Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
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For today
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For today
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Recall:
lim f ( x ) = L
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Recall:
lim f ( x ) = L
Alternatively,
lim f ( x ) = L
we could let f ( x ) be as close as we would like to L by taking values of x sufciently close but not equal to a
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Recall: If r, s
representing r and s.
|r s |
s r
|r s |
r s
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Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
xa
L
lim f ( x ) = L
a
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Mathematics 53
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Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
a
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Mathematics 53
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Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0
a
)
a
a+
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Mathematics 53
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Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
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Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
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Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
6 / 19
Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
6 / 19
Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
6 / 19
Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
6 / 19
Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
6 / 19
Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
Mathematics 53
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Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
L+
L
)
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
(
if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally
)
a
a+
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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L?
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For today
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I. Choosing a suitable
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < ,
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then
| (3 x + 2) 5| <
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then
| (3 x + 2) 5| < |3 x 3| <
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then
We choose =
. 3
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Example
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Example
. 3
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Example
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Example
we have
| (3 x + 2) 5|
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Example
we have
| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1|
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Example
we have
| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3
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Example
we have
| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3 = 3
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Example
we have
| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3 = 3
= .
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Example
we have
| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3 = 3
= .
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < ,
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then
| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | <
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then
We choose =
. 5
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Example
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Example
. 5
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Example
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Example
we have
| (5 x + 6) ( 4) |
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Example
we have
| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2|
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Example
we have
| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 =
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Example
we have
| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 = 5
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Example
we have
| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 = 5
= .
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Example
we have
| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 = 5
= .
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < ,
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then
| (4 3 x ) 4| <
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then
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Example
Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then
We choose =
. 3
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Example
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Example
. 3
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
then
| (4 3 x ) 4| =
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
then
| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x |
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
then
| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
then
| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
then
| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3
= .
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
then
| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3
That is,
= .
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Example
. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <
then
| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3
That is,
= .
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Remark
The value of is NOT unique!
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Remark
The value of is NOT unique! If a given > 0 works such that if 0 < | x a| < then | f ( x ) L| <
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Remark
The value of is NOT unique! If a given > 0 works such that if 0 < | x a| < then | f ( x ) L| < then any smaller 0 < will also work
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Remark
The value of is NOT unique! If a given > 0 works such that if 0 < | x a| < then | f ( x ) L| < then any smaller 0 < will also work since if 0 < | x a| < then
| f ( x ) L | < .
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Announcements
Reminder: First Exam is on 5 December 2012, Wednesday. Math 53 Module for Units 2-3 is available (Php 40.00). Copies of the Math 53 Module will be made available in the math library.
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