Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14
Nonlinear Materials
14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials 14.2
Step-by-Step: Belleville Washer 14.3
Step-by-Step: Planar Seal 14.4
Review

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials
Key Concepts
Linear versus Nonlinear Materials Elasticity

Plasticity

Yield Criteria Hardening Rules Plasticity Models Required Test Data Strain Energy Functions Hyperelasticity Models

Linear Elasticity Hyperelasticity

Hyperelasticity

Plasticity

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

When the stress-stain relation of a material is linear, it is called a linear material, otherwise the material is called a nonlinear material.

Stress (Force/Area) Strain (Dimensionless)

Linear/Nonlinear Materials

For a linear material, the stress-strain relation is expressed by Hooke's law, in which two independent material parameters are needed to completely dene the material.

Orthotropic elasticity is also available in <Workbench>.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

If the strain is totally recovered after release of the stress, the behavior is called elasticity. On the other hand, if the strain is not residual strain after release of the stress), the behavior is called plasticity and the residual strain is called the plastic strain. totally recoverable (i.e., there is no

Stress (Force/Area)

Elastic/Plastic Materials

[1] Elastic material.

Strain (Dimensionless) [2] Plastic material.

Stress (Force/Area)

Strain (Dimensionless) [3] Plastic strain.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Hysteresis
The term hysteresis is used for the energy loss in a material during stressing and unstressing. Most of materials have more-or-less hysteresis behavior. However, as long as it is small enough, we may neglect the hysteresis behavior.
Stress Strain Stress

Strain

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Hyperelasticity
Stress (Force/Area)

Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are characterized by that the stressing curve and the unstressing curve are coincident: the energy is conserved in the cycles. Challenge of implementing nonlinear elastic material models comes from that the strain may be as large as 100% or even 200%, such as rubber under stretching or compression.

Hyperelastic material.

Strain (Dimensionless)

Additional consideration is that, under such large strains, the stretching and compression behaviors may not be described by the same parameters. This kind of super-large deformation elasticity is given a special name: hyperelasticity.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

PLASTICITY Idealized Stress-Strain Curve

Plasticity behavior typically occurs in ductile metals subject to large deformation. Plastic strain results from slips between planes of atoms due to shear stresses. This dislocation deformation is a rearrangement of atoms in the crystal structure.
[2] Initial yield point (or elastic limit). Stress (Force/Area) [1] Idealized stress-strain curve.

Strain (Dimensionless) [3] The stressstrain relation is assumed linear before Yield point, and the initial slope is the Young's modulus. [4] When the stress is released, the strain decreases with a slope equal to the Young's modulus.

A stress-strain curve is not sufcient to fully dene a plasticity behavior. There are two additional characteristics that must be described: a yield criterion and a hardening rule.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Yield Criteria
<Workbench> uses von Mises criterion as the yield criterion, that is, a stress state reaches yield state when the von Mises stress e is equal to the current , or uniaxial yield strength y
2 2 2 1 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 = y 2

) (

) (

= y , and the "current" uniaxial yield The yielding initially occurs when y may change subsequently. strength y

If the stress state is inside the cylinder, no yielding occurs. If the stress state is on the surface, yielding occurs. No stress state can exist outside the yield surface.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

This is a von Mises yield surface, which is a cylindrical surface aligned with the axis 1 = 2 = 3 and with a radius of , where is the current yield 2 y y strength.

1 = 2 = 3

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

10

Hardening Rules
If the stress state is on the yield surface and the stress state continues to "push" the yield surface outward, the size (radius) or the location of the yield surface will change. The rule that describes how the yield surface changes its size or location is called a hardening rule.

Kinematic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield surface outward, the yield surface will change its location, according to the "push direction," but preserve the size of the yield surface. Isotropic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield surface, the yield surface will expand its size, but preserve the axis of the yield surface.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

11

[1] Kinematic hardening assumes that the difference between tensile yield strength and the compressive yield strength remains a constant of 2 y .

[2] Isotropic hardening assumes that the tensile yield strength and the compressive yield strength remain equal in magnitude.

y
Stress

Stress

2 y

Strain

Strain

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

12

Plasticity Models in Workbench

[2] To complete a description of plasticity model, you must include its linear elastic properties.

[1] Currently, <Workbench> provides six plasticity models.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

13

HYPERELASTICITY Test Data Needed for Hyperelasticity

In plasticity or linear elasticity, we use a stress-strain curve to describe its behavior, and the stress-strain curve is usually obtained by a tensile test. Since only tension behavior is investigated, other behaviors (compressive, shearing, and volumetric) must be drawn from the tensile test data.

When the strain is large, all the moduli (tensile, compressive, shear, and bulk) can not assume simple relations. Therefore, to describe hyperelasticity behavior, we need following test data: (a) a set of uniaxial tensile test data, (b) a set of uniaxial compressive test data, (c) a set of shear test data, and (d) a set of volumetric test data if the material is compressible.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

14

It is possible that a set of test data is obtained by superposing two sets of other test data. For example, the set of uniaxial compressive test data can be obtained by adding a set of hydrostatic compressive test data to a set of equibiaxial tensile test data.

[1] Uniaxial compressive test.

[2] Equibiaxial tensile test.

[3] Hydrostatic compressive test.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

15

300 [2] Equibiaxial test data.

240

Stress (psi)

180

[3] Shear test data.

120 [1] Uniaxial test data. 60

0.2

0.5

0.7

Strain (Dimensionless)

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

16

Hyperelasticity Models in Workbench

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

17

Section 14.2
Belleville Washer
Problem Description
280 Stress-strain curve of the steel in this case.

Stress (MPa)

270

260

250

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

Plastic Strain (Dimensionless)

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

18

40 mm

We will compress the Belleville spring by 1.0 mm and then release it completely. A force-displacement curve will also be plotted. We will examine the residual stress after the spring is completely released.

22 mm

The Belleville washer is made of steel, with thickness of 1.0 mm.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

19

Force-versus-Displacement Curve
80 60 Compressive Force (N) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 0.2 0.4 [3] Let's explore the residual stress at this point when the external force is completely released. 0.6 0.8 1.0 [1] The curve is quite different between loading and unloading.

Displacement (mm) [2] There is no practice use of this section. It is the force required to pull the spring back to its original position.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

20

Residual Stress
[1] Residual equivalent stress.

[2] Residual hoop stress. Note that the top surface is dominated by tension, while the bottom surface is dominated by compression.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

21

Section 14.3
Planar Seal
Problem Description
Stress (psi) 200 160 [2] Biaxial test.

The seal is used in the door of a refrigerator. The seal is a long strip, and we will model it as a plane strain problem.

120 [3] Shear test. 80 40 0 [1] Uniaxial test. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Engineering Strain (Dimensionless)

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

22

[4] The upper plate is displaced 0.85" downward.

1.100 .800 R .200

[2] Steel plate.

.133 R .150 .867

[1] Rubber seal.

R .150 R .050

.133 Unit: in. .333 .500 R .200 R .050

[3] Steel plate.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

23

Results

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

24

A force-versusdisplacement curve. Note that the force unit should be read lbf/in instead of lbf.