Tubulars
Definition of casing and tubing
Geometry
Casing is 4.5 to 20 Tubing is < 4.5
Use
Casing has no production fluid flow Tubing has production fluid flow
WPF
Nominal
Plain end Average
Actual
Grade
Minimum yield point API
H, J, K, M, N, L, C90, C95, T95, P, and Q HCP, HCQ, H2S, LS, USS, etc.
Tolerances
OD 0.75% thickness no less than 87.5%
Non API
Drift
Special drift
6 8-5/8 12 > 8-5/8
Connection
API
LTC, STC, BTC, XL
Non-API
Grant Prideco Hydril
Manufacturing Processes
Seamless Electric Resistance Weld
API Seamless
Seamless pipe is made from solid bars One piece at a time Bars are heated and pierced Pipe is tested and threaded
Weld Line
Weld Point
Excellent surface quality (ID & OD) that performs well in painting or coating operations.
.500 Wall
0.62 Eccentricity
.500 Wall
.562 Wall
.438 Wall
Center of O.D. Circle and concentric dotted I.D. Circle (Similar to ERW I.D.)
+.005% +12.5%
+1%
+1/2%
-1/2%
-1%
-12.5%
Welded 52.2
Seamless 47.8
Line Pipe
87
13
Tubular Types
Conductor Surface Intermediate
Casing Liner Tieback
Production
Casing Liner Tieback
Tubing
Conductor
Returns mud to elevated pits Supports weight of other casing strings Keeps hole from washing out under the rig
Surface Casing
Protects fresh water Anchors the first blow-out prevention equipment Protects hole from potentially poor shallow formations
A liner is a casing string that terminates below the surface A tieback is a casing string that connects a liner to the surface
Design Steps
Decide on objectives Identify lifetime loads Satisfy management guidelines
risk versus cost
Decide on Objectives
Surface and bottom hole locations Size and number of tubulars Potential for drilling beyond planned total depth Setting depths Failure consequences Economics Optimum balance between risk and cost
Pipe Loads
Load means anything acting upon pipe such as a force, tension, compression, bending, pressure, or weight
Force is mass times acceleration Tension is when two marks on a pipe diverge upon application of a load Compression is when two marks on a pipe converge upon application of a load Bending is when a section of pipe has compression on one side and tension on the other side Pressure is a force acting over an area. In this case, it is applied to a fluid Weight is mass time gravitational acceleration
Torsion Dynamic
Jarring Drilling
Formation
Salt flows
Applied by rig
Pick up Slack off
Pressures
Internal External Changing fluid densities Evacuation
Temperature changes
Buckling Yielding
Free sections Cemented sections
Backups
Burst Collapse Tensile
Thermal
Stimulation EOR
Cementing procedures
Cement to surface
Kick scenarios
Gas to surface Water to surface Bubble
Lost circulation
Design Factors
Management and engineering risk factor (safety or ignorance factor?). Varies depending on company and individual. Typical values are:
Collapse Burst Pipe body tensile 1.5. Joint strength tensile 1.1. 1.1.
1.8.
Criteria
Basic design equation is:
Sc DF L B
Where
Sc is minimum casing strength DF is the design factor L is the load B is the backup
Casing Collapse 1
Casing Collapse 2
Casing Collapse 3
Casing Collapse 4
Casing Collapse 5
Casing Collapse 6
Failure
Comprehensive stress analysis Material Loading
History Magnitude Duration
Slowly Rapidly Transient Transient with reversals
Stress distribution
Even Cracks Concentrations
Safety Factor
Failure Types
Steel Constants
= 0.3 = 6.7 x 10
6
1 o F
Stresses in Pipe
xy
yz
yx
Axial
al i t en g n Ta
zx
xz
x
Ra dia l
zy
Stress Equations
Lames radial stress 2 2 Ai D Ao d r = Pi 1 Po 1 Acs Acs b b Lames tangential stress 2 2 Ai Ao D d t = Pi 1 + Po 1+ Acs b Acs b Axial stress
a =
Effective Tension
Bending Stress
OD 2 ID 2 3, 385 ( OD ) C Teff 2 2 OD + ID = Teff tanh 0.2 4 4 OD ID
FLUB
Radial strain
Strain Equations r ( t + z ) + T r = E
Tangential strain
t =
t ( r + z )
E
+ T
z =
Axial strain
z ( t + r )
E
+ T
Failure Criteria
Failure Criteria
vm =
( r t ) + ( r a ) + ( t a )
2 2
2 + 6 ( r2 + t2 + a )
Helps determine if failure is likely If the Von Mises equivalent stress is greater than the yield strength, then the pipe is, by definition, in danger of failure
Stress Analysis
Determine the stresses:
Radial Tangential Axial Bending Von Mises w/o bending Von Mises w/ bending
Pressure is 3,850 psi Pressure is 1,100 psi Outside Mud Weight is 10.2 ppg from 2,200 ft to surface
Casing is 5.5" 23 ppf N80 LTC from surface to 1,050' 5.5" 20 ppf P110 LTC from 1,050' to 6,500' 5.5" 23 ppf P110 LTC from 6,500' to 9,110' 5.5" 26 ppf P110 LTC from 9,110' to TD Outside Mud Weight is 13.2 ppg from 6,400 ft to 2,200 ft
Inside Mud Weight is 9.5 ppg Depth of investigation is 7,500' Outside Mud Weight is 15.4 ppg from 6,400 ft to TD Float Collar is at 10,423 ft Inside Mud Weight is 15.4 ppg Total Depth is 10,503 ft in 7-7/8" hole