Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877 Terms

Reading #1

The Problems of Peace (479-480) 1. Jefferson Davis-Confederate Ringleader/Ex-president in Confederate State of America 1865-1877. Significance: The Confederates defeat in the Civil War led to his imprisonment yet the southerners remained faithful to him and their cause; they cursed the Yankees and its government. 2. Old South-Pre-Civil War image of South 1865-1877. Significance: The Confederates defeat in the Civil War lead to the end of the once prosperous cotton-growing and slave owning South; its fortunate paste would never be in the future. Freedmen Define Freedom (481-484) 3. Emancipated slaves-Freedmen in America 1865-1877. Significance: At first, freed African Americans were confused by the meaning of freedom due to the slave owners unwillingness to accept emancipation, but eventually their freedom was recognized and this lead to more churches, and opportunity for them. 4. Exodusters-African American migrants, Kansas (1878-1880). Significance: The end of the Civil War led to 25,000 freedmen from Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi to migrate to Kansas in search for a new place to live. 5. Black Churches-Churches in America 1865-1877. Significance: After the Civil War, blacks formed their own churches. These mutual aid societies help protected their newly won freedom. 6. American Missionary Association-Abolitionist group in America, 1685-1877. Significance: This group led to educate African American by sending northern white women to help teach. The Freedmens Bureau (484) 7. Freedmans Bureau-Welfare agency in America, 1865-1872. Significance: Changed history by providing food, clothes, education and medical care to freedmen and white refugees. Its greatest success lies in education while it failed to provide land to blacks. It expired in 1872, after Andrew Johnsons numerous attempts of killing it. 8. Oliver O. Howard-Head of the Freedmens Bureau, 1865-1872, America. Significance: He changed history by finding the Freedmans Bureau which provided opportunity for freedmen and white refugees. He was also the president of Howard University. Johnson: The Tailor President (484-485) 9. Andrew Johnson-President of the United Sates, 1865-1869. Significance: Lincolns assassination led to Johnsons presidency. He was a misfit because he was not fully trusted by the North or the South. His white supremacist views often clashed with Congress and its attempt of radical reconstruction. He agreed with Lincolns 10% plan. 10. War Democrats-Party in the U.S, 1865-1877. Significance: The need for support from the War Democrats in 1864 lead to Lincolns choosing him as his Vice president. This would eventually enable him to become president after Lincolns death. Presidential Reconstruction (485-487) 11. 10 Percent-Lincolns reconstruction plan in U.S, 1863. Significance: Lincolns lenient plan to reintegrate the seceded states consist of having 10% of voters from the election of

1860 to pledge allegiance to U.S and abide by emancipation; this led to the Wade-Davis Bill by Congress who felt that 10% was too lenient. 12. Wade-Davis Bill-Congress Reconstruction plan in U.S 1864. Significance: Abraham Lincolns 10% plan resulted in the Wade-Davis Bill that required 50% of states voter to take oath for allegiance and it demanded safeguard for emancipation. This was pushed by radical Republicans. 13. Radical Republicans-Faction in the Republican Party in 1865, U.S Significance: They believed seceded states should be treated harshly. Some of them were happy that Lincoln was assassinated because his policies were too moderate. However, this feeling was short-lived when Andrew Johnson became president and announced his support of Lincolns 10% plan. 14. Thirteenth Amendment-Amendment in U.S, 1865. Significance: It changed history by freeing slaves. This amendment was ratified by the succeeding states under Johnsons conditions.
Reading #2

The Baleful Black Codes (487-488) 15. Black Codes-Restrictive laws on Blacks in the South, 1865. Significance: Black Codes were law designed to regulate the affairs of the freed blacks as well as aimed to ensure a stable labor supply for the Cotton Kingdom. These Codes resulted in many people becoming sharecroppers. 16. Cotton Kingdom-Cotton-picking region in South, 1865. Significance: The Confederates lost in the Civil War led to the destruction of the Cotton kingdom and an attempt to rebuild it through the black codes. 17. Negro Catcher-Catcher in South, 1865. Significance: The need for labor force led to Negro Catchers who dragged violators (freed blacks) of their contract back to work, under a condition that was similar to slavery. 18. Share croppers-Farmers in the South, 1865. Significance: Landless whites and freed blacks could do little but labor which led to them becoming sharecropping farmers. Many planters felt that this was a wrong policy because it made black laborers too independent. Congressional Reconstruction (488) 19. Lost Cause-The Confederacy and its defeat in the Civil War. Significance: Many Southern voters turned to their experienced statesmen but they were discouraged because of their association with the lost cause Among them were former Confederate generals, ice colonels, and various members of the Richmond cabinet and Congress. 20. White-washed rebels-Congressional delegates in Southern States after the Civil War, 1865. Significance: These Southern delegates were rejected by the Republican Congress who enjoyed the absence of the Southern delegates in 1861-1865. During this period, Congress was able to pass many Pro-north legislation. The Republicans shut the doors on the first congressional session on December 4, 1865. 21. Five-fifths of a person-Emancipated blacks in South, 1865. Significance: Blacks were now five-fifth of a person and this meant that the South would have 12 more electoral votes. This led to the Republicans fear that the South would come back to Congress stronger than before. This made northerners questioned themselves, Who won the war? Johnson Clashes with Congress (489) 22. Civil Rights Bill of 1866-Bill in the U,S, 1866. Significance: It granted citizenship to

blacks and it was an attempt to prohibit the blacks code; it led to the creation and passing of the 14th amendment. 23. Fourteenth Amendment-Amendment in the U.S, 1866. Significance: The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 acted as a precursor of the 14 th amendment. It defined citizenship, reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks from the ballot, disqualified former Confederates to state and federal office, and guaranteed the federal debt. It was rejected, by the urging of Johnson, by all the sinful eleven except Tennessee. Swinging Round the Circle with Johnson (489-490) 24. Swing round the circle-Campaign lead by Johnson in 1866. Significance: Johnsons famous give em hell speeches resulted in disastrous backfire because it caused Republicans to win the congressional elections. 25. Stand by congress-Chant in 1866. Significance: Johnsons speeches, an attempt to get more votes for the Congressional election, led to more opposition and chants such as Stand by Congress, against the Tailor of the Potomac and the Victory of the Republicans. Republican Principles and Programs (490-492) 26. Charles Sumner-Radical leader in senate, 1866. Significance: He changed history by not only fighting for the freed blacks but also for racial equality. 27. Thaddeus Sttevens-Radical leader in the House, 1866. Significance: He was the most powerful radical in the House. He defended blacks and even insisted on being buried in a black cemetery. 28. Moderate Republicans-Republicans in 1866. Significance: Their majority led to their advantage over the radicals; they preferred states right and self-government over federal power. (Agreed with Lincoln). Reconstruction by the Sword (492) 29. Reconstruction Act-Act in America, March 2, 1867. Significance: It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a Union general and also temporary disfranchised former Confederates. 30. Fifteenth Amendment-Amendment in the U.S, 1869. Significance: It changed history by allowing blacks to vote. It discouraged many women whites leader because it did not allowed women to vote. 31. Military Reconstruction-Reconstruction in the South, 1867. Significance: It violated the Ex parte Milligan Case. However because of the power of the Republican Congress, the Supreme Court look to pass the law. 32. Ex parte Milligan-Supreme Court case in 1866. Significance: It ruled that military tribunals couldnt try civilians in the public. The power of the Republican Congress led to the Supreme Court to overlook the Military Reconstruction. 33. Redeemers-Southern States in 1877. Significance: They complied with the Reconstruction standards and resulted in the government giving them back home rule. 34. Solid South-Redeemed southern states in 1877. Significance: The results of their returned power resulted in the solid Democratic South.
Reading #3

No Woman Voters (492-493) 35. Womens Loyal league-Organization in 1866. Significance: Organization led by

Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to urge Congress to pass legislation that prohibited slavery. It amassed 400,000 signatures. 36. Frederick Douglass-Abolitionist and Women suffragist in 1866. Significance: Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony protested the 14 th amendment despite the pleas of Frederick Douglass who believed it was the Negros time to rise. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South (195-495) 37. Union league-Organization in U.S, 1867. Significance: It was originally a pro-Union organization in the North, but the Northern Blacks involvement lead to a network of political clans that educated member about civic duties and campaigned for Republicans candidates. 38. Hiram Revels-Black Mississippian senator in U.S, 1868-1876. Significance: He was one of the first African American to serve in the United States Senate. 39. Blanche K. Bruce-Black Mississippian senator in the U.S, 1868-1876. Significance: He was one of the first African American to serve in the United States Senate. 40. Scalawags-Southerners/former Unionists and Whigs in 1865. Significance: They helped Radical Republicans in the South by accepting the consequences of the War. This offended ex-masters of slaves, who called these people scalawags. 41. Carpetbaggers-Nickname for Northerners in U.S, 1866. Significance: Northerners who were accused of seeking fortune and power in the South. Most of them were former Union soldiers and Northern businessmen who wanted to play a role in the New South. 42. New South-The modernized South after Reconstruction. Significance: The reconstructed South was modernized, steps were taken toward establishing adequate schools, tax systems were streamlined, public works were launched, and property rights were granted to women. 43. Graft in radical governments-Felonies in the U.S, 1867. Significance: The political inexperience of blacks led to many being scammed by conscienceless promoters. Another instance of corruption was when one thrifty carpetbag governor in a single year saved $100,000 from a salary of $8000. These scams were common in the North and the South. The Ku Klux Klan (495-496) 44. Ku Klux Klan-Secret organization in Tennessee, 1866. Significance: It was the most notorious organization created by white Southerners in an attempt to intimidate/kill blacks so they could be kept in their place. It was created as the result of many whites resentment of the success and ability of black legislator. 45. Forced Acts of 1870-1871-Laws in 1870-1871. Significance: The secret organization made in order to keep the white supremacy led to an outrage Congress that pass these acts in an attempt to stop them but they were too late because the blacks were already intimidated. 46. Wholesale disenfranchisement-Discontinuation of right to vote for blacks in the U.S, 1890. Significance: The intimidation and killing of blacks, along with scheming devices such as literary tests, led to the wholesale disenfranchisement of blacks. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank (496-497) 47. Tenure of Office Act-Law in 1867. Significance: It requires consent of the senate before the President can fire his appointees. This was created to find an excuse to impeach Johnson. 48. Edwin M. Stanton-Secretary of War, 1867. Significance: His dismal without approval from the senate by President Johnson served as an pretext for Johnsons impeachment. A Not Guility Verdict for Johnson (497-498) 49. Ben Wade-President of Senate in 1868. Significance: He was disliked by man members

in the business community because of his high tariff, soft-monet, and pro-labor views and this led to the not guilty verdict of Johnsons impeachment because Wade would have become the president since there was no vice president. The Purchase of Alaska (498) 50. Alaska-Land in 1867. Significance: The rumors of fur, fish, and gold as well as the Russians mood to sell led to the purchase of Alaska by the U.S 51. Sewards Folly-The purchase of Alaska in 1867. Significance: Americans were in Reconstruction time and this led to people ridiculing Willaim Sewards purchase of Alaska. Other names include Swards Icebox, Frigidia, Walrussia, and Sewards Polar Bear Garden.