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Contents No.

Topic 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Further Exploration Reflection Page 1-2 3-5 6-10 11-14 15 16

INTRODUCTION
The history of packagingdrinks dates back as early as the 17 th century. Back then, Waters from natural springs were recognized as being safe (even healthy) to drink from earliest times and were transported by wherever means that were available. Naturally carbonated waters were collected into earthenware containers which were tightly sealed with cork and wax, usually not very successfully. The used of earthenware bottles proved to be unsatisfactory for the more highly carbonated aerated mineral waters and they were soon replaced by glass bottles. Many of the early glass bottles had round bottoms ensuring that they were stored on their side, thereby keeping the corks moist and so preventing leakage from corks drying out. The manufacture of glass bottles was a skilled job as they were hand blown. Although some semi-automation had been introduced earlier, the first patent for an automatic glass bottle blowing machine was granted to Michael J. Owens in the USA in 1904.High pressure generated inside bottles by the carbonation caused frequent leakage and although improved by wiring-in-place, corks were generally unsatisfactorily. Many alternative forms of seals were patented over the years and these fell broadly into three main categories: Wire and rubber sealing devices were especially popular in the USA until the early 1900s. The wire could be either an internal spring form, which held a seal in place on the inside of the neck, or of the external swing type, in which an external wire frame was used to hold a ceramic plug in place against a rubber seal. First patented by Charles de Quillfeldt in 1874, this latter type is still currently in use for some specialty. Variations on the theme of using an internal ball made from rubber, ebonite or glass were developed and used with varying degrees of success. The ball was held in place by the internal pressure. The most successful of these was patented by Hiram Codd of London. His bottle was widely used in the UK from 1870s until the 1930s. A similar bottle, but with a floating rubber ball acting as seal, was patented in the USA by S. Twitchell in 1883.

The third popular alternative was the internal screw top bottle. Unlike todays bottle, the thread was on the inside of the bottle neck and an ebonite or wooden stopper screwed on to the neck, with a rubber washer being used to improve the seal. These types of stoppers were in common usage well into the 1950s in the UK. Ebonite, an early type of plastic resin material soon replaced wood, which has a tendency to absorb moisture, causing it to swell and crack the bottle neck.

A major step forward in sealing development was made by William Painter, who in 1895 patented the Crown Cork, founding the Crown Cork and Seal Company in 1 April 1892. Although initially slow to gain acceptance for two reasons: The existing large capital investment in returnable bottles and bottling plant, and The need for a tool to remove the crown, the crown cork eventually became popular, especially for small single serve and beer bottles. Screw stopper retained their popularity for the larger bottles where re-sealability was important.

Except for specialty earthenware ginger beer containers, glass bottles were the only form of packaging for carbonates for over hundred years until the introduction of cans in the 1960s. Then, just as the second half of the nineteenth century had been the time for product development, the second half of the twentieth century became the time for packaging and distribution of development.

PART 1
Types of packaged drinks Brands Nestle-MILO Ribena MARIGOLD Yeos Desa Milk Sabah Tea

Manufacturer Nestle Products Sdn. Bhd. GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Sdn Bhd Malaysia Milk Sdn. Bhd. Yeo HianSeng(M) Sdn. Bhd. Desa Cattle(S) Sdn. Bhd. Sabah Tea Sdn. Bhd.

a)

b)

Brand Pokka (330ml)

Picture

Price (RM) 2.40

Drinho (200ml)

1.50

MARIGOLDOrange(250ml)

1.50

YEOS Chrysanthenum Tea(250ml)

1.50

Desa Milk(500ml) 5

3.50

PART 2
(a) (i)

No.

Types of drinks/ Students Name


Alif Muazzam (Me) Alden Lim Alex Jong Alicia Wee Anjali Betty Ng Chin Shin Yee Christal Fong Cyrus Soong Darren Lim Dayangku Ayesha Farez Syazwan Ferinna Chin Gary Chong Gregory Ho Hannah Hidayati Irfan Yazid Joscelin Liew Julie D. Kelvin Yong Kesavan Kevin Liau Kevin Lai Kimberly Chong Alvin Lee Lo Janzen Luthais Tseu Maria Hannah Melvin Ling Mohd.Arsyad Mohd.Naqiyuddin Mohd.Radzi Muhd.Adib Muhd.Yasrin Nichola Chung Nur Fatin Syafiqah Oliver Law Patricia Wee Ridge Cromwell Sai Zen Zek Seraj Chandran Shareene Jasmine Siow Wei Syakir Hamdi Wilfredo

YEOs

Dairy Marigold Milk (DESA)

POKKA

DRINHO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

/ / / / / / /

/ /

/ / / /

46 47 48 49

Wong Chen Sean Yeoh Lei Ie Prince Nevin (5B) Joshua Ting (5B)

(b) (i) Types of drinks Number of students who prefer drink

Pokka
Drinho Yeo's Dairy Milk Marigold Orange

(ii)

(iii) Conclusion: Milo is the most preferred packaged drinks among the 50 students.

(c) (i)

Types of drinks

Volume per serving, f

Sugar Content per ml, x 0.070g/ml 0.106g/ml 0.042g/ml 0.093g/ml 0.086g/ml

fx

fx2

Drinho

200ml 250ml 250ml 330ml 250ml


f = 1325

14.000 26.500 10.500 34.875 21.500 fx = 107.375

0.98 2.809 0.441 3.243 1.849 fx2 = 9.322

Marigold Peel-Fresh Orange Dairy Milk Pokka Yeos Soya Bean Milk

(ii) Mean of sugar content


= fx/f

= 107.375/1325 = 0.081g/ml
Standard deviation = [fx2/fx (mean)2] = [9.322/1325 - (0.081)2] = 0.022

Effect of long term consumption of these packaging material to our health


Blood glucose levels Sugar, because of its simpler chemical structure, may raise blood glucose levels more quickly than starch. This finding suggests that this basic differentiation between starch and sugar is insufficient reason to segregate these two substances for controlling blood glucose levels in diabetics, the idea behind carbohydrate counting. A more effective distinction could be that suggested by multiple meta-studies between free sugars and naturally-occurring sugars which suggest that they have different impacts on health. Immune system Obesity and diabetes According to WebMD, consuming too much sugar suppresses the immune system. Studies on the link between sugars and diabetes are inconclusive, with some suggesting that eating excessive amounts of sugar does not increase the risk of diabetes, although the extra calories from consuming large amounts of sugar can lead to obesity, which may itself increase the risk of diabetes. Others show correlation between refined sugar (free sugar) consumption and the onset of diabetes, and negative correlation with the consumption of fiber including a 2010 meta-analysis of eleven studies involving 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of type 2 diabetes. This found that "SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages) may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes not only through obesity but also by increasing dietary glycemic load, leading to insulin resistance, cell dysfunction, and inflammation". As an overview to consumption related to chronic disease and obesity, the World Health Organization's independent meta-studies specifically distinguish free sugars ("all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups and fruit juices") from sugars naturally present in food. The reports prior to 2000 set the limits for free sugars at a maximum of 10% of carbohydrate intake, measured by energy, rather than mass, and since 2002 have aimed for a level across the entire population of less than 10%. The consultation committee recognized that this goal is "controversial. However, the Consultation considered that the studies showing no effect of free sugars on excess weight have limitations." Cardiovascular disease A number of studies in animals have suggested that chronic consumption of refined sugars can contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction. Some experts have suggested that refined fructose is more damaging than refined glucose in terms of cardiovascular risk. Cardiac performance has been shown to be impaired by switching from a carbohydrate diet including fiber to a highcarbohydrate diet.Switching saturated fatty acids for carbohydrates with high glycemic index values shows a statistically significant positive association with the risk of myocardial infarction. Other studies have found links between high fat and high glycemic index carbohydrates accelerates the development of cardiac pathology and pump dysfunction in hypertension despite no signs of diabetes and only a modest level of obesity, suggesting that the link between obesity and coronary heart disease should be shifted towards macronutrients and the high glycemic load typical of the "junkfood" diet. The consumption of added sugars has been positively associated with multiple measures known to increase cardiovascular disease risk amongst adolescents as well as adults. Studies are suggesting that the impact of refined carbohydrates or high glycemic load carbohydrates are more significant than the

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impact of saturated fatty acids on cardiovascular disease. A high dietary intake of sugar (in this case, sucrose or disaccharide) can substantially increase the risk of heart and vascular diseases. According to a Swedish study of 4301 people undertaken by Lund University and Malm University College, sugar was associated with higher levels of bad blood lipids, causing a high level of small and medium low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In contrast, the amount of fat eaten did not affect the level of blood fats. As a side note, moderate quantities of alcohol and protein were linked to an increase in the good HDL blood fat. Alzheimer's disease It is suggested that Alzheimer's disease is linked with the western diet. This is characterised by high intakes of red meat, sugary foods, high-fat foods and refined grains. It has been hypothesized that dementia could be prevented by the taking of mono-supplements of specific vitamins or drugs, but studies have shown that this approach does not show appreciable results. Dietary pattern analysis considers overall eating patterns, comparing diets of people with Alzheimer's disease to diets of healthy controls using factor analysis. This analysis shows a major eating pattern for those with Alzheimer's characterised by a high intake of meat, butter, high-fat dairy products, eggs and refined sugar, while the major eating pattern for those without Alzheimer's was characterised by a high intake of grains and vegetables. One group of experimenters compared a normal rodent diet (19% protein, 5% fat and 60% complex carbohydrate) with free access to water against the same diet but with free access to a 10% sucrose solution. The experimental results underscore the potential role of dietary sugar in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and suggest that controlling the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages may be an effective way to curtail the risk of developing the disease. Macular degeneration Tooth decay There are links between free sugar consumption and macular degeneration in older age. In regard to contributions to tooth decay, the role of free sugars is also recommended to be below an absolute maximum of 10% of energy intake, with a minimum of zero. There is "convincing evidence from human intervention studies, epidemiological studies, animal studies and experimental studies, for an association between the amount and frequency of free sugars intake and dental caries" while other sugars (complex carbohydrate) consumption is normally associated with a lower rate of dental caries.Lower rates of tooth decay have been seen in individuals withhereditary fructose intolerance.

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PART 3
(a) (i) Length (cm) 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Width (cm) 5.000 4.902 4.808 4.717 4.630 4.545 4.464 4.386 4.310 4.237 Height (cm) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Amount of packaging material used (cm2) 250.000 250.040 250.164 250.340 250.604 250.896 251.276 251.710 252.196 252.736

(ii) Length = 5cm, width = 5 cm and height = 10cm. (b) (i) In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio () if the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger quantity is equal to the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller one. Expressed algebraically:

where the Greek letter phi ( ) represents the golden ratio. Its value is:

(ii)

Length, x(cm) 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

Width, 1.6x(cm) 8.16 8.32 8.48 8.64 8.80 8.96 9.12 9.28

Height, h(cm) 6.007 5.778 5.562 5.358 5.165 4.982 4.809 4.645

Amount of packaging material used (cm2) 175.634 172.890 170.262 167.743 165.327 163.009 160.784 158.646

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5.9 6.0

9.44 9.60

4.489 4.340

156.592 154.617

(iii)

Calculation using differentiation, V = 250 1.6x2h = 250 h = 250/1.6x2 A = 2[1.6x2 + 1.6xh + xh] = 2[1.6x2 + 2.6xh] = 2[1.6x2 +2.6x(250/1.6x2)] = 3.2x2 +812.5/x dA/dh = 6.4x 812.5x-2 0 = 6.4x 812.5x-2 = 6.4x3 812.5 3 x = 812.5/6.4 x = 5.03 1.6x = 8.05 h = 250/1.6(5.03)2 = 6.18 *Length = 5.03cm, Width = 8.05cmand Height = 6.18cm.

(iv)

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(c) Type of drink Milo Pokka Dimension (Length Width Height) (cm) 5.005.0010.00 4.174.0015.00 Reason Square base provides extra stability. Height is more obvious providing an interesting packaging. Standard size for easy storage.

Yeos 4.005.0012.50 Chrysanthemum Tea

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FURTHER EXPLORATION Total Surface Area : 2r2 + 2rh = 2()(2)2+2()(2)(9.5) = 144.5133cm2 Volume: = ()(2)2(9.5) = 119.3805cm2

Pro - Large volume - Easy to hold Total Surface Area: = [3(3+5)] = 75.3982

Con - Not Stable Volume: 1/3 r2h = 1/3()(3)2(4) = 37.6991

Pro - Stable - Attractive

Con - Small Volume - Hard to hold

Total Surface Area: Base Area + Triangle surface = 36 + 4[(3)(4)] = 84 Pro - Stable - Attractive

Volume: 1/3 Base Area h =1/3 36 4 = 48

Con -Small Volume - Hard to hold - Sharp edges and sides

Usual materials used to package drinks Materials used for packaging consist mainly of petrochemical products, usually plastic, and also cartons made of paperboard. Plastic packaging can be massed produced but are difficult to decompose. Thousands of years are required for plastics to break down and in the process, may release poisonous toxic, thus polluting the environment. Therefore, cartons made of paperboard are bio-degradable and more environment friendly.

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REFLECTION
I have gained many valuable lessons throughout the project. This includes gaining knowledge on how to carry out a good project. I realized that the planning stage is the most important part of the project because any mistakes at this stage would jeopardize the whole assignment. In order for the project to be successful, I collected information from the internet and brochures pertaining to the types of packet drinks available in the market. I studied their shapes; height, width and length. Then, based on my observation, I came up with my own design. From another aspect, I realized the importance of sharing information with others. With reliable friends, finding and sharing information helped me to complete the project successfully. My friends and I discussed about the project and we shared ideas with one another. This discussion has made me more confident to carry out future projects. Not only that, this experience has enabled me to communicate with others effectively, thus enhancing my communication skills. Finally, this project has taught me the importance of punctuality and carrying out proper research to avoid plagiarism.

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