Air Conditioning With Solar Energy

SERVITEC Barcelona, October 3, 2000
Air Conditioning with Solar Energy

Dr. Hans-Martin Henning Fraunhofer-Institut fr Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg
barcelona_english
page 1
Fraunhofer
Institut Solare Energiesysteme
Contents
1
1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4 5
Fundamentals
Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems Built examples Summary & outlook
page 2
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Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
Solar cooling processes

solar cooling processes electric systems photovoltaicpeltier-system photovoltaikcompression system open cycles solid sorbents (rotary wheels, fix bed process) liquid sorbents liquid sorbents heat transformation systems thermal driven systems thermomechanical processes
closed cycles solid sorbents
rankine-process/ compression
Veulleumiercycle
adsorption
chemical reaction
page 3
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Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
Solar thermal air conditioning systems
chilled water Thermal driven cooling process conditioned air
heat
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Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
Thermodynamic process
driving heat Theat
driving heat Theat vapour compression machine
thermal driven cooling machine
waste heat T
heat engine
mechanical power P
waste
waste heat T
waste
cooling power T
cold
waste heat Twaste
cooling power Tc o l d
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Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
maximum COP of cooling machines

5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5
reversible COP [-]
COP (Coefficient of Performance) = produced cold___ required driving heat

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1 0,5 0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 evaporator temperature 0C 5C 10C 15C
driving temperature[C]
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Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
tpyical solar collector efficiency curves

collector efficiency [-]
radiation 200 W/m^2 400 W/m^2 600 W/m^2 800 W/m^2 1000 W/m^2
1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0
35
50
65
80
95 110 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245
fluid average temperature [C]

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Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
maximum COP of cooling machines

1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4
COPsol collector efficiency COP
collector efficiency, COPsol [-]
COP [-]
3 2,7 2,4 2,1 1,8 1,5 1,2 0,9 0,6 0,3
COPsol = COP * collector
0,3 0,2 0,1 0 35
55
75
95
115
135
155
175
195
215
0 235
driving temperature [C]

Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
COPsol for different collector radiation values

0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245
COPsol [-]
radiation 200 W/m^2 400 W/m^2 600 W/m^2 800 W/m^2 1000 W/m^2
fluid average temperature[C]

Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
maximum COPsol and respective temperature as function of radiation on collector
0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
COPsol [-]
temperature [C]
170 155 140 125 110 95 80
0 200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
65 1000
radiation [W/m^2]
Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
definition of air conditioning
n air conditioning: control of indoor air temperature and humidity according to comfort demands n main loads are: conditioning of ventilation air (supply of fresh air) sensible internal loads: persons, equipment, artificial lighting latent internal loads: persons, plants, others (e.g. kitchen) solar loads (windows, glazings) conduction loads (walls, windows)
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conditioning of ventilation air
supply air solar loads internal loads
return air
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Fraunhofer
Fundamentals
requirements for conditioning of ventilation air at different sites

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
sensible latent total
cooling load of ventilation air sensible latent total
specific cooling load of conditioning of ventilation air in kWh per m3/h per year supply air temperature: 18C supply air humidity: 8 g/kg
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Copenhagen
0,57 1,43 2
Freiburg
1,95 2,88 4,84
Trapani
5,93 17,59 23,52
Bangkok
28,48 69,33 97,81
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Fraunhofer
Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning
Systems & Components
2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4 5
Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems Built examples Summary & outlook
page 13
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Fraunhofer
process overview
method refrigerant cycle principle phase of sorbent
closed cycle closed refrigerant cycle chilled water solid liquid
open cycle refrigerant (water) is in contact to the atmosphere dehumidification of air and evaporative cooling 1) solid liquid
typical material pairs market available technology typical cooling capacity [kW cold] typical COP
water - silica gel, ammonia - salt 1) adsorption chiller adsorption chiller: 50-430 kW 0.3-0.7
water - water/ lithiumbromide, ammonia/water absorption chiller absorption chiller: 20 kW - 5 MW 0.6-0.75 (single effect)) 80-110C vacuum tubes
water - silica gel, water lithiumchloride desiccant cooling 20 kW - 350 kW (per Module) 0.5->1
water - calcium chloride, water lithium chloride >1
driving temperature 60-90C solar collectors vacuum tubes, flat plate collectors 1) still under development
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45-95C 45-70C flat plate collectors, flat plate collectors, solar air collectors solar air collectors
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Fraunhofer
system overview
heat supply system

buffer storage
chilled water
backup heater
chiller
heat recovery wheel
desiccant wheel
supply air
ambient air
building/room
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return air
conditioned air
exhaust air
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Fraunhofer
single-effect absorption cycle (e.g. water lithiumbromide)
.
Q
C
.
Q
G
nt a r ige r f re d i u liq
.
Q
Ev
.
Q
A
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hig hc on low ce ntr co ati nc on en tra tio n
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Fraunhofer
status of absorption chillers
n absorption chillers are market available components, mainly employed in combined heatpower-cold systems n chilled water can be used for conditioning of air (dehumidification, temperature decrease) or for cold supply in the rooms (fan coils, chilled ceilings,...) n many products available in the high capacity range (tpyically > 200 kW); only few products with small capacities n driving temperature of single effect machines at > 85C with COP of 0.6-0.7 n driving temperature of double-effect machines at > 150C with COP of 1.2
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Fraunhofer
adsorption chiller cycle
condenser
phase 1
adsorber 1 phase 4 condenser adsorber 1 evaporator adsorber 2 condenser evaporator
adsorber 2 phase 2 condenser adsorber 1 phase 3 evaporator adsorber 2
adsorber 1
adsorber 2
evaporator
Fraunhofer
status of adsorption chillers n adsorption chillers are market available from to Japanese companies n chilled water can be used for conditioning of air (dehumidification, temperature decrease) or for cold supply in the rooms (fan coils, chilled ceilings,...) n cooling capacity range 70 kW - 400 kW n driving temperature starting at 55C n COP at design conditions 0.65
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Fraunhofer
principles of open cooling cycles (desiccant cooling cycles) n open cooling cycles use the effect of evaporative cooling n production of conditioned air (no chilled water) n potential for application of evaporative cooling is increased by dehumidification of fresh air n thermal energy required for regeneration of the sorbent (desiccant) n separation of cooling and conditioning of ventilation air
Fraunhofer
status of desiccant cooling systems n system components and complete systems market available and employed since many years n about 5 producers of wheels worldwide (Japan, US, Sweden, Germany) n driving temperatures for regeneration usable down to about 45C n technology raised attention due to CFCproblem during past 10 years n adiabatic dehumidification process
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Fraunhofer
standard desiccant cooling cycle
75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
temperature [C]
10 2 1 3
6 7 8 9
10 %
20 %
9 11 8
6 5
10
30 % 40 % 50 % 70 % 100 %
bypass heat
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
humidity ratio [g/kg]

heat
10
exhaust air return air
11
fresh air
humidifiers
7
supply air
1
dehumidifier
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2
heat recovery
6
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Fraunhofer
desiccant cooling cycle for humid climates
75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25
temperature [C]
10
10 % 20 % 30 %
3 9 7 8 2 11 1 4 5 6
40 % 50 % 70 % 100 %
bypass heat
20 15 10 5 0
exhaust air
5 7.5 return air
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
32.5
35
humidity ratio [g/kg]
11
fresh air
10
humidifier
7
supply air
1
chilled water
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2
dehumidifier
4
heat recovery chilled water
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Fraunhofer
WINDOWS design tool
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Fraunhofer
Teststand fr Solare Sorptionsgesttzte Klimatisierung (SSGK)
20 m2 Flachkollektoren (GreenOneTec/Sonnenkraft) 20 m2 Solarluftkollektoren (Grammer) 2,0 m3 Pufferspeicher (Solvis) Vermessung von Sorptionsrdern vielfltige Verschaltungsvarianten Entwicklung & Optimierung von Regelungsstrategien begleitende Systemsimulationen
Fraunhofer
modelling of sorption dehumidifier

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
measured dehumidification [g/kg] 1980 m3/h 2790 m3/h 3670 m3/h manufacturer
calculated dehumidification [g/kg]

Fraunhofer
solar collectors for thermal driven cooling

1 0,8 0,6 0,4
desiccant cooling single effect absorption double effect absorption
collector efficiency [-]

adsorption flat plate collector evacuated tube collector solar air collector
ambient temperature 25C collector radiation 800 W/m2

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0,2 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
fluid average temperature [C]

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Fraunhofer
Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors
Solar air conditioning systems

Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems Built examples Summary & outlook
page 28
3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4 5
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Fraunhofer
Air conditioning with solar energy
solar assisted systems

n solar collector system covers a certain fraction of regeneration heat obtainable indoor air conditions not limited by solar gains system design: solar fraction
solar autonomous systems

n solar collector system delivers regenaration heat completely obtainable indoor air conditions limited by available solar energy system design: probability function of indoor air temperature and humidity
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Fraunhofer
study on solar assisted air conditioning
building data
meteorological data
energy balance, costs
Building Simulation (TRNSYS)
simulation of AC system (CONVCOOL, SGKCOOL)
simulation of solar system (SOLCOOL)
economic analysis (EXCEL)
cooling / heating load time series

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driving energy time series
solar fraction for cooling/ heating

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Fraunhofer
climatic and load data
parameter latitude [ north] annual average temperature [C] annual average rel. humidity [%] annual average humidity ratio [g/kg] annual radiation sum on collector [kWh/m2 ] annual average cooling load [W/m2]
Copenhagen 55.8 8.09 82.92 5.81 1127.3 42.8
Freiburg 48.0 10.42 73.36 6.04 1195.7 52.7
Trapani 37.9 17.53 76.32 9.99 1919.5 108.9
18 15 12 9 6 3 0
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cooling load [kWh/m^2] Copenhagen Freiburg Trapani
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Okt Nov Dec
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Fraunhofer
assumptions for the comparative study building reference office building with south oriented glazed facades (glazing fraction about 60 %), floor area 400 m2 according to german standard DIN 1946/II 10 % of investion costs according to values on german market (1998) (electricity: 0.08 US$/kWh, 171 US$/kWpeak gas: 0.023 US$/kWh, 4.5 US$/kWpeak ) Copenhagen/Denmark, Freiburg/Germany, Trapani/Sicila
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indoor conditions investion costs energy costs
climatic data
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Fraunhofer
reference system with adiabatic cooling in return air
CCh
HT
warm, humid cooling loads cold, dry
heat recovery
CCh = compression chiller HT = heater (gas burner)

page 33
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Fraunhofer
system with thermal driven chillers
aux. heater
CT = cooling tower AbCh = abs. chiller AdCh = ads. chiller HF = humidifier
CT
AbCh AdCh HF
warm, humid cooling loads cold, dry
heat recovery
Fraunhofer
solar assisted desiccant cooling system (Copenhagen, Freiburg)
auxiliary heater
11
10
8
humidifiers
7
warm,humid cooling loads cool,dry
1
dehumidifier
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3
heat recovery
6
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Fraunhofer
solar assisted desiccant cooling system (Trapani)
auxiliary heat
warm, humid humidifiers cold, dry desiccant wheel heat recovery CT VPC
VPC = vapour compr. chiller CT = cooling tower
cooling loads
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Fraunhofer
definitions
solar fraction for cooling (SFC) specific collector area (m2/m2)
fraction of the total heat required for cooling (air conditioning) which is supplied by the solar system collector (absorber) area per floor area of conditioned space
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Fraunhofer
compared systems
ABV ADV ADF DCF DCSA

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absorption chiller system with evacuated tube collector adsorption chiller system with evacuated tube collector adsorption chiller system with selective flat plate collector desiccant cooling system with selective flat plate collector desiccant cooling system with solar air collector
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Fraunhofer
required collector area

specific collector area = collector area per floor area of conditioned space
0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0
specific required collector area solar fraction cooling 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
FREIBURG
0,5 0,45 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0
specific required collector area solar fraction cooling 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
COPENHAGEN
0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0
ABV ADV ADF specific required collector area
DCF
DCSA TRAPANI
SFC 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
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Fraunhofer
primary energy balance
200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0
normalized primary energy demand [%]
FREIBURG
solar fraction cooling 0 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85 reference
200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0
normalized primary energy demand [%]
COPENHAGEN
200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25
ABV ADV ADF DCF normalized primary energy demand [%]
DCSA TRAPANI
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
page 40
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Fraunhofer
electric peak load due to air conditioning

100 normalized maximum electric power [%] Copenhagen Freiburg Trapani 100 % = reference system 75
50
25
0
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absorption/adsorption
desiccant cooling
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Fraunhofer
simple pay back time
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
simple payback time [a] 0
TRAPANI solar fraction cooling 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
simple payback time [a] solar fraction cooling 0 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
COPENHAGEN
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
ABV ADV simple payback time [a]
ADF
DCF
DCSA FREIBURG
solar fraction cooling 0 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,85
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
ABV
ADV
ADF
DCF
DCSA
page 42
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Fraunhofer
Solar autonomous desiccant cooling systems employing solar air collectors
warm, humid humidifier cooling loads cold, dry desiccant wheel heat recovery wheel
warm, humid humidifier cold, dry

desiccant wheel heat recovery wheel
cooling loads
system integrated collector
regeneration with ambient air
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Fraunhofer
results for a lecture room in Freiburg

n operative room temperature n room air temperature n DIN 1946 part 2
40 35 30 25 T_operativ T_luft DIN 1946 T2 = 1,0 = 0,3
40
= 0,4 = 0,5 = 0,6 = 0,7
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
T_operativ T_luft DIN 1946 T2
= 0,3
= 0,4
= 0,5
= 0,6 = 0,7
20 15 10 5 0 0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025
Temperatur [ C ]
Temperatur [ C ]
= 1,0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
Feuchtegehalt X [ kg/kg ]
Feuchtegehalt X [ kg/kg ]
specific collector area 0.22 m2 per m2 of room area

Fraunhofer
Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems
F
barcelona_english
4
5
Built examples
Summary & outlook
page 45
Fraunhofer
built examples
solar assisted desiccant cooling system in Sintra / Portugal

n air conditioning of the office from company ATECNIC n desiccant system from robatherm n solar collector from SETSOL/Portugal n commissioned Dec. 99 n funded by the EU (THERMIE-program) n coordination and scientific evaluation: Fraunhofer ISE INETI / Lissabon
Fraunhofer
built examples
desiccant cooling machine in Sintra / Portugal (manufacturer: robatherm)
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page 47
Fraunhofer
built examples
technical data of the system in Sintra / Portugal

DEC system: variable volume flow system with nozzle type air humidifiers in supply and return air, heat recovery wheel and desiccant wheel (silica gel), bypass along desiccant wheel in supply air stream and bypass along regeneration air heat exchanger and desiccant wheel maximaum air volume flow maximum cooling power 9600 m3/h 75 kW
maximum electric load COP at design conditions (cooling capacity/regeneration heat)
15 kW 0.78
solar collector system: CPC-collector with low optical concentration ratio (CPC = compound parabolic concentrator) filled with anti-freezing fluid; connected to buffer storage (water) with plate heat exchanger buffer storage volume collector area expected solar fraction for cooling (regeneration heat) expected solar fraction for heating 3 m3 72 m2 70 % 70 %
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page 48
Fraunhofer
built examples
solar assisted air conditioning of a laboratory building in Freiburg (university hospital) with adsorption cooling technology
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page 49
Fraunhofer
built examples
schematic of the system in Freiburg
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page 50
Fraunhofer
Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4 Fundamentals Thermodynamics Climatic conditions Definition of air conditioning Systems & Components Chillers Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Open cycles - desiccant cooling Solar collectors Solar air conditioning systems Comparative study of solar assisted systems Compared systems Required collector area Primary energy saving Pay back time Autonomous systems Built examples
F
barcelona_english
Summary & outlook

page 51
Fraunhofer
summary & outlook
general results
typcial value of required collector area (office) required solar fraction with solar assisted systems solar autonomous systems system design
0.2-0.4 m 2 per m 2 of floor area of conditioned spac for a solar fraction of 70-80 % 70-80 % required in order to achieve relevant primary energy saving possible if the user does not request strict indoor air conditions (solar comfort improvement) system design required which takes specific climatic conditions into consideration
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Fraunhofer
summary & outlook
general results (continued)

collector technology n evacuated tube collectors for absorptions systems and adsorption systems n flat plat collectors for desiccant cooling systems and eventually adsorption n solar air collectors for desiccant cooling (e.g. autonomous systems) economic feasibility n payback time depends on technology and climate n lowest pay back time found for desiccant cooling in Trapani (with conventional chiller backup) (less than 10 years) n payback time in general in the same range as for solar domestic hot water systems or below
Fraunhofer
summary & outlook
lessons learned from pilot systems

control issues n solar heat source is not constant (time dependance of power and temperature) n system control is more complex than for systems with standard heating system (gas or oil burner) n optimized control has a strong influence on system performance system design operation experiences no standardized system design guidelines or tools available important to control operation in order to identify mistakes in control and/or design
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Fraunhofer
summary & outlook
needs for an integrad approach
To employ solar active equipment makes only sense if potentials of energy saving and reduction of cooling loads have been exploited Building n reduction of internal loads (equipm., lighting) n advanced shading & daylighting concepts n reduction of conduction loads n reduction of leakages A/C system n separation of ventilation (handling of latent loads) and cooling (handling of sensible loads) n employing heat (or enthalpy) recovery systems n employing high efficiency chillers
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Fraunhofer
summary & outlook
outlook
n solar thermal energy has a strong potential to be used for air conditioning in combination with centralized A/C plants n no technical solution for substitution of small split type units available (if, then PV driven compression) n research, development & demonstration required in order to gain experience in design, control and operation n international collaborative work in the framework of the Solar Heating & Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA): 11 countries particpate in Task 25 Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings
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Fraunhofer

Air Conditioning With Solar Energy

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SERVITEC Barcelona, October 3, 2000

Air Conditioning with Solar Energy

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Solar cooling processes

closed cycles solid sorbents

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Solar thermal air conditioning systems

chilled water Thermal driven cooling process conditioned air

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

driving heat Theat

driving heat Theat vapour compression machine

thermal driven cooling machine

waste heat Twaste

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

maximum COP of cooling machines

reversible COP [-]

COP (Coefficient of Performance) = produced cold___ required driving heat

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

tpyical solar collector efficiency curves

1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0

fluid average temperature [C]

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

maximum COP of cooling machines

collector efficiency, COPsol [-]

3 2,7 2,4 2,1 1,8 1,5 1,2 0,9 0,6 0,3

COPsol = COP * collector

0,3 0,2 0,1 0 35

driving temperature [C]

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

COPsol for different collector radiation values

fluid average temperature[C]

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

maximum COPsol and respective temperature as function of radiation on collector

0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1

170 155 140 125 110 95 80

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

definition of air conditioning

conditioning of ventilation air

supply air solar loads internal loads

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

requirements for conditioning of ventilation air at different sites

cooling load of ventilation air sensible latent total

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Systems & Components

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Systems & Components

method refrigerant cycle principle phase of sorbent

closed cycle closed refrigerant cycle chilled water solid liquid

water - calcium chloride, water lithium chloride >1

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Systems & Components

heat supply system

heat recovery wheel

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Systems & Components

single-effect absorption cycle (e.g. water lithiumbromide)

hig hc on low ce ntr co ati nc on en tra tio n

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Systems & Components

status of absorption chillers

Institut Solare Energiesysteme

Systems & Components

adsorption chiller cycle