Solar Thermal Power Generation

S l Th
Solar Thermall P
Power ffor IIndia
di
Dr Shireesh B.
Dr. B Kedare
Adjunct Associate Professor

Department of Energy Science and Engineering,
IIT-Bombay
Director
Clique Developments Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai
S l B
Solar Beltlt
Solar Belt
Solar Belt
Solar Thermal Power : Abundance !
Concentrating Solar Power
G
Generation
ti
CSP Plants will become one of the leading
energy technologies within the next years
630,000 5% of
world wide energy
world-wide
demand
Cumulated installed power in MWel / Forecast

21,540
5,990
354* 365** 1,550
2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2040

* Mojave Desert/USA (9 power plants)
** Plants under implementation (165 MW)
Source: ”Solar thermal power in 2020“, Greenpeace/ESTIA
CSP Plants will become one of the leading
energy technologies within the next years
Concentrating Optics
Parabolic
Focus
Reflector
Concentrators
Parabolic rotational solids

Extruded parabolic profiles
Concentrate the irradiance
Concentrate the irradiance
up to 2
2,000
000 times
up to 200 times
8
Fresnel Concentrators
9
Concentrator Applications
Dish Stirling Systems

5 – 25 kWe
Off-grid / long-term pilot plants
Solar Tower Systems

5 – 100 MWe
On-grid / long-term pilot plants
Parabolic Trough
5 – 200 MWe
On-grid / commercial operation
Linear Fresnel
5 – 200 MWe
On-grid / pilot plants
10
Parabolic Troughs
{ Typical application: solar radiation is reflected
to a linear focus (receiver pipe) which is cooled by
synthetic oil
{ Temperature range 200 – 390°C
{ Capacity range: 10 – 200 MWe
{ The heat is used in conventional
power processes
{ Status: 354 MWe in commercial

operation since 1989
: 65 MW since 2006
11
Parabolic Trough
CSP plants
l t in i the
th US
{ C
Constructed:
d
z Ten Parabolic Trough Plants
z Sizes between 1 MWe and 80 MWe
z Installed between 1986 and today
z Status: Under operation
{ electricity costs approx.
approx 120 USD/MWhe
{ Investment cost between 2800 (80 MW SEGS IX)
and 4500 USD/kW (13 MW SEGS I)
{ Operation cost approx. 20 USD/MWh
{ Under construction/development/recent:
z One PBT Plant 64 MWe in Nevada,
Nevada
groundbreaking January ‘06, commissioned ‘07
12
Parabolic Trough
CSP plants
l t in i th
the US : C
California
lif i
Kramer Junction Harper Lake

SEGS III: 30 MW SEGS VIII: 80 MW
S GS IV:
SEGS 30 MW S GS IX:
SEGS 80 MW
SEGS V: 30 MW Total: 160 MWe
SEGS VI: 30 MW
SEGS VII: 30 MW
Total: 150 MWe
13
Parabolic Trough CSP plants
Kramer Junction in the US
Parabolic Trough CSP plants
Harper Lake in the US
Parabolic Trough
CSP plants
l t in i th
the US : C
California
lif i
Net Solar field Dispatchability details
Output outlet temp
(MWe) (C)
I 13 8
13.8 307 3 h thermal
storage
II 30 316 Gas fired boiler
III / IV / V 30 349 Gas fired boiler
VI / VII 30 390 Gas fired boiler
VIII / IX 80 390 Gas fired HTF

16 heater
Parabolic Trough CSP plants in the US:
The Nevada Solar-One Plant
Parabolic Trough CSP plants in the US:
The Nevada Solar-One Plant
{ Parabolic Trough system commissioned 2007
{ Capacity : 64 MW
{ Collector fluid: Dowtherm @ 390°C
{ Generates steam to run Rankine cycle
{ Capital Investment : $266 million
: $4.16
$4 16 million/MW : Rs.17
Rs 17 Cr/MW
{ Energy Cost : 21 – 30 c/kWh : Rs. 8 to 12/kWh
{ Annual Generation : 2100 hr/yr
{ Area required : 400 acres : 2.5 Ha/MW
Source: official plant website –

www.nevadasolarone.net
Parabolic Trough
g CSP p
plants in the US:
Arizona
{ Parabolic Trough system commissioned 2006
{ Capacity : 1 MW
{ Collector fluid: Thermic fluid @ 300°C
{ Organic Rankine cycle
: n-Pentane, vapour at 22.4 bar, 204°C
{ Cycle efficiency : 20.7%
20 7%
{ Annual Generation: 2000 hr/yr
PT based CSP at Murqab, near Dubai
S l ARC 34 PBT
SolarARC
Murqab
SolarARC 4 x 34
MW
T t l 136 MWe
Total:
20
PT based CSP at Murqab, near Dubai
S l ARC 34 PBT
SolarARC
21
Murqab site SolarARC 34 PBT
Pl t Data
Plant D t andd project
j t conditions
diti
{ Electric capacity 34.0 MWel per module

{ Thermal Storage 270 MWhth per module
{ Fossil
F il Backup
B k plus
l 15% off solar
l output
t t
{ Electrical output ~ 108 GWhel p.a. per module
(97 GWhel thereof solar only, i.e. 2850 hr/yr )
{ Land use 120 ha i.e. 3.53 ha/MW
{ Collector Area:311,000 sq.m i.e.9150 sq.m/MW
{ Lifetime over 25 years
22
Murqab site SolarARC 34 PBT
Pl t Data
Plant D t andd project
j t conditions
diti
{ Direct normal irradiation of 2230
{ Loan frame 80% of invest at 5% interest rate (15 years
run time)
{ Electricity selling price of 840 – 930 AED/MWh
at electricity generating costs of 500 AED/MWh
{ Operating and Maintenance costs of 77 – 90 AED/MWh
{ Land use free of charge
{ 136 MWe total capacity

{ approx. 435 GWhe electricity produced per year
{ IRR20 of 15.3 % - 18.5 % (based on 20% equity capital)
{ Payback Period of approx. 8-9 years
23
Parabolic Troughs - Components
LS-1 Collector
24
LS-2 Collector
Curved glass
2 x 2 modules
Width 5 m
CR ~ 100
25
Absorber Tube
Pipe diameter 50 mm
Evacuated glass cover
Selective coating
Temp Limit 400 C
Bellows for expansion
26
Mechanical
torque transfer
Tracking system and controls

Hydraulic
drive
Solar brain –
hardware &
software control
Piping
C
Connections on ffar side
d
28
Steam Generator
Fossil fuel hybrid
29
Steam Turbine
y
Steam Rankine cycle
Organic Rankine cycle
30
Parabolic Trough characteristics - NREL
Parabolic Trough – Power System :
Schematic
Parabolic Trough – Power System
35
36
37
Solar Tower Systems
{ Typical
T i l application:
li i solar
l radiation
di i iis reflected
fl dbby
heliostats to the top of a tower (80 m)
{ Temperature range: 350 to 1500 °C C
{ The heat is used in conventional
power processes
{ Salt storage system
{ St t
Status: 10 MWe long-term
l t pilots
il t
in operation
39
Solar Tower Systems
Solar Tower Systems
Heleostats-Central Tower
CSP plants
l t iin E
Europe
{ Constructed:
z Only pilot plants (approx. 15 MWe)
{ Under construction/
development:
{ Spain:
approx. 500 MWe
in total
{ Greece:
pp
approx. 50 MWe
42
PS10 att Granada,
G d Spain
S i
{ Heleostat – Central Receiver

{ Capacity : 10 MW
{ Area required : ?
{ Capital Investment
: $56.5 million
: $5
$5.65
65 million/MW
o /
: Rs.23.2 Cr/MW
Linear Fresnel
44
Linear Fresnel
{ Typical application: solar radiation is reflected by
facets
to a linear focus which is cooled by water/steam
{ Temperature range 300 – 550 °C C
{ The heat is used in
conventional power processes
{ Status: pilots in operation
Applications
45
Dish Systems
{ Typical
T i l application:
li i solar
l radiation
di i iis reflected
fl dbby a
reflective dish (diameter up to 25 m) to a point focus
{ Temperature range: 650 to 800 °C C
{ Capacity range: 0.01 – 0.025 MWe
{ Absorbed heat is used
to generate steam to run
engine or turbine
{ Status: A few pilots (50 kWe)

i th
in the pastt
46
Dish with 50kWe Steam Engine
300 m2 Sandia Dish, US, 1984

300 m2 Sandia Dish with Cavity Receiver

400 m2 ANU Dish with Cavity

Receiver, Australia
Dish Stirling Systems
{ Typical
T i l application:
li ti solar
l radiation
di ti iis reflected
fl t d bby a
reflective dish (diameter up to 25 m) to a point focus
{ Temperature range: 650 to 800 °C
{ Capacity range: 10 – 25 kWe
{ Absorbed heat is used in
a Stirling engine
{ Rs.45 Cr/MWe (Imptd)
{ Rs.25 Cr/MWe
/ ((Ind))
{ Rs.8-12 /kWh
{ Status: several long-term pilots
(10 – 25 kWe) in operation
50
Dish with Stirling Engine
100 m2 Dish with Stirling Engine at Test Field

56 m2 Dish with Stirling Engine at VIT, INDIA

100 m2 Dishes with Stirling Engine by SES for

500 & 800 MW plant at Mojave Desert, US
Solar Concentrators: Efficiency
54
Comparison
Peak Energy
29 % 23 % 21 % 20 %
efficiency
Operating
800 °C 550 – 1500 °C 390 °C 300 - 550 °C
temperature
Typical Size 0.025 MWe 5 - 25 MWe 30 – 80 MWe 10 – 100 MWe
Maturity Pilot Long-term pilot Commercial operation Pilot
* Estimated values only

** Long-term price studies for solar only plants
*** values for plants under commercial operation
55
List of CSP plants (announced)
I iti ti
Initiatives in
i IIndia
di
{ Concentrators for p
process heat
z Scheffler cooker / concentrator
z Arun paraboloid concentrator
z Solar Bowl
{ Thermal Power approaches
z Scheffler Dish with MS storage
z Arun with (solid) storage
z Imported Parabolic Trough / CLFR
z Imported Stirling Engine / Dish
{ Cogeneration
I iti ti
Initiatives in
i IIndia
di
process heat
z Solar Bowl
{ Cogeneration
Paraboloid Dish
with Fixed Focus on ground
7 m2 Scheffler dish for cooking, INDIA

Paraboloid Dish
with Fixed Focus on ground
7 m2 Scheffler dish for cooking, Mt.Abu, India

Scheffler Paraboloid Dish with
Fixed Focus on ground
16 m2 Scheffler
S h ffl di dishh ffor cooking,
ki INDIA
• Temp:
p 100 to 150°C
• Power capacity : 4 to 5 kW
• Operating hours : 6 to 7 hours/day
• Daily output : 30 kWhth / day
• Capital cost : Rs.1,35,000
• Cost Parameter : Rs.Rs 30,000
30 000 /kWth
: Rs. 4,500/(kWhth/day)
Fresnel Paraboloid Dish :
ARUN™
ARUN ™ from Clique
& IIT-
IIT-Bombay
160 m2 dish for

Pasteurization of
Milk at Mahanand
Dairy,
y, Latur,, India
saving about 75 lit
Furnace Oil on
every sunny day
since Feb, 2006
Arun at Mahanand Dairy,
y,
Latur, India
63
•Paraboloid Fresnel mirror
arrangement
g
Small mirror facets, protection provided
•Flat dish of space truss
Li ht lless costly,
Light, tl ttested
t d iin the
th field
fi ld
10000
Load temperature constraint
storage volume, m 3
•Point focus fixed to the dish

b
1000
100 Maximized
volume
limits for
interceptoperating
factor region
•Coiled tube cavity

y absorber m given area Area limits for given o
s
10 volume
Minimum
Minimized
a
thermalMaximum
losses temp.constraint
•Automatic two-axes tracking

Volume 1 (100°C)
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230
0.1 F
Facing
i Areath
Minimum the Sun,
S maximum
i iinsolation
l ti
Collector area,m 2
•Storage
g & Hx for 24 h heat supply
pp y
•Optimized integration and efficiency
improvement 64
ARUN160TM Concentrator
Steam for process heat

applications
Steam
Drum
Pump
65
ARUN160TM Concentrator Field
Steam for process heat

applications
Steam
Drum
Pump
66
ARUN Solar Concentrator: Improved
For the FIRST TIME in India
Fo Indi a solar
ol concentrator
on ent to is i
available for Industrial Process Heat Applications.
z Largest aperture area : 169 m2
z Highest modular thermal output : About 700,000
kcal/day; about 70 to 90 kWth for 8 to 9 hours a day
z Highest stagnation temperature : 1050° to 1200°C
z Highest process temperature : 300 to 500°C
z Pressurized water / Oil as thermal / storage medium
z Integrable with various industrial processes
z Back-up heating for monsoon
z On-line
On line data
data-logging
logging can be provided
z Saves about 75 to 85 lit/d or MORE (110 lit/d!) oil
z Testing procedure is developed that can characterize
the dish
η = 0.765 – {0.4 + 2.4x10-5 (Tm - Tamb) + 0.9x10-3 (sin θz) } (Tm - Tamb) /Ibn
67
η of PT = 0.78 – {0.35 + 4.3x10-5 (Tm - Tamb) + 0 } (Tm - Tamb) /Ibn
Potential
{ Fully indigenous technology
{ At the fountainhead of
z Providing about 30% of industrial process heat
in India by solar energy saving of about 10% of
our oil imports
z Capable of supplying most economic solar heat
for solar thermal power route through steam
Rankine cycle / organic Rankine cycle /
Combined gas cycle
z Stirling-Dish system leading to Solar Farms
z Experience gained leading to development of
heleostats and central tower system
z As tracker for solar PV panels
z For concentratingg solar PV in future
{ Great CDM potential and important role in
reducing global warming 68
Improved Fresnel Paraboloid Dish : ARUN™
ARUN™
169 m2 dish for Industrial Process Heat / Power

• Temp: 150 to 350°C
• Power capacity : 80 to 85 kWth
• Operating hours : 9 to 10 hours/day
• Daily output : About 800 kWhth / day
or 700,000 kcal / day
• Capital
C i l cost : Rs.28,50,000
R 28 50 000
,
• Cost Parameter : Rs. 34,550 /kWth
: Rs. 3,562/(kWhth/day)
Fixed Spheroidal Dish
with Moving Focus
176 m2
Solar Bowl
at CSR, Auroville, INDIA
Comparison of Solar Systems
2
Specific Cost (Capital cost / Area) (Rs./ m )
40,000 37,500
,
Rs./ m2
35,000 33,750
30,000
25,000
25,000
21,429
20,000
16,000
15,000 14,793
15,000
5,000
12 000
12,000
10,000 9,500
10,000 7,500 7,000
5,000
0
em
s
gh
A
er
l ia
0
2)
l
70
er
or
s
ow
S
16
or
at
ou
m
tra
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at
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un
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he
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i rr
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he
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6
us
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ia
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(1
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la
Ar
ir
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e
nd
er
lic
C
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So
on
ip
er
at
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Sa
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tP
be
ok
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rw
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ra
So
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w
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ea
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la
lo
-H
er
ed
So
ith
be
ffl
t
ua
w
he
tu
0
ac
Sc
d
16
Ev
te
un
ua
Ar
71
ac
Ev
-
So
la
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90 000
90,000
ra
ir
h ea
So
la te
r Rs/m 2
rw
22140
Ev at
ac er
ua he
Ev te at
ac d er
Tu
23616
ua be
te
d Co
tu l le
be ct
-H or
e s
14000
at
Pi
pe
Sy
st
em
40909
Sa
nd
ia,
US
AN A
48214
U,
Au
str
Pa a l ia
ra
53571
bo
lic
Tr
ou
gh
22069
Sc So
he la
rB
f fl ow
er
co l
2
77159
Cost / Efficiency ratio (Rs./m )
ok
er
(1
6
m
2)
35382
Ar
un
70
Ar
44835
un
16 Ar
0 un
wi 16
th
lo 0
25509
w-
ir o
n
m
i rr
72
or
s
24726
Power Cost (Capital cost / Power) at different operating temperatures
(Rs./ kW th)
94,538
R ss./ k W th
100,000
85,084
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000 52,747
48,128 45,387
50,000 41,626
40,000 30,010 29,089
25,963
30 000
30,000 18 450
18,450 19 680
19,680
20,000 11,667
10,000
0
0
70
A
l
gh
r
ia
ow
16
te
er
US
2)
al
un
ou
or
ea
s
at
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un
st r
m
e
or
Ar
ct
ia,
Tr
he
st
h
Ar
Au
la
i rr
l le
6
Sy
ir
nd
(1
lic
So
er
m
ra
Co
U,
Sa
bo
at
er
pe
n
la
AN
ir o
rw
be
ok
Pi
ra
So
w-
Tu
Pa
co
la
at
lo
So
er
d
-H
te
th
ff l
be
ua
wi
he
tu
ac
0
Sc
16
d
Ev
te
un
ua
Ar
ac
73
Ev
Typical Cost of Thermal Energy from different solar thermal units
at different operating temperatures (Rs./kWhth)
6
4.89
5
4.15
4 3.74
3.57
R s ./ k W h th
2 84
2.84
3 2.56
2 1.46 1.47
1.37 1.32 1.28
0.86
1
0
Solar air Solar Evacuated Evacuated Sandia, ANU, Parabolic Solar Scheffler Arun70 Arun160 Arun160
heater w ater Tube tube-Heat USA Australia Trough Bow l cooker w ith low -
heater Collectors Pipe (16 m2) iron
System 74
mirrors
Scheffler cooker (16 m2)
Evacuated tube-Heat Pipe System
Arun160
08
0.8 Parabolic Trough
Arun160 with low-iron mirrors
0.7
06
0.6
Efficiency
0.5
SystemE
04
0.4
0.3
02
0.2
0.1
(Topr-Ta), °C
00
0.0
50 100 150 200 250 300
75
Comparison of Solar Systems mal Power
70,000
65,000
60,000
d on Therm
55,000
50,000
45,000
,
Rs / kW th
Specific system cost based
40,000
35,000
30,000
,
25,000
20,000
50 100 150 200 250 300
Scheffler cooker (16 m2) (Topr-Ta), °C

Arun160
Parabolic Trough
Arun160 with low-iron mirrors 76
e Cost of
Energy, Rs.// kWh th 5
Comparativve Life Cycle
3
Delivered E
1
50 100 150 200 250 300
Scheffler cooker (16 m2) (Topr-Ta), °C
Arun160
Parabolic Trough
Electricity
Light Diesel Oil (LDO)
LPG
Furnace Oil (FO)
Natural Gas (PNG)
Arun160 with low-iron mirrors 77
I iti ti
Initiatives in
i IIndia
di
process heat
z Solar Bowl
{ Cogeneration
1 MW SOLAR THERMAL POWER
PROJECT
1.9 3046
Solar Boiler 60 350
5.4 MW
H.ST. 1.9 3046 75.3 % P = 1 MW

SOLAR WS
60 400
FIELD
1.4 2521
SH 0.5 MW 0.1013 46.2
1.9 2785 4.4 MW

WS
HTF 60 276
EV
3 1 MW
3.1
1.9 192
WS 1.9 1134 0.1013 46
65 260
C ST
C.ST. HTF
PH Power Output: 1 MW
1.8 MW
Solar Boiler Heat i/p = 5.4
Ppump = 12.1 MW
KW Efficiency: 18.4 %
LEGENDS
P=60
P 60
Mass
T=350 1.9 198
[Kg/S] h [KJ/Kg]
MW=1 65 46
No RH, No P [bar] T [0 C]
RG
PROJECT
1.6 3180
Solar Boiler 60 400
4.8 MW
H.ST. 1.6 3180 75.3 % P = 1 MW

SOLAR WS
60 400
FIELD
1.6 2554
SH 0.63 MW 0.1013 46.2
1.6 2785 3.8 MW

WS
HTF 60 276
EV
2 64 MW
2.64
1.6 192
WS 1.6 1134 0.1013 46
65 260
C ST
C.ST. HTF
1.49 MW
Solar Boiler Heat i/p =
Ppump = 10.2 4.8 MW
KW Efficiency: 21%
LEGENDS
P=60
Mass
T=400 1.6 198
[Kg/S] h [KJ/Kg]
MW=1 65 46
P [bar] T [0 C]
No RH, No
PROJECT
1.4 3303
Solar Boiler 60 450
4.32 MW
H.ST. 1.4 3303 75.3 % P = 1 MW

SOLAR WS
60 400
FIELD
1.4 2585
SH 0.72 MW 0.1013 46.2
1.4 2785 3.33 MW

WS
HTF 60 276
EV
2 3 MW
2.3
1.4 192
WS 1.4 1134 0.1013 46
65 260
C ST
C.ST. HTF
1.3 MW
Solar Boiler Heat i/p =
Ppump = 8.9 4.32 MW
KW Efficiency: 23.1%
LEGENDS
P=60
P 60
Mass
T=450 1.4 198
[Kg/S] h [KJ/Kg]
MW=1 65 46
RG
PROJECT
1.73 3118
Solar Boiler 30 350
5.1 MW
H.ST. 1.73 3233 75.3 % P = 1 MW

SOLAR WS
30 400
FIELD
1.73 2539
SH 0.5 MW 0.1013 46.2
1.73 2832 4.1 MW

WS
HTF 30 276
EV
3 2 MW
3.2
1.73 192
WS 1.73 990 0.1013 46
35 260
C ST
C.ST. HTF
1.4 MW
Ppump = 6 KW MW
Efficiency: 19.8 %
LEGENDS
P=30
P 30
Mass
T=350 1.73 196
[Kg/S] h [KJ/Kg]
MW=1 35 46
RG
PROJECT
1.5 3233
Solar Boiler 30 400
4.6 MW
H.ST. 1.5 3233 75.3 % P = 1 MW

SOLAR WS
30 400
FIELD
1.5 2568
SH 0.6 MW 0.1013 46.2
1.5 2832 3.6 MW

WS
HTF 30 276
EV
2 8 MW
2.8
1.5 192
WS 1.5 990 0.1013 46
35 260
C ST
C.ST. HTF
1.2 MW
Ppump = 5.15 MW
KW Efficiency: 21.9 %
LEGENDS
P=30
P 30
Mass
T=400 1.5 196
[Kg/S] h [KJ/Kg]
MW=1 35 46
RG
Cycle Efficiency = 0.047xTemperature + 2.0333
23.5 R2 = 0.9962 2.0
23 0
23.0 19
1.9
22.5 1.8
1.7
22 0
22.0
Mass Flow = -0.005xTemperature + 3.6333 1.6
21.5 R2 = 0.9868 1.5
21.0 11.44
20.5 1.3
20.0 1.2
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
Series1 Series2 Linear (Series1) Linear (Series2)

25
Cycle Efficien cy [% ]
23 23.1
21.99
21
21 21
19.8
19
18.4
17
15
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
Temperature [C]
Pressure=30 Bar Pressure=60 Bar
350 400 450

30 19.8 21.9
60 18.4 21 23.1
25
y [%]
23 23.1
Efficiency
21 9
21.9
21 21
19.8
19
Cycle E
18 4
18.4
17
15
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190
Degree of Superheat [C]
Pressure=30 Bar Pressure=60 Bar
75 125 175
30 19.8 21.9
60 18.4 21 23.1
Scheffler cooker (16 m2)
Arun160
08
0.8 Parabolic Trough
Arun160 with low-iron mirrors
0.7
06
0.6
Efficiency
0.5
SystemE
04
0.4
0.3
02
0.2
0.1
(Topr-Ta), °C
00
0.0
50 100 150 200 250 300
87
Solar Thermal Power Technologies :
T h i lC
Technical Comparison
i ffor IIndia
di
Typical Heat loss

concen- coefficient, Effective Effective
tration Optical Ul, aperture at aperture at
ratio efficiency, ηo W/m2/K Lat < 20° Lat > 20°
Scheffler
150 0 581
0.581 2 07
0.7 07
0.7
system
Parabolic 100 0.77 0.35 0.8 – 0.9 0.6 – 0.8
Trough
Arun160
with
ith low-iron
l i 400 0 765
0.765 04
0.4 10
1.0 10
1.0
mirrors
P
Parametric
ti C
Comparison
i ffor IIndia
di
Scheffler Arun Imported Imported Dish-
PT CLFR Stirling
Power 3.5 MW 5 MW 20 MW 20 MW ? 0.025 MW
Collector Area 12,000 8,450 9,500 – ? 6750
Sq.m / MW 10,500
Land required 2.75 4.5 2.5 to 3.5 ? 3

Ha/MW
Capital Cost 18.3 Cr 20 Cr 17 Cr 14 Cr 16-20 Cr
Rs./MW
Hrs/day 6 85
6.85 85
8.5 7 56
5.6 8
Ratio 2.67 2.35 2.4 2.5 2 - 2.5
Rs.Cr/(MWh/d)
Energy Cost* 9.00
9 00 – 7 83 – 8.00
7.83 8 00 – 8.33
8 33 – 10 – 12.50
12 50
Rs./kWh 13.50 11.75 12.00 12.50
* With annualized cost / capital cost = 13% and O&M @2% pa, no profit
I iti ti
Initiatives in
i IIndia
di
process heat
z Solar Bowl
{ Cogeneration
Co-generation with process heat
applications
li ti
Co-generation with
VAR-application
92
Co-generation with Multiple effect
Desalination
93
R
Researchh iissues ffor IIndia
di
{ Optimization
p of Process Heat and Co-
gen systems
{ Storageg material at high
g temperature
p
{ Optimum sizing of storage, turbines
{ Organic Rankine cycle
{ PT: Evacuated tube and its coating
{ High temperature receiver for central
tower
{ Thermal material for central tower
{ Stirling engine
T h l
Technology iissues ffor IIndia
di
{ Infrastructure available and cost in India for
manufacturing: Labour, industrial components
{ Technical quality, Reliability and Operating
experience of indigenous systems vs imported
systems
{ Capital cost and Cost of maintenance of
indigenous systems vs imported systems
{ Testing standards
{ Testing facility and demonstration plant – IIT
Bombay
C
Comparison
i iissues ffor IIndia
di
{ Cost and hours /day, hours /year

{ Operating temperature affects solar
collector
ll efficiency
ff as wellll as turbine
b
efficiency
{ D i
Design suitable
i bl ffor indigenous
i di
maintenance
{ S
Storage sizing
i i and
d cost
{ Are we going to put more plants for
experimentation
i t ti / R and dD?
CSP - Energy cost estimates :
Reduction due to increased installations
Reduction due to increased installations
Reduction with respect to time
P li iissues ffor IIndia
Policy di
Apt and positive policy initiative !
{ Strategy for indigenous technology
development ?
Completely Completely
imported indigenous
plant
l plant
α-Plant β -Plant
{ Combination
C bi ti off ttechnologies
h l i ?
Hybrid systems ?
????
{
{ Co-gen systems ?
Thanks for your attention !
Queries and suggestions are welcome.
Dr Shireesh B.
Dr. B Kedare
Adjunct Associate Professor

Department of Energy Science and Engineering,
IIT-Bombay
sbkedare@iitb.ac.in
Director
Clique Developments Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai
sbkedare@gmail.com
bk d @ il

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Cumulated installed power in MWel / Forecast

354* 365** 1,550

2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2040

Parabolic rotational solids

Dish Stirling Systems

Solar Tower Systems

{ Status: 354 MWe in commercial

Kramer Junction Harper Lake

III / IV / V 30 349 Gas fired boiler

VI / VII 30 390 Gas fired boiler

VIII / IX 80 390 Gas fired HTF

Source: official plant website –

{ Electric capacity 34.0 MWel per module

{ Lifetime over 25 years

{ 136 MWe total capacity

Tracking system and controls

{ Heleostat – Central Receiver

{ Status: A few pilots (50 kWe)

300 m2 Sandia Dish, US, 1984

300 m2 Sandia Dish with Cavity Receiver

400 m2 ANU Dish with Cavity

100 m2 Dish with Stirling Engine at Test Field

56 m2 Dish with Stirling Engine at VIT, INDIA

100 m2 Dishes with Stirling Engine by SES for

Typical Size 0.025 MWe 5 - 25 MWe 30 – 80 MWe 10 – 100 MWe

Maturity Pilot Long-term pilot Commercial operation Pilot

* Estimated values only

7 m2 Scheffler dish for cooking, INDIA

7 m2 Scheffler dish for cooking, Mt.Abu, India

160 m2 dish for

•Point focus fixed to the dish

•Coiled tube cavity

•Automatic two-axes tracking

Steam for process heat

Steam for process heat

169 m2 dish for Industrial Process Heat / Power

Evacuated tube-Heat Pipe System

Solar Boiler 60 350

H.ST. 1.9 3046 75.3 % P = 1 MW

1.9 2785 4.4 MW

Solar Boiler 60 400

H.ST. 1.6 3180 75.3 % P = 1 MW

1.6 2785 3.8 MW

Solar Boiler 60 450

H.ST. 1.4 3303 75.3 % P = 1 MW

1.4 2785 3.33 MW

Solar Boiler 30 350

H.ST. 1.73 3233 75.3 % P = 1 MW

1.73 2832 4.1 MW

Solar Boiler 30 400

H.ST. 1.5 3233 75.3 % P = 1 MW

1.5 2832 3.6 MW

Series1 Series2 Linear (Series1) Linear (Series2)

Pressure=30 Bar Pressure=60 Bar

350 400 450

Pressure=30 Bar Pressure=60 Bar

Typical Heat loss

Land required 2.75 4.5 2.5 to 3.5 ? 3

{ Cost and hours /day, hours /year

Adjunct Associate Professor

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