Current Transformer: A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents.

Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT), are known as instrument transformers. Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being measured in its primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a current transformer is not different from that of an ordinary transformer. Construction: The current transformer consists of only one or very few turns as its primary winding. This primary winding can be of either a single flat turn, a coil of heavy duty wire wrapped around the core or just a conductor or bus bar placed through a central hole as shown. Due to this type of arrangement, the current transformer is often referred to as a "series transformer" as the primary winding, which never has more than a very few turns and is in series with the current carrying conductor. The secondary winding may have a large number of coil turns wound on a laminated core of low-loss magnetic material which has a large cross-sectional area so that the magnetic flux density is low using much smaller crosssectional area wire, depending upon how much the current must be stepped down. This secondary winding is usually rated at a standard 1 Ampere or 5 Amperes.

Question: Why transformer rating in KVA ?

Well in this post I am going to tell you why the transformers are rated in KVA but not in the conventional KW manner. Before going into this topic you need to know about the various kinds of losses in transformers. Well there are 2 kinds of losses in transformers, they are: 1. Iron losses 2. Copper losses Now since Iron losses depend upon the voltage and copper losses on current so that the total loss of a transformer is dependent on these two values that are voltage and current but not on the phase angle between voltage and current which is also known as power factor. KVA does not include the term power factor in it while KW does. So since the total losses is dependent only on Voltage and Current values (not on power factor), the ratings of the transformers are also given in terms of VA or KVA. Q:How electrical power is generated by an A.C Generator?

A:For the generation of electric power we need a prime mover which supplies mechanical power input to the alternator, can be steam turbines,or hydro turbines .When poles of the rotor moves under the armature conductors which are placed on the stator ,field flux cut the armature conductor ,therefore voltage is generated and is of sinusoidal in nature...due to polarity change of rotor poles(i,e) N-S-N-S.

 What is DC Generator: DC Generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of DC current. The production of electrical energy is done by the principle of Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction-A conductor and a magnetic field in relative motion cuts each other ,induce emf in the conductor and flows current if the conductor forms a close circuit.

Working principle of LDR:

The way an LDR works is that they are made of many semi-conductive materials with high resistance. The reason they have a high resistance is that are very few electrons that are free and able to move because they are held in a crystal lattice and are unable to move. When light falls on the semi conductive material it absorbs the light photons and the energy is transferred to the electrons, which allow them to break free from the crystal lattice and conduct electricity and lower the resistance of the LDR.

Basic of modern AVR : AVR or automatic voltage regulator supplies controlled excitation current to alternator field circuit. This way it controls the terminal voltage of alternator.

function of Modern Automatic voltage regulators: Sense the terminal voltage continuously. Sense the output current of the alternator. Receive ac current from the alternator to generate excitation current.

How modern AVR controls voltage:

There is no physical contact between AVR and excitation circuit. Excitation circuit is rotating with the rotor arrangement. #AVR supplies ac current. #Rotary diode arrangement converts ac to dc and thus generates dc excitation current. #This dc excitation current creates flux in the rotor flux circuit.

Components of electrical power :

Electrical power is the geometrical sum of two parts.

S = P + Q, where S = Apparent Power, kVA P = Active Power, kW Q = Reactive Power, kvar

cos = P/S=PF, power factor which tells us what is the proportion between the active and the apparent power, how much there is active power in apparent power.

Power factor, active & reactive power basic concept :

Power factor- In ac circuit there is some phase difference between the voltage and current. The cosine of this angle phase difference is called Power factor or PF. Popularly defined as cos. Power factor types-

Leading power factor- Current leads voltage. Happens with Capacitive load circuit. Lagging power factor- Current lags behind voltage. Happens with Inductive load circuit. Value of Power factor- As power factor is a cos function its possible value ranges from -1 to +1 Active and reactive component of power factor:

I cos is called active or wattful component, I sin called reactive or wattless component. Reactive component is very much important for power factor measurement and control. It has a inverse relationship with power factor. The less the reactive component the more is the power factor. Active, reactive and apparent power-

VIcos- active power in KW. VIsin- reactive power in KVAR. VI- Apparent power in

Why Optocoupler in place of Circuit Breaker:

Opto coupler basically used with safety and emergency equipments like plc. If we use circuit breaker in a connection coming from a sensor to PLC, circuit breaker will trip and open the circuit by detecting fault. This will hamper continuous operation and thus not feasible in this case.The best way is to block the fault current and this is done by opto-coupler.

DC Generator Vs. Alternator Generators and alternators are the primary methods of creating power. Generators create DC power and alternators create AC. In the early days of automobiles, generators were used; these have been completely replaced by alternators in modern vehicles. Likewise, in the early days of commercial power generation, there was a battle between DC and AC for dominance--a battle that AC won. But while alternators have been the big winners, generators still have their uses. Generator Design

In terms of design, a DC generator is the simpler of the two. In fact, a DC generator can be used as a DC motor by applying power to the shaft, while the opposite is also true--turn the shaft of a DC motor, and it will act as a generator. This is one of the

greatest benefits of a generator: It will generate power purely from mechanical motion. As long as you turn the shaft, the generator will produce electricity.

Alternator Design

AC alternators are more complex, because the AC must be converted to DC and this takes extra circuitry. Theoretically, an alternator can act as an AC motor, but it will not be a very good motor. Also, unlike the generator, the alternator requires some power to generate electricity. However, an alternator produces a large amount of electricity and may provide enough electricity to power all the devices on a car without taxing the battery at all

Alternating Current vs Direct Current:

Electricity flows in two ways; either in alternating current (AC) or in direct current (DC). Electricity or 'current' is nothing more than moving electrons along a conductor, like a wire, that have been harnessed for energy. Therefore, the difference between AC and DC has to do with the direction in which the electrons flow. In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a single direction, or "forward." In AC, electrons keep switching directions, sometimes going "forwards" and then going "backwards.

 What is servo motor? A servo motor is an electric motor with a built in rotation sensor, they are needed for robotics. Say a robot moves its arm by turning a servo motor, the motor would send information concerning the degree of rotation on its axis back to the robot so the robot can keep tabs on the position of its arm, so if something bumps its arm it will know it and so-on. How does a servo motor function?

servo motor is basically a very sensitive motor which is generally used in CNC,& NC machine tools . the main function of it is to guide the tool during the machining process as per pre set/ fed programme.

 How does Induction Motor work?

Ans: Induction motors are also known as rotating transformer.( Primary winding is stator and secondary winding is rotor). When the 3 phase stator windings are fed by 3 phase supply a magnetic flux of constant magnitude, rotating at synchronous speed is generated. These flux passes through the air gap, sweeps past the rotor surface, cuts stationary rotor conductors. According to Faraday's laws of electro-magnetic induction, an emf is induced in the rotor. This emf frequency is same as supply frequency. As rotor conductors form a closed circuit, the induced emf produces a current. It's direction will oppose the cause producing it ( according to lenz's law). In this case, the cause is relative velocity between the rotating flux of the stator and stationary rotor conductors. So to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts to run in the same direction of the stator flux

 Ques: Why Human body feel Electric shock ?? n in an Electric train during running , We did nt feel any Shock ? why?

Ans: Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule is Current takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation to our feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which doing some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path not much current flows through our body).The electric train is well insulated from its electrical system.

Core-form Transformer:

112MVA, 220/36kV Core Form Transformer Like Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc.'s (MEPPI) shell-formtransformers, the core-form transformers are manufactured on the basis of over half of a century of experience in transformer production. Continuous research efforts toward improvement of technical skills and materials have earned a high reputation for, and awide acceptance of, MEPPI's core-form power transformers. Ratings 69-275kV..!!