for growth and development. Industrialization is the back-bone of a countrys economy, but the fat remains that inadequate attention has been given to the eradication of the hazards that effects the individuals on his work and personal life. The present paper presentation is an attempt to study the impact of the environmental changes on work and personal life, the defense mechanisms/coping strategies developed by the individuals to cope with the situations, and possible solutions are highlighted to make work and personal life happier and peaceful.
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IN VIVO HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF HYGROPHILA SPINOSA

G.Awasthi1*,Aditya Swarup, Ashwani Sanghi, S.Kumar Department of Biochemistry,Dolphin (P.G.) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences,Dehradun (U.K), India
The present study was taken to analyze the hepatoprotective effects roots of Hygrophila spinosa.The liver of swiss
albino mice was damaged by carbon tetrachloride .The aqueous extract of the plant root samples were administered to rat for fifteen days. The serum marker enzymes SGOT,SGPT,Alkaline Phosphatase and GGTP were measured in experimental animals.The levels were found to be increased after carbon tetrachloride administration.These levels were again back to normal after extract administration. Histopathological studies also proved the hepatoprotective effect of the root samples.
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Isolation and Screening of Actinomycetes from Kashmir region as a potential antiinfective agents
Neha Salaria1*, Asha Chaubey2 and Sandeep Sharma1*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Arni School of Basic Sciences, Arni University, Kathgarh Himachal Pradesh, India, 176401
2
Fermentation Technology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road Jammu India, 180001
The current study was conducted to screen the microorganisms from soil sample of unique ecological niches. Samples were collected from soil sediments around three lakes namely Wular Lake, Manasbal Lake and Dal lake of Kashmir region.Total fifty Actinomycetes were isolated and characterized for morphological identification and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, during screening four Actinomycetes isolates were found active against both gram positive and gram negative MTCC cultures including
Bacillussubtilis (MTCC 441), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 4673), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160), Pseudomonas fluorescens (MTCC 103),Mycobacterium smegmatis (MTCC 994), E. coli (MTCC 443) and Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 890). These isolates showing antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial pathogens belongtoStreptomyces, Actinomycetes and Micromonosporagenera. The studies indicate that the three lakes above mentioned of Kashmir region had diverse group of Actinomycetes with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.Optimization of fermentation conditions was carried out to enhance production of metabolites resulting in improved antimicrobial activity.
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Recent advances in Pharmaceutical Biosensors

Riya Kharbanda* and Rahul Taneja Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar (Haryana), India Intellectual Property Facilitation Centre for MSMEs, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Haryana, Panchkula (Haryana), India
Both research and development of pharmaceutical analysis embraces innovative procedures in a bid to combine accuracy, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity with simplicity, rapidity and low cost. Hence, the interest in biosensors has increased over recent years, since such devices consolidate many of these qualities, including simplicity and rapidity. Indeed, due to these characteristics, biosensors have been applied to many fields of chemical analysis including biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and environmental.A biosensor is an analytical device, which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. It consists of two main components: a bio-receptor or bio-recognition element, which recognizes the target analyte and a transducer, for converting the recognition event into a measurable electrical signal. The bio receptor recognizes the target analyte and the corresponding biological responses are then converted into equivalent electrical signals bythe transducer. Biosensors are classified into various categories. A bio receptor can be a tissue, micro-organism, organelle, cell, enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid and bio mimic etc. and the transduction may be optical, electrochemical, thermometric, piezoelectric, magnetic and micromechanical or combinations of one or more of the above techniques. Biosensor techniques for potential pharmaceutical applications have continued to show sustained advances in a wide range of areas. It is also likely that these advances will play an important role in the development of biosensor systems for the pharmaceutical market.
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Pharmacological modulation of Geranylgeranyltransferase I attenuates mecamylamineprecipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice

Shiwali Sharma*, Thakur Gurjeet Singh, Ashish K. Rehni Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura 140401, Patiala, Punjab, India
Geranylgeranyltransferase Iis noted to mediate a number of signal transduction cascades involved in the causation of nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Therefore, the present study has been designed to investigate the effect of GGTI-2133, a selective inhibitor of Geranylgeranyltransferase I, on the development of nicotine dependence in a mouse model of mecamylamine induced nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Our experimental protocol consisted of administration of nicotine, (2.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously), four times daily for 7 days. In order to precipitate nicotine withdrawal, mice were given one injection of mecamylamine (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p), 1 h after the last nicotine injection on the test day (day 8). Behavioral observations were made for a period of 30 min immediately after mecamylamine treatment. Withdrawal syndrome was quantitated in terms of a composite withdrawal severity score, Jumping Frequency, Hyperalgesia and withdrawal syndrome related anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze test results. GGTI-2133 markedly and dose dependently (p<0.01) attenuated mecamylamine induced experimental nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice measured in terms of withdrawal severity score, Body tremor, Piloerection, jumping frequency, nicotine induced hyperalgesia by tail flick method and withdrawal syndrome related anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze test results. Thus, it is suggested that GGTI-2133 is involved in the development of nicotine dependence induced precipitation of withdrawal syndrome and thus, may serve as a viable pharmacological target to tackle the problem of nicotine addiction.
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ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS DUE TO MERCURIC CHLORIDE TOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS
Sapna Rani*, Kusum Singh Department of Zoology, B U Campus, Jhansi (U.P), India Mercury is one of the highly toxic metals that is present in the environment as pollutant. Elemental mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, dental fillings, paints. Mercury salts are used as medicine while organic mercury compounds are used as fungicides. Mercury accumulates in mammalian target organs and damages them. Mercury produces oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species and free radicals resulting in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, cytotoxicity and alters physiological and biochemical characteristics of biological system. In the present study, biochemical alterations in ALT, AST and blood sugar were studied. Albino rats weighing about 150-200gm were randomly selected and grouped into four groups- I, II, III and IV. Group I treated as control; group II received mercuric chloride (0.3mg/ml); group III received tocopherol acetate (0.5ml/day) while group IV received combination of both singly and daily. After single administration AST, ALT and blood sugar significantly increased in group II and IV at shorter duration but at longer duration it comes to their normal range as compared to group I and III. In group II and IV after daily administration, these parameters significantly increased as compared to group I and III.
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Attaining Finest Yield of Natural Dye from Melia composita Bark Through Parametric Optimization
Anita Pal1*, Rakesh Kumar1, Jawaid Ashraf2 and Y.C. Tripathi1
1
Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248006, India

2
RSM Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248006, India
The demand of natural dyes in textile, food processing, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries has been rapidly increasing both at national and international levels on account of their non-toxic and ecofriendly nature. However, the technology of extracting and utilizing natural dyes in the modern textile industry is relatively new and is still being improved upon. In India, textile manufacturers are not yet finding proper enticement in switching over to natural dyes for being more expensive than their synthetic counterparts. Apart from limited known plant source and inconsistent supply of raw material; lack of scientifically validated methods for consistent yield and quality of natural dyes is cascading a major challenge before dye manufactures that warrants earnest scientific interventions if production and use of natural dyes is to be made a commercial reality. In retrospection of the fact, extraction of natural dye has been attempted from Melia composita Willd(Meliaceae), largely recognized so far for its timber and medicinal values, in order to establish the tree as a potential source of natural dye.The present study is focused on parametric optimization for optimal recovery of dyes from barksof M. composita. Extraction of natural dye was attempted under different operating parameters including material to liquor ratio (2.0 10.5 gm/100ml), pH (8.0 9.5) and time (15 50 min.). All together twenty seven sets of the three parameters were trialed by factorial were analyzed to attain regression equations and regression coefficients (R2). The critical values of concentration, pH and time were found to be 8.0 gm/100ml, 8.0 and 35 minutes respectively. The yield of natural dye recorded to be as high as 12.3%. The outcome of the studies thus holds immense importance in optimal production of natural dyes from M. composita bark.
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experiment for extraction of dyes from bark of the target species. The data from the twenty seven experiments
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Methods Used for Protein Sequencing

Archana Naithani*, Vikas Kumar Choudhary and Arvind Sharma Division of Life Sciences,Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, India The need for accurate, automated, protein classification methods continues to increases as advances in biotechnology uncovers new protein at a fast rate. The characterization of protein modifications is essential for the study of protein function using proteomic studies require efficient, robust and practical methods of characterizing proteins present in the biological samples. Various methods includes: 2-D electrophoresis (Wilkins et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2001), Mass coded abundance tagging (Cagney et al., 2002), Tandem mass spectrometry (Eng et al., 1994; Hunt et al., 1986), Gas-liquid solid phase peptide and protein sequenator (Hewick et al., 1981), MALDI-TOF (Schnolzer et al., 2005; Millares et al., 2012; Suckau et al., 2009; Bonk et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2011).MALDI-TOF is used for the rapid identification of the protein isolated by using gel electrophoresis. MALDI-TOF mass spectrophotometer are used to reveal amino acid sequences of peptide using post source decay or high energy collision-induced dissociation. With the help of MALDI-TOF technique it is possible to determine protein masses with an accuracy of 1 mass unit or less in most cases.
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Effect and evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity guided isolated fraction from total methanol extract of Bauhinia variegata (linn.) in Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats
Deepak Kumar1*, Versha Parcha2, Alok Maithani2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dolphin PG Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Manduwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh PG Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India To investigate the effect and evaluation of anti-hyperlipidemic activity guided sub-fraction isolated from total methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) leaves on Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Column chromatographic fractionation of butanol fraction of total methanol extract of leaves of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) yields four sub-fractions (sub-fraction A-D). All sub-fractions tested for their antihyperlipidemic activity. Sub-fractions administered at a dose of 65 mg/kg (oral) to the Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats and total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL level in the blood were checked.Sub-fraction D showed significant reduction (p<0.05) among four sub-fraction in comparison with standard drug fenofibrate. From the above study it could be concluded that butanol sub-fraction D of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) not only have resulted in significant reduction in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL level but also increases the HDL level at a reduced dose level.
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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF MERCURY RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM SOIL

Lovlesh Thakur1, H. K. Goindi2 1. 2. Department of Biotechnology, Shoolini University. Solan (H.P), India Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences, Baddi, Distt. Solan (H.P), India
A wide variety of industrial activities have accelerated the mobilisation of many heavy metals above the rates of natural geochemical cycling and there is increase deposition in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The physico-chemical characteristics (pH, oxidation reduction potential, inorganic anions and cations, metal oxides, salinity etc.)of a given ecosystem into which the metals are deposited determine the form and biological activities of heavy metals and there toxicity. Microorganisms are increasingly being exposed to such toxic conditions and therefore develop tolerance against mercury. Tolerance mechanism include, energy dependent efflux of the metal taken into the cell, chemical modification of the metal, intracellular sequestration by specific proteins (metallothioneins), extracellular sequestration on cell-wall or extracellular polysaccharides. This study aims at the isolation of bacteria from soil, characterisation of mercury resistant bacteria and to estimate the maximum limit of mercury concentration to which it has or can develop tolerance. Isolated total seven isolates from soil origin. Where out of seven isolates two isolates were sensitive to mercury but five isolates were found to be resistant to mercury. Our future prospectus is to study the mercury resistance mechanism of bacteria and its application in industrial waste management.
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STANDARDIZATION OF LOW COST MEADIA COMPONENTS IN MEDICINAL PLANT: STEVIA REBAUDIANA

Isha Singh1*, Shivani Sharma, Uma Bhardwaj and Vikas Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Arni School of Basic Sciences, Arni University, Kathgarh Himachal Pradesh, India (176401)
The current study was undertaken with the objectives that tissue culture media components of Stevia rebaudiana need to be optimized for obtaining vigorous shoot growth coupled with modifications in the nutrient medium so as to reduce the cost of nutrient medium. Nodal segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0mg/l) in combination with IAA (0.1mg/l), sucrose (3%) and agar (0.8%) was the best medium for multiple shoot formation with 90% shoot apices forming multiple shoots. For considerable reduction in the cost of media different media components like gelling agents, water source and carbon source were standardized to replace expensive gelling agents, sugar and water to reduce the cost of medium for in vitro caulogenesis. Results showed that out of all low cost media combinations used Isabgol (1.5%), sugar cubes; packaged drinking water (Bisleri) showed the maximum positive response in shoot multiplication. The study has resulted in the identification of a low-cost medium combination for rapid shoot multiplication of S. rebaudiana with a potential that technology can be up-scaled to a large scale production.
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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF KETOPROFEN

Meenakshi Bharkatiya* B. N. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India Transdermal drug delivery systems are topically administered medicament in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at a predetermined and controlled rate. Ketoprofen is a non-steroid antiinflammatory drug with analgesic and antipyretic action. It is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and a variety of other acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of the present investigation is to formulate and evaluate transdermal patches of Ketoprofen and to study the release kinetics of drug with a view to prevent its gastric irritation and to achieve a controlled release with improved bioavailability and better patient compliance.Matrix type transdermal patches were prepared by solvent casting technique employing a mercury substrate by using the combinations of Ethyl cellulose/PVP, Eudragit RL100/PVP and HPMC/PVP employing Dibutylphalate as a plasticizer. The screened formulations were casted using Olive oil, Clove oil and Eucalyptus oil and Castor oil as a penetration enhancer. The patches were evaluated on the basis of physicochemical parameters and in vitro drug permeation studies. The patches exhibited uniform thickness, weight and good uniformity in drug content. Transdermal patch of Ketoprofen prepared with hydrophilic polymer combination HPMC: PVP showed best in vitro skin permeation as compared to other film formulations. Olive oil gave the best flux in enhancing the skin permeation of Ketoprofen. Hence it can be concluded that the desired polymeric matrix TDDS of Ketoprofen could be used successfully effective and prolonged delivery.
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Studies of the impact of Abacavir on viral load of HIV patient through real time PCR Techniques
Nilesh K. Patel and Vaibhav K. Pancholi Dept. of Biotechnology, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India HIV type-1 (HIV-1) genetic diversity poses a challenge for the development of diagnostic test based on nucleic acid amplification, which can be overcome, at least in part, by targeting multiple genomic regions. The new Roche Diagnostics COBAS TaqMan (CTM) HIV-1 v2.0 assay uses multiplex real-time PCR detection of sequences in the log terminal repeat and gag region within the HIV-1 genome. We therefore determined HIV-1 levels with the novel COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 v2.0 real-time PCR assay, based on the multiplex amplification and detection of fragment in the long terminal repeat and gag regions. Proper utilization of antiretroviral therapy (ART) requires ongoing patients monitoring to assess therapeutic response and to identify adverse events related to chronic administration of potentially toxic medication and requires laboratory monitoring in the HIV-1 infected patients during ART.
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Evaluation of Bacterial quality and Pollution along the stretch of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River in Garhwal Himalayas
Archana Sati*, Neelam Bamola Maithani SBS PGI, Balawala, Dehradun (U.K), India The Himalayan river are an important place in Indian culture and tradition. They are the lifeline of majority of population in cities, towns and villages and are considered sacred. The health and well being of the human race is closely tied up with the quality of water used. The Ganges rises in the Northern Himalayas on the Indian side of the Tibet border. Total 12 samples were collected from five headstreams i.e. the Bhagirathi, Alaknanda, Mandakini, Dhauliganga and Pindar rises in Uttarakhand region. A wide range of pathogenic microorganism can be transmitted to human via water contaminated with faecal material. These include entero-pathogenic agent such as Salmonella, Shigella, Enteroviruses and multicellular parasites as well as opportunistic pathogen like Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Aeromonas hydrophella.. Various physio-chemical parameters were also evaluated during the course of investigation. Biochemical test were carried out to differentiate the source of contamination in these water sources.According to MPN of coliforms, the total coliforms ranged from 0 to 43 making water from all the selected side potable in nature.The presence of faecal coliforms was reported in two sites i.e. S 1 and S9 and rests were free of faecal contamination.The presence of faecal streptococci was reported in two sites i.e. S 1 and S6 and rest was free of faecal Streptococci contamination.A considerable increase in total count of organisms was noticed. The range of conductivity was suitable for irrigation. The dissolved oxygen value ranged from 10 to 48.8 mg/l in various samples, which is well within the permissible limits. The BOD varied from 2 to 35.6 mg/l during the course of investigation. The BOD was found greater than the minimum permissible limits i.e. 2 mg/l or less, hence unsafe for drinking expect sample S4.The COD ranged from 1.12 to 7.52 mg/l in the present study. The values of COD of the entire water sample were well below the limiting values i.e. 250 mg/l and considered to be safe.By performing Gram staining we conclude that mostly Gram +ve cocci were observed that was showing +ve catalase activity and ve oxidase activity. By performing IMViCtest and other bio-chemical test bacteria of soil origin was found to be abundant.Thus, it can be conclude that river water examined under present study can be used for drinking and bathing purpose as some of them were found to be biologically or physiologically contaminated during the course of study.
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Terpenoid composition, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Grangea maderaspatana(l.) poir.
Darshan Singh1*, C. S. Mathela1, A. Panwar2and V. Pandey2
1
Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, India 263002 2 Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India 263002
Grangea is a genus of suberect or prostate annual herbs. Fourteen species of Grangea are found in tropical and sub-tropical Asia and Africa. The leaves of Grangea maderaspatana are used in somachic, sedative, carmiative, emmenagogue and antiflatulent. The plant also has a good reputation in traditional medicine as analgesic and is used in pains of the eyes and ears.The fresh aerial parts of G. maderaspatana, were collected from Sitarganj (district Udham Singh Nagar) in the month of March. Plants herbarium was identified from Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun (Acc. No. 113563) and voucher specimen was deposited in the Phytochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Kumaun University, Nainital. The fresh plant materials (2 kg) were subjected to steam distillation for the extraction of essential oil. Yield of the essential oil was 0.12 % v/w. Essential oil was analyzed by GC & GC-MS for chemical constituents and 22 constituents were identified. It was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (38.91%) with the major presence of -humulene (26.51%). The other constituents were geranyl acetate (20.85%), -eudesmol (11.70%), 10-epi--eudesmol (5.86%), -cedrene (4.84%) and epi-cubebol (3.25%). The oil was tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity against five bacterial and two fungal strains by using agar well diffusion method. Essential oil was found to be most active against B. subtilis, S. candidus and C. albicans. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by three complementary tests viz. DPPH radical scavenging activity, chelating activity and reducing power activity. The essential oil showed moderate antioxidant activity. This is the first report on essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of G. maderaspatana.
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VARIATION IN SEED GERMINATION, ISOENZYME AND POLYPEPTIDE BANDING PATTTERN OF JATROPHA CURCAS L.
Anita Pandey* Reserch Scholar, Department of Botany;Post-Graduate Govt. College, Rishikesh (U.K), India As climate change become major global concern,a little known trees has tha potential to become one of the worlds key energy crops.Vegetable oil, extracted from the seeds of Jatropha tree, can be refined into biodiesel. Jatropha curcas is small tree belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, comprises approximately 8000 speceis and 321 genera.It is native to Maxico but widely distributed in Latin America, Africa,India and SouthEast-Asia.It is also occur in isolated patches in Uttarakhand.The objective of the present investigation was to understand the nature, extant and pattern of variation existing in different population of J. curcas in respect to seed germination,seed moisture content, seedling morphology and protein banding pattern (isoenzyme and polypeptide). Such an investigation may help to determine the variation or adaptation in Jatropha curcas seeds isolated from different sites of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Mature seeds of Jatropha were collected from different sites of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand (Basnal,Kalachuna, Gandhari, Saknidhar, Naithana). The seesd of all the sources were kept in plastic box, half embedded in vermiculite horizentlly and placed in seed germinator at 300 C. Different parameters of seed germination viz. seed moisture content,percent seed germination,speed of germination, mean daily germination (MDG) etc. was observed and calculated by applying their respective formulae.Seeds were homogenized in 0.1 M tris HCl extraction buffer and centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant was used to determine the isoenzyme and polypeptide banding pattern by the process of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The results obtained from seed germination studies concluded that,in respect to germination parameters, the seeds collected from Saknidhar and Basnal sites have better and stable performance than the others. The polypeptide and isoenzyme banding pattern in different seed samples exhibit similarity in number of bands but difference was observed in color intensity of bands. Such variation in seed germination parameter or in intensity of bands may be an adaptive feature of these populations due to facing different environmental conditions.
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Propranolol Hydrochloride Loaded Nanospheres: Development and Characterization

Dharna Allawadi*, Ashwani Kumar, Neelam Singh, Sukhbir Singh, Sandeep Arora Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India Nanotechnology is widely used for delivery of various drugs to the body for increasing the bioavailability, reducing toxicity and controlled release.Nanospheres are the solid particles which are spherical in shape, having the particle size range between 1-1000 nm and having better bioavailability. In nanospheres, the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed in the matrix system of the polymer. Nanospheres of Propranolol Hydrochloride were prepared by using solvent evaporation technique with different concentration of Eudragit RS100 and Eudragit RL100 polymers. The different formulation factors like drug: polymer ratio, concentration of solvent, stirring speed, stirring time on particle size, drug encapsulation, drug efficiency, surface morphology, and process yield and drug release behaviour was studied. The in-vitro performance of nanospheres were evaluated by recovery efficiency, particle size analysis, surface topography (using scanning electron microscopy), drug-polymer compatibility (using differential scanning calorimetry) and drug release studies. The single emulsion solvent evaporation method used for nanospheres preparation was suitable in the particle size range between 265.67 3.98 nm, the encapsulation efficiency was 74.67 2.56% (w/w) and the process yield was 83.23 1.23% (w/w). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that nanospheres were having spherical in shape. FTIR showed no potential chemical interaction between the drug and polymer used. In vitro release studies revealed that drug release from nanospheres followed Higuchi kinetics. It concludes that a controlled release of Propranolol Hydrochloride suitable for preoral administration has been achieved.
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OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IN-VITRO CULTURE OF C. SINENSIS AND ENDEMIC NATURE OF ITS ASSOCIATED ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI
Praveen Kumar*, Santosh Kumar Singh and Brijmohan Sharma *Department of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, S.B.S. (P.G.) Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun(U.K), India. Cordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba) has been shown to give off a number of beneficial effects that may be useful in the commercial sectors. Its metabolites will be highly useful on economic scale. Enhanced production of useful metabolites based on cell culture could be used for its commercial production.The objective of the present study is to optimize & induce cell culture of Yarsagumba in vitro &to isolate its associated endophytic fungi residing inand to evaluate their association and symbiotic effectiveness with the host plant and also assess its socio-economic aspects of trade in herbs and medicinal plants.The in vitro cultivation of C. sinensis incubated at 25C on the pH 5-7 for one week by using PDA medium. Different fungal colonies were observed on selective media. These different fungi were isolated and identified by their colony character, spore size and shape. Out of the few isolates, different types of associated fungi with cordyceps sinensis were screened viz. Acremonium strictum, Altenaria solani, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma sp, Colletotrichum sp, Curvularia sp, Thielaviopsis sp. and Verticillium sp. However the growth rate of the cordyceps sinensis was found to be very slow as compared to other associated fungi. Major Bioactive metabolite/s in Cordyceps is targeted in cell cultures such as Cordycepin [3'-deoxyadenosine] and cordycepic acid [d-mannitol],through protein profiling to evaluate the effectiveness of the fungi, whether the high medicinal properties of the C. sinensis is due to its own effect or due to the secretion of the secondary metabolites by the associated endophytic fungi. Correlations among different treatments and the investigated
helpful for scientific exploration for the presence of the fungus in different parts of the high altitude, document the occurrence and status, of the wild population and prepare a strategy to avoid its uncontrolled exploitation as well as sustainable harvesting of the Cordyceps fungus. By preventing the black marketing of Cordyceps, farmers will be benefitted economically because of it highly price. This might be highly economic and eco-friendly to the state.
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physiological parameters have been calculated using an MS-EXCEL program. The present work may be
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CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRESH FRUIT EXTRACT POTENTIATE SUN PROTECTION WHEN APPLIED EXTERNALLY AS COSMETIC PREPARATION
Heena Agarwal*, Piyush Agarwal1, Anju Goyal2
*
B. N. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur 313001, India; 1Geetanjali Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur 313001, India; 2B. N. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur 313001, India.
UV (200-400nm) radiationa terrible enemy of the skin induces photoaging and in some cases causes photo carcinogenesis. The distinguished major bands are UVA (400-320 nm) and UVB (320-290 nm) and UVC (290-200 nm). Between these UV-A and UV-B are mainly responsible for skin hazards such as sunburn, cutaneous degeneration, photosensensitivity, phototoxicity, & ectinic elastisis.Studies have been performed on various plants (Helichrysum, Rrangula, Chamomole, Hamamelis virginiana, Cinnamomum zeylanicum &Rosa damascene etc). Total extracts which contains phytoconstituents like flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and cinnamate etc also play valuable role in sun protection, if they are applied directly on the skin. In the series of sun protectants,Cucumis sativus plant is widely exploited since long time and found best as traditionally used plant. Cucumis sativus extract contains 90% water (cooling action), amino acids, proteins, lipids, and Vitamin C that serve as an antioxidant that help soothe, calm skin irritation, and relieve puffy skin. Some of the minerals found are magnesium, potassium and silica; silica helps reduce wrinkles and fine lines by tightening of collagen and scavenges free radicals, improves antioxidant status, inhibits the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes like (COX-2), and prevents overproduction of nitric oxide.Its extract has anti-inflammatory qualities as well as anti-itch which are good for cuts, burns and bug bites; the moisture-regulating is perfect for
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revitalizing and hydrating.
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Variability of essential oil and -asarone in different agro climatic population of Acorus calamus Linn
Arvind Kumar1*, V. K. Varshney2, and H. S. Ginwal3 Chemistry Department, Doon College of Engineering and Technology, Premnagar, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India 2 Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun-248 006, Uttarakhand, India 3 Genetics and Tree Propagation Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. IPE Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248 195, Uttarakhand, India Acorus calamus Linn. (Family Acoraceae) found in different agro climatic regions in India upto an altitude of 2200 m. Its grown in the temperate zones of Europe, East Asia, North America and also frequently cultivated. It iseminent aromatic plant of immense medicinal value. The bioactive plant part is rhizome, which is a major source of an essential oil called calamus oil commercially used in pharmaceuticals, fragrance and flavour industries.The major bioactive constituent of the oil is -asarone. The concentration of -asarone depends on the altitude, geographical distribution and ploidy level of the plant. The present study indicated the variability of essential oil and -asarone in different agro climatic population. The A. calamus collected from different agro climatic regions of India and cultivated in germplasm bank were analysed and compared.The rhizomes were shade dried and hydrodistilled to produce essential oils. -asarone content was determined by analysing the essential oils using GC-FID. PCA analysis has shown the significant variation in essential oil of wild and cultivated populations.
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Antibacterial activities ofSapindus mukorossi Lextract against pathogenic bacteria Shigella flexneri
Alka Sahrawat, Sushma Pal* and Sushil Kumar Shahi Bio-resource Tech Laboratory, Microbiology Department, CCS University, Meerut-250005, India Leaves of Sapindus mukorossi Lwere extracted using different organic solvents and were investigated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of Shigella flexneri. The organic solvent extract had significant activity with the ethanolic, benzene and etanolic extracts demonstrating the highest activity against the test pathogens. The activities of the extracts were compared to standard antibiotics, chloroamphenicol, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and erythromycin and extract found the highest activity against tested bacteria. Highest activity (20-25 mm zone of inhibition) was demonstrated against Shigella flexneri. Increase in temperature enhanced the activity of the extract while alkaline pH decreased the activity. The MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged between 6.25 12.5 g/ml. The extract also exhibited potent activity against strain which showed associated resistance to antibiotics. Thus the solvent extracts from Shigella flexneri may be used for prevention and treatment of antibacterial infection.
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In vitro micropropagation for conservation of endangered medicinal herb Withania somnifera

Nishesh Sharma1*, Saurabh Saini2, Varnika2, Prity2
12-
Jacob School of Biotechnology , SHIATS , Allahabad (U.K), India Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical & Natural Science,Dehradun (U.K), India
With ever increasing developments in field of medicine the contribution of medicinal plants is most significant Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng is one of the most commonly utilized medicinal plant for health management and treatment of ailments ever since the practice of traditional medicine to modern medicine. Withania exhibits many medicinal properties such as anti inflammatory, anti stress, anti tumor, antioxidant, antineoplastic effects, rejuvenating tonic, immunomodulatory activity, cardioprotective activity and hypothyroid activity. The biologically active chemical constituents are alkaloids (ashwagandhine, cuscohygrine, anahygrine, tropine etc), steroidal compounds including ergostane type steroidal lactones, withaferin A, withanolides A-Y, withasomniferin-A, withasomidienone, withasomniferols A-C, withanone etc. Withanolides are the major chemical compounds and are mainly localized in leaves and their concentration normally ranges from 0.001% to 0.5% dry weight. There is urgent need to conserve and to faster intensify the crop.Immense medicinal potential of Withania somnifera as depicted by various studies conducted indicates that modern research should be encouraged for further exploitation of the drug to evaluate the efficacy and determine safe limits of the drug alongwith development of more approved drugs. Ashwagandha is either propagated vegetatively by cuttings or seeds. But vegetative propagation is time consuming. The plant has become endangered due to the over exploitation of the plant for medicinal purposes.
Withania somnifera. Since it has immense scope in rapid propagation of the plant. In the present study different PGR combinations have been utilized for obtaining callus, multiple shooting, in vitro flowering which can be utilized for conservation of endangered plant. kinetin in combination with NAA have proved to be most suitable combination for multiple shoot induction. TDZ in all concentration from 2 um to 15 um resulted in multiple shooting and in vitro flowering at higher concentrations.
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Therefore novel techniques like plant tissue culture can be used in micropropagation and conservation of
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Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Artemisia maritima L. grown in Uttarakhand Himalaya
Manindra Mohan1*, Richa Seth1, S.P. Mital1, Prashant Singh1, Sanjay Gupta2
1 2
Department of Chemistry, DAV (PG) College, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand (India)
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, SBS (PG) Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun-248161, Uttarakhand (India)
The Himalaya regions of the Uttarakhand, India is famous for its biodiversity and rich flora of diverse aromatic and medicinal plants and serves as a model for conservation and development due to its great geological formations and eco-climatic regions. The medicinal and aromatic plants are important source of raw materials for traditional as well as modern medicine. The essential oils and some of their constituents obtained from these aromatic plants are used not only in pharmaceutical products for their therapeutic activities but also in agriculture, as food preservatives and additives, in cosmetics and perfumes as well as other industrial applications. Artemisia maritima is an important species of family Asteraceae. Plants aerial parts were collected at flowering stage from naturally growing population of Joshimath of the Chamoli district of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Air dried aerial parts were used to extract essential oil using Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h and analyzed. Thirty seven compounds were identified using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Major constituent of essential oil was 1,8 cineole (25.0%), whereas, other major constituents were chrysanthenone (17.8%), germacrene D (7.4%), borneol (3.4%), trans-pinocarveole (2.6%), -elemene (2.6%), chrysanthenyl acetate (2.3%), trans-caryophyllene (2.3%) etc. The essential oil was also tested for its microbial analysis against foodborne pathogens and showed potential activity. The results suggested that the microbial activity of artemisia maritima L. can be due to the presence of alcohol and ketons such as 1,8 cineole and chrysanthenone, which are present in the oil as the main constituents.
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REVIEW: IS RASPBERRY EFFECTIVE AGAINST WEIGHT LOSS?

Meenu Kharb Assistant Professor, Swift School of Pharmacy, Swift Group of Colleges, Ghagger Sarai, Rajpura, Punjab, India Raspberry ketone, also known as rheosmin and chemically as 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, is one of the most expensive flavoring agents in the food industry ($20,000/kg). Natural raspberry ketone is not extracted from raspberries, which have very low raspberry ketone content. It can also be synthesized chemically, but this product cannot be labeled as a natural flavor. Additionally, "natural" raspberry ketone is produced via microbial synthesis. Raspberry ketone is structurally similar to synephrine and capsaicin.A MEDLINE search generated 3 studies of raspberry ketone for weight loss: 2 in rodents and 1 in vitro with no human studies.A study in mice fed a high-fat diet and raspberry ketone (2% of total diet) showed that raspberry ketone prevented weight gain and elevation of liver and adipose tissue weight, which the authors attributed to increased norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in white adipocytes. A study conducted decades earlier reported no effects on the body weight of rats given raspberry ketone 100 mg/kg, a dose up to 200 times greater than the estimated dietary intake in humans. In vitro research suggests that raspberry ketone might increase secretion of adiponectin, which is involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and in body weight. The safety of oral raspberry ketone in humans is unknown. Given the chemical similarity of raspberry ketone to synephrine and capsaicin, patients with conditions that increase the risk for cardiovascular adverse events, such as hypertension, should avoid raspberry ketone. Without research in humans on the efficacy and safety of raspberry ketone for weight loss, raspberry ketone should not be recommended.
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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FILM COATED IMMEDIATE RELEASE OF DELORATIDINE Shailendra S Bisht*1, Sugandha Varshney1, Manoj Bhatt2
TABLETS
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shree Dev Bhoomi Education Science and Technology, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemwati Nandhan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttrakhand, India
Desloratidine is a non sedating long acting histamine antagonist with selective peripheral H1-receptor antagonistic activity.After oral administration desloratidine selectively blocks peripheral histamine H1 receptor.The objective of this research work was to formulate and evaluate the film coated immediate release (IR) tablets of Desloratadine 5mg. The tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation methods. The formulation F-2 to F-6 were optimized by incorporating varying composition of starch 1500 as Disintegrant, Microcrystalline Cellulose (Avicel pH 102), Di-tab (Calcium Phosphate Dibasic Dihydrate), Talc, HPMC 6 Cps and 12 Cps as a coating agent. The different excipients were tested for their compatibility with Desloratadine, which revealed that there was no chemical and physical interaction occurred. The preformulation parameters such as bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and hausner ratio were analysed for prepared granules before compression. The thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time and drug content uniformity was evaluated for core and coated tablets. The effect of these variables on the drug release profile of Desloratadine was also studied. The In-Vitro drug release studied were performed in the USP Apparatus-II (Paddle) using 0.1N HCl as a dissolution media and also performed in the multimedia like Water, Acetate buffer (pH-4.5), Phosphate buffer (pH-6.8), at 50rpm speed and temperature of 37c 2c. The sampling was done at periodic time intervals of 5, 10,15,20,30 and 45 minutes and was replaced with equal volume of dissolution media after each withdrawal. The cumulative amount of drug release at different time interval was estimated,based on the evaluation result trial formulation was selected as the best formulation. These results indicated that the selected formulation was stable during the test period of accelerated stability studies The In-vitro drug release profile of the drug was compared with marketed reference product of Desloratadine 5mg (Aviant). All the evaluated result was found to be satisfied with the USP limits.
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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORALLY DISINTEGRATING SALBUTAMOL SULPHATE TABLETS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERERNT PROPORTIONS OF SUPERDISINTEGRANTS
Ankit Kumar*, Ajay Kumar, Anupama Singh, Vikas Anand Saharan Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161, India Action of three different superdintegratns, viz., croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and Indion 414, were individually or in binary combinations were studied for their fast disintegrant action in Oral Disintegrating Tablet (ODT) formulations of salbutamol sulphate. Total twenty batches of salbutamol
sulphate ODTs were prepared by direct compression. Fifteen batches contained binary mixture of superdisintegrants in the formula (batch F1-F15). Formulations were prepared in three different combinations A, B and C. In each combination two super disintegrants were used and five batches were prepared in superdisintegrant ratios, 10:90, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 90:10. Total amount of superdisintegrant in the formulation was fixed as 25 mg in the tablet weighing 200 mg (12.5% w/w). Three batches were prepared with individual superdisintegrants (batch F16-18) and batches F19 and F20 were prepared from marketed ODT excipient blends Prosolv-ODT and F-Melt respectively. All ODT tablets disintegrated in 32 s or less than 32 s. Among all these batches, F3 was the fastest disintegrating formulation with disintegration time 19.283.11 s (batch F1-F18). Results of F3 were compared with the batches F19 and F20 and found in good agreement for various evaluation parameters. Formulation F20 was hygroscopic, while F3 did not suffer this disadvantage. F3, containing croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate was most promising formulation among all the studied binary superdisintegrant blends. Thus we may conclude that superdisintegrants in combinations may give additive and/or synergistic effects in increasing the disintegration of ODTS which may be due to their different mechanism of disintegration action.
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Studies of food and feeding inter-relationship of Mystus Seenghala with reference to growth from hill streams in Doon Valley, Uttarakhand
Geeta Rauthan1, JVS Rauthan2, M.S. Kandari3 and Manoj K. Purohit4 1. Department of Zoology, M.K.P. (P.G.) College, Dehradun, India 2. Department of Zoology, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun, India 4. Department of Zoology, S.G.R.R. (P.G.) College, Dehradun, India Mystus seenghala (Sykes) is widely distributed in all the major rivers of India. It is one of the important catfish contributing to the commercial catches in the hill streams in Doon Valley. The fishery of this species has already been described by Saigal and Motwani (1961) who rank this fish as only next to Hilsa in commercial importance in Ganga river system. The studies made so far with regards to different biological aspects of Mystus seenghala are given by Bhatt (1970). But no work has bee done on the interrelationship between predator size and specific variation of with relation to fish growth. Therefore, the present papers study analysis the feeding ecology of Mystus seenghala with reference to fish growth in hillstreams in Doon Valley.Food and Feeding habits of freshwater cat fish Mystus seenghala were examined by the gut contain analysis. Their food consisted mainly teleosts, diptera, ephemerophtera, coleoptera, odonata, plecoptera, hemiptera decapoda, and miscellaneous items. The utilizaiton of food groups in different seasons have been correlated with their occurrence. Preferential feed spectrum with reference to fish group is also pointed out. The present results describe that the broadest nutritional spectrum was found in 2nd and 3rd year classes which utilized nine food groups, while the 4th and 5th year classes fish consumed only two food groups.
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Cardioprotective Potential Tecoma Stans Leave Extracts

Ichha Chandola*1, Neha Singh1, Versha parcha1& Yogita Dobhal2
1 2
Department of Chemistry, SBSPGI Balawala, Dehradun, India
Department of Pharm. Science, SBSPGI Balawala, Dehradun, India
Myocardial Ishchemia occurs when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds the oxygen supply, in this the oxygen derived free radicals are known to play a vital role in genesis of various cardiovascular disorder. If this conditition is not reversed, myocardial infraction precipitate .Reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium can restore oxygen supply which causes a burst of oxygen consequent generation of free radicals, resulting an imbalance of anti oxidative process.In a Present study we have taken leaves of Tecoma Stans collected from the S.B.S. PGI. Campus and were then subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with different solvent after drying the leaves in shade for 7-9 days.Further extract were evaluated for there cardioprotective action in Ischemic and reperfussion injury induced myocardial infraction in rats .LDH and CK-MB were taken as a cardiac markers to evaluated the cardioprotective action. The results of the groups administered with extracts at a dose level of 100mg/kg were compared to that with the standard trimetazedine(35mg/kg).From the study it can be concluded that the ethylacetate extract showed the good cardioprotective action amongst all extract, which could be attributed to phytochemical constituent present in ethylacetate extract like carbohydrate, phenolic, alkaloids or flavonoids and further investigation on this could lead to identification of noval cardioprotective agent from Tecoma stans. Moreover some extension work in this direction could also lead to explore the extract mechanism of action of these drugs.
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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF KETOPROFEN

Meenakshi Bharkatiya* B. N. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur. (Rajasthan), India Transdermal drug delivery systems are topically administered medicament in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at a predetermined and controlled rate. Ketoprofen is a non-steroid antiinflammatory drug with analgesic and antipyretic action. It is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and a variety of other acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of the present investigation is to formulate and evaluate transdermal patches of Ketoprofen and to study the release kinetics of drug with a view to prevent its gastric irritation and to achieve a controlled release with improved bioavailability and better patient compliance.Matrix type transdermal patches were prepared by solvent casting technique employing a mercury substrate by using the combinations of Ethyl cellulose/PVP, Eudragit RL100/PVP and HPMC/PVP employing Dibutylphalate as a plasticizer. The screened formulations were casted using Olive oil, Clove oil and Eucalyptus oil and Castor oil as a penetration enhancer. The patches were evaluated on the basis of physicochemical parameters and in vitro drug permeation studies. The patches exhibited uniform thickness, weight and good uniformity in drug content. Transdermal patch of Ketoprofen prepared with hydrophilic polymer combination HPMC: PVP showed best in vitro skin permeation as compared to other film formulations. Olive oil gave the best flux in enhancing the skin permeation of Ketoprofen. Hence it can be concluded that the desired polymeric matrix TDDS of Ketoprofen could be used
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successfully effective and prolonged delivery.
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In Vitro Antibacterial and Pharmacological analysis ofMedicinal plants: An important Antidrug resistance activity of Medicinal plants
Niraj*,S.N Sharma,Deshraj,Sumita,Deepak,Prabhat Deptt.of Life science,C.M.J University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India R&D Deptt.Akums Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Sidcul, Haridwar, India Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism to survive and multiply in the presence of antimicrobial agents that would normally inhibit or kill this particular kind of organism. More bacterial pathogens with multiple drug resistance are being reported worldwide .As a consequence ,many bacterial organism,including major human and animal pathogens such as
Mycobacterium,Salmonella,E.coli,S.aureus,Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas aeruginosa species have become resistant to antibiotics. A resistance is the ability of an organism to survive in the presence of concentrations of a chemical which are normally lethal to organisms of that species. Antibiotic resistance is commonly used to describe the situation when the concentrations of antibiotic needed to kill the bacteria cannot be achieved at the site of infection In present study we have done the antimicrobial effect of medicinal plant extract such as Cassia fistula,Allium sativum,Aegle oblonga,against marmelenos,Phyllanthus drug resistant embellica,Solanum pathogens nigrum,Glycyrrhiza such as
glabra,Salacia
Mycobacterium,Salmonella,E.coli,S.aureus,Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Phytochemical study of above mentioned plants and their respective antimicrobial and pharmacological study have been done.
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Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and photonuclease activity of quinoline isonicotinic hydrazone Nickel (II) complexes
Sangeetha Gowda K.R*, H. S. Bhojya Naik*, C.N. Sudhamani Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta-577 451, India
New bidentate Schiff base ligand N'-[(E)-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide and their Ni(II) complexes [Ni(L)2](PF6)2 (1), [Ni(L)(phen)](PF6)2 (2) and [Ni(L)(bpy)](PF6)2 (3)were synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral studies. The binding of these complexes with calf thymus DNA was investigated by absorption spectra, viscosity measurements and thermal denaturation studies. The results indicated that Ni(II) complexes interact with DNA with intrinsic binding constant comparable to that of classical intercalators. The photo induced cleavage studies revealed that the complexes show photonuclease property against pUC19 DNA under UV-visible irradiation. Detailed analysis revealed that the metal complexes intercalates into the DNA base stack as intercalator and exhibit photo cleavage.
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Pharmacological modulation of farnesyltransferase subtype I attenuates mecamylamineprecipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice
Thakur Gurjeet Singh*, Ashish K Rehni, and Sandeep Arora Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura 140401, Patiala, Punjab, India Farnesyltransferaseis noted to mediate a number of signal transduction cascades involved in the causation of nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Therefore, the present study has been designed to investigate the effect of FTI276 trifluoroacetate, a selective inhibitor of farnesyltransferase subtype I, on the development of nicotine dependence in a mouse model of mecamylamine induced nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Our experimental protocol consisted of administration of nicotine, (2.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously), four times daily for 7 days. In order to precipitate nicotine withdrawal, mice were given one injection of mecamylamine (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p), 1 h after the last nicotine injection on the test day (day 8). Behavioral observations were made for a period of 30 min immediately after mecamylamine treatment. Withdrawal syndrome was quantitated in terms of a composite withdrawal severity score and withdrawal syndrome related anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze test results. FTI-276 trifluoroacetate markedly and dose dependently (p<0.01) attenuated mecamylamine induced experimental nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice measured in terms of withdrawal severity score, jumping frequency, nicotine induced hyperalgesia by tail flick method and withdrawal syndrome related anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze test results. Thus, it is suggested that FTI-276 trifluoroacetate is involved in the development of nicotine dependence induced precipitation of withdrawal syndrome and thus, may serve as a viable pharmacological target to tackle the problem of nicotine
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addiction.
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ANTI BACTERIAL PROPERTY OF LAVENDULA INTERMEDIA LEAF

Somesh Thapliyal1*, S.P. Dhanpal 2 and Vilas Deshmukh2
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNBGU, Srinagar Garhwal, India

2
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS college of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
Lavendula intermedia are hybrid species of Lavendula. angustifolia and Lavendulalatifolia belonging to family Lamiaceae. Ethanomedicaly plant is used for digestive complaints, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, detoxifying, febrifuge, hepatobiliary, stimulant & sedative. Phytochemically presence of rosmarinic acid confirmed in the plant. Essential oil of Lavendula intermedia leaf was extracted by hydro
distillation method. Essential oil were screened for anti bacterial activity by cup plate method against the strain Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Klebsella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii. The essential oil showed the significant antibacterial activity against all strain. The maximum antibacterial activity was found against Bacillusmegatorium&Staphylococcus aureus. GC analysis of essential oil showed the presence of 20 compounds, Out of which concentration of cineol was present in essential oil was 13.23%.
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Antibacterial activity of volatiles of Cyclospermumleptophyllumagainst plant pathogens

Charu Singh*, S. Singh, Chitra Pande and G. Tewari Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University,Nainital 263 002, Uttarakhand, India
Medicinal plants and herbs have been the preferred sources of active molecules which become lead compounds for the manufacture of various pharmaceutical products.Aromatic and medicinal plants produce a wide variety of volatile aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils have been recognized for many years. The essential oil composition of Cyclospermumleptophyllum(Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson syn.Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell.ex Benth., family Apiaceae (Umbellifereae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods (MIC).The oil of C.leptophyllumwas dominated by monoterpenes, which account for 89.4% of the oil. The study indicates the presence of high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes (78.7%) of which the main constituents were thymohydroquinon dimethyl ether (62.0 %), thymol methyl ether (9.2 %) and carvacrol methyl ether (7.5 %). The oil was evaluated for antibacterial activity against two Gram positive (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) andfour Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erwinia herbicola, Aeromonas salmonicida and Escherchia coli). Cyclospermumoil showed maximum activity against E. herbicola followed by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.
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EFFECT OF AQUAGENIC AND LITHOGENIC FACTORS ON NEPHRO, URETRO AND UROLITHIASIS

Kumar Ajay1*, Singh Neetu1, Srivastava Ankita1, Swaroop Kavita2
1
Department of Biotechnology, Mewar Institute of Management, Sec-4C, Vasundhra, Ghaziabad, U.P201012,India

2
Department of Biotechnology, Mewar University, Rajasthan, India
Our study aims to explore different lithogenic and aquagenic factors which lead to the formation of renal calculi. To interpret this, a standard questionnaire is prepared based on the available review data which includes all the variable dietary informations and other physiological parameters responsible for renal calculi. A study sample size of individuals (n=500) varies 19-65 years of age belongs to Delhi and NCR region. Of the 500 individuals more than 35 percent of individuals shows routine consumption of vegetables items includes eggplant, okra and ginger. 77 percent of the total individuals showed routine consumption of seasonal vegetables includes radish, carrot and spinach. 85 percent of the total shows routine uptake of whole wheat, grains, gram, black-pepper, soybean and nuts. 82 percent of the total individuals shows regular seasonal uptake of grapes while 35 percent of total shows routine uptake of strawberry and kiwi. Among beverage consumption 92 percent individuals takes tea, coffee, carbonated drink cola in routine while 46 percent takes Juice- apple, Grape, orange in routine and 75 percent takes whisky, beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages. In order to study the effect of potable water on the formation of renal calculi, water samples were collected from 20 different residential places (RPs) of Delhi- NCR and characterize for pH, calcium, magnesium and sodium.
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Qualitative Analysis of Java Citronella in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand

Anju Bhatnagar*, Dept. of Chemistry, D.B.S(PG) College, Dehradun (U.K), India
Qualitative analysis of two varieties of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterians) was taken during summer, rainy and winter seasons of Garhwal Himalayan. The citronella java is the perennial aromatic grass, the leaves of grass rich essential oil content. The oil is very valuable and wide application in pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. The essential oil content varied from 0.53-1.73%, in cultivars Manjusha and
Mandakini. Major oil component of both the varieties were citronellol, geraniol citronellal geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate and limonene. In Manjusha and mandakini citronellal content was higher in summer (35.39% and 33.90%) followed by rainy season (29.52% & 31.57%) While cultivar of mankakini has recorded maximum citronellal content during rainy season while manjusha was found to geraniol rich variety.
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Impact of Boerhaavia diffusa on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of novice smokers
Deepti Malhotra1* and Amir Khan2
1
Department of Biotechnology, SGRR (PG) College, Dehradun (U.K), India

2
Department of Biochemistry, SBSPGI, Dehradun (U.K), India
Use of medicinal plants has been a highly esteemed source of herbal medicine throughout human history. Medicinal plants are now-a-days widely being used for treatment of various diseases due to their natural therapeutic values.Boerhaaviadiffusa is one such medicinal plant which belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae,traditionally known as Punarnava in India. Its antioxidant property can be utilized for treatment of many diseases.Smoking has been strongly regarded as a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases like pulmonary ailments, cancer and atherosclerosis. In this study we investigated the efficacy of antioxidant property of ethanolic extract of B.diffusa by analyzing all the parameters in plasma,TC,TG,VLDL-C,LDLC,HDL-C,HDL2-C,HDL3-C,TBARS,MDA and invitro oxidizability of LDL in presence and absence of extract of B.diffusa after smoking. All the lipid parameters in plasma increased due to smoking. B.diffusa significantly decreased the overall oxidative burden and effectively elevated the above altered parameters. Hence recommendation of daily intake of B.diffusa by young smokers may be useful for prevention and treatment related to smoking of tobacco linked health issues such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Development and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Aceclofenac

Khushboo Khanna*, Animesh Gairola, Urmi Chaurasia, Anupama Singh, Vikas Anand Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161, India This studyaimed to develop and evaluate matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system containing aceclofenac with different ratios of hydrophilic (HPMC), (Na-CMC) and hydrophobic (ethyl cellulose) polymeric combinations by the solvent evaporation technique. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The results suggested no physicochemical
incompatibilitybetween the drug and the polymers. 13 transdermal patch formulations consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulohse, ethyl cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose wereprepared. All formulations carried tween-80 as penetration enhancer and PEG-400, glyceryl triacetate asplasticizer in water &ethanol as solvent system. The prepared transdermal patches were evaluatedfor in vitro release, weight variation, moisture content, folding endurance, thickness, drug content and swelling studies. The diffusion studies wereperformed by using modified Franz diffusion cell. The formulation, F10 showed maximum release of 98.18% in 4 hrs, where as F2 showed maximum release of 93.22% in 8 hrs. Formulation, F9 showed minimum release of 41.4 % in 8 hrs. Hence F2 (EC: HPMC; 3:2) which exhibited good physicochemical properties and best in-vitro release was the optimum formulation. So it can be reasonably concluded that aceclofenac can be formulated into the transdermal matrix type patches to sustain its release characteristics.
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Biochemical Alterations due to combined Methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo and Azadirachta indica on liver of Sprague dawley rats
Abdul Lateef Khanday1, Rayees Ahmad Naik, Kusum Singh2 and S.Singh3
1
Entomology Research Unit, Post graduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir Srinagar, India
2
Institute of Basic Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P), India

3
D.A.V (P.G) College, Dehradun, India
Dalbergia sissoo,known as Shisham belongs to family Leguminoseae(Fabaceae) is broadly used in folk medicine for several diseases.Azadirachta indica is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae commonly known as Dogonyaro or Neem. The present study is carried out to investigate the biochemical rol e due to combined methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo and Azadirachta indica on Liver of Sprague Dawley rats. Female albino rats were divided into two groups:one groups served as control which was fed on animal diet, the second group served as experimental which receives a dose level of 250 mg/kg of combined methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissio and Azadirachta indica plants. Protein concentration was estimated in liver homogenate using the Lowery method (1951) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as standard. Also glycogen concentration was estimated in tested organ by using Siefter method (1950). Result showed significant decrease for both acute and chronic studies in proteins and glycogen contents at 250mg/kg dose level.
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Optimization of ITS amplification and its role in molecular phylogenic studies in Aconitum heterophyllum
Nidhi Srivastava1*, Vikas Sharma2, Barkha Kamal3 and Vikash S. Jadon3
1
S.G.R.R. (PG) Degree College, Pathri Bagh, Dehradun, India

2
ARNI University, Himachal Pradesh, India
Sardar Bhagwan Singh P.G. Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun, India
ITS (for internal transcribed spacer) refers to a piece of non-functional RNA situated between structural ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) on a common precursor transcript. Read from 5' to 3', this polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript contains the 5' external transcribed sequence (5' ETS), 18S rRNA, ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2, 28S rRNA and finally the 3'ETS. ITS region is nowadays being used to know the genetic diversity among different medicinal plants species by sequencing the ITS gene. Keeping in view the significance of ITS, Four primer sets were used for the amplification of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) and IGS (Inter Genic Spacer) corresponding to the cpDNA and mtDNA of the genome of Aconitum heterophyllum. Optimized PCR Reaction Conditions: (1) Initial Denaturation: 94oC for 1 min.(2) Annealing: 54oC for 1 min (Tab A-Tab B, Tab C-Tab D and Tab E-Tab F); 62oC for 1 min (ITS 1-ITS 2) and (3) Extension: 72oC for 2 mins. Steps 1-3 were repeated for 39 cycles. After completion of cycles, extension time was extended to 10 minutes, so that all the dNTPs hybridise with the template strand. The PCR products were sequenced by Automated DNA Sequencing Method. The result of sequencing was submitted to GenBank using Bankit program. The Bankit number of ITS sequences of Aconitum heterophyllum obtained are 1477523 and
the other species of the genus Aconitum. Thus, ITS has been found as the efficient tool for identification and phylogenic studies of the species at the taxonomic level by comparing the generated data with the existing database.
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1477528. A search for similar ITS region sequences from GenBank showed higher sequence similarity with
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IN VITRO SEED GERMINATION ANDPROPAGATION OF KAGDI LEMON (CITRUS

LIMON L.) Rajiv Nayak, Dharshita Patel, Pinkal Patel* and Ram. S. Suthar Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya Gandhinagar (KSV), India In vitro propagation may play an important role in rapid mass in vitro propagation of lemon. Plants produced through in vitro propagation are true to type and are free from diseases. The present investigations were carried out to standardize surface sterilization of explants, suitable explants type for culture establishment, growth regulators for shoot multiplication and rooting, and to evaluate suitable hardening process. The various concentrations of HgCl2 and NaOCl tried for surface disinfection. The explants viz. seeds, embryo and node were tried. It was observed that complete embryo gave the best results and emerged as suitable explants for lemon culture establishment. Among different concentration of MS medium MS medium gave early and maximum seeds germination. In all the combination of plant growth regulators the highest number of shoots regeneration was observed in growth regulator 1.0mg/l 2,4D containing medium. Embryos germination were observed on 0.4mg/l NAA & 1.5mg/l BAP containing MS. Root Initiation was observed in combination MS + 0.5mg/l BAP.
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Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of Plumbago Zeylanica L

Rajat Singh 1*, R.K.Bachheti1, Reena Purohit2 1.Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (U.K), India 2. Sai Institute of Paramedical and Allied Sciences, Dehradun (U.K), India In the present study, an attempt was made to determine the antimicrobial activity of crude powder Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethanol and Water extracts of the stem of Plumbago zeylanica against E. coli, B. cereus, S. typhi, S. mutans, B.pumilus, B. licheniformis, Listeria monocytogenes, A. niger, A. flavus, Nigrospora oryza and fusarium. The preliminary antimicrobial analysis was carried out using well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts were then determined. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Plumbago zeylanica stem showed the presence of Carbohydrates, Protein & amino acids, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Sterols and Phenolic compounds. Based on the results obtained in the present study, Plumbago zeylanica definitely possess potent antimicrobial activity against most of the selected pathogens and can be used in treating various diseases caused by the organisms.
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SYNTHESIS, EVALUATION AND IN SILICO STUDIES OF PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS ANTI-CANCER AGENTS

Upendra K. Jain1, Richa K. Bhatia1, Ruchika Garg2*, Raghuram Rao Akkinepally3, Ranjit Singh4
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India -140307; 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manav Bharti University, village Laddo, Solan; 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, A. P, India - 506 009; 4 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shobhit University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India 250110
Novel triphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives (4a-f) have been synthesized by condensation between different chalcone derivatives and phenyl hydrazine using absolute ethanol and alkaline media. Chalcone derivatives were prepared from claisen condensation of appropriate aldehydes (alkoxy and halo aromatic aldehydes) and acetophenones (alkoxy, phenoxy and halo aromatic acetophenones). Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using 1H-NMR, IR and Mass spectral details.The title compounds have been tested for their anti-neoplastic activity. It is pertinent to mention here that compound (4d) was the most active against lung cancer cell line. Hypothetical binding mode of the ligands with interleukin-1beta convertase has also been outlined here in order to study triphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives (4a-f) as possible anticancer agents.
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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF CALLUS AND LEAF EXTRACT OF GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE
Sheeba Usmani1*, Mohd Mujeeb2, Mohd Amir2, Tanuja Pathak1
1
Assistant Professor, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun, India; 2Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-62, India
Gymnema sylvestre (commonly known as Gur-mar) belongs to family Asclepiadaceais a traditional medicinal plant, with reported use as a remedy for diabetes mellitus, stomachic and diuretic problems. The plant extracts are also used in folk, ayurvedic and homeopathic systems of medicine. The present investigation evaluates the in vitro antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and callus of Gymnema sylvestre in various models. The quantitative estimation of phenolic and flavanoids compound was done by UV spectrometric analysis. In vitro antioxidant activity of the leaf and callus extract was carried out by reducing power and superoxide anion scavenging method. It was found that both the plant extract and callus extract possess significant antioxidant activity. The reducing power of the extracts increased with the increasing amount of the concentration. In vitro antidiabeticwas carried out by -amylase inhibition study. It was found that both the leaf extract showed (IC50 -36.9 g/ml) and callus extract showed (IC50 -35.2 g/ml). They both showed concentration dependant -amylase inhibitory activity.The in vitro studies indicate that the ethanol extract of leaves and callus of Gymnema sylvestre has significant invitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.
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Haematological Investigation after long term feeding of LD25 dose of certain antioxidant food additives in a mammal
J.V.S. Rauthan1*, Geeta Rauthan2 and M. S. Kandari3
1
Fisheries Research Lab, Department of Zoology, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun; 2Department of Zoology, M.K.P. (P.G.) College, Dehradun, India
Antioxidants are substances capable of slowing the rate of exidation in auto-oxidizable material. Antioxidants are commonly added to human and animal food to protect unsaturated lipids and other material from spoilage by exidative degradation. In the present study mice were fed for 90 days with LD25 of BHA (Butylated hydoxytoluene) and BHA (Hydroxy anisole). Out of 50 only 35 survived. Haematological studies are carried out on both treated and control mice of both sexes. Total erythrocyte count, Total Leucocyte count, Differential leucocyte count, Platelet count, Haemoglobin content, E.S.R., Packed Cell volume percentage, Bleeding time, Coagulation time, Mean corpuscular volume, Mean haemoglobin percentage concentration were recorded. Observations were based on the mean values of 35 mice. Readings for both sexes were recorded separately. Our haematological data indicates neutrophilia due to tissue damage, Anaemia, increased E.S.R., in BHT fed mice and increased MCV and MCH in both BHT and BHA. The present observations regarding the deleterous effects of BHA and BHT, so commonly used is food processing industry would help to review the status of these substances by concerned agencies.
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ANTITUMOR POTENTIAL OF LUFFA ACUTANGULA AND DENDROPHTHOE FALCATA

Lalit Singh Chauhan* Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. L. S. University, Udaipur (Raj.), India
Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of the 20th century and spreading further continuously and increasing incidence in 21st century. Cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases, characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth, local tissue invasion, and distant metastases.Cancer is caused by both internal factors (tobacco, chemicals, radiations and infectious organisms) and external factors (mutation, hormones, immune conditions). Dendrophthoe falcata, a parasitic plant,belongs to the family-Loranthaceae;popularly known Vanda has a widespread occurrence in India and is having good cytotoxic activity. It is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments as bronchitis, asthma, blood pressure, tumors, inflammation, hiccough, epilepsy, helimenthiasis etc. Chemically it is rich in flavonoids; viz. quercetin, kaemferol, rutin, quercetrin etc. as well as it also contain catechin, gallic acid, ellagic acid and chebulinic acid. Ellagic acid, a dietary polyplenol, show significant antiestrogenic activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells at low concentration (10-9M-10-7M) and estrogenic activity in osteoblasts (induced mineralization), without any effects on endometrium-derived epithelial cells. Another plant Luffa acutangula, (Family: Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as Ridge gourd and tiroi is a widely growing vegetative climber. The fruits are baseball club shaped. It was found to contain carbohydrates, carotene, fat, protein, phytin, aminoacids, alanine,
Various pharmacological activities include hepatoprotective activity, antidiabetic activity, antioxidant activity, fungistatic property, CNS depressant activity etc. Potent cytotoxic activity also has been observed in some cell lines. Though many activities of L. acutangula were reported, its potential as a pharmacological aid has to be still explored.
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arginine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, leucine, lectin, serine, tryptophan, pipecolic acid.
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Hazard of Diclofenac in Asian Vultures: A Review

Sarla Saklani, Shubham Srivastava*, Abhay P. Mishra, Subhash Chandra Dept. of Pharma Chemistry, H.N.B.G.U. Srinagar Garhawal, Uttarakhand. 246174, India Diclofenac has now been banned for veterinary use in India because of the damage it is causing to the vulture population - but is still being used illegally. The provision of supplementary food at vulture restaurants is a well-established tool in the conservation of vulture species. Among their many applications, vulture restaurants are used to provide a safe food source in areas where carcasses are commonly baited with poisons. Rapid and extensive declines of vultures in the Indian subcontinent have been attributed to the toxic effects of diclofenac, a pharmaceutical used in the treatment of livestock, to which vultures are exposed while feeding on the carcasses of treated animals. A vulture restaurant was established at the Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis colony at Toawala, in Punjab province Pakistan, to test the effectiveness of the technique in modifying ranging behaviour and mortality at the colony. Six male vultures were fitted with satellite transmitters to describe variation in movement and home-range during periods when safe food was alternately available and withheld at the vulture restaurant. There was considerable variation in individual home-range size (minimum convex polygons, MCP, of 1,824 km 2 to 68,930 km 2), with birds occupying smaller homeranges centered closer to the restaurant being more successful in locating the reliable source of food. Fixes showed that 3 of the tagged vultures fed at the vulture restaurant and the home-range of each bird declined following their initial visit, with a 2359% reduction in MCP. Mean daily mortality during provisioning was 0.072 birds per day (8 birds in 111 days), compared with 0.387 birds per day (41 birds in 106 days) during
each day and spend proportionately more time in the air during the late brooding and post-breeding seasons. Attendance at the vulture restaurant also declined during this period with fewer birds visiting less often and no tagged vultures visiting the vulture restaurant at all. These findings indicate that vulture restaurants can reduce, but not eliminate vulture mortality through diclofenac exposure and represent a valuable interim measure in slowing vulture population decline locally until diclofenac can be withdrawn from veterinary use.
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non-provisioning control periods. Vultures tended to occupy greater home-ranges, cover greater distances
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Phytochemical, in vitroantimicrobial and antioxidant activity evaluation of essential oil from Erigeron annuus (L.)Pres.
Vinod Kumar*1, C.S. Mathela1, Geeta Tewari1, Amit Panwar2 and Veena Pandey2
2
Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, Nainital 263002, India Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital 263002, India
The present study was to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, in vitro antimicrobial andantioxidant activity of essential oil of Erigeron annuus from Kumaun Himalayan region of Uttarakhand which was commonly usedas in Chinese folk medicine for the treatment of indigestion, enteritis, epidemic hepatitis and
haematuria.The essential oil were obtained by hydro-distillation of the areal part and analysed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry system (GC/MS) for their chemical composition. The oil contained monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and polyacetylenic esters. Among the mono and sesquiterpenoids, germacrene D (10.35%), -caryophyllene (3.07%), caryophyllene oxide (2.73%) were the major constituents and polyacetylenic esters contain cis- lachnophyllum ester (68.09%).The antioxidant activities of essential oil and standard antioxidant compound were examined using various antioxidant assays, such as DPPH, Scavenging of superoxide radical by alkaline DMSO, reducing power, metal chelating ability and phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant assay method.The results revealed that E. annuus oil and isolated compound were more efficient in DPPH free radical scavenging with IC50 values of 3.398 mg/mL (R2= 0.785) and 9.90 mg/mL (R2= 0.785) respectively compare with the scavenging effects of ascorbic acid and BHT. This oil also exhibited excellent chelating effect with IC50 value of 3.11 mg/mL (R2= 0.839) which is greater than that of isolated compoundwithIC50 value of 34.93 mg/mL (R2= 0.958). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed using selected microbial strains by well diffusion method. The essential oil showed significant antimicrobial activities when the zones of inhibition values were compared to those of the standard.
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A REVIEW OF FUNGI FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Suman Lata Gupta*, Gazala Rizvi, Manish Singh Paijwar, P.N. Chowdhry and Nidhi Anand
Department of Botany, Institute of Basic Science.Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), 284128, India *National Center of Fungal Taxonomy, Inderpuri, New Delhi-110012, India Many fungi are useful to humans and have been exploited both industrially and commercially. The oldest and best known example is the use of yeasts performing fermentation in brewing, wine making and bread making, colors and flavors. Fusarium venenatum is mixed with bindings and flavorings. Some of the largest industries in the west are based around production of alcohol and bread. Enzymes are also used to make food more edible or desirable by removing, adding or modifying components such as vitamins. Fungi are a common contributor to the processing of foods. Certain fungi produce a range of compounds that alter the color of food. The biocatalytic production of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) replaced chemical synthesis in the early 1990's. It is now commercially produced by fermentation of the ascomycetous Ashbya gossypii. While, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium corylophilum, P. cyclopium, P. funiculosum and Rhizopus stolonifer, have been proved commercially viable to produce Gibberellin (GA). Fungi make an extraordinarily important contribution to managing disease in humans and other animals. Penicillin from Penicillium chrysogenum.Cephalosporins from Cephalosporium.Cyclosporin from Trichoderma polysporum and
Cylindrocarpon lucidum, Gliotoxins produced byAspergillus fumigates, other important abortive Alkaloids are commonly produced by Claviceps paspalii.Since large quantities of enzymes from Penicillium roqueforti,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Yarrowia lipolytica are often needed for industrial usage, fermentation. The utilization of new and emerging fungal enzymes in industrial production will present new occupational exposures. Allergen, like -Amylase (from Aspergillus oryzae), -Amylase (Rhizopus delemar), Cellulase, Xylanase and Hemicellulase (Humicola insolens), Lactase (Aspergillus oryzae ), Lipase (Rhizopus oryzae), Phytase (Rhizopus oligosporus ) for adverse health effects in their work place.
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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TRIDAX PROCUMBENS ON VITAL ORGANS OF ALBINO RATS
Vinita Ahirwar*, Kusum Singh, Sapna Rani, Farhan Ali & Nazoora Saleh Aali Department of Zoology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P) India
Green plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractable and used as chemical feed stocks or as raw material for various scientific investigations. Many secondary metabolites of plant are commercially important and find use in a number of pharmaceutical compounds. However, a sustained supply of the source material often becomes difficult due to the factors like environmental changes, cultural practices, diverse geographical distribution, labour cost, and selection of the superior plant stock and over exploitation by pharmaceutical industry. Weeds are the plants, which grow where they are not wanted. They grow in the fields where they compete with crops for water, soil nutrients, light and space and thus reduce crop yields. They also harbor insects, pests and micro-organism. Tridax procumbens Linn (Asteraceae) is medicinal weed and locally known as Ghamra. It has been found to possess various significant medicinal properties such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, antinflammatory, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, analgesic, hemostatic, cardiovascular and wound healing etc (Mundada & Shivhare, 2010). The plant has been found to contain various flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, carotenoids and tannin etc (Ikewuchi et al, 2009). Present study is therefore done to study the histological changes in Liver and Kidney of albino rats due to oral administration of crude extract of Tridax procumbens at a dose concentration of 300mg/kg b.wt and 600mg/kg b.wt for duration of 7, 14 and 21days. Due to administration of
in cortical as well as medullary region.
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doses mild histopathological alterations were observed in liver; however kidney showed remarkable changes
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Immunomodulatory effect of hexane extract of Drymaria cordata Willd.

Vishal Raina1*, Sushma Koul2, Aruna Bhatia3and Satish k. Sharma1 1- Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu, India 2 - Biodiversity and Applied Botany, IIIM (CSIR), Jammu, India 3 - Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
With the increase in incidence of immunological disorders like AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, cancer, inflammatory problems or environmental factors, the focus is back on alternative medicines. The present study is a step in this direction, the hexane extracts of Drymaria cordata plants were evaluated for their immunomodulatory potential in swiss albino mice. The blood samples and spleen were collected from animals immunized with SRBC to check the humoral and cell mediated immune response, the various parameters employed were CRLB cell enumeration, weight of spleen, nitro blue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT), inducible nitric oxide (INOS), phagocytosis and SRBC antibody titre. There was significant increase in humoral response and the macrophage functions in extract treated animals as compared to control animals which show that this plant extract has immunopotentiating activity.
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Response of biofertilizer supplementation on yield and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant expression in Calocybe indica
Satish K Sharma1*, Alok M. Lall1, Abalisha A. Lal2, Vishal Raina3 and Mamta Sharma4 Department of Biochemistry and Bioprocess Technology, SHIATS Allahabad .1 Department of Plant Pathology, SHIATS Allahabad.2, India Biotechnology Centre, FOA SKUAST-Jammu, India Department of Biotechnology, Soolni University Solan HP, India
Mushrooms are commonly grown with inorganic and organic supplements added to their substrate. The modulation of the mushrooms is used now-a-days in the form of medicine for curing certain chronic diseases.Mushrooms has a potentiality to produce antioxidants which are capable of deactivating/destroying substances called free radicals follow either enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways. The aim of this study is to improve the production and enhance the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants of the milky mushroom (Calocybe indica).The mixing of biofertilizers @ 5% in compost at the time of spawning leads to an
enhancement in mushroom yield upto 50% as well as lesser growth of competitor moulds on compost during spawn run phase. In case of non-enzymatic antioxidant in the sample, supplementation of biofertilizer increased their levels i.e Vit. A (4%), Vit.C (2%) and Vit.E (1%) as compared to control. The striking feature of present work is to the usage of mushrooms as medicine as in the dry form when there is certain unstable conditions for the usage of mushroom in the fresh form.
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Remediation of contaminated soils by using Ocimum basilicum

Girish C. Kharkwal*, Chitra Pande, Geeta Tewari Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
Phytoremediation is a green technique for metal clean up from contaminated soils. As medicinal and aromatic plants are mainly grown for secondary products (essential oil), they appear to be a good choice for phytoremediation since the contamination of the food chain with heavy metals is eliminated. A green house experiment was undertaken to study the phytoremedial capacity of the Ocimum basilicum on metal contaminated soil. Heavy metal analyses in soil and plant (on dry weight basis) samples were performed on an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GBC-902 Avanta Sigma Model, Austalia) using acetylene gas as fuel and air as an oxidizer and essential oil analysis was done by GC and GC/MS. O. basilicum showed vigorous growth with no remedial capacity for cadmium treated soil. In O. basilicum, the percentage of linalool was significantly increased (22.4 % in control to 50.2%) in copper amended soil while the methyl chavicol content was greatly reduced from 71.1% in control to 14.7%. The content of chavicol and methyl cinnamate increased from 0.3 in control to 7.8 and 0.3 to 5.5 respectively. As linalool is an important precursor to vitamin E, the significant increase in the plants growing in copper contaminated soil, has to be reassessed since it can be used for isolation of this volatile compound. Transfer factor was higher for copper amended soils as compared to lead amended soils and was highest for 300 mg kg-1 amended soils.
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Nanoemulsion vaccines for effective protection against viral diseases

Amandeep Kour*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Vipin Kukkar Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
Many infectious diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world, could be preventable through vaccination. The effort to producesafe, thermally stable, and needle-free mucosal vaccines has become increasingly important forglobal health considerations. Nanoemulsion vaccine is one of the recent expansions in trail of these efforts. It is a novel technique for vaccinating against a variety of infectious diseases using an oil-based emulsion placed in the nose, rather than needles and based upon mixture of soybean oil, alcohol,water and emulsified into ultra-small particles, size range from less than 400nm or1/200th the width of human hair. Upon vaccination, the surface tension of nanoparticles disrupts membrane and destroys the microbes but not harm to the human cells due to their location within body tissue.Nanoemulsion vaccines are highly effective at penetrating the mucous membrane in the nose and providing both mucosal andantibody immunity, as well as Th1 cellular immunity, an important measure ofprotective immunity. In recent studies, nanoemulsion vaccines have proved able to produce a strong immune response against viral diseases such as smallpox and HIV. Nanoemulsion smallpox vaccines may offer protection equal to that of the existing vaccine, without the risk of using a live virus or the need foran inflammatory adjuvant such as alum hydroxide. HIV Vaccinesadministered in the nose would be able to induce mucosal immunity in the genital mucosa and therefore may be very important for protection against
nanoemulsion based intranasal and intramuscular RSV Vaccine for protection against highly contagiousRespiratory Syncytial Viral disease. With these new advancements, nanoemulsion platform is competent to develop new strategies toward vaccination from very diverse materials.
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HIV as HIV virus can infect the mucosal immune system. One more recent study has reported potential of
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Grapefruit-drug interaction: Assessing risks & benefits

Amandeep*, Bhawana Kapoor, Kamaljot Kaur, Vipin Kukkar Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice are commonly consumed fruit/fruit juices. Researchers found that grapefruit juice can significantly increase blood levels of many drugs ensuing food-drug interaction. This interaction poses a dual outcome by means of its potential side effectsalong with some unusual benefits. Grapefruit contains a chemical called furanocoumarins which is produced by plants often as a defense mechanism against predators. It is the chemical, mainlyresponsible for making drugs more potent byinteracting with an enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4, naturally produced in our intestines.This enzyme sits in the lining of the intestines and is involved in the metabolism of some drugs, controlling the amount that enters the bloodstream.Grapefruit juice appears to stop this enzyme from working, preventing the drugs from being absorbed through the intestine and elevating the circulating level of the drug in the body that results serious side-effects or accidental overdose.The range of drugs affected by grapefruit is vast and covers virtually every type of medicine, from painkillers and sedatives to drugs that fight cancer and lower blood-pressure.The side-effects of mixing grapefruit with these medicines vary hugely from common illness to kidney or heart failure, liver damage or even sudden death. Besides abovementioned risks and overdose hazard of grapefruit, it can be used beneficially in a controlled fashion to increase the availability and efficacy of certain drugs. Research says that grapefruit juice can give a dramatic boost to anticancer drugs by increasing their bioavailability or reducing
cost of cancer treatments are very problematic for a lot of patients, this food-drug interaction could really be a boon in terms of affordability of these drugs.
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their optimum dose that would cause the best anticancer benefits with the least amount of side effects. As The
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1a
Rinku Arora* and 2GK Sehgal Fisheries Research Complex, Department Of Zoology and Fisheries and Limnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. India. 1b School of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. India. 2 Limnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. India.
Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development and Hatching Success of Goldfish, Carassiusa auratus (Linn.)
1a,b
Effect of salinity (2, 4 and 8 ppt against tap-water control) on the early life-history of stages of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn.) var. Shubunkin was studied during different months (November 2006, and January, March, May and October, 2007). Embryonic development was affected by salinity but only during initial period (upto 30, 12 and 6 hours during January, October and May). The incubation period (IP) was not affected by salinity, although, it was under the effect of water temperature (WT). The IP ranged between about 26 h in May (WT = 27.2 0.00oC) to 147 h in January (WT = 15.6 0.00oC). The salinity did not have any effect on the hatching success either. However, the hatching success differed considerably during different months of study. The first hatching time varied between 24 h in May to 142.4 h in January. The 50% hatching time was recorded to be 26 and 147 h in May and January, respectively. Similarly, the complete hatching time varied between 30 h in May to 171 h in January. Rate of hatching was 100% at all salinity levels during all the months. Although, the salinity significantly affected normal hatch, it was quite high (upto 93.3%) even at 8 ppt salinity level. Similarly, the differences in abnormal hatch and dead hatch at different salinity levels were statistically significant.
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No-Needle Mesotherapy: A recent approach for skin treatment

Ankit Gupta*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Vipin Kukkar Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
Mesotherapy is a non-surgical treatment which employs multiple injections of pharmaceutical and homeopathic medications, plant extracts, vitamins, and other ingredients in minute doses using specialized short needles and specific techniques into the mesoderm, the layer of fat and tissue underneath the skin. The therapy is effective for a variety of purposes including treatment of numerous skin conditions like cellulite, skin ageing, stretch marks, wrinkles, scars, acne, hyperkeratosis, unwanted fat deposit etc. Although traditional mesotherapy has been successful in body shaping, and skin rejuvenation it has some limitations that include pain and side effects due to the needle delivery process such as stinging redness, swelling or a burning sensation. Additionally, recovery time between treatments also limits its success. No-needle mesotherapy is a revolutionary technique working as a modern alternative to traditional injection mesotherapy method in which sequence of specialized electrical currents and low temperatures are used to carry the substances into the tissue.By using the principles of electroporation and electroosmosis, no-needle
mesotherapy assist to melody the muscle, lymph drainage, promote metabolism, lymph and blood circulation, so as to decrease, wrinkles, whiten skin, keep moisture and improve cellulite. It uses synergistic effect of laser stimulation and thus allows entry of drugs and nutrients in deep tissues with higher absorption rate up to 99%. Being a safe, relaxing non-intrusive treatment with zero downtime and no side effects, it represents a promising novel approach towards management of widespread cosmetic problems.
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PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF IN SITU AND EX SITU DERIVED HERBAL EXTRACTS OF BOERHAVIA AND BACOPAA PILOT STUDY
G. Tejovathi*, Pratima Srivastava* and GBKS Prasad** *Department of Life Science and Technology, Boston College for Professional Studies, Gwalior, 474 006, MP, India; **School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474 011, MP, India Plants are important major source of natural products used in pharmaceutical industries. In Ayurveda, the oldest system of medicine, Charak and Sushruta described various plants along with their medicinal values. The use of herbs in traditional medicines continues to expand rapidly across the world. Increase in the demand for these compounds has resulted in the alternate approaches such as biotechnological approaches especially plant tissue culture approach, for the increased production of these compounds. Scientific approaches for the Pharmacovigilance of these herbal medicines,hence, needs to be analyzed. Boerhavia diffusa and Bacopa monnieriare two most prominent herbs used in the ayurvedic formulations for the liver disorders. In the present study, we report the comparative analysis of hepatoprotective activity of in situ and ex situ derived herbs- Boerhavia diffusa and Bacopa monnieri; using CCl4 intoxicated swiss albino mice as model system and serum SGOT and SGPT levels as biochemical markers for liver function. The effect of Boerhavia diffusa and Bacopa monnieri ethanolic extract was analyzed separately, using 6 animals in a Group ( control- I, intoxicated control- II, intoxicated+ in situ extract-III and intoxicated + ex situ extract- IV)for each plant. Mice subjected to oral administration of 1ml (5%) CCl4 per day (Group II, III and IV), as compared to the control (Group I), showed increased levels of SGPT, and SGOT indicating the injury of liver. When these (Group-III and Group IV) animals were simultaneously administrated with CCl4 and ethanolic extract of in situ and ex situ plant extracts of Boerhaviaas well as Bocopa showed recovery from the liver injury. The level of SGPT and SGOT reduced in Group III as well as Group IV, as compared to Control (Group-I) and Intoxicated control (Group-II). The pilot studies confirms the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extracts of in situ plants of Boerhavia and Bacopa and the ex situ plants as effective as the in situ plants, further, the ex situ as alternative approach for the increased production of the valuable bioactive molecules of pharmacological significance.
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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnO NANORODS AND NANOFLOWERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN ANTIBACTERIAL COATINGS
Sulaxna Sharma1*, Sarika Sharma2, V.Agarwala2,3 and P. Gopinath3
2
THDC-Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology, B.Puram, Tehri Garwhal Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIT Roorkee and3Centre for Nanotechnology, IITRoorkee, Roorkee-247667, (UK), India
NHPBMS/POSTER/ROLLNO./246 1 International Conference on New Horizons in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, (NHPBMS-2013), in association with International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR).
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This study mainly aims at developing novel electroless nanocomposite coating, Ni-P-ZnO by conventional method on mild steel /aluminium substrates and to investigate their antibacterial effects. Nanorods and nanoflowers of ZnO will be used for these coatings. Nanorods and nanoflowers of ZnO for this study have been synthesized by sol-gel method using ethanol and methanol as an organic solvent, respectively and ethylene diammine (EDA) as capping agent. In 10 mL zinc nitrate hexahydrate (0.2M in methanol or ethanol) solution (Sol) to which 0.24 ml EDA was added under dark conditions with constant stirring at 300 rpm. For the Gelation 10M NaOH (4.03g in 10 ml) was added drop wise, a white gel was observed and the stirring was continued further for 24 hours for ageing of gel. After gel is formed, the treatment with high energy ultra sonicator for 2 hours was carried out. The collected samples were washed by adding 50 mL of distilled water and after centrifugation for 5 minutes, a clear cake of precipitate was observed. The supernatant was decanted carefully and this process was repeated thrice with water. Similar washing was done with respective alcohol for easy removal of water. The color of reaction product is white color The cake of precipitated samples was dried at 110 0C for 12 hours, in oven. After cooling, the samples were scraped off, collected and stored. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, FESEM-EDAX and TEM. The antibacterial activity of synthesized ZnO, has been tested against gram positive Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) andrecombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing antibiotic resistant gram negative Escherichia coli(E.coli ). The concentration of synthesized nanometric ZnO has been varied and the MIC and MKC values were determenatin by visual turbit from 0.5 mg/ml to 7 mg/ml against a gram positive Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) andrecombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing antibiotic resistant gram negative Escherichia coli(E.coli ).The antibacterial action of ZnO was investigated by visual turbidity analysis, cell viability assay, optical density analysis and fluorescence microscopy. The optimization of ZnO concentration suggests that 2 - 4 mg/mL concentration of ZnO inhibited the growth of bacteria. The cell morphology was investigated by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy. Zone of disc method has also been used to determine their activity againstAcinetobacter calcoaciticus,Pseudomonas auregonisa, Serratia marcenses,Staphylococcus aureus andE.coli results have been interpreted in mm length of diffusion zone.
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Study of Role of Heredity in Cancer in the population of Himachal Pradesh

Monika Panchani * Asst. Professor, VGC, Mandi, H.P., India Medical genetics is the aspect of human genetics that is concerned with the relationship between heredity and disease. Through genetics a number of specific disorders have been identified as being genetically caused. Increasing trend of cancer incidence has necessitated the human to work for cancer prevention and treatments. Cancer is a group of diseases with similar characteristics which can occur in all living cell of the body. It is a multi step process and several alterations are required for a full blown cancer phenotype. Changes in chromosome number and structure are often associated with cancer. According to epidemiological studies, 8090% of all cancers are due to environmental factors of which life style related factor are the most important and preventable. Many cancers do not run in families at all and even in regard to those cancers that generally do, isolated cases crop up in families with no history of the disease. Most cancers are considered sporadic. In people who have sporadic cancers, they do not require several mutations. Most cancers are not hereditary; rather cancer is an acquired condition that occurs later in life. Familial aggregation of cancer occurs when cancers cluster in families and one can statistically demonstrate the risk of disease in families is great than in the general population. A positive family history is a known risk factor for several cancers; thus, obtaining a thorough family cancer history and analyzing the pedigree is essential in cancer risk evaluation and prevention management.Theaim of the study was to determine the incidence of cancer whether environmental caused. genetic/hereditary or
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Diversity analysis and characterization of halotolerant fungi from Goa mangroves ecosystem
Rai A.*, Srivastava A.K., Kumar S., and Arora D.K. National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kusmaur, P.B.No. 06, Mau 275 101, UP, India Goa mangrove region (geographical coordinates: 1405354 N & 150 4000N and 7304033 & 7402013), were characterized by high NaCl concentration (18%), and pH (7.0-8.0) respectively.A total of 58 halotolerant fungal isolates was isolated through serial dilutions of soil samples. Soil analysis of the sample revealed high salinity and moisture content slight alkalinity and low amounts of nitrogen, total organic carbon and organic matter in the habitat. Isolates were identified upto genus level by morphological characteristics as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Allternaria sp., and Cladosporium sp. respectively. Halotolerance ability of all isolates were carried out and found that, 25, 17, 11 and 5 isolates showed growth at 10, 12, 14, and 16% NaCl(w/v) respectively. Characterization of the halophilic fungal isolates showed that they were best adapted to conditions of 12-14% NaCl (w/v),temperature range of 28-350C and pH 7.0-7.5. Molecular characterization of all halotolerant isolates were carried out by ITS-RFLP analysis by using AluI restriction enzymes and found that all halotolerant isolates were genetically diverse in nature.
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CD-3 as a recent tool to detect counterfeit medicines

Ankush Arora*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Kamaljot Kaur
Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
A counterfeit medicine is one which is deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled with respect to identity or source. Counterfeiting apply to both branded and generic product which include products with the wrong ingredients, without active ingredients, with insufficient active ingredients. According to WHO, 25% of medicines consumed in poor countries could be counterfeit or below standard. Technologies are increasingly employed to protect and authenticate products and use the principles on which the protection against counterfeiting is based. They range from simple cost effective printing technologies through optical technology, biotechnology, chemical and electronic fields.The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hasrecently developed a new tool to fight against counterfeit drug productsknown as the Counterfeit Detection Device Number 3 or CD3. The device consists of a small, grey-colored hand-held complex LED batteryoperated machine that is capable ofemitting 10 different wavelengths of lights such as ultraviolet or infrared over products and the surface response is visually observed. The user looks for differences between a known, such as an authentic pharmaceutical package or dosage form that is fluorescent, and an unknown or suspect sample. It can also store a database of known authentic packaging/dosage form images, and can also be used to scan bulk active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) as well as drum materials, plastic packaging materials, drum closure materials etc. The device isaccurate enough to not require the secondary, expensive and timeconsuming testing allow real time comparisons and currently being used to check the presence of counterfeit or unapproved drugs, cosmetics, medical devices and cigarettes at 50 different FDA field labs across the country and has been used to detect almost 100 counterfeit drugs, including rip-offs of genuinemedications such as viagra, crestor, lipitor, tamiflu, singulair, plavix and wellbutrinluckily before any potentially fatalpublic consumption.
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Green tea: An herbal approach to treat prostate cancer

Bhavishya Kumar*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Kamaljot Kaur Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in the United States. Chemotherapy is typically used as treatment modality for advanced prostate cancer that is no longer being controlled by hormonal therapy. Currently, large doses of chemotherapy are requiredwhen treating prostate cancer, resulting intoxic side effects. The chemicals enter the body andwork to destroy or shrink the tumor, but also harmvital organs and drastically affect body functions. Scientists have found a more efficient way to target prostate cancer using green tea. Green tea has been used as a medicine for over five thousand years in Chinese medicine. It contains polyphenols, which are a large group of plant chemicals that include catechins. The most active catechin in green tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which appears to inhibit two proteinsthat promote tumor cell growth and migration- namely, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). In early stages of prostate cancer, consumption of green tea can be used to halt the growth of tumors, and if taken in the appropriate quantities, green tea may be able to prevent prostate cancer from occurring. In case of advanced prostate, EGCG has no effect when consumed in tea but its extract has pronounced effect in eliminating tumors. Combination of EGCG extract with gold nanoparticles is highly efficient to shrink the tumors, and found to reduce tumor volume significantly boththose that are slowgrowing and aggressive, or eliminate them completely. This herbal remedy with revolutionary research could open doors to new treatments for what is still one of thebiggest killer diseases in many countries.
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Magnetic nanoparticles for brain targeted tumor therapy

Deepak Garg*, Kamal Kishore, Vipin Kukkar, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
During chemotherapy, pharmacologically active cancer drugs reach the tumortissue with poor specificity and induce dose-limiting toxicities. It is highly desirable that nanoparticles can not only provide sensitive and specific imaging information in cancer patients but also selectively deliver anticancer drugs to tumor sites. Nanoparticle drug delivery may provide a more efficient, less harmful solution to overcome brain tumor. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with a long blood retention time, biodegradability and low toxicity have emerged as one of the primary nanomaterials for biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. Iron oxide nanoparticles have a large surface area and can be engineered to provide a large number of functional groups for cross-linking to tumor-targeting ligands such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, or small molecules for diagnostic imaging or delivery of therapeutic agents. Iron oxide nanoparticles possess unique paramagnetic properties, which generate significant susceptibility for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is widely used for clinical oncology imaging. We review recent advances in the development of targeted iron oxide nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy.By allowing more specific magnetic targeting of the tumors and minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue.
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Intelligent pills: A loom for customized patient care

Deepanshu Jhunthra*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Mahesh Kataria Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan Adherence to prescriptions is a serious problem, as about half of all patients dont take medications the way theyre supposed to. The problem may take more serious form when patients are prescribed multiple drugs that may need to be taken at different times as in case of neurological disorders. Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease often require patients to receive drugs regularly, sometimes several times per day and for extended periods of time. Compliance with prescription is more important in such conditions. The problem can be answered via a new technology which engages use of intelligent pills containing sensor to monitor patients medication use. The sensor, which is the size of a grain of sandcontains a tiny amount of copper and magnesium and can be put inside a pill or other consumables. Metals present in the device create a voltage used to power the device that creates the resultant signal. Once swallowed, the device gets activated by stomach acid transmits a signal to a patch on the user's stomach that can determine when the item was consumed, as well as other physiological and behavioral metrics including heart rate, body position and activity. Then the information can be sent to a mobile phone app to the patient or their medical caregivers and actual physical use of the medicine can be monitored. The system could therefore prove useful for patients on complex medication regimes via transmitting information about the patient to medical professionals and help them customize care.
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Tear drops: An alternative to blood drops for blood sugar testing in diabetes
Devanand Jarwani*, Deepak Garg, Kamal Kishor, Gopal Singh, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G.L.Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which bodys ability to convert glucose (sugar) to energy gets reduced thereby blood glucose level is increased beyond the safe range. So people with diabetes must monitor their blood glucose levels several times a day to make sure they are within a safe range. Current handheld glucometers require a drop of blood, which patients draw by pricking their fingers with a small pin or lancet. However, some patients regard that pinprick as painful enough to discourage regular testing. Therefore to evade patient discomfort of pricking their fingers for droplets of blood used in traditional blood sugar tests, an electrochemical sensor device has been developed recently that has the potential to measure blood sugar levels from tears instead of blood. The sensor is based on petal shaped sheets of stacked graphene that have glucose oxidase enzyme and platinum nanoparticles deposited on its surface. As glucose converts to hydrogen peroxide, a signal is generated at the electrodes where the platinum particles are. The technology is able to detect glucose in concentrations as low as 0.3 micromolar, far more sensitive than other electrochemical biosensors and efficiently distinguish between glucose and signals from other compounds found in the blood like uric acid, ascorbic acid and acetaminophen that often cause interference in sensors. With its unique feature to sense in all four different human serums (tears, saliva, blood and urine), this new technique presents a platform that might eventually help to eliminate or reduce the frequency of using pinpricks for diabetes testing.
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Fermentation powered drug delivery: A promising approach

Diljyot Kaur*, Bhawana Kapoor, Mahesh Kataria, Vipin Kukkar Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
Fermentation is a metabolic process, which involves anaerobic conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof. Although the primary benefit of fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into preservative organic acids, it may also play a significant role in drug delivery too. Current research has established the importance of fermentation in transdermal delivery of drugs by means of a tiny heat activated and fermentation powered pump which contains bakers yeast and sugar in a small chamber. Addition of water and placement of the patch on the skin causes fermentation of the yeast and sugar. This fermentation generates a small amount of carbon dioxide gas that pushes against a membrane and has been shown to continually pump for several hours. This microorganism- powered thermopneumatic pump is made out of layers of a rubberlike polymer, called polydimethylsiloxane, which is used commercially for diaphragms in pumps. Less bulkiness as compared to other battery powered pumps and long lasting drug delivery due to outstanding ability of yeasts to live for a long time in a dried state are some advantageous features of this fermentation powered drug delivery system. As conventional transdermal delivery limits the use of small sized hydrophilic drugs only, this fermentation based micropump drug delivery may add a innovative approach to modified transdermal delivery for transfer of larger hydrophilic drug molecules beneath the skin.
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Laser powered needle as a promises pain free injection

Goapl Singh*, Deepak Garg, Kamal Kishor, Vipin Kukkar, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Hypodermic needles were first introduced during the 1800s needle-free systems are relatively recent inventions. Needle free injection technology (NFIT) discovered in 19th century in France. Needle-free injection systems are novel ways to introduce various medicines into patients without piercing the skin with a conventional needle. They can take the form of power sprays, edible products, inhalers, and skin patches. Needle-free systems are designed to solve these problems making them safer, less expensive, and more convenient. It is anticipated that these systems will increase the incidence of vaccination and reduce the amount of prescribed antibiotics. Needle-free injection technology works by forcing liquid medication at high speed through a tiny orifice that is held against the skin. Moreover, they should reduce the number of needle stick accidents that have resulted in some health care workers contracting diseases. Today, they are a steadily developing technology that promises to make the administration of medicine more efficient and less painful. Currently many of these needle-free alternative technologies are in the development stage. Companies are still working on producing devices that are safer and easier to use and also trying to find various alternatives which can deliver even more types of medicines.
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Bioremediation of toxic metals using worms

Himanshi Swami*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Mahesh Kataria Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India The use of microorganisms to destroy or reduce the concentration of hazardous wastes on a contaminated site is called bioremediation. It offers several advantages over conventional techniques such as land filling or incineration as it is often less expensive and site disruption is minimal. It eliminates waste
permanently,eliminates long-term liability, and has greater publicacceptance, with regulatory encouragement, and it canbe coupled with other physical or chemical treatmentmethods. Besides above-mentioned advantages, bioremediation has also its limitations as somechemicals are not amenable to biodegradation, for instance,heavy metals, radionuclides and some chlorinatedcompounds. This problem can be somewhat
answered by the use of earthworms that could be used to extract toxic heavy metals, including cadmium and lead, from solid waste from domestic refuse collection and waste from vegetable and flower markets. The method uses mainly three species of earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae, Eisenia fetida andPerionyx excavatesand and the process is known as vermicomposting. The E. eugeniae species was the most effective worm at remediating solid waste and producing rich compost. The digestive system of these worms is apparently capable of detaching heavy metal ions from the complex aggregates between these ions and humic substances in the waste as it rots. Various enzyme-driven process then seem to lead to assimilation of the metal ions by the worms so that they are locked up in the organism's tissues rather than being released back into the compost as worm casts. Thus vermicomposting method is capable of removing about three-quarters of the various heavy metals from solid waste that allows subsequent use of fertilizers use in growing human food without the risk of accumulating heavy metals in crops.
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Recent advancements in ultrasound imaging using microbubbles

Jyoti Rani*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Vipin Kukkar Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Ultrasound imaging or sonography is the most frequently performed imaging technique which uses highfrequency sound waves to view soft tissues such as muscles and internal organs. Although ultrasound represents the safest, fastest and least expensive method of scanning for many types of medical diagnosis, compared with other imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, its image quality is often inferior, and methods for improving image contrast are therefore highly desirable. Development of microbubble contrast has brought new possibilities and advancements in ultrasound imaging with its specificacoustic properties.Microbubbles are small microspheres having mean diameter less than that of red blood cells, injected into bloodstream and get disrupted on application of focused ultrasound. These are composed offluorinated gases encapsulated within a biocompatible shellcomposed of lipids, albumin, or polymers. The shell minimizesthe surface tension at the gas-liquid interface, while thefluorinated gases have low solubility in blood. Both componentsstabilize the gas core and prolong the lifetime. Microbubbles are routinelyused in the clinic toobserve blood flow in the heart, liver, kidneys and for diagnosisand treatment guidance of focal lesions. More recently, microbubble applications exploiting conventional diagnostic imaging platformswith new advancements including development of targeted microbubbles for molecular imaging, porphyrin shell microbubbles with intrinsic ultrasound and photoacousticproperties for enhanced deep tissue imaging , blinking microbubbles with both optical and ultrasound imaging properties for early
modifications, microbubbles are going to be established as one of the successful & routine imaging modalities in imminent days.
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cancer imaging etc. Being extremely potent scatterers of diagnostic ultrasound frequencies with these recent
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Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer

Kamal Kishore*, Deepak Garg, Vipin Kukkar, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitationsof conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific biodistribution and targeting,lack of water solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. To improve the biodistribution of cancer drugs, nanoparticleshave been designed for optimal size(3-200nm),and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. Nanoparticles bind to specific receptors and then enter to the cell. They are also able to carry their loaded active drugs to cancer cells by selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumors, such as their enhanced permeability and retention effect and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to this passive targeting mechanism, active targeting strategies using ligands or antibodies directed against selected tumor targets amplify the specificity of these therapeutic nanoparticles. Drug resistance, another barrier that obstruct the efficacy of bothmolecularly targeted and conventional chemotherapeutic agents, might also be overcomeusing nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have the ability to accumulate in cells without being recognized by P-glycoprotein, one of the main mediators of multidrug resistance, resulting in the increased intracellular concentration of drugs.Multi functional and multiplex nanoparticles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the next generation of nanoparticles, facilitating personalized and tailored cancer treatment.
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Plant derived product for transdermal delivery of macromolecules- A novel approach

Mohit Sharma*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Vipin Kukkar Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Delivery of drugs via transdermal route is advantageous due to absence of first pass metabolism, ease of application and better patient compliance. However, despite these promises transdermal medication has proved challenging as stratum corneum, the outermost layer of skin serves as a barrier for number of drug molecules and only allows lipophillic molecules with a low molecular weight of 300 or less to penetrate.In order to deliver drugs larger than 300 daltons or drugs having hydrophilic nature, mechanical stimulation methods (sonication and electroporation) or chemical permeation enhancers have been used. The enhancers currently used are alllipophillic agents, so there remains a need to identify new classes of enhancers or improved methods thatpermit the delivery of high molecule weight and/or lipophobic agents. An exclusive natural plant derived product has been found to have ability to sneak through the skin at arate higher than that expected based on their size. Avicins, triterpenoid saponins isolated from an Australian desert plant, acacia victoriae have molecular weight greater than 2000 daltons. The unique structure of avicins is composed of sugar residues linked to a fat-soluble core whichplay a key role in allowing the molecules to move into and across thestratum corneum.Penetration of Avicins across the skin might provide design strategies for novel approaches totransport large molecules across the skin. As avicins with their antioxidant properties, exhibit cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects theycould also serve as an important new chemical template for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer via transdermal route. Anti-cancer drugs along with avicins can be
immenseimprovement in terms of convenience for cancer sufferers who must undergo chemotherapy.
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absorbed through the skinrather than through several hours of intravenous administration, that will provide an
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Dry powder inhalers - Recent trends

Naveen Soni*, Arsh Chanana, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Dry powder inhalation (DPI) device presents medication to the patient as a dry powder in a form that can be inhaledorally for delivery to the target lung tissues. DPIs arebolus drug delivery devices that contain solid drug, suspended or dissolved in a non polar volatile propellant or in a dry powder mix(DPI) that isfluidized when the patient inhales. Drug is inhaled as a cloud of fine particles. The drug is either preloaded in an inhalation device or filled intohard gelatin capsule or foil blister disc which are loaded in to a device. A Dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a device that deliversmedication to the lungsin the form of a dry powder. DPIs are commonly used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and COPD although DPIshave also been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Spider venom: As a useful medicine & research tool

Paras Papneja*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Kamaljot Kaur Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Nature being source of diverse bioactive molecule continues to play an important role in fashioning new medicinal ageing. Animals venom and toxin were known as potential bio resource and therapeutic tool to men for centuries. Venom of several animal species and there active component has shown therapeutic potential against cancer and other diseases. Among them spiders are the most successful venomous animals and the most abundant terrestrial predators. There are more than 40,000 species of spiders identified, of which 99% are poisonous. Although venom of some deadly spider specious is able to kill people within an hour, it has numerous practical uses in medical research and may eventually be used to treat numerous diseased conditions. The effectiveness of spider venom is due to number of compound it contains, which have very specific targets. Spider venom is a cocktail of enzymes, peptides, amino-acids and other molecular substances which are usually very small molecules with a low weight. They target, for instance, (anti) coagulant pathways, ion channels, certain membranes or neurotransmitter receptors. Spider venoms are conservatively predicted to contain more than 10 million bioactive peptides, making them a valuable resource for drug discovery and extremely effectual in conditions, such as Alzheimer's, lung cancer and heart fibrillation. The venom of the ant spider lachesana tarabaevi contains a wide variety of antimicrobial peptides such as latarcins 1, 2a, 3a, 4b, 5, and cytoinsectotoxin which are able to suppress chlamydia trachomatis infection.
Funnel Web spider, one of the world's deadliest spiders helps to treat breast cancer. Spider venom could also be an attractive means to develop species specific pesticides.
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Recent studies say that Brazilian Wandering spider toxin may relieve erectile dysfunction and venom of the
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Role of zinc finger in Huntington's disease

Prabhjot Kaur*, Bhawana Kapoor, Ajay Bilandi, Vipin Kukkar Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
A zinc finger is a small protein structural design that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions in order to stabilize the fold. Zinc finger proteins are found naturally in all living beings and can recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. This enables the regulation of those genes to which they are attached. These zinc finger proteins can be used as a powerful tool in treating an ever-increasing list of illnesses. Studies say that zinc finger approach can be to in a challenging manner to various diseases affecting the brain.Currently researches have used this approach in treatment of Huntingtons disease, an inherited genetic disorder. At the root of Huntingtons disease is a specific type of mutation, called a trinucleotide repeat expansion, in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The normal Htt gene contains up to 28 copies of the nucleotide sequence CAG, but this expands to more than 40 copies in the disease-causing allele. As a result of the expanded repeat, insoluble clumps of the Huntingtin protein accumulate inside neurons, causing cell death that leads to uncontrollable movements, dementia and, ultimately, death. In the treatment approach, researchers designed zinc finger proteins containing a DNA-binding site that recognizes the prolonged trinucleotide repeat found in the mutant Htt gene. They then fused this binding site to a protein domain that recruits other molecules that zip closed the chromosomal region containing the Htt gene with the expanded repeatthus hindering production of mutated huntingtin protein. Thus modification of zinc finger protein to block the production of mutated gene may open new perspectives of research for the development of a treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder.
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New imaging agent in diagnosis of Alzheimers disease A promising dye

Parveen Yadav*, Vishal Joshi, Ashutosh Aggarwal, Sudeep Bhardwaj, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, a group of disorders that impairs mental functioning and is progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder. Alzheimer's advances in stages from mild forgetfulness and cognitive impairment to widespread loss of mental abilities. Early diagnosis is more important for Alzheimers and treatment is more effective only when given prior to symptoms and brain degeneration. Accurate early diagnosis is important to rule out other diseases like depression, drug side effects and other treatable problems. Diagnosis is mostly done by taking medical history to identify past medical problems, difficulties in daily activities and use of other medications. Other methods and tools for fairly accurate diagnosis include physical examinations, standard medical tests, neuropsychological testing and brain-imaging scans suchMRI and CT scan. A PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan, the latest in a series using new dyes for detecting Alzheimers at an earlier stage has significantly improves the accuracy of diagnosis by differentiating Alzheimer's disease from other types of dementia. Florbetaben being the most advanced PET tracer enables the detection of beta-amyloid plaque deposition in the brain, a pathological feature associated with Alzheimers disease and other neurologic conditions. It acts by binding to beta-
considerably more data points than any other beta-amyloid tracer trial to date and therefore has proven to be the most anticipated and promising compound for early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimers disease.
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amyloid on both a regional (brain sections) and subject (whole brain) level, a combination that provided
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Magnetically modulated drug delivery system

Rajvinder Singh* Ajay Bilandi, Bhawana Kapoor, Vipin Kukkar Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Magnetically targeted drug delivery by particulate carriers is an efficient method of delivering drugs to localized disease sites. High concentrations of chemotherapeutic or radiological agents can be achieved near the target site without any toxic effects to normal surrounding tissue. The drug and a suitable ferrofluid are formulated into a pharmaceutically stable formulation which is usually injected through the artery that supplies the target organ or tumor in the presence of an external magnetic field. These microcarriers include magnetic microspheres, magnetic liposomes, magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic resealed erythrocytes, magnetic emulsion etc. Thus it is important to develop new drug delivery devices to achieve pulsed delivery of a certain amount of drugs in order to mimic the function of the living systems to minimize the undesired side effects. The pulsed or triggered delivery systems are designed to alter their rate of drug delivery in response to stimuli such as changes in a specific molecule, a magnetic or electric field, temperature, light or mechanical forces. Magnetic drug delivery systems seem to serve as a common function of opening a new vista of a multi-step drug delivery. This review gives the information regarding the all possible formulations that can be designed using magnetism as the drug delivery mode and biomedical applications such as in tissue engineering.
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Colon specific drug delivery systems: A Review

Rakesh Kumar*, Ajay Bilandi, Bhawana Kapoor, Mahesh Kataria Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India In oral colon-specific drug delivery system, colon has a large amount of lymphoma tissue (facilitates absorption in to the blood), negligible brush boarder membrane activity, and less pancreatic enzymatic activity as compared with the small intestine. The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can take place. Colon-specific drug-delivery systems have recently gained importance for delivering a variety of therapeutic agents. The major obstacles to deliver drugs to the colon are the absorption and degradation pathways in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Colon targeting has proven beneficial for local action in a variety of disease conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and colonic cancer. Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, genetically engineered bacteria to produce cytokines, nicotine, and other drugs have exhibited significantly enhanced efficacy when delivered to the colon. Targeting drugs to cancer cells through receptors and ligands have opened up new avenues in the treatment of colonic cancer. Colon targeting has also proven useful for systemic action of proteinpeptide drugs such as insulin, calcitonin. The primary approaches for CDDS (Colon Drug Delivery Systems) namely prodrugs, pH and time dependent systems, and microbially triggered systems have achieved limited success and had limitations as compared with newer CDDS namely pressure controlled colonic delivery capsules, CODESTM, and osmotic controlled drug delivery which are unique in terms of achieving in vivo site specificity, and feasibility of manufacturing process.
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Solid lipid nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery system: An overview

Raypal*, Ajay Bilandi, Bhawana kapoor, Kamaljot Kaur Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Solid lipid nanoparticles introduced in 1991 represent an alternative carrier system to traditional colloidalcarriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric micro- and nanoparticles. The potential of SLN to be exploited for the different administration routes. One of the situations in the treatment of disease is thedelivery of efficacious medication of appropriate concentration to the site of action in a controlled and continual manner. SLNs are particles made from solid lipid particles with a mean photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) diameter between approximately 50-1000 nm, which are dispersed in water or aqueous surfactant solution. Formulation in SLN confers improved protein stability, avoids proteolytic degradation, as well as sustained release of the incorporated molecules. Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophile delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophile drug delivery. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. Different methods of preparation of SLNs based on properties of drug & excipients can be developed & optimized and their characterization can be done by using different techniques like photon correlation spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, DSC etc. In vitro studies for drug release, drug uptake, cell uptake, cell line, ligand binding specificity can be performed. Apart from this biodistribution study can be performed in vivo.
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Orphan Drugs Development- A Review

Sanjay Batra*, Arsh Chanana, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent that has been developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition, the condition itself being referred to as an orphan disease. With the growth of scientific knowledge about genetic defects and other orphan diseases also the development of orphan drugs for treatment of these diseases has increased also. However, orphan drug development often stops in its pre-clinical stage. Why this happens is the subject of this paper. By analyzing orphan drug development within the Netherlands it is tried to identify the barriers present in the Dutch innovation system of orphan drug development. From the tentative empirical results obtained various barriers can be identified. The identified barriers appear to be quite different in nature (e.g. economic, juridical, medical, etc.) but not independent from one another and to be the responsibility of various actors in the innovation system.
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Foods browning and its control

Sunil Yadav*, Arsh Chanana, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India Browning of foods during processing and storage, especially during manufacture of meat, fruit and vegetable products decreases the sensory properties of products due to associated changes in the colour, flavor and softening besides nutritional properties. Therefore, its control isessential to preserve the quality of the food. In the present article, browning mechanisms, andbrowning inhibitors are reviewed. Enzymatic browning (EB) is the result of fast reactions. Even an optimized processingtechnology cannot completely avoid the EB during pulping and pressing of fruit juice, unlessspecial care is taken to avoid oxygen.Browning of fruits is a major problem in the fruit industry and is believed to be one of themain causes of quality loss during postharvest handling and processing. The mechanism ofbrowning in fruits and fruit products is well characterized and can be enzymatic or nonenzymaticin origin.
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Microencapsulation: Advancement in applications

Surender Jalandhara*, Arsh Chanana, Mahesh Kumar Kataria Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan Microcapsule is a tiny sphere including core material/internal phase or fill, coated with/surrounded by wall know as shell, coating or membrane. The usual size range of the microcapsule lies between 1 to 1000 m. The technique is usually applied for targeted drug delivery, protection of the molecule and stability if the core material. Microencapsulation system offers potential advantages over conventional drug delivery systems and also established as unique carrier systems for many pharmaceuticals. This article contains the traditional and the recent applications of microecapsules. The microcapsules is widely applied in pharmaceutical for Novel drug Delivery System (NDDS), latest formulations, Delivery of DNA Vaccines, Pro Drug Approach, Biodegradable and biocompatible material. Other then pharmaceutical microcapsules is widely used in delivery of probiotic, pesticide industry, food technology, beverages and Cell immobilization etc. Although significant advances have been made in the field of microencapsulation, still many challenges need to be rectified during the appropriate selection of core materials, coating materials and process techniques.
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Role of enzyme immobilization in stimulus responsive drug delivery

Vipindeep Kour*, Bhawana Kapoor, Mahesh Kataria, Kamaljot Kaur Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme that is attached to an inert, insoluble material. This can provide increased resistance to changes in conditions such as pH or temperature. Compared with free enzyme systems, immobilized enzymes offer the advantages of having batch or continuous processes operations, rapid termination of reactions, controlled product formation and ease of removal from the reaction mixture. Thus, these systems have been widely used in analysis, medicine, food, chemical industry and biotechnology areas. Besides abovementioned advantages, Immobilized enzyme systems suffer from producing unfavorable effects on their overall catalytic performances, such as the catalysis happened beyond the optimum temperature of enzyme or enzyme could not be released at desirable time. This problem can be addresses by developing a new strategy for enzyme immobilization. Recently role of enzyme immobilization in drug delivery has been explored by generating various stimulus responsive controlled release systems via covalent immobilization of enzyme on nanoparticles as nanoparticles have emerged as an attractive class of drug delivery carriers for therapeutic agents. These systems have capability respond to small external stimulus changes. Many physical and chemical stimuli have been applied to induce various responses of the systems. The physical stimuli include temperature, electric fields, solvent composition, light, pressure, sound and magnetic fields, while the chemical stimuli include pH, ions and specific molecular recognition events. If these systems were used for enzyme immobilization, enzyme would be released at needful time and optimum conditions under which
systems also protect immobilized enzyme from environmental damage and therefore could provide a new and effective alternative for enzyme immobilization in biotechnology. Temperature sensitive systems are probably the most commonly used especially in drug delivery and enzyme immobilization research.
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enzyme could perform its highest catalysis ability thereby yielding optimum application conditions. These
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Designer baby: Creating the perfect child

Vishal Joshi*, Parveen Yadav, Sudeep Bhardwaj, Ashutosh Aggarwal, Bhawana Kapoor Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan
Advanced reproductive technologies encompasses a range of techniques for manipulating oocytes and sperms to overcome infertility; to stimulate ovulation, surgical methods for removing oocytes and for implanting embryos, in vitro and in vivo fertilization, as well as micro manipulating and cloning embryos. Today it is possible to choose the sex of the embryo using advanced reproductive techniques during in vitro fertilization (IVF). These advanced reproductive techniques also allow parents and doctors to screen embryos for geneticdisorders and select healthy embryos. This new concept is termed as Designer Baby. Techniques of creating designer baby allow doctors and parents to reduce the chance that a child will be born with a genetic disorder. The first method is to sort out a sample of the father's sperm and only fertilize the egg with either 'male' sperm or 'female' sperm. The second method is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which is used to screen-out embryos likely to have a genetic disease. Genetic screening of embryos using the techniques of sperm selection and PGD are sophisticated ways to avoid a growing number of genetic diseases. PGD is an adjunct to assisted reproductive technology, and requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to obtain oocytes or embryos for evaluation. Using these technologies, it is possible to create the perfect designer baby by selecting for desired non medical traits of a child, such as gender, hair color and other cosmetic traits, athletic ability, or intelligence.
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Effect of Catharanthus roseus and Camelliasinensis against oral and wound culture
Preeti Singh1*, Shozeb Javed2; Dept. of Biotechnology, Beehive (PG) College of Advance Studies, Dehradun. U.K., India Medicinal Herbs and plant extract are now generally considered as effective medicinal plant to be respected and appreciated and they play a major role in modern pharmacy. There has been an explosion of scientific information concerning plants, crude plants extracts and various substances from plant as medicinal agent. The aim of present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of various solvents (Chloroform, Carbon tetra chloride, Acetone) extract of leaf and stem of the Catharanthus roseus, and Camellia sinensis.Five human pathogenic micro-organisms such as Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Proteus vulgaris, and Proteus mirabilis.Antibacterial activity was found in Camellia sinensis plant showing zone of inhibition in Carbon tetra chloride extract of leaf and stem against Streptococcus gordonii 10mm and 11mm, respectively. Acetone extract of leaf against Streptococcus oralis 18mm.Antibacterial activity of Catharanthus roseus was found nil in all the test pathogen. The present study also suggested a wide range of positive reaction of phytochemical screening (Such as Carbohydrates, Amino acid, Phenolic compound, Flavonoids, Terpenoids) of Catharanthus roseus and Camellia sinensis plants.
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Biotechnology & Health

Richa Sachan*, Rohit Uniyal,Dheeraj Singh Chauhan,Meenakshi Bajpai1, Prashant Gahtori2 M.Pharm Scholar, Department of Pharmacy,Uttrakhand Technical University, Dehradun (U.K), India 1 Professer ,Facultyof Pharmacy, Uttrakhand Technical University, Dehradun (U.K), India 2 Assistant Professer.Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttrakhand Technical University, Dehradun (U.K), India Malaria infection imposes a great socio-economic burden on humanity, accounting for 85% of global infectious disease burden and potentially affects 2.02 billion people especially in the tropical and subtropical areas.Plasmodiumresistance to first line antimalarial medicines, such as chloroquine, chlorguanil and artemisinin is one of the major obstacles in the fight against malaria. However, despite the seriousness for a novel cost effective and safe alternatives, drug discovery for malaria is very challenging due to several reasons for instance, affordable therapy as this disease is quite prevalent in the poor resource countries, oral bioavailable drug, high margin of safety, limited good testing procedures etc. Nonetheless, public need for health would always remain undiminished andadditionally, WHO and many experts recommend policies encouraging the research and development of new, cost effective and innovative agents.s-triazine analogues have been already gained substantial attention due to their cost effectiveness. Encouraged by these results, we herein disclose a brief overview of antimalarial potential of some novel s-triazine agents.
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New Horizons in Pharmaceutical &amp; Biomedical Sciences

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KEY NOTE LECTURE

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IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Diversity of Fungi as Human Pathogen

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IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Present Scenario on Cancer Diagnosis and its Treatment in India

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Gender Bias Role of AT2R in Weight Gain

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Synergy in Relation to Herbal and Conventional Medicines

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants of Garhwal Region

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Advancement in Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancement Formulations

permeable drugs remain a significant formulation challenge for achieving therapeutically

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Patents and the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Natural Products and Molecules: Boon to Mankind!

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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significant (p<0.05) in comparison to control group.

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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Drug and nutrient consideration in the biochemical changes of Haemodialysis patients

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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National Centre of Fungal Taxonomy (NCFT), New Delhi, India

Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India

IJPSR, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 12-13, 2013

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In vitro propagation of Bacopa monnieri

New Horizons in Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences

New Horizons in Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences