Overview of the A h lt Research Asphalt R h Consortium C ti (ARC) Studies on Emulsions

Hussain U. Bahia
Contributors: Andrew Hanz, Zelalem Arega, Timothy Miller

AEMA-ARRA-ISSA Annual Meeting Palm Springs, California, February 20, 2009

Outline
Background on ARC studies Performance indicators of surface seals Advanced methods and typical results for:
Breaking and setting Adhesion

Energy analysis - please see handout Future plans

ARC Themes for Engineered Paving Materials

Engineered Asphalts

Green mixes i

High performance mixes i

Safe Quiet

Low Temperature Low-Temperature Asphalt Applications

Cold and i warm mixes High recycled content t t

Designed for intersections Thermal cracking resistant Traffic resistant

Low-Temperature Asphalt Applications

Develop a more scientific characterization system for emulsified (liquefied) asphalts with consideration of application type.

Surface Treatments
Chip Seals Slurry / Micro-surfacing Fog Seals

Paving Mixes
Paving Base Stabilization Partial Depth Recycling

Performance of Surface Treatments Emulsions

Surface treatment distresses are different than those of paving mixtures. Binder in surface treatments is 2 materials. materials
Emulsion ... during construction Residue R id .... d during i service i lif life

Research Focus Chip p Seals

Engineering Property
1 1 Storage Stability 1.1

Parameter(s) Measured
Difference in residue - top and bottom of storage vessel - 24 hrs.

1. Construction Properties

1.2 Spray-ability and Drain Out Viscosity @application temp 1.3 Breaking / Setting Rate 1.4 Early Raveling
Change in rheology (G*, Jnr, % recovery, strain tolerance) with time Adhesion / Cohesion

Research Focus Chip p Seals

Engineering Property
2 1 Resistance to Bleeding 2.1 2.2 Resistance to Raveling 2.3 Fatigue Cracking 2.4 Early Raveling

Parameter(s) Measured
G* Jnr @highpavement G*, @high pavement temp Adhesion / cohesion @high and low temp Reside fatigue @intermediate temp Rheology (S / m) after long-term aging

2. In-Service Properties

Testing Methods Selected

Breaking and setting
Strain sweep G*, sin

Adhesion
PATTI test DSR

Validation Validation
Sweep test

Strain Sweep - To Measure Raveling Potential

Testing of Breaking and Setting of Emulsions on Aggregates

1.00E +06

Neat Binder
1.00E +05 G* (Pa a

24 hrs 6 hrs 4 hrs 2 hrs

1.00E +04

1.00E +03 1.0%

10.0% Strain (%)

100.0%

Effect of Mineral Surface

No difference

Difference due to surface > 2x

Preliminary Results
DevelopmentofFailureStrainvs.CuringTime CRS1HP
60 Fa ailure Strain 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 Time (hrs) 25 30 35 Granite8mm Limestone8mm

Why Strain Sweep?

Adhesion Testing
Chip seal performance highly dependent on development of adhesion between emulsion and aggregate chips.
Current test is qualitative ASTM D244 Coating Ability

Concept is to develop a simple test to measure: Bond strength g Development of adhesion Aggregate / emulsion compatibility

Early failures due to lack of adhesion and climate effects

Constructed 29/04 Temperature drop 30/04 Constructed 27/04 and trafficked for 1 warm day

Source: Gerrie Van Zyl y RSA

Pneumatic Adhesion Tension Test PATTI

50 kHz. 8 channel DAQ card

Tektronix Oscilloscope
LVDT

Three-leg LVDT frame

S lf li i screw plate Self-aligning l t Gasket Pressure transducer To PATTI test controller Test surface Pressurized gas inlet Pull stab Space (Pullout stub support) Gasket

Measures pressure and deflection

Binder

PATTI Testing Stubs Control Film Thickness

Based on work done at University of Ancona - Italy

Preliminary Results Effect of Time and Mineralogy

DevelopmentofTensileStrengthvs.CuringTime CRS1HP
400 350 Tensile S Strength(psi) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (hrs) Granite GraniteBase Limestone LimestoneBase

Base asphalt

Emulsion

Validation Using the Sweep Test

Purpose: performance test to develop guidelines for early g y resistance to raveling.
Correlate with DSR results.

Evaluate percent p aggregate lost.

Preliminary Results Sweep Test

25.0% %gate Aggrega te Lo % Aggreg Los ss 20.0% 15 0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0 5 10

Granite Gra Li Limestone t

Curing Time, Hours

15 20 CuringTime,hrs

25

30

35

Correlation between DSR G*/sin and % Aggregate Loss (at equal time)
25 Granite 20
y = -0.115x + 32.321 R = 0.851
2

% Aggre egate Lo oss % Agg Los L

15 10 5 0 50 100 150 200 250

G*/sind G /sind at 12%strain, 12%strain, Kpa

Lim estone
y = -0.1591x + 36.768 R = 0.8103
2

Energy Analysis The Path to Sustainability

Purpose
Define asphalt pavement sustainability. Quantify benefits of using low-temperature binders/mixes. Consider six critical areas:
natural resource consumption, energy consumption, consumption emissions, risk potential, land use,

Premise of Investigation FHWA Environmental Stewardship

Source: FHWA

Fue el /Ton

Defining System Boundaries

Next Steps Testing of Emulsions

Finalize preparation and testing procedures DSR Scale Scale-up up experiments to evaluate effects of
Modified emulsions Surface roughness g Environmental conditions ( Temp and Humidity)

Testing of Emulsions Based on Performance

Shrinkage Cracks Raveling . Fracture . Stiffness

Fatigue Raveling . Binder Fatigue

Bleeding Raveling . MSCR . Adhesion . Cohesion

Construction Of Seals . Stability . Breaking time . Viscosity

- 20

20 60 + Pavement Temperature, C

Next Steps Energy Analysis

Short-term
R Refine fi estimation ti ti models. d l Develop consensus on boundaries for life cycle analysis. Conduct C d t quantitative tit ti analysis l i of f current t industry i d t practice. ti

Long-term
Evaluate road construction projects using life f cycle analysis methodologies. Develop LEED system for asphalt pavements. pavements

Concluding Remarks
Develop performance guidelines for emulsions. emulsions Establish framework for evaluating asphalt pavement sustainability. More data needed to accomplish both. both

Thank you for the opportunity Acknowledgments: WRI and FHWA Sem Materials Support Advisory Group Questions?
Hussain U. Bahia, Ph.D. bahia@engr.wisc.edu

Eco-Efficiency Analysis Private Industry Contribution

Source: BASF