KILOVAR BRIEFS FROM THE COOPER POWER SYSTEMS' CAPACITOR PLANT

Date Apri 1 , , 1985

GREENWOOD, SOUTH CAROLINA

HARMONICS AND CAPACITORS SOURCES OF HARMONICS

Issue

systems are The levels of harmonic distortion on u t i I i t y increasing. One i m p o r t a n t reason i s the proliferation o f apparatus that produce harmonic v o l t a g e s and c u r r e n t s . Prime examples a r e t h y r i s t o r c o n t r o l l e d d e v i c e s which a r e used a t a i n d u s t r i a l , commercial, a n d home wide range o f power l e v e l s i n applications. These components a r e u s e d f o r v o l t a g e c o n t r o l , speed control, frequency changing, and power conversion, generally a t lower cost, w i t h increased e f f i c i e n c y and l e s s maintenance than t h e devices they replace. Other reasons f o r t h e increased harmonic l e v e l s i s t h e o v e r - e x c i t a t i o n o f d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r s , a p r a c t i c e p e r m i t t e d b y more and more u t i l i t i e s and t h e improvement i n system power f a c t o r t h r o u g h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f shunt capacitors. C a p a c i t o r s do n o t g e n e r a t e harmonics b u t p r o v i d e n e t w o r k l o o p s f o r l o c a l and g e n e r a l resonance o r f o r harmonic m a g n i f i c a t i o n . C a p a c i t o r s can i n f l u e n c e t h e magnitudes o f harmonic v o l t a g e s and c u r r e n t s w h i c h o c c u r on t h e u t i l i t y s y s t e m a s w e l l a s a t t h e customer l o a d s . I t i s t h e r e f o r e i m p o r t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d power s y s t e m h a r m o n i c s when a p p l y i n g c a p a c i t o r s . This f i r s t i n a s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s on harmonics d i s c u s s e s sources o f power system harmonics. Sources o f Harmonics T h e r e a r e many s o u r c e s o f h a r m o n i c s o n t h e e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r system. In general, devices with nonlinear operating c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s produce harmonics, i n c l u d i n g : transformers r o t a t i n g machinery a r c furnaces and a r c w e l d i n g equipment semiconductor c o n t r o l l e d power equipment, such as voltage c o n t r o l l e r s , r e c t i f i e r s , i n v e r t e r s , c y c l o c o n v e r t e r s , s t a t i c v a r systems Under b a l a n c e d system o p e r a t i o n , harmonics can be c l a s s i f i e d as p o s i t i v e , n e g a t i v e , o r z e r o sequence: P o s i t i v e Sequence N e g a t i v e Sequence Zero Sequence D u r i n g unbalanced c o n d i t i o n s t h e t h r e e sequences. Harmonic o r d e r 1,4,7.. . Harmonic o r d e r 2,5,8.. H a r m o n i c o r d e r 3,6,9.. . can o c c u r i n each o f

each harmonic

Copyright 1985 Cooper Power Systems

Page 1

Transformer. Transformer saturation, t h e d e v i a t i o n from a l i n e a r relation between t h e magnetic flux i n the iron and t h e magnetizing force, causes a non- sinusoidal transformer e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t t o be produced by a s i n u s o i d a l l y a p p l i e d voltage. When t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e i s above t h e t r a n s f o r m e r r a t e d v o l t a g e , t h e harmonic components of the exciting current can increase s u b s t a n t i a l l y . ( F i g u r e 1)

IN rated ' current IM magnetizing Current I1I3I5I7, fundamental and harmonic currents. Figure 1 Harmonic Components o f Transformer E x c i t i n g Current
R o t a t i n g Machinery. Harmonics produced by a r o t a t i n g machine a r e r e l a t e d p r i n c i p a l l y t o v a r i a t i o n i n magnetic r e l u c t a n c e caused by s l o t s i n t h e m a c h i n e s s t a t o r a n d r o t o r . S y n c h r o n o u s m a c h i n e s may produce harmonics because o f t h e f i e l d form, s a t u r a t i o n i n main c i r c u i t s a n d l e a k a g e p a t h s , a n d u n s y m m e t r i c a l l y s p a c e d damper windings. Arc Equipment. Arc f u r n a c e s and a r c w e l d i n g equipment g e n e r a t e harmonics because of the non-l i n e a r voltage- current c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f power a r c s . M e a s u r e m e n t s made o f a n a r c furnace voltage i n d i c a t e a harmonic o u t p u t which i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e , e.g., f i f t h harmonic voltage o f 8 percent a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f m e l t d o w n , 6 p e r c e n t a t t h e e n d o f m e l t d o w n , a n d 2.5 percent o f t h e fundamental d u r i n g r e f i n i n g . The h a r m o n i c s o f c o n c e r n a r e u s u a l l y t h e f i f t h , w h i c h may r e a c h 20 p e r c e n t o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l , a n d t h e s e v e n t h , w h i c h may b e o n t h e o r d e r o f 5 - 8 p e r c e n t o f fundamental voltage.

The w o r s t c a s e h a r m o n i c m a g n i t u d e s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n a n y a p p l i c a t i o n study. The m o s t t r o u b l e s o m e h a r m o n i c s p r o d u c e d b y a r c f u r n a c e s and t h e i r magnitudes a r e summarized as f o l l o w s i n Table I: Table I Harmonics 2 Harmonic V o l t a g e ( % of Fundamental)
5 10 2 20 8 3

Figure 2 Arc Furnace Voltage and Current

3
4 5

7
9

P r o d u c t i o n o f t h e t h i r d harmonic i s due t o t h e unbalanced o p e r a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e a r c i n g e l e c t r o d e s . A w e l l designed system s h o u l d n o t r e a c h t h e h i g h l e v e l s i n t h e above t a b l e . F i g u r e 2 d e p i c t s measured c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e a t an a r c f u r n a c e , c l e a r l y i n d i c a t i n g d i s t o r t i o n s i n b o t h values. S o l i d S t a t e E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n Systems F o r n e a r l y t h e p a s t t w o decades, s i n c e power s e m i c o n d u c t o r s became c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n h a s p r o l i f e r a t e d . This trend i s l i k e l y t o accelerate i n the future. S t a t i c Power C o n v e r t e r s . The c y c l i c f i r i n g o f t h y r i s t o r s i n a n AC s y s t e m r e s u l t s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t s a n d voltages. Examples o f t h i s t y p e o f e q u i p m e n t a r e : Voltage c o n t r o l l e r s ( f o r i n d u s t r i a l heating, i n d u c t i o n m e l t i n g , l i g h t i n g c o n t r o l , speed c o n t r o l of motors, etc.) Rectifiers Inverters Cycloconverters (frequency converters)

T a b l e I I s u m m a r i z e s t h e l o w e r o r d e r h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t s in n 6 and 12 pulse converters. Table I I CONVERTER HARMONIC CURRENTS Theoretical Typical Per Unit Magnitude Per Unit Magnitude 6 Pulse (%) 12 Pulse (%) 6 Pulse (%) 12 Pulse (%)
100 20 14 9 8 100 0 0 9 8 100 18 11 5 3 100 3 2 6 3

Harmonic
1 5 7 11 13

F i g u r e 3A a n d 3 B a r e t y p i c a l w a v e f o r m s o f c u r r e n t a n d v o l t a g e d i s t o r t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m a t y p i c a l power c o n v e r t e r circuit. Note t h e s u b s t a n t i a l harmonic content present.

(A) Current

(B)

Voltage

I n summary, t h e r e a r e many s o u r c e s o f h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n i n t h e power systems. Capacitors a r e not a source of e lectr ic h a r m o n i c s , however, t h e i r p r e s e n c e i n t h e n e t w o r k can a m p l i f y t h e h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t s and v o l t a g e s t h a t w i I I o c c u r on t h e u t i l i t y power system. U t i l i t i e s a r e concerned about t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e Future issues h a r m o n i c s i n system o p e r a t i o n and e q u i p m e n t l i f e . " KVAR B R I E F S " will d i s c u s s t h e e f f e c t s o f h a r m o n i c s on of In addition, the application of capacitors i n a capacitors. harmonic environment w i l l be s t u d i e d .