Appendix B

Ergonomics Data
TABLE B-1

Standing Body Dimensions (From MIL-STD-1472D)

Percentile Values in Centimeters

5th Percentile

Weight (kg)
Standing Body Dimensions
1 Stature
2 Eye height (standing)
3 Shoulder (acromiale) height
4 Chest (nipple) heighta
5 Elbow (radiale) height
6 Fingertip (dactylion) height
7 Waist height
8 Crotch height
9 Gluteal furrow height
10 Kneecap height
11 Calf height
12 Functional reach
13 Functional reach, extended

95th Percentile

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

55.5

60.4

46.4

91.6

96.0

74.5

162.8
151.1
133.6
117.9
101.0

164.2
152.1
133.3
120.8
104.8
61.5
97.6
74.7
74.6
46.8
30.9
73.1
82.3

152.4
140.9
123.0
109.3
94.9

185.6
173.3
154.2
136.5
117.8

174.1
162.2
143.7
127.8
110.7

93.1
68.1
66.4
43.8
29.0
64.0
73.5

115.2
91.8
87.7
58.6
40.6
90.9
101.2

187.7
175.2
154.8
138.5
120.0
73.2
115.1
92.0
88.1
57.8
39.3
87.0
97.3

96.6
76.3
73.3
47.5
31.1
72.6
84.2

110.3
83.9
81.0
52.5
36.6
80.4
92.7

Percentile Values in Inches

Weight (lb)
Standing Body Dimensions
1 Stature
2 Eye height (standing)
3 Shoulder (acromiale) height
4 Chest (nipple) heighta
5 Elbow (radiale) height
6 Fingertip (dactylion) height
7 Waist height
8 Crotch height
9 Gluteal furrow height
10 Kneecap height
11 Calf height
12 Functional reach
13 Functional reach, extended
a

122.4

133.1

102.3

201.9

211.6

164.3

64.1
59.5
52.6
46.4
39.8

64.6
59.9
52.5
47.5
41.3
24.2
38.4
29.4
29.4
18.4
12.2
28.8
32.4

60.0
55.5
48.4
43.0
37.4

73.1
68.2
60.7
53.7
46.4

68.5
63.9
56.6
50.3
43.6

36.6
26.8
26.2
17.2
11.4
25.2
28.9

45.3
36.1
34.5
23.1
16.0
35.8
39.8

73.9
69.0
60.9
54.5
47.2
28.8
45.3
36.2
34.7
22.8
15.5
34.3
38.3

38.0
30.0
28.8
18.7
12.2
28.6
33.2

43.4
33.0
31.9
20.7
14.4
31.7
36.5

Bustpoint height for women.

Safety and Health for Engineers, Second Edition, by Roger L. Brauer

Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

729

730

APPENDIX B

Figure B-1.

Standing body dimensions. (From MIL-STD-1472D.)

Figure B-2.

Seated body dimensions. (From MIL-STD-1472D.)

APPENDIX B

TABLE B-2

731

Seated Body Dimensions (From MIL-STD-1472D)

Percentile Values in Centimeters

5th Percentile

Seated Body Dimensions

14 Vertical arm reach, sitting
15 Sitting height, erect
16 Sitting height, relaxed
17 Eye height, sitting erect
18 Eye height, sitting relaxed
19 Mid-shoulder height
20 Shoulder height, sitting
21 Shoulderelbow length
22 Elbowgrip length
23 Elbowfingertip length
24 Elbow rest height
25 Thigh clearance height
26 Knee height, sitting
27 Popliteal height
28 Buttockknee length
29 Buttockpopliteal length
30 Buttockheel length
31 Functional leg length

95th Percentile

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

128.6
83.5
81.5
72.0
70.0
56.6
54.2
33.3
31.7
43.8
17.5

134.0
85.7
83.6
73.6
71.6
58.3
54.6
33.2
32.6
44.7
18.7
12.4
48.9
38.4
55.9
44.9
46.7
103.9

117.4
79.0
77.5
67.7
66.2
53.7
49.9
30.8
29.6
40.0
16.1
10.4
46.9
38.0
53.1
43.4

147.8
96.9
94.8
84.6
82.5
67.7
65.4
40.2
38.3
52.0
28.0

139.4
90.9
89.7
79.1
77.9
62.5
60.3
36.6
35.4
47.5
26.9
17.5
55.5
45.7
63.2
52.6

99.6

127.7

153.2
98.6
96.5
86.1
84.0
69.2
65.9
39.7
37.9
51.7
29.5
18.8
59.9
47.7
65.5
54.6
56.4
120.4

60.3
38.8
38.0
33.9
33.1
27.3
25.9
15.6
14.9
20.4
11.6
7.4
23.6
18.8
25.8
21.5
22.2
47.4

54.9
35.8
35.3
31.2
30.7
24.6
23.7
14.4
14.0
18.7
10.6
6.9
21.8
18.0
24.9
20.7

49.7
39.7
54.9
45.8
110.6

60.2
50.0
65.8
54.5

118.6

Percentile Values in Inches

Seated Body Dimensions
14 Vertical arm reach, sitting
15 Sitting height, erect
16 Sitting height, relaxed
17 Eye height, sitting erect
18 Eye height, sitting relaxed
19 Mid-shoulder height
20 Shoulder height, sitting
21 Shoulderelbow length
22 Elbowgrip length
23 Elbow-fingertip length
24 Elbow rest height
25 Thigh clearance height
26 Knee height, sitting
27 Popliteal height
28 Buttockknee length
29 Buttockpopliteal length
30 Buttockheel length
31 Functional leg length

50.6
32.9
32.1
28.3
27.6
22.3
21.3
13.1
12.5
17.3
6.9
19.6
15.6
21.6
17.9
43.5

52.8
33.7
32.9
30.0
28.2
23.0
21.5
13.1
12.8
17.6
7.4
4.9
19.3
15.1
22.0
17.7
18.4
40.9

46.2
31.1
30.5
26.6
26.1
21.2
19.6
12.1
11.6
15.7
6.4
4.1
18.5
15.0
20.9
17.1

58.2
38.2
37.3
33.3
32.5
26.7
25.7
15.8
15.1
20.5
11.0

39.2

50.3

23.7
19.7
25.9
21.5

46.7

732

APPENDIX B

TABLE B-3

Body Depth and Breadth Dimension (From MIL-STD-1472D)

Percentile Values in Centimeters

5th Percentile

Depth and Breadth

Dimensions
32 Chest deptha
33 Buttock depth
34 Chest breadth
35 Hip breadth, standing
36 Shoulder (bideltoid) breadth
37 Forearmforearm breadth
38 Hip breadth, sitting
39 Knee-to-knee breadth

95th Percentile

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

18.9

20.4
20.7
29.5
31.7
43.2
43.2
33.3
19.1

19.6
18.4
25.1
31.5
38.2
33.0
33.0

26.7

27.8
27.4
38.5
38.8
52.6
60.7
42.4
25.5

27.2
24.3
31.4
39.5
45.8
44.9
43.9

11.0
10.8
15.1
15.3
20.7
23.9
16.7
10.0

10.7
9.6
12.4
15.6
18.0
17.7
17.3

27.3
30.2
41.5
39.8
30.7

34.4
36.7
49.8
53.6
38.4

Percentile Values in Inches

Depth and Breadth
Dimensions
32 Chest deptha
33 Buttock depth
34 Chest breadth
35 Hip breadth, standing
36 Shoulder (bideltoid) breadth
37 Forearmforearm breadth
38 Hip breadth, sitting
39 Knee-to-knee breadth
a

7.5
10.8
11.9
16.3
15.7
12.1

8.0
8.2
11.6
12.5
17.0
17.0
13.1
7.5

7.7
7.2
9.9
12.4
15.0
13.0
13.0

10.5
13.5
14.5
19.6
21.1
15.1

Bust depth for women.

Figure B-3.

Body depth and breadth dimensions. (From MIL-STD-1472D.)

APPENDIX B

TABLE B-4

733

Body Circumference and Surface Dimensions (From MIL-STD-1472D)

Percentile Values in Centimeters

5th Percentile

Circumferences
40 Neck circumference
41 Chest circumferencea
42 Waist circumference
43 Hip circumference
44 Hip circumference, sitting
45 Vertical trunk circumference,
standing
46 Vertical trunk circumference,
sitting
47 Arm scye circumference
48 Biceps circumference, flexed
49 Elbow circumference, flexed
50 Forearm circumference,
flexed
51 Wrist circumference
52 Upper thigh circumference
53 Calf circumference
54 Ankle circumference
55 Waist back length
56 Waist front length

95th Percentile

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

34.2
83.8
68.4
85.1

34.6
87.5
73.5
87.1
97.0
156.3

29.9
78.4
59.5
85.5
87.7
142.2

41.0
105.9
95.9
106.9

41.6
109.9
101.7
108.4
119.3
181.9

36.7
100.2
83.5
106.1
110.8
168.3

150.4

134.8

175.0

161.0

33.6
23.2
23.5
22.2

50.3
37.0

26.1

39.9
27.8
28.5
26.3

33.1

53.0
36.9
34.2
33.1

41.7
30.8
30.0
27.5

15.7
48.1
31.6
19.3
39.2
36.1

15.3
49.6
33.3
20.0
42.4
35.7

13.6
48.7
30.6
18.7
36.7
30.5

18.6
63.9
41.2
25.2
50.8
46.2

19.2
66.9
41.3
24.8
50.9
44.2

16.2
64.5
39.2
23.3
45.4
41.4

16.4
43.3
40.0
42.7
47.0
71.6

14.4
39.5
32.9
41.8
43.6
65.5

68.9

63.4
16.4
12.1
11.8
10.8
6.4
25.4
15.4
9.2
17.9
16.3

150.6

39.6
27.0

178.6

Percentile Values in Inches

Circumferences
40 Neck circumference
41 Chest circumferencea
42 Waist circumference
43 Hip circumference
44 Hip circumference, sitting
45 Vertical trunk circumference,
standing
46 Vertical trunk circumference,
sitting
47 Arm scye circumference
48 Biceps circumference, flexed
49 Elbow circumference, flexed
50 Forearm circumference,
flexed
51 Wrist circumference
52 Upper thigh circumference
53 Calf circumference
54 Ankle circumference
55 Waist back length
56 Waist front length
a

Bust circumference for women.

13.5
33.0
26.9
33.5

13.6
34.4
28.9
34.3
38.2
61.6

11.8
30.8
23.4
33.7
34.5
56.0

59.2

53.1
13.2
9.1
9.2
8.7

19.8
14.6

10.3

15.7
11.0
11.2
10.4

13.0

20.9
14.5
13.5
13.0

6.2
18.9
12.4
7.6
15.4
14.2

6.0
19.5
13.1
7.9
16.7
14.1

5.4
19.2
12.0
7.4
14.4
12.0

7.3
25.1
16.2
9.9
20.0
18.2

7.6
26.3
16.3
9.7
20.0
17.4

59.3

15.6
10.6

16.1
41.7
37.8
42.1
70.3

734

APPENDIX B

Figure B-4.

Body circumferences and surface dimensions. (From MIL-STD-1472D.)

Figure B-5.

Hand and foot dimensions. (From MIL-STD-1472D.)

APPENDIX B

TABLE B-5

735

Hand and Foot Dimensions (From MIL-STD-1472D)

Percentile Values in Centimeters

5th Percentile

Hand Dimensions
57 Hand length
58 Palm length
59 Hand breadth
60 Hand circumference
61 Hand thickness
Foot Dimensions
62 Foot length
63 Instep length
64 Foot breadth
65 Foot circumference
66 Heelankle circumference

95th Percentile

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

Ground Troops

Aviators

Women

17.4
9.6
8.1
19.5

17.7
10.0
8.2
19.6
2.4

16.1
9.0
6.9
16.8

20.7
11.7
9.7
23.6

20.7
11.9
9.7
23.1
3.5

20.0
10.8
8.5
19.9

24.5
17.7
9.0
22.5
31.3

24.4
17.5
9.0
22.6
30.7

22.2
16.3
8.0
20.8
28.5

29.0
21.7
10.9
27.4
37.0

29.0
21.4
11.6
27.0
36.3

26.5
19.6
9.8
24.5
33.3

Percentile Values in Inches

Hand Dimensions
57 Hand length
58 Palm length
59 Hand breadth
60 Hand circumference
61 Hand thickness
Foot Dimensions
62 Foot length
63 Instep length
64 Foot breadth
65 Foot circumference
66 Heelankle circumference

6.85
3.77
3.20
7.68

6.98
3.92
3.22
7.71
0.95

6.32
3.56
2.72
6.62

8.13
4.61
3.83
9.28

8.14
4.69
3.80
9.11
1.37

7.89
4.24
3.33
7.82

9.65
6.97
3.53
8.86
12.32

9.62
6.88
3.54
8.91
12.08

8.74
6.41
3.16
8.17
11.21

11.41
8.54
4.29
10.79
14.57

11.42
8.42
4.58
10.62
14.30

10.42
7.70
3.84
9.65
13.11

736

APPENDIX B

TABLE B-6

Static Muscle Strength Data (From MIL-STD-1472D)

Percentile Values in Pounds

5th Percentile

Strength Measurements
A Standing two-handed pull:
15 in level
Mean force
Peak force
B Standing two-handed pull:
20 in level
Mean force
Peak force
C Standing two-handed pull:
39 in level
Mean force
Peak force
D Standing two-handed push:
59 in level
Mean force
Peak force
E Standing one-handed pull:
39 in level
Mean force
Peak force
F Standing one-handed pull:
Centerline, 18 in level
Mean force
Peak force
G Seated one-handed pull:
Side, 18 in level
Mean force
Peak force
H Seated two-handed pull:
Centerline, 15 in level
Mean force
Peak force
I Seated two-handed pull:
Centerline, 20 in level
Mean force
Peak force

95th Percentile

Men

Women

Men

Women

166
190

74
89

304
323

184
200

170
187

73
84

302
324

189
203

100
113

42
49

209
222

100
111

92
106

34
42

229
246

85
97

48
58

23
30

141
163

64
72

51
61

24
29

152
170

88
101

54
61

25
30

136
148

76
89

134
157

54
64

274
298

173
189

118
134

46
53

237
267

142
157

737

APPENDIX B

TABLE B-7

Arm, Hand and Thumb-Finger Strength (5th Percentile Male Data)

Arm Strength (lb)

(1)

(2)
Pull

(3)
Push

(4)
Up

(5)
Down

(6)
In

(7)
Out

Degree of Elbow
Flexion (deg)

La

Ra

180
150
120
90
60

50
42
34
32
26

52
56
42
37
24

42
30
26
22
22

50
42
36
36
34

9
15
17
17
15

14
18
24
20
20

13
18
21
21
18

17
20
26
26
20

13
15
20
16
17

20
20
22
18
20

8
8
10
10
12

14
15
15
16
17

Hand and ThumbFinger Strength (N)

(8)
Hand Grip

Momentary hold
Sustained hold
a

L = left; R = right.

(9)

(10)

ThumbFinger
Grip (Palmer)

ThumbFinger
Grip (Tips)

56
33

59
35

13
8

13
8

Figure B-6.
TABLE B-8

Dimensions for Various Types of Consoles (From MIL-STD-1472D)

Type of
Console

KEY
1. SIT
(with vision
over top)
2. SIT
(without
vision over
top)
3. SIT-STAND
(with
standing
vision over
top)
4. STAND
(with vision
over top)
5. STAND
(without
vision
over top)
a

Body movements. (From Webb, P., Bioastronautics Data Book, NASA SP3006, 1964.)

Maximum
Total
Console
Height
From
Standing
Surface

Suggested
Panel
Vertical
Dimension
(Including
Sills)

Writing
Surface:
Shelf
Height
From
Standing
Surface

Seat
Height
From
Standing
Surface At
Midpoint
of G

in

mm

in

mm

in

mm

in

in

1.170
1.335
1.435
1.310
1.470
1.570

46.0
52.5
56.5
51.5
58.0
62.0

520
520
520
660
660
660

20.5
20.5
20.5
26.0
26.0
26.0

650
810
910
650
810
910

25.5
32.0
36.0
25.5
32.0
36.0

435
595
695
435
595
695

17
23.5
27.5
17.0
23.5
27.5

1.120
1.120
1.120
910
910
910

44
44
44
36.0
36.0
36.0

1.535

60.5

620

24.5

910

36.0

695

27.5

910

36.0

1.535

60.5

620

24.5

910

36.0

NA

NA

1.830

72.0

910

36.0

910

36.0

NA

NA

The range in A is provided to allow latitude in the volume of the lower part of the console.
Note the relationship to C and D.

738

Maximum
Console
Width
(Not Shown)

1.120
910

44.0
36.0

APPENDIX B

Key
A
B
C
D
E1
F1
G1
H1
I
J
K

Dimensions
Maximum total console height from standing surface
Suggested vertical dimension of panel
Writing surface: shelf height from standing surface
Seat height from standing surface at midpoint of G
Minimum knee clearance
Foot support to sitting surface2
Seat adjustability
Minimum thigh clearance at midpoint of G
Writing surface depth including shelf
Minimum shelf depth
Eye line-to-console front distance

mm

739

in

See Table B-8

460
460
150
190
400
100
400

18.0
18.0
6.0
7.5
16.0
4.0
16.0

Not applicable to console Types 4 and 5 of Table B-8.

Since this dimension must not be exceeded, a heel catch must be added to the chair if D exceeds 460 mm (18.0).
Note: A shelf thickness of 25 mm (1 in) is assumed. For other shelf thicknesses, suitable adjustments should be
made.
2

Figure B-7.

Standard console dimensions. (From MIL-STD-1472D.)