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Contents
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1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4 5
Fundamentals
Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems Built examples Summary & outlook
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Fundamentals
rankine-process/ compression
Veulleumiercycle
adsorption
chemical reaction
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Fundamentals
heat
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Fundamentals
Thermodynamic process
waste heat T
heat engine
mechanical power P
waste
waste heat T
waste
cooling power T
cold
cooling power Tc o l d
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Fundamentals
1 0,5 0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 evaporator temperature 0C 5C 10C 15C
driving temperature[C]
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Fundamentals
35
50
65
80
95 110 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245
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Fundamentals
COP [-]
55
75
95
115
135
155
175
195
215
0 235
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Fundamentals
COPsol [-]
radiation 200 W/m^2 400 W/m^2 600 W/m^2 800 W/m^2 1000 W/m^2
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Fundamentals
COPsol [-]
temperature [C]
0 200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
65 1000
radiation [W/m^2]
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Fundamentals
n air conditioning: control of indoor air temperature and humidity according to comfort demands n main loads are: conditioning of ventilation air (supply of fresh air) sensible internal loads: persons, equipment, artificial lighting latent internal loads: persons, plants, others (e.g. kitchen) solar loads (windows, glazings) conduction loads (walls, windows)
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return air
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Fundamentals
specific cooling load of conditioning of ventilation air in kWh per m3/h per year supply air temperature: 18C supply air humidity: 8 g/kg
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Copenhagen
0,57 1,43 2
Freiburg
1,95 2,88 4,84
Trapani
5,93 17,59 23,52
Bangkok
28,48 69,33 97,81
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Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning
2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4 5
Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems Built examples Summary & outlook
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process overview
open cycle refrigerant (water) is in contact to the atmosphere dehumidification of air and evaporative cooling 1) solid liquid
typical material pairs market available technology typical cooling capacity [kW cold] typical COP
water - silica gel, ammonia - salt 1) adsorption chiller adsorption chiller: 50-430 kW 0.3-0.7
water - water/ lithiumbromide, ammonia/water absorption chiller absorption chiller: 20 kW - 5 MW 0.6-0.75 (single effect)) 80-110C vacuum tubes
water - silica gel, water lithiumchloride desiccant cooling 20 kW - 350 kW (per Module) 0.5->1
driving temperature 60-90C solar collectors vacuum tubes, flat plate collectors 1) still under development
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45-95C 45-70C flat plate collectors, flat plate collectors, solar air collectors solar air collectors
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system overview
chilled water
backup heater
chiller
desiccant wheel
supply air
ambient air
building/room
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return air
conditioned air
exhaust air
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.
Q
C
.
Q
G
nt a r ige r f re d i u liq
.
Q
Ev
.
Q
A
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n absorption chillers are market available components, mainly employed in combined heatpower-cold systems n chilled water can be used for conditioning of air (dehumidification, temperature decrease) or for cold supply in the rooms (fan coils, chilled ceilings,...) n many products available in the high capacity range (tpyically > 200 kW); only few products with small capacities n driving temperature of single effect machines at > 85C with COP of 0.6-0.7 n driving temperature of double-effect machines at > 150C with COP of 1.2
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condenser
phase 1
adsorber 1
adsorber 2
evaporator
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status of adsorption chillers n adsorption chillers are market available from to Japanese companies n chilled water can be used for conditioning of air (dehumidification, temperature decrease) or for cold supply in the rooms (fan coils, chilled ceilings,...) n cooling capacity range 70 kW - 400 kW n driving temperature starting at 55C n COP at design conditions 0.65
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principles of open cooling cycles (desiccant cooling cycles) n open cooling cycles use the effect of evaporative cooling n production of conditioned air (no chilled water) n potential for application of evaporative cooling is increased by dehumidification of fresh air n thermal energy required for regeneration of the sorbent (desiccant) n separation of cooling and conditioning of ventilation air
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status of desiccant cooling systems n system components and complete systems market available and employed since many years n about 5 producers of wheels worldwide (Japan, US, Sweden, Germany) n driving temperatures for regeneration usable down to about 45C n technology raised attention due to CFCproblem during past 10 years n adiabatic dehumidification process
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75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
temperature [C]
10 2 1 3
6 7 8 9
10 %
20 %
9 11 8
6 5
10
30 % 40 % 50 % 70 % 100 %
bypass heat
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10
exhaust air return air
11
fresh air
humidifiers
7
supply air
1
dehumidifier
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2
heat recovery
6
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75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25
temperature [C]
10
10 % 20 % 30 %
3 9 7 8 2 11 1 4 5 6
40 % 50 % 70 % 100 %
bypass heat
20 15 10 5 0
exhaust air
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
32.5
35
11
fresh air
10
humidifier
7
supply air
1
chilled water
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2
dehumidifier
4
heat recovery chilled water
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20 m2 Flachkollektoren (GreenOneTec/Sonnenkraft) 20 m2 Solarluftkollektoren (Grammer) 2,0 m3 Pufferspeicher (Solvis) Vermessung von Sorptionsrdern vielfltige Verschaltungsvarianten Entwicklung & Optimierung von Regelungsstrategien begleitende Systemsimulationen
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0,2 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
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Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors
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building data
meteorological data
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parameter latitude [ north] annual average temperature [C] annual average rel. humidity [%] annual average humidity ratio [g/kg] annual radiation sum on collector [kWh/m2 ] annual average cooling load [W/m2]
18 15 12 9 6 3 0
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Okt Nov Dec
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assumptions for the comparative study building reference office building with south oriented glazed facades (glazing fraction about 60 %), floor area 400 m2 according to german standard DIN 1946/II 10 % of investion costs according to values on german market (1998) (electricity: 0.08 US$/kWh, 171 US$/kWpeak gas: 0.023 US$/kWh, 4.5 US$/kWpeak ) Copenhagen/Denmark, Freiburg/Germany, Trapani/Sicila
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climatic data
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CCh
HT
heat recovery
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aux. heater
CT
AbCh AdCh HF
warm, humid cooling loads cold, dry
heat recovery
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auxiliary heater
11
10
8
humidifiers
7
warm,humid cooling loads cool,dry
1
dehumidifier
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3
heat recovery
6
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auxiliary heat
warm, humid humidifiers cold, dry desiccant wheel heat recovery CT VPC
VPC = vapour compr. chiller CT = cooling tower
cooling loads
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definitions
fraction of the total heat required for cooling (air conditioning) which is supplied by the solar system collector (absorber) area per floor area of conditioned space
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compared systems
absorption chiller system with evacuated tube collector adsorption chiller system with evacuated tube collector adsorption chiller system with selective flat plate collector desiccant cooling system with selective flat plate collector desiccant cooling system with solar air collector
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specific required collector area solar fraction cooling 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
FREIBURG
0,5 0,45 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0
specific required collector area solar fraction cooling 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
COPENHAGEN
DCF
DCSA TRAPANI
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
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FREIBURG
COPENHAGEN
DCSA TRAPANI
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
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50
25
0
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absorption/adsorption
desiccant cooling
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
simple payback time [a] solar fraction cooling 0 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
COPENHAGEN
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
ADF
DCF
DCSA FREIBURG
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
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warm, humid humidifier cooling loads cold, dry desiccant wheel heat recovery wheel
cooling loads
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40
= 0,4 = 0,5 = 0,6 = 0,7
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
= 0,3
= 0,4
= 0,5
= 0,6 = 0,7
Temperatur [ C ]
Temperatur [ C ]
= 1,0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
Feuchtegehalt X [ kg/kg ]
Feuchtegehalt X [ kg/kg ]
Fraunhofer
Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems
F
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4
5
Built examples
Summary & outlook
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built examples
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built examples
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built examples
15 kW 0.78
solar collector system: CPC-collector with low optical concentration ratio (CPC = compound parabolic concentrator) filled with anti-freezing fluid; connected to buffer storage (water) with plate heat exchanger buffer storage volume collector area expected solar fraction for cooling (regeneration heat) expected solar fraction for heating 3 m3 72 m2 70 % 70 %
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built examples
solar assisted air conditioning of a laboratory building in Freiburg (university hospital) with adsorption cooling technology
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built examples
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Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems Built examples
F
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general results
typcial value of required collector area (office) required solar fraction with solar assisted systems solar autonomous systems system design
0.2-0.4 m 2 per m 2 of floor area of conditioned spac for a solar fraction of 70-80 % 70-80 % required in order to achieve relevant primary energy saving possible if the user does not request strict indoor air conditions (solar comfort improvement) system design required which takes specific climatic conditions into consideration
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To employ solar active equipment makes only sense if potentials of energy saving and reduction of cooling loads have been exploited Building n reduction of internal loads (equipm., lighting) n advanced shading & daylighting concepts n reduction of conduction loads n reduction of leakages A/C system n separation of ventilation (handling of latent loads) and cooling (handling of sensible loads) n employing heat (or enthalpy) recovery systems n employing high efficiency chillers
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outlook
n solar thermal energy has a strong potential to be used for air conditioning in combination with centralized A/C plants n no technical solution for substitution of small split type units available (if, then PV driven compression) n research, development & demonstration required in order to gain experience in design, control and operation n international collaborative work in the framework of the Solar Heating & Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA): 11 countries particpate in Task 25 Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings
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