TERM PAPER ON Computer aided design

NAME SECTION ROLL NO REG. NO SUBJECT SAURABH KUMAR F4004 RF400404 11000520 PHY 101

SUBMITTED TO - MISS. SANDEEP KAUR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten my way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. . I am highly thankful to my mechanics lecturer Miss SANDEEP KAUR for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, I am thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for me to prepare the project in a time bound framework.

Name SAURABH KUMAR Regd.No11000520 Rollno. - RF4004A04 SECTION- F4004

INTRODUCTION :-

A CAD system is a combination of hardware and software that create and store drawings, which can be viewed, printed, or updated as required. CAD systems have evolved from the days of their introduction in the 1950s. From being able to merely develop flat two-dimensional drawings, they can now create dynamic and mathematically enriched three-dimensional (3D) models. These systems enable companies to produce costeffective and precise illustrations of physical systems, ranging from furniture to airplanes. A CAD system stores graphical elements, such as lines, arcs, coordinates, dimensions and text in a database. These can be manipulated in many ways, allowing for speedy production of 2D and 3D images and providing users with graphic engineeringcapabilities. Additionally, CAD is integrated with various other systems, such as Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) tools that assist business units automate and increase their productivity. Thus, by using CAD, organizations can proactively customize and manufacture their creations and gain increased competitive advantage. Companies, like people, use images and pictures to make a point whether it is to explain design or market products. For example manufacturing units largely depend on drawings to illustrate their products during the design phases. Organizations inhabiting the design space such as those in media, fashion, architecture, rely heavily on graphical communication. To enable accurate product illustrations and graphics, technology providers offer a range of Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING (LOILET COLLEGE INTERIOR)

EVOLUTION OF CAD :The late 1950s saw the introduction of the first generation of CAD systems. They were primarily utilized in the Aviation, Automobile and Electronics Industries, and helped companies in these areas engineer their products. These CAD systems ran off specially designed computers and this was a practice that was prevalent till the mid 1980s High cost, coupled with slow and complex usage restricted their market. Since then, technology advancements have caused CAD systems to evolve as cost-effective and efficient applications that run on general-purpose workstations and personal computers. Today, they are being used extensively in varied businesses. In the past four decades, the evolution of CAD has undergone the following major phases: From paper-based design to 2D electronic models From 2D to 3D modeling

CAD offshoots

FROM PAPER-BASED DESIGN TO 2D ELECTRONIC MODELS:Prior to the introduction of CAD, organizations relied on conventional hand drawn illustrations to represent a given product. These took hours to prepare, and several rounds of modifications before the approval of the final design. Storage of graphical data and modifying them was a complex procedure that demanded significant time and human resources. Moreover, precise representation of complicated parts was a major issue. Any flaw in the design could result in the stalling, modification and repetition of the entire design process. These drawbacks limited the scope and speed of business operations. Advances in technology especially the introduction of cost effective, high powered computing at the desktop level allowed technology providers to meet the demand for Computer Aided Design. The first generation of CAD was designed to electronically modify existing drawings. A flying spot scanner converted microfilm data into a 2D electronic model. Points in such illustrations existed in geometric X and Y-axis.

Advantages of First Generation CAD Systems :From a business perspective a reliance on hand drawn illustrations did not allow for a company to incorporate changes and customer feed back quickly into the design. As a result companies were not able to create products as per exact client specifications. On the other hand, the introduction of CAD allowed for the customization of the design, which now could easily be modified as per client specifications. This was made possible by allowing easy archival, storage and manipulation of graphic elements. As a result, organizations could significantly reduce development cycle time and offer greater customer involvement during the product design phase. A research conducted by Thomas Kurlak. Merrill Lynch

Capital Markets indicated that between 1973 and 1981, the CAD market grew from under $25 million in annual sales to over $1 billion. Initial employers of CAD systems used them to engineer their aircraft, automobile and electronic products. These products were largely employed by the US Department of Defense (DOD). In fact, DOD had a big hand in encouraging CAD in its initial phase of development.

Limitations of First Generation CAD Systems :The output of both paper drawings and first generation CAD specific standards. Thus, these systems did not provide the flexibility to efficiently manipulate dimensions, specifically depth.

Early CAD systems required specially developed hardware and software. With high-costs of implementation and maintenance, their market was limited to government sectors and large manufacturing units. Moreover, these systems were complex to understand and operate leading to a higher learning curve. Domain expertise was limited to a few people and the required skill-set to operate them was scarce. These shortcomings became challenges for the next generation of CAD systems. Vendors worked towards making their CAD offerings cost-effective, user-friendly and enriched with advanced functionality. Thus, with the evolution of CAD, earlier limitations started to diminish. With increased market acknowledgement, its domain expertise also raised.

A PERSON USING CAD:-

FROM 2D TO 3D MODELING :Precise dimensions are important for accurate representation of complex physical products. Initial CAD systems could not represent complicated 3D geometry with a finite amount of 2D drawings. However, organizations felt the need for advanced functionality to manipulate dimensions in their CAD systems. This instigated the 2D to 3D evolution. A 3D illustration is essentially a 2D diagram with a depth property that indicates where points in the drawing exist on an imaginary Z-axis. Further technological advancements resulted in lower cost of hardware and software, coupled with increased computer processing power. These allowed vendors to offer cost-effective 3D modeling capabilities in their CAD offerings.

Advantages of 3D Modeling :CAD systems with 3D modeling capabilities assisted in precise representation of complicated physical products and their parts., Where 2D digital drawings slowed the design process due to dimension issues, 3D diagrams saved considerable cycle time. 3D modeling also made complicated design issues transparent. This allowed users to optimize models in initial design phases, further saving development time. Moreover, it allowed assembly and manufacturing constraints to be studied while designing products. This, in turn, ensured efficient production.

3D digital objects are exact virtual replicas of the product under consideration. CAD systems with 3D modeling features provide the functionality for viewing a product model from various angles, cross sections, dimensions, and details.

New Generation of CAD Systems :Initial CAD systems were specially constructed computers with a restricted market. Today, they have evolved as user-friendly, cost-effective, packaged and customized software applications that can run on nearly all computer systems. At most, they need a high-quality graphics monitor; a mouse, light pen, or digitizing tablet for drawing; and a special printer or plotter for printing design specifications. For supporting advanced 3D solid modeling, graphics hardware, such as a graphic chip and card, may be required. CAD systems are freely available in the market and are extensively used by various businesses. Their applications can range from designing clasps to engineering airplanes. Some popular systems are listed below: 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 6.) 7.) 8.) AutoDesk Inventor AutoDesk AutoCAD Dassault CATIA PTC Pro/Engineer Bentley MicroStation Discreet Studio Max Alias|Wavefront Studio ROLE OF CAD/CAM

CAD systems have fundamentally changed the way product design is done. They are increasingly being employed by varied enterprises to gain competitive advantage. Additionally, CAD-powered systems, such as CAD/CAM, allow manufacturers to achieve greater productivity in less time. The role and scope of CAD in businesses is highlighted below. 9.)

CAD is used primarily in the engineering and manufacturing sectors. It is used to design and engineer aircraft, automobiles, machinery, spare parts and other such products. Various CAD packages are available that help fashion houses, media companies, architecture firms, interior designers, and other organizations requiring heavy graphic support, streamline their operations. Modern CAD systems are cost-effective and user-friendly. This has helped expanded their market. These systems are increasingly being used by various large, medium and small businesses. 10.) International Data Corp and Document Management magazine estimate that there are more than 8 billion drawings worldwide, of which fewer than 15 percent are developed using Computer Aided Design. This leaves an astonishing 85 percent of drawings created and maintained in non-electronic format, mainly paper-based engineering archives. Considering that each successive stage in a product cycle-design, production and support services use substantially more documentation, the benefits of integrating this information grows exponentially. Since CAD systems can successfully achieve this, their market potential is vast. According to a research conducted by Daratech, user spending on mechanical CAD/CAM/CAE software and services touched $6.7 billion in 2001, with a growth rate of 11.4% over the previous year. Such figures are expected to grow further in the coming years. 11.) Today, the main emphasis on CAD is to be able to optimize not only early sketched, product design modification and documentation, but also manufacturing all by using a single tool. Modern high-end 3D CAD systems aim to fulfill these requirements by providing all-in-one solutions. Recent innovations in hardware and software have increased the scope of utilization of CAD and CAD-based systems. They are increasingly being used to formulate product manufacturing and management strategies. The total expenditure worldwide on CAD related software and services, was as high as $17 billion in 2000 alone. 12.) CAM demonstrates the latent drive towards computerization that is just now touching manufacturing, where in other industries it has prevailed and matured.

This has led to a concern amongst skilled workers that computers will replace future generations of machinist as engineers become versed in CAM. At least in the United States, there is a shortage of young, skilled machinists entering the workforce able to perform at the extremes of manufacturing; high precision and mass production.

3D VIEW OF A FACTORY :-

Types OF CAD :There are several different types of CAD. Each of these different types of CAD systems require the operator to think differently about how he or she will use them and he or she must design their virtual components in a different manner for each. There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and open source programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required during the creation of the final draft.

a.)

3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although

many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views.

b.) 3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include

AutoCAD) are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real world objects. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.

c.)

3D parametric solid modeling require the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think of this as being a "perfect world" representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the center of the model, not, perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions carefully. Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and nonparametric geometry without the need to understand or undo the design intent history of the geometry by use of direct modeling functionality. This ability may also include the additional ability to infer the correct relationships between selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity) which makes the editing process less time and labor intensive while still freeing the engineer from the burden of understanding the models design intent history. These kind of non history based systems are called Explicit Modellers or Direct CAD Modelers. The first Explicit Modeling system was introduced to the world at the end of 80's by Hewlett-Packard under the name SolidDesigner. Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate tools to represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The tool kits available for these systems are ever increasing; including 3D piping and injection mold designing packages.

Applications of cad :-

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments. 1.) CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. 2.) CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. 3.) CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry 4.) CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and factories) 5.) CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components. It can also be used to design objects. 6.) CAD is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity within the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) process, and as such is used together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such as: a.) Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA)

b.) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines c.) Photo realistic rendering d.) Document management and revision control using Product Data Management (PDM).

Effects :Beginning in the 1980s Computer-Aided Design programs reduced the need of draftsmen significantly, especially in small to mid-sized companies. Their affordability and ability to run on personal computers also allowed engineers to do their own drafting work, eliminating the need for entire departments. In today's world most, if not all, students in universities do not learn drafting techniques because they are not required to do so. The days of mechanical drawings are almost obsolete.[4] Universities such as New Jersey Institute of Technology no longer require the use of protractors and compasses to create mechanical drawings, instead there are several classes that focus on the use of CAD software such as Pro Engineer or IDEAS-MS. Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite expensive, small and even mid-size firms often could not compete against large firms who could use their computational edge for competitive purposes.[citation needed] Today, however, hardware and software costs have come down. Even high-end packages work on less expensive platforms and some even support multiple platforms. The costs associated with CAD implementation now are more heavily weighted to the costs of training in the use of these high level tools, the cost of integrating a CAD/CAM/CAE PLM using enterprise across multi-CAD and multi-platform environments and the costs of modifying design work flows to exploit the full advantage of CAD tools. CAD vendors have effectively lowered these training costs. These methods can be split into three categories: Improved and simplified user interfaces. This includes the availability of role specific tailorable user interfaces through which commands are presented to users in a form appropriate to their function and expertise.

Enhancements to application software. One such example is improved designin-context, through the ability to model/edit a design component from within the context of a large, even multi-CAD, active digital mockup. User oriented modeling options. This includes the ability to free the user from the need to understand the design intent history of a complex intelligent model

REFRENCES :www.wikipedia.com www.sciencedirect.com www.srikumar.com