A2290 - 20 (Fate of The Universe)

Fate of the Universe
A2290-20 1
Relativity and Astrophysics
Lecture 20
Terry Herter
A2290-20 Fate of the Universe 2
Outline
Skateboard paradox
Critical Density
Dark Matter
Three Omegas (really two)
Dark Energy
Problem L-13, page 117 (due Today/Monday)
Will hand back on Monday if you hand it in today
A2290-20 2
We have a 1-m skateboard (in rest frame of rider) and a 1-m hole (in
rest frame of lab).
Proper lengths are the same
A person on a skateboard moves very fast (causing relativistic
contraction). The skateboard passes over the hole. Will it fall in?
Paradox
Lab person sees skateboard contracted =>should fall in
Ride sees hole contracted =>should pass over hole
Which person is correct?
Idealize problem to a one-meter rod sliding lengthwise over a flat table.
Let the Lorentz contraction factor be 10 so that the rod is 10 cm in the lab
frame, thus L = L
o
/, where L =length of rod in lab frame, L
o
is rest length of
rod, and is the Lorentz factor.
Assume that the skateboard does not tiltas it falls in the lab frame, that is,
once it is completely over the hole it starts to drop.
Paradox of Skateboard & Grid: L-12
skateboard
Lab Frame
skateboard
Skateboard Frame
Skateboard & Grid (contd)
Define t =0 and t =0 when back of skateboard is even with back of
hole.
In the lab frame the motion of the front and back are given by:
We now transform to the skateboard frame. For distances
Then times
Thus the front starts to fall before the back. The paradox is removed
since the skateboard drops over the edge and goes through the hole.
L t v L t v t v x x
rel rel rel F F
= + = =
'
L t v x
rel F
+ = t v x
rel B
= &
L v t v t x v t t
rel rel F rel F
= =
2 '
t v t v t v x x
rel rel rel B B
= =
'
hole
Lab frame
skateboard
/
o
L L =
o F
L x =
'
0
'
=
B
x
As expected
( )
o rel rel F
L v v t t =
2 '
1
t v t x v t t
rel B rel B
2 '
= = ( )
2 '
1
rel B
v t t =

A2290-20 3
Skateboard paradox (graphically)
From Sartori (Understanding Relativity). Here strings, which keep the board
from tilting, are cut simultaneously in lab frame (left) but not in skateboard frame
(right). Note: relativity does not allow the skateboard to be infinitely rigid.
Skateboard paradox (graphically)
The previous graphs picture the
skateboard from the viewpoint
of the lab where it is always
horizontal.
If we start in the skateboard
frame this will not be the case.
At left is an (incorrect) attempt
to picture what is happening
from the skateboard viewpoint
When the first thread is cut the
board begins to droop
The board at second thread
doesnt knowit has been cut
The simultaneous cutting in the
lab frame means spacelikeso
the points cant communicate.
From Sartori (Understanding Relativity). Here strings, which keep the board
from tilting, are cut simultaneously in lab frame (left) but not in skateboard frame
(right). Note: relativity does not allow the skateboard to be infinitely rigid.
A2290-20 4
The universe is currently expanding.
What will ultimately happen to it?
What will happen to the universe?
Consider a planet; shoot a spacecraft from the
surface (single shot)
High Velocity
Spacecraft
Escapes
Time
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
A2290-20 5
What happens (contd)
Low Velocity
Spacecraft
falls back
Time
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
At the escape velocity the spacecraft just escapes.
The Evolution of the Universe
Looking at the evolution of the universe similar to
escaping from a planet.
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
Time
unbound
bound
marginally
bound
Big Bang
Present
Time
A2290-20 6
The Critical Density
Will the universe keep expanding forever or stop expanding and
collapse?
If the mass density is:
large eventual collapse (bound)
small expansion forever (unbound)
The critical density is the dividing line between the bound and
unbound cases.
For H
o
=75 km/sec/Mpc

crit
~10
-29
g/cm
3
, or about 6 H-atoms/m
3
This corresponds to 1 MWgalaxy/Mpc
3
Define O
M
as the ratio of the actual density to the critical density
density critical
density actual
= O
M
bound
unbound
> O
< O
1
1
M
M
O
M
and H
o
O
M
determines the fate of the universe.
Expanding forever vs. eventual collapse
H
o
determines the age of the universe.
O
M
=0 age =1/H
o
: Empty Univ.
O
M
=1 age =(2/3) (1/H
o
) : Critical Univ.
Weve already discussed H
o
.
What is O
M
? numerically
A2290-20 7
The Age of the Universe (again)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
Time
marginally
bound
(critical)
Present
Time
Empty
1/H
o
2/3(1/H
o
)
bound
unbound
Measuring O
M
Two ways to determine O
M
are:
Galaxy Counts -
Directly measure amount of mass in the universe.
Deceleration of the Universe -
Measure how much faster galaxies were moving
in the past.
A2290-20 8
Galaxy Counts & Dark Matter
Counting galaxies and adding up their mass yields O
M
~0.045.
But... This misses most of the mass.
Masses can be found from (gravity)
the motions of stars in galaxies,
the motions of galaxies in clusters.
Gravity implies much more mass than we see in stars/galaxies
dark matter.
We cant see>90% of the mass in the universe, except by
gravity!
MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo Objects)?
WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles)?
Correcting for the missing mass due to dark matter
gives O
M
~0.3.
Deceleration of the Universe
We need a standard candleto measure distances
and recessional velocities independently.
It is difficult to find a standard candle.
Galaxies are different in the past.
Type Ia Supernovae now appear to work very well.
(Caused by accretion onto a white dwarf.)
A funny thing happened ...
Type Ia SN results indicate that the universe is
accelerating!
Acceleration =>the expansion rate is increasing
Contrary to our initial bias that it should be
decelerating
Deceleration =>the expansion rate is slowing (due to
gravity)
A2290-20 9
The Cosmological Constant (A)
Introduced by Einstein into GR
Thought universe was static
Can be repulsive or attractive
Called it his biggest mistake
But now we may need it!
As a repulsive force
The Three Omegas
Besides H
o
we need three more parameters to
determine the evolution of the universe
O
M
, O
A
, and O
k
O
M
is defined as before
O
A
defines Cosmological constant part
O
k
defines geometry of the universe
However O
k
can be written in terms of the other two
so we really only need 2 Omegas
O
k
=1 O
M
O
A
A2290-20 10
The Two Omegas
So now we only need to know O
M
and O
A
.
With zero (no) cosmological constant
Have O
M
and O
k
with O
k
=1 O
M
With a non-zero cosmological constant
Have O
M
, O
A
, and O
k
with O
k
=1 O
M
O
A
Determine Dynamics and Geometry
O
M
and O
A
set acceleration/deceleration
O
k
sets geometry (O
k
=1 O
M
O
A
)
A = 0
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
Time
marginally
bound
Present
Time
empty
Expansion velocity in the past depends upon O
M
and O
A
. Galaxies would
be moving faster in the past for a non-empty universe.
Accelerating
bound
unbound
Look back in time
A2290-20 11
Type Ia SN
results
O
M
=0, O
A
=0
O
M
=0, O
A
=1
O
M
~0.5, O
A
=0
O
M
=0.3, O
A
=0.7
Figure from: Riess and Turner, SciAm, Feb. 2004
Dark Energy
The acceleration of the Universe driven by an
enormous amount of energy.
What causes the acceleration?
Or what is the cosmological constant?
Unknown!
This unknown energy is call dark energy.
Attempts to estimate it from particle physics are off by at
least a factor of 10
55
!
Even more of the Universe
is unknown to us than we
thought!
Illustration from WMAP website
A2290-20 12
The Fate of the Universe
The best estimates now yield
H
o
=71 km/sec/Mpc
O
M
=0.27, O
A
=0.73 O
k
=0
Age of universe is 13.67 Gyr
This implies
The Universe will go on expanding forever
Because A >0, it will expand ever faster!

A2290 - 20 (Fate of The Universe)

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