16
TALL VESSELS
564
TALL VESSELS
I.
Other combinations, for a specific vessel, may be worse than any of the conditions listed above. The designer must be certain that all conditions are examined to determine the controlling condition. The required thicknesses and other design requirements vary somewhat depending upon the design theory chosen. The maximum-stress theory is used for the design of most tall vessels. This theory is used in the ASME Code, VIII-1, and the API 6201 and 6502 design rules. The effects of using other theories are discussed later. The two external loadings that are important in the design are those due to earthquake loadings and wind loadings. Although the ASME Code, VIII-1, does not specify design methods or design codes that are considered, application of the two commonly used design rules is discussed. Remember, in the specific location where the tall vessel is to be installed, as given in the design specification or purchase order, the design rules may be somewhat different
565
from either of the two rules described here. Local requirements are always to be considered. Once the external loadings and overturning moments are determined, they are combined with the internal and external pressures and any other loadings that are applicable to the tall vessel. The following sections describe different methods for establishing the forces, moments, and overturning moments from external loadings.. In addition, methods are given for combining those loadings with other loadings in order to determine the highest stresses and to satisfy UG-22 of the ASME Code, VIII-1. Included also are methods of considering the dynamic effects of the wind loading and wind velocity on vortex shedding and ovalling vibrations.
(16.1)
where
Z = coefficient depending upon the earthquake for the location of installation. For ANSI A58.1 for zone 0, Z = i. For both the UBC and the ANSI A58.1, the following apply: for zone 1, Z = 3 ; for zone 2, Z = $; for zone 3, Z = and for zone 4,
z= 1.0
a;
W = total dead load of vessel and contents above plane being consid-
I K C
ered (Ib) importance factor; assume I = 1.0 for vessel = arrangement factor; assume K = 2.0 for vessel = base shear factor = 1/(15fl) 5 0.12
=
566
TALL VESSELS
T = fundamental period of vibration of the vessel assuming a uniformly loaded cantilever beam fixed at the base by the following: T = - ,2n /3.52
Substituting g
=
wh4
EI,g
(16.2)
0.0908 -
:;/
(16.3)
h = straight length of shell from tangent to tangent of shell-to-head lines (in.) w = W/h = average unit weight of shell (lb/in.) of straight shell length E = modulus of elasticity of vessel material at design temperature (Psi) I , = moment of inertia of shell cross section (in.4) - (n/8)(d t ) 3 t in.4 when (d t ) / t I 20 0.049(d: - d 4 ) in.4 when (d + t ) / t > 20 t = nominal thickness of shell (in.) do = outside diameter of shell (in.) d = inside diameter of shell (in.) S = site-structure resonance: assume S = 1.5 unless an exact value is known
We require
0.12 I K C s 0.25 for UBC. 0.12 IK C I 0.29 for ANSI, zones 0, 1, and 2. 0.12 I K C 2 0.23 for ANSI, zones 3 and 4. CS I 0.14 for UBC and for ANSI in zones 0, 1, and 2. CS I0.11 for ANSI in zones 3 and 4 when S = 1.5.
KCS need not exceed 0.3. When KCS total lateral earthquake force becomes
V
=
0.30ZW
When the vessel is made from shell sections with different diameters and thicknesses, the lateral earthquake force is determined for each cylindrical shell section above the plane being examined. However, for a cylindrical shell of uniform diameter and thickness, the total lateral earthquake force V is
16.2
EARTHQUAKE LOADING
567
CAClClC WlWA I I
OCEAN
Flgure 16.1 Risk zone of the Unlted S t a t e s . (Reproduced from the Uniform Bulldlng Code, 1982 Edltlon, Copyrlght 1982, wlth permleelon of the publisher, The lnternatlonal Conference of Bulldlng Offlclals.)
distributed as follows:
1. At the upper head-to-shell tangent line, apply a concentrated horizontal
force determined as follows: 4 = 0.07 TV, except F, shall not exceed 0.25V and 4 shall be considered zero for T = 0.7 or less (16.5) where T is given in Eq. 16.3 and V is given in Eq. 16.1.
568
TALL VESSELS
2.
(16.6) For a shell of uniform diameter and thickness, this gives a triangular load distribution with the apex pointing downward. For calculating the moment, assume a concentrated loading of V - F, applied at the centroid of the triangle, which is equal to $h above the lower head-to-shell tangent line as shown in Fig. 16.2.
-fF --t
Figure 16.2 Earthquake load distrlbullon on a tall vessel.
Ar
_-
569
Once the values of F, and F, are determined and the moment arms to the respective forces are known, the overturning moment is determined as
Example 16.1. A vertical vessel with a cylindrical shell and hemispherical heads is installed inside a building in Boston. The shell has 5-ft inside diameter and 0.5-in. nominal thickness, and is 30 ft from tangent to tangent. The vessel contains a fluid at 35 Ib/ft3. The purchase order specifies that the UBC be followed for earthquake design. What are the lateral earthquake forces used for the design?
Solution. The UBC specifies that the total lateral earthquake force is calculated from Eq. 16.1 by the following:
ZZKCSW. earthquake factor depending upon site location. Boston is located in earthquake zone 2, where Z = i. I = 1.0. K = 2.0. W = total dead load of vessel and contents. Shell weight = ~ ( 3 0 . 5~ 30*)(360)(490/1728) = 9700 Ib. Weight of heads = :a(30S3 - 303)(490/1728) = 1630 Ib. Fluid in shell = ~(30)~(360)(35/1728) = 20,620 Ib. = 2290 Ib. Fluid in heads = $~(30)~(35/1728) W = total weight = 34,240 Ib. h = 360 in. w = W / h = 34240/360 = 95.1 lb-in. E = 30 X lo6 psi. d+t 60 + 0.5 -= 121. r 0.5 Zx = 0.049(614 - 604) = 43,400 in.4
V
=
0.0908 1
0.1006.
= 0.2102; maximum is C = 0.12. 154m KC = (2.0)(0.12) = 0.24; maximum is KC = 0.25. CS = (0.12)(1.5) = 0.18; maximum is CS = 0.14. KCS = (2)(0.14) = 0.28; maximum KCS = 0.3.
'=
570
TALL VESSELS
=
0.28 as follows:
=
(3/8)(1)(0.28)(34,240)
3600 lb
=
F,
F,
= =
3600 lb and
0.
Example 16.2. The tall vessel described in Example 16.1 is to be supported at the lower head-to-shell junction. Determine the overturning moment at the support line from the lateral earthquake forces.
Solution.
Previous calculations show that at the given period of vibration all of the horizontal earthquake force is applied as a triangular loading. For the vessel in Example 16.1, this gives
16.1 What is the total lateral earthquake force using the A JSI A 8.1 Code for the following vessel? A vertical vessel with flat ends is supported on
the lower head. The shell is a seamless pipe with 36-in. inside diameter, 1.0 in. thick, and 40 ft. long with 3-in.-thick flat heads. The vessel contains gas at ambient temperature. The vessel is installed in an earthquake zone 4 where Z = 1.0.
Answer:
16.2 Consider the same vessel given in Problem 16.1. What is the total lateral
16.3
What is the equivalent earthquake force in terms of g for the vessel in Problem 16.1?
Answer:
16.4
What is the equivalent earthquake force in terms of g for the vessel in Problem 16.2?
Answer:
571
16.3.1
As with earthquake loading, many different design procedures determine the wind loading and its application to a vessel. The two most widely used standards are the ANSI A58.1 Code and the Uniform Building Code. Although there are differences in the procedure for determining the wind loads between the ANSI A58.1 Code and the Uniform Building Code, both methods use the same map for determining the wind velocity at the location site, as shown in Fig. 16.3 for the Uniform Building Code. When the ANSI A58.1 Code is used, the basic equation for determining the velocity pressure q, at various heights z is calculated from
q,
where
0.00256K2(I V ) *
(a)
q, = velocity pressure (psf) Z = importance factor; assume I = 1.0 V = design wind velocity (mph) from Fig. 16.3 K, = velocity pressure coefficient
In addition, it is necessary to modify Eq. (a) by the force coefficient C,, which is 0.6 for a cylinder, and by the gust factor G , for the height of the vessel above ground level. Once the basic wind speed is determined from Fig. 16.3, the velocity pressure for a cylinder is obtained from Table 16.la. To determine the design wind pressure p, the velocity pressure is modified by G, from Table 16.lb according to
, is from Table 16.la and G, is from Table 16.lb. where q X C For installations above ground level, G, is based on the total height of shell and supports. There may be several different design wind pressures for different height zones. For design purposes, wind loads are applied at the center of each height zone (see Fig. 16.4).
573
Table 16.la
Height above
Ground (ft)
< 30 30-60 60-100 100-140 140-200 200-300 300-400
BWS" = 70
7 9 1 0 11 12 14 15
80 9 11 13 15 16 18 20
120 19 25 29 33 36 41 45
130mph 23 29 34 39 42 48 52
31
16 21 25 28 30 34 38
Table 16.lb
~~~~ ~~
Height above
Ground (ft)
15 20 25 3 0 40 50 60 70 80 90
Gust
Factor C,
1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.07
When the 1982 Uniform Building Code is used for determining the design wind pressure in the horizontal direction, the basic formula is (16.9) where design wind pressure (psf) Ce= coefficient for combined height, exposure, and gust Cq= pressure factor = 0.8 for cylinders qs = wind stagnation pressure at 30-ft level I = importance factor = 1.0 for pressure vessels
=
The Uniform Building Code basic-wind-speed map is shown in Fig. 16.3. The design wind pressure p for a cylinder for various height zones above the ground is given in Table 16.2. Again, there may be several different design
Table 16.2 Design Wind Pressure for a Cylinder Uslng the Uniform Building Code
Height above Ground (ft) < 20 20-40 40-60 60-100 100-150 150-200 200-300 300-400
Design Wind Pressure p (psf) BWS" = 70
80 16 18 20 22 24 26 29 30
90
20 22 25 27 30 32 35 31
100
25 27 31 33 37 40 44 46
110
120 36 38 44 41 53 56 62 65
130mph 42 46 53 56 63 67 74 77
12 14 16 17 19 20 22 23
30 32 37 40 45
47
52 55
574
575
wind-pressure loads for different height zones. The height zones for the Uniform Building Code are different from those given in the ANSI standard. A typical distribution of wind loads at various elevations for a tall vessel is shown in Fig. 16.4.
16.3.2
When a laminar wind flows by a circular pressure vessel, the air stream or wake behind the vessel is no longer smooth. There is a region of pressure instability in which vortices are shed in a regular pattern. These vortices cause an alternating force perpendicular to the wind direction that can make the vessel vibrate. When the frequency of the vortex shedding coincides with the natural frequency of the vessel, a resonance is caused with increasing amplitude. To prevent this condition, the natural frequency of the vessel is set higher than the vortex-shedding frequency determined by the maximum velocity of laminar wind at the vessel location. The resonant wind velocity is related to the height-to-diameter ratio of a cylindrical vessel, as shown in Fig. 16.5. The natural frequency of the vessel, f n , and the frequency of vortex are given by the following equations: shedding, f,,,
1
f = - =
(16.10) (16.11)
f ,=
where
0.2
v,
period of vibration from Eq. 16.3 V , = maximum velocity of laminar wind or resonant velocity (ft/sec) (see Fig. 16.5) D = outside diameter of vessel (ft)
=
Then we require
f n
> fu
( 16.12)
In addition to the vortex shedding, the vessel is examined for ovalling vibration as a ring. The ovalling frequency f , will be at least twice the vortex-shedding frequency f, as given by the following equations:
683t
fo=
(16.13)
576
TALL VESSELS
*loo--
'5 .t
5
-4-
80-
.-
; ?O8
60
30
.5
5040-
20 10
12
'
'
30
y , versus H / D.
If f, is less than 2f,, add a stiffening ring within 24 in. of both shell-to-head junctions, and additional stiffening rings evenly spaced to keep the span a maximum of 80 ft and to make
fo
'2f"
( 16.14)
Example 16.3. A vertical vessel made with a cylindrical shell and hemispherical heads is to be installed out-of-doors near Corpus Christi, Texas. The shell is 5 ft. 0 in. inside diameter, 1.0 in. nominal wall thickness, and 100 ft. 0 in. from tangent to tangent. The contract specification requires the vessel to be designed according to the Uniform Building Code. What are the lateral wind forces to be used for design?
Solurion. The UBC map shows that Corpus Christi, Texas, is located in a 100-mph wind zone. Therefore, the wind forces at various locations are
577
= ________ =
(0.5)( 77)(31)2(45)
(144)
15,860 Ib
Example 16.4. What is the overturning moment due to the lateral wind forces assuming that the vessel is supported at the lower shell-to-head junction for the vessel in Example 16.3?
Solution
Arm
2,580 X 10 = 25,800 ft-lb 2,790 X 30 = 83,700 ft-lb 3,200 X 50 = 160,000 ft-lb 6,820 X 80 = 545,600 ft-lb 470 X 101* = 47,470 ft-lb M, = 862,570 ft-lb
Example 16.5. Determine if the vessel described in Example 16.3 is adequate to resist vortex shedding and ovalling vibration.
Solution
1. Determine the total dead load weight of the vessel:
Shell =lr(312 - 302)(1200)(490/1728) = 65,210 lb Heads = $a(313 - 303)(490/1728) = 3,320 Ib Total weight = W = 6 8 m
2.
'100
+ 0.4 X 2.5
101.
578
TALL VESSELS
=
=
I T
f
0.6047
1 = -=
--
0.6047
- 1.65 CPS
H _ -
f,= -D
f, > 1,:
f,=
(100)(12)
f, > 2f,:
Problems
16.5
A tall vessel constructed with a cylindrical shell and flat closure ends is to be installed near Denver, Colorado. The inside diameter of the cylindrical shell is 8 ft, the nominal wall thickness is 1.0 in., and the straight length from head weld seam to head weld seam is 125 ft. The flat heads are 6.0-in. nominal thickness. What is the total lateral wind force used for design of the vessel following the rules of the ANSI A58.1 Code?
Answer:
14,060 lb.
16.6 What is the total lateral wind force on the vessel given in Problem 16.5
21,100 Ib.
16.7 Many design specifications require a minimum design wind speed of 100
mph. What is the total lateral wind force on the vessel in Problem 16.5 based on a wind speed of 100 mph?
Answer:
21,390 lb.
16.8 Based on a support line at the lower head, what is the overturning
moment from the lateral wind force for the vessel in Problem 16.5?
Answer:
M,
11,682,400 in.-lb.
579
16.9 A pressure vessel is 10 ft in inside diameter by 2.0 in. thick and 150 ft tall. Determine if the vessel design is adequate to resist ovalling vibration.
Answer:
The design is not adequate, because f , = 0.11 and consequently, f , does not equal or exceed 2f,.
fo =
0.09;
16.4
For a tall vessel under internal pressure only, the primary additional consideration to the internal pressure is the effect of fluid pressure head and the dead load. This is especially important at the bottom of a vessel, where the effects may combine. The fluid pressure head may occur only during hydrostatic testing of the vessel, or it may be a continuing load occurring during operation of the vessel. The additional pressure caused by the fluid head is calculated as follows:
P ,
where
HY
144
(16.15)
If the fluid head exists in the vessel during operation, the value of P , is added to the internal pressure when the minimum required thicknesses are set. At the bottom of the vessel, the stresses and minimum required thickness are set by the total pressure. It may be possible to decrease the thickness when the fluid-head effect is decreased in a vessel where a variation in plate thicknesses is acceptable. If the fluid head exists in the vessel only during hydrostatic testing, the primary membrane stress from the combination of the hydrostatic test pressure and the fluid head pressure may go as high as the yield strength of the vessel material at the test temperature. However, if the resulting minimum required thickness from the combination is indicated as more than that thickness required for the normal design conditions, substitution of a pneumatic test or a combination hydrostatic-pneumatic test should be considered. In general, the minimum required thickness of a vessel should never be set by the requirements of the hydrostatic head unless it is impossible to test it any other way. Also, remember that a hydrostatic test may use fluids other than water if water causes a problem such as corrosion. For a vessel under internal pressure only, there are, of course, always loadings from not only the contents of the vessel but also its own weight to be considered. Whether the stresses caused by these additional loadings are
580
TALL VESSELS
tensile or compressive depends upon the location of the external supports or support skirt location. In the actual design, the minimum required thickness is initially set by the circumferential stress given in Eq. 5.1 as follows:
a, = I
PR
(16.16)
From the equation in UG-27(c)(l) of the ASME Code, VIII-1, expressed in terms of S E , the new equation is
SE
where
P(
+ 0.6)
(16.17)
S
E
P
R
t
allowable tensile stress (psi) = weld joint efficiency ( E = 1.0 for seamless) = internal design pressure (psi) = inside radius (in.) = minimum required thickness (in.)
=
Using this equation, a tentative minimum required thickness is set, based on the circumferential stress. When the final required thickness is determined, it may be necessary to include the effect of the fluid head as well as the internal design pressure. Based on membrane stress equations, the total longitudinal stress is determined from the following equation:
aL=
+ - 2t
PR
f
W aD,t
(16.18)
where
total dead load of vessel and contents acting on plane being examined (Ib). This includes static head of contents. Dm = mean diameter of shell (in.) = 2R + t
From the equation in UG-27(~)(2) of the ASME Code, VIII-1, with the terms rearranged and the dead-load term added, the following equation is obtained:
aL=
+P (tt
W 0.2 f nD,t
(16.19)
In both Eqs. 16.18 and 16.19, the dead-load term may be either tension or compression, depending upon the plane being examined. In general, above the
581
support line, this term is compressive and the total longitudinal stress is the difference between the internal-pressure effect and the dead-load effect. Below the support line, the terms are both tensile. For some arrangements, the condition without internal pressure may be more critical than when internal pressure is considered. If uL is positive, the actual stress is positive and the allowable stress is determined from the allowable-tensile-stress tables. If the value of uL is negative, the allowable stress is determined by the method that establishes the maximum allowable axial compressive stress in a cylindrical shell.
Example 16.6. For the vessel described in Example 16.1, determine the total longitudinal stress in the cylindrical shell above and below the support line, which is at the lower shell-to-head junction. SE = 15,000 psi.
Solution Assume the internal pressure is set by Eq. 16.17 for a value of
P=
SEt
+ 0.6r
15 ,OOO(O .5) 30
+ 0.6(0.5)
9,700 815
245 psi
The dead load of vessel above the support line is Shell Upper head
10,515 lb
+245(
The dead load of vessel and contents below the support line is
815 20,620 2,290
23,725 Ib
582
TALL VESSELS
-2 x 0.5 Oa2)
30
23,725
i-
oL =
Example 16.7. For the vessel described in Example 16.1, determine the fluid pressure head for containing fluid at 35 lb/ft3 and for hydrostatic testing using water at 62.4 lb/ft3.
Solution.
Fluid pressure head is needed at both the lower shell-to-head tangent line and at the lowest point of the lower head. At the lower shell-to-head tangent line, the fluid height is 30 ft + 2.5 ft = 32.5 ft. For fluid For water
Pf = Pf =
7.9 psi
=
14.1 psi
At the bottom of the lower head, the fluid height is 30 ft For fluid For water
Problems
+ 5 f t = 35 ft.
Pf = Pf =
16.10 What is the circumferential stress based on the ASME Code, VIII-1, at
the bottom of a tall vessel that contains fluid at 50 Ib/ft3 and an internal design pressure of 400 psi? The vessel is 36-in. inside diameter by 0.5-in. minimum wall by 45 ft 0 in. overall length with 3-in.-thick flat heads on each end. E = 1.0, and the vessel is supported at the bottom.
Answer: a , = 15,200 psi
16.11 What is the maximum stress in the shell of the vessel in Problem 16.10 during a standard hydrostatic test of l S P ?
Answer: a,
22,700 psi
583
16.12 What is the maximum longitudinal stress in the vessel in Problem 16.10 with and without considering the internal design pressure? Answer:
uL = 7110 psi tension with internal pressure considered. uL = 170 psi compression without considering internal
pressure.
UL
( 16.20)
And in terms of the present ASME Code, VIII-1, the total longitudinal stress is obtained from
(IL=
+( -2-, 0 . 2 ) *-krDmt
W
4Me nD2t
(16.21)
As can be seen from this equation, many different combinations of stresses must be examined to obtain the maximum stress: with the first term equal to zero when there is no internal pressure (vessel not operating), or with internal pressure; with the second term either tension or compression; with the third term either tension or compression; and so on. There may be more combinations because the value of W, the dead load, depends upon the location of the plane that is being considered. Usually, the maximum stress is located at the support line; however, when the vessel has various diameters, it may be necessary to examine stresses at different cross sections. This, of course, is in addition to any local stresses in the shell caused by the support.
Example 16.8. The vessel described in Example 16.1 is to be supported at the lower shell-to-head junction. What are the longitudinal stresses in the shell above and below the support line? The internal pressure is 225 psi.
584
TALL
VESSELS
Solution.
From Example 16.1, the dead load of the various components is shell = 9,700 Ib heads = 1,630 Ib shell fluid = 20,620 Ib fluid, heads = 2,290 Ib
Me = 864,000 in.-lb
Using Eq. 16.21, the total longitudinal stress is
aL = +225( --
30
2 x 0.5
* ~(60.5)(0.5)
+
The side of applied force above the support line has dead load shell upper head = 9700 815 = 10,515 Ib uL = 6705 - 110 600 = 7200 psi tension
=
The side of applied force below the support line has dead load
=
aL = +6705
lower head + contents = 815 + 22,910 = 23,725 Ib + 250 + 0 = 6955 psi tension
The opposite side of applied force above the support line has
uL = +6705 - 110 - 600
Example 16.9. The vessel given in Example 16.3 is to be constructed from SA-516 Grade 60 material and designed for 475 psi at 650F. The weld joint efficiency is E = 1.0. What are the total longitudinal stresses on both the windward and leeward sides at the support line? What are the allowable tensile and compressive stresses?
Solution. From Table UCS-23 of the ASME Code, VIII-1, for SA-516 Grade 60 at 650"F, the allowable tensile stress is S, = 15,000 psi. The weight of the shell and upper head above the support line is determined from Example 16.5 as
The overturning moment due to the wind loading at the support line is determined from Example 16.2 as
Mo = (862,570)(12)
10,350,840 in.-lb
585
uL =
4(10,350,840) ~(61)~(1)
Windward-Side Stresses
Pressure + dead load + wind load = +7030 - 350 + 3540 = 10,220 psi tension. 2. No pressure dead load + wind load = 0 - 350 3540 = 3190 psi tension. 3. Dead load only = 350 psi compression.
1.
Leeward-Side Stresses
1. Internal pressure + dead load wind load = +7030 - 350 - 3540 = 3140 psi tension. 2. No internal pressure dead load wind load = 0 - 350 - 3540 = 3890 psi compression.
15,000 psi
and from Fig. 8.11 and also Fig. 5-UCS-28.2 of the ASME Code, VIII-1, the value of B is 11,500. This gives an allowable stress of S, = 11,500 psi. All calculated stresses are less than the allowable stresses. Problems
16.13
A tall vessel is constructed of a cylindrical shell with a flat head on each end. The shell is 4 ft inside diameter by 2 in. thick by 75 ft from end to end. The flat heads are 7.5 in. thick. The vessel is supported on the bottom, which rests on structural supports that are 75 ft from the ground level to the support line of the vessel. The wind zone is 110 mph, and the Uniform Building Code prevails. What are the longitudinal stresses from wind loading on both the windward and leeward sides above the support line?
Answer:
f 1660 psi
586
TALL VESSELS
16.14
Assume that the vessel described in Problem 16.13 is supported on the ground instead of 75 f t in the air. What are the longitudinal stresses from the wind loading in the shell above the support line?
Answer:
f 1360 psi
(16.22)
P = %
and the compression term rn is
(16.23)
(16.24)
587
Figure 16.6 Number of lobes, q, Into which a shell will collapse when subject to uniform external pressure on sldes and ends.
By applying Sturms equation for the ratio between the external pressure alone and the axial compressive loadings, an equation can be developed that gives an equivalent external pressure P, for the combined loading as a multiple of the base external pressure Po. This equation is
P, =
q2 - 1
+ m + ma
q2-1+m
P O
(16.25)
For (Y > 1.0, the vessel may fail by yielding and should also be checked as a cantilever beam, including the axial-stress effect due to the external pressure. The axial load from the external pressure is
P,, = O.25P0Dm
(16.26)
The axial load from external pressure in Eq. 16.26 is combined with the axial load from dead loads in Eq. 16.23 to give the total axial loading on the cylindrical shell. When this loading is divided by the shell thickness, the result is the total axial compressive stress on the cylindrical shell. Ths actual stress is compared with the allowable axial compressive stress determined according to UG-23(b) of the ASME Code, VIII-1.
Example 16.10. A tall vessel is constructed with a cylindrical shell and two hemispherical heads. The vessel is designed for full vacuum (15 psi external pressure) at a design temperature of 550F.The material is SA-516 Grade 60. There is no corrosion allowance required. The vessel is 10 ft 0 in. inside
588
TALL VESSELS
diameter and 116 f t 8 in. from tangent to tangent. The vessel is to be installed in the vertical position and supported at the bottom tangent line. It contains a fluid weighing 50 lb/ft3. Three stiffening rings are evenly spaced at 30 f t 0 in. with 28 f t 4 in. from each tangent line. What are the longitudinal stresses above the support line?
Solution
1.
Determine a preliminary thickness based on the external pressure alone, using the procedure of the ASME Code, VIII-I, UG-28(c)(l). Assume a thickness of t = 0.75 in. Then Do = 120 + 2(0.75) = 121.5 in., Do/[ = 121.5/0.75 = 162, and L/Do = 360/121.5 = 2.9630. From Fig. 5-UGO-28.0, A = 0.00022. P, 2(0.00022)(26.38
=
lo6)
=
3(162)
23.9psi;
t =
in . (O.K.)
2.
Determine the weight of the vessel and contents: shell: heads : ~(60.75 -~602)(1400)(490/1728) :~(60.75~ 603)(490/1728)
=
=
112,950 9,740
3. Determine the maximum compressive load (lb/in.) using Eq. (16.23) as follows:
p,= - VDnl
Po = 15.0 psi
p l l -= a=---
310.6 Ib/in.
PODo
m=
9 =
0.1704 0.1401
=
1.23
( L/Do)2
3.0
(2.963)2
P , '=
15.04~6
As determined in step 1, the maximum allowable external pressure based on t = 0.75 in. is Po = 23.9 psi at 550F. Because the required pressure of 15.04 psi is less than the permissible pressure of 23.9 psi, t = 0.75 in. is satisfactory. Because a is less than 1.0, no cantilever-beam check is needed.
589
Problem
16.15 A tall vessel consists of a cylindrical shell with the lower head hemi-
spherical and the upper head flat. Because the upper head must support a dead weight of 20,000 lb from connecting equipment, it is made 2.5 in. thick. The vessel is designed for full vacuum at room temperature. The material is SA-516 Grade 60, and there is no corrosion. The vessel is to be hydrostatically tested in the horizontal position and installed in the vertical position. The vessel is supported at the lower head-to-shell tangent line. No stiffening rings are permitted. The vessel is 5 ft 0 in. inside diameter by 60 f t 0 in. from tangent to tangent. The vessel contains only a gas during operation. What is the required thickness of the vessel?
Answer:
Required thickness =
$ in.
TD,,, T O :
+-
This new value of P, is then used to obtain new values of a and P , ' from Eqs. 16.22 and 16.25.
Example 16.11. For the tall vessel described in Example 16.10, what are the longitudinal stresses when the vessel is designed for earthquake zone 2 using the Uniform Building Code?
Solution. It is necessary to determine the lateral earthquake forces and the overturning moment at the support line. Using Eq. 16.1, the lateral earthquake forces may be determined.
Z=
for zone 2
I K W
590
TALL VESSELS
1400 in. W 607,000 w = - = -= 433.6 lb/in. h 1400 E = 26.38 x lo6 psi d t -- - 120 0.75 = 161 f 0.75 I, = 0.049(121S4 - 1204) = 517,600 in.4
h
=
0.0908
1
106)(517,600)
1.0029
= 0.0666 1 5 / m KC = (2.0)(0.0666) = 0.1331 maximum is CS = 0.14 CS = (0.12)(1.5) = 0.18; KCS = (2.0)(0.14) = 0.28; maximum KCS = 0.3 V = ~(1)(0.28)(607,000) = 63,740 lb F, = 0.07(1.0592)(63,740) = 4730 lb but not more than 0.25V = 0.25(63,740) = 15,940 lb; F, = 4730 lb F, = V - F, = 63,740 - 4730 = 59,010 Ib Me = (59,010)(1400)(:) + (4730)(1400) = 61,698,000 in.-lb
'=
+ ~(120.75)
P U --
117,820
4(61,698,000) ~(120.75)~
=
310.6 + 5387.7
5698.3
Po = 15.0
= 3.1266 PODu (15)(121.5) m = 0.1401 9 = 3.0 9 - 1 + 0.1401 + 0.1401(3.1266) (15) P,' = 9 - 1 0.1401
(y=
5698.3
15.8 psi
Because t = 0.75 in., MAWP = 23.9 psi at 550"F, the shell is still acceptable with the earthquake loading. Since a is larger than 1.0, the vessel is checked as a cantilever beam. The axial unit stress due to Po is
--
PODm (15)(120.75) 4 4
452.8 lb/in.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
591
The axial stress is (452.8 + 5698.3)/(0.75) = 8,200 psi. Following the method given in UG-23(b) of the ASME Code, VIII-1, the allowable axial compressive stress on a cylinder is determined as follows: 0.125 0.125 Determine A = -- = 0.0015 RJt 81 At 550F,the value of B from Fig. 5-UCS-28.1 of the ASME Code, VIII-1, is 8700 psi. Consequently, the actual compressive stress of 8200 psi is less than the allowable compressive stress of 8700 psi, and the plate thickness of 0.75 in. is satisfactory.
Problem 16.16 For the same vessel described in Problem 16.15, what is the required thickness if the 20,000-lb force is applied at the edge of the cylinder rather than at the center of the head?
Answer:
Required thickness = in. Although the effect of the overturning moment is added, the thickness originally selected is adequate.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
ANSI/API Standard 620. Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. ANSI/API Standard 650,Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. ANSI Standard A58.1-1982,Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loocis in Buildings and Other Structures, American National Standards Institute, New York, 1982. Uniform Building Code, 1982 ed., International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Cal. DeGhetto, K., and W.Long, Check Towers for Dynamic Stability, Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 45,No. 2, February 1966,pp. 143-147. Bergman, E. O.,The Design of Vertical Pressure Vessels Subjected to Applied Forces in Pressure Vessels and Piping Design, ASME, New York, 1960, pp.
576-580.
7.
Sturm, R. G., A Study of the Collapsing Pressure of Thin-Walled Cylinders, University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 329, 1941.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Den Hartog, J. P., Mechanical Vibrations, 4 t h ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1956. Windenburg, D. F., and C. Trilling, Collapse by Instability of Thin Cylindrical Shells under External Pressure, Trans. ASME, Vol. 56,pp. 819-825, 1934.