Polynomials
Exponential Functions
Trigonometric Functions
sin x
lim 1
x 0 x
Trigonometric Identities
The Number e
Polynomials
Definition Polynomial is an expression of the type
P a0 a1x a2 x 2 K an x n
where the coefficients a0 , a1,K , an are real numbers and an 0.
Graphs of:
2. sin(x), the red curve,
and
3. cos(x), the blue curve.
Trigonometric Functions (3)
The size of an angle is measured as the length
α of the arc, indicated in the picture, on a circle
of radius 1 with center at the vertex.
1
On the other hand, sin(α) is the length of the red sin
line segment in the picture.
The above inequality is obvious by the above picture. For negative angles α
the inequality is reversed.
Trigonometric Functions (4)
Trigonometric functions sin and cos are
everywhere continuous, and lim sin 0 and lim cos 1.
0 0
1
Hence 1 . tan
sin cos
sin
This implies: lim 1
0 sin
sin
Lemma lim 1 1
0
Examples
sin 2 x
Problem 1 Compute lim .
x 0 x
sin 2 x sin 2 x
Solution Rewrite 2 .
x 2x
sin 2 x
By the previous Lemma, lim 1.
x 0 2x
sin 2 x sin 2 x
Hence 2 x 0 2.
x 2x
Examples
sin sin x
Problem 2 Compute lim .
x 0 x
sin sin x sin sin x sin x
Solution Rewrite .
x sin x x
sin sin x
By the previous Lemma, lim 1.This follows
x 0 sin x
by substituting sin x . As x 0, also 0.
1 1 1
csc sec cot
sin cos tan
sin cos
tan cot
cos sin
Derived Identities
Definition a=1