Anda di halaman 1dari 70

L=_ PO^^

^Q_ `OQ}

O^_

Z. q[ =~, M.Tech

`OQ} L^Q OO
^~^ WO[h~ J+<
`OQ} JO\ Zy\" WO[h~ OO

L=_ PO^^ ^Q_ `OQ}


O^_ :
Z. q[=~
: 9440699249

"^\ =^} : #=O|~, 2010


~O_= =^}: |=i, 2011
` : 5000
H~# : H~x Y~
J@ gk= H<:
K~} :
`OQ} L^Q O O
^~^ WO[h~ J+<
`OQ} JO\ Zy\" WO[h~ OO
J_ :
<O. 21, l.K.ZO.. iOQ HOH,
l..F. Z^~Q, Ja_, ^~^ 500 001.

` ^~K@ :
K~ |H=~, QeOQO e, ^~^.
kH HO^O, zH_e, ^~^.
HOlOQ O\OQ :
N ^`~ QH, QOn#Q~, ^~^.
" : ~. 15/

= =@
1758 #O_ 1947 =~ a\+" i # LO__O = PO^ O`O
q^ ZO` =O^O[ "Ok. =^ ~+O LO__O= =O^
~" O@, JOc, =x ZxH, =Ou=~, ~ g , c~OQ
"^# ==~ ZO` J#=O Q_OK~. J~` 1956 <\H
PO^~ +O ~[^x =, =#~ =, K^ = # = x~^Q
= f=OQ L<~.
1713 #O_ 1948 =~ x*O ~[iH == [gO^s #
LO__O = P^ xH q^ `OQ} O`O "#H|_ ~Ok. ''1948
`OQ} ~KiH == #O_ |@ =z# "O@< =O^ JkH~
Pk`O |`H= =zOk. 1956 `OQ} ~+O PO^ ~+O`
He PO^^ ~RO U~@ J~<H iQ `OQ} PO^ =
O`OQ =i~Ok. D 54 O=`~Q = =z#"~ WH_
[ uq+ O ~[H OQ, =lHOQ, O $uHOQ Pk` x
K~OK~.
1956 L=_ PO^ ^ ~RO U~iz#C_ K # XO^h
LO OK|_ D 54 O=`~ `OQ} O`O Jx q^Q ^Q_O k.
`OQ} [ [~Q`# J<x "eHfe# uH,
\qK# ^^Q Jh PO^ Of Ku L<~. "\
"~ =O^ J#Q}"# =* "H `__ q^O Q LO\~.
JkH~O`OQO, `O =O^ Of |O |OQ
LOk. H>i \ "o<, Mk` H~ "o<, U P
"o<, ZH_H "o< =O^ Pk`" HxOk. Zxq^H`O
JOc '`OQ} J< ^O L yOK~^x ~eOQ W=_O [iyOk.
nx |\ i` Uq^OQ L< J~O KH=K.
J~< Q` 54 UQ ZO`=Ok `OQ} q^=O` Z<
H+# Fi `OQ} [~Q`# J<# `OQ} [
`e* `O K~. " H ~~. q<~
x~OK~. H=, ~K~`, HH~ `OQ} `, O $uH
L^=x xiOK~. "~O^i H$+ e `OQ U~_ Jiq`" # =K~x
OH O Q `OQ} [O^iH `e*# = `" D z#
H O . D =K~ H~} "O J<H H#, x"kH#, uH#

OkOKO. "\ ~K~`, O^, `OQ} "^=O^iH


q#=OQ H$`[` `e*O@<O.
D HO ~H# = "#O\ LO_ = ixz# N^~~=
^O_ ( ^ , `OQ} L^Q O O) QiH = $^ ~H
H$`[`. HxH Jx q^Q `__# . ~"+ =~, H. H ~_,
*. =}~_ ^#"^.
"O J_QQ < `# H~# # H O " H=\xH JOwHiOz# H~x
Y~ QiH "= ^ ~}_ LO\=.
D HxH HiOz# qQ_, ^q^ (\Zh" <),
. q~ (J^, `OQ} L^Q OO), Z.^Ki (H@s,
`.L.O.), Z. ~*~ ~_ (J^, ^~^ WO[h~ OO), \.
"OH> O ([#~ H@s), Z. #~O^~ ~ _, Z<. N^~ , P~. H HO`, .
=^^< ~_, Nx"~_, Y~ ~_, q[~ ~_, Q=~<Ki,
+~ =~, Z..<.~_, N=u , H. q^=u, q. =OA
( ^~^ WO[h~ O O), ZO.O ^~ _ (H@s, `OQ} i>~
WO[h~ ~" ) u~u~= (_O \), H . Nx" (H@s), H . KH^~ ,
H. , q. H, q<^ =~ (`OQ} Z.W.W. OO), H.
~ (Hh#~, `OQ} q^` L^Q *.Z..), q. Q~=
(HPi<@~, `.q.L. *.Z..), . _. ~gO^~ (O@~ ~ `OQ}
_), Z. ~q|, ~"O^ (`OQ} <"^ *.Z..), #~
Q_ (e>HH H~~ OO) H$`[`.
< `__# a+ _II . =~_, H. H , P~.
H~=, = JbM<, _IIZ. Nx"~=, _II Z. =~m^~~=,
Z. KO^Y~, Z. Nx"~=, Z. ~qKO^, _II Z. ~[h+, q.
"^", H.q. #iO~_, a. J=~O^~ ~=, Z. O "<, ZO.
"OH@~_, \. D~, q. q["<, . #~i, Z. H~ ~_,
ZO.Z.Z<. ~_, _IIZ. QH$+, Z<. ~<^~_, n, KO^Y~,
^, ~*O^~, Nx" ~_, i, ~O H+< ~=, l.Z. #~O^~
Q~ = H$`[`. =O = JO^i ~ ~H `<O.
`HOQ, ~HOQ HiOz# q`O^iH = ^#"^.
''~*#, ''l24 QO@ \.q. K# "iH, ''K.Z".\.q
^ k H~H= x~ = H$`[` . FH` ## `Oz#
< `e e`=, < ~ ~K#, < Ja#", ^ ~}_
LO\#.
O^_

q+ zH
1. =# `ex =# Ki`

2. =^ ~RO `H PO^ ~RO L^=xH H~}

3. [ Jb Hq+< i~ x JO - <\ iu

4. 1956 `OQ} ~RO, PO^ ~RO Z\ LO_q

5. '^=#+ XO^O Wz# ~H} - LO#

6. `OQ} ~[H < ZO^ =\_~?

11

7. h (i) `OQ} Qh\ (Hh\) H^

13

(ii) '[[O ^Q_ `OQ}

15

(iii) `OQ} Z`# ^O - JO^H h~ =OK^ 27


8. L=_ PO^^ H~O@ H^

31

9. L^Q

33

10. q^

39

11. ^^x "" Ja=$k KO: "HO^"^-x*x* 43


12. + - O $u

46

13. a_, [<H~H ^H =*O

50

14. H# Hq\ NH$+ Hq\ UO KOk?

52

15. Hx - ["|

56

`OQ} ^# =O^O_ b \Ks,


`\, H Z^~xe ~_`# q^i
^, =, `OQ} [iy# J<x
[O^iH `e*O^ J~` @_#
`OQ} <"^, HH~, q^=O`,
"^=O^iH JOH`O D HO

1. =# `ex =# Ki`
^~^ ~xH `O`O 15, PQ+ 1947 <_ ~^ . ^~^
~RO 17 O |~, 1948 <_ x*O # #O_ q=H" O k. D q+ O
=# Ki` ~O LO_^. `OQ} #\H 95% =OkH D
q+ O `e^.
1948 x*O ` [gO^s # #O_ q=H KOk# `~"`
1956 =~ ^~^ ~RO XH `H ~ROQ< H#yOk.
1953 =~ =O^ O`O =^ ~RO JO`~QO . 1911 #O_
1949 =~ =^ ~+O #O_ q_~ PO^~ +O U~_x =O^
L^=O K~. *.q.. ([=~ <, = ~ >, \a
`~=) Hq\ PO^~+ U~@# 1949 ~ KOk. 1949
#O_ 1952 =~ =^ #Q~O ~[^xQ L# PO^~+O H"x
=O^ L^= K~. J^ q+" \N~= Q~ 1952
x~~nH K =~}O z<H, 1953 JH|~ 1# =^ ~+O #O_
=O^ O`# q_Q\ H`Q PO^~ +O U~iK~. J~` =^
#Q~O PO^~xH ~[^xQ K|_^. 1953 #O_ 1956 =~
PO^~ +O XH ` H ~+O Q, H~ ~[^xQ LO_k. \N
~=
Qi x~~nH, =# `OQ} ~xH U q^"# O|O^O ^.
=# K=OkH D q+O `e^.
1956, #=O|~ 1# ^~^ ~RO (`OQ} ~RO) PO^~RO`
He PO^^ U~~K|_Ok.
P<_ 1911 #O_ 1952 =~ =O^ =^ ~RO #O_
q_~ `H PO^ ~ROQ U~_x U H~}= L^=O K~
J^ H~} = <_ `OQ} ~RO uiy =HK=x `OQ} "
J_Q`<~

2. =^ ~RO `H PO^ ~RO


L^=xH H~}
=^ ~RO #O_ q_"x L=_ PO^^ ~RO #O_ =
1911 #O_ 1952 =~ =O^ `OQ} ~RO uiy =HK=x
ZO^ L^=O K~?
1956 #O_ <\ =~ `OQ}
"O^ L^q< ~ ?
PO^^
1. =^ ~R `^Q 1. L=_
`^Q `OQ}"iH
PO^ ux^O iQ
ux^O iQ H=_O.
H=_O.
2. L#` q^ J=H O 2. L#` q^ J=HO `OQ}
Of
iQ
PO^
i Q
LO_H =_O.
LO_H =_O
3. |_\ / =#~ OHO 3. |_ \ / =#~ O H O
`OQ} J<O.
PO^ J<O.
4. PO^ O $uH Q~=O 4. `OQ} O` +, O $uH
Q~=O H=_O.
H=_O.
5. ~ ^< PO^ 5. ~ ^< `OQ} "iH
i# ux^O H=_O.
i # ux^ O
H=_O.
6. Q h~ H e OK _ O 6. Qh~ HeOK_O `OQ}
PO^ O` O q=H .
O`O q=H. ''~[Y~~_
''~[QKiQ~
Q~ =Y=Ou JH H$,
=^ ~R =Y=Ou
Q^=i #^ h\x =O^
JH H$#k h# `q
` ~ e OK *
O`xH fO^
^"`O "^\~.
uOK~.
2

3. [ Jb Hq+< i~ x JO - <\
iu
[ Jb Hq+< (SRC, 1955) q $`" # OkO [i ^~^
~RO (`OQ} ~RO) H#yOKx ~ KOk. J~` Zs
x~xH =u~HOQ, `OQ} [ x~O `HO_< L=_
PO^^ ~RO 1956 U~_Ok.
Hq+< `= i~ PO^~RO " qO^ U~@ K_xH
K# H~}, `OQ} ~RO `HOQ< H#Qx `OQ} "
K# H~} _ O^~~.
D 54 U, =O^ L=_ PO^^ U~__O = U"`
PtOK~ JO`HO > K Z" O^~. J^ =O `OQ}
[ L=_ PO^^ He` U"` `= # [~Q`x
_~ J=h x[" ^Q_~.

PO^~RO " qO^


U~@ K _xH K #
H~}:
~ 371 : PO^ ~ RO
" #@=O\ Ju^
= `"# ~[^x
#Q ~ O . P =
^ ~ ^ # ~[^ xQ
K_O = f~`Ok.
~ 372 : XH ` H
~ROQ `OQ}# O_
K Q^=i, H$ #^
* = PO^ O`xH
O K~`Ok.

P JO <\ iu :

PO^ ~ RO " H~ #@
"HO^ U~_Ok. "# ~[^x
= fiOk. J~` WC_ " H O^
"^ "" ^~^# Ja=$k
K=O@<~.

"HO^ U~_ XH `H ~ROQ


`OQ} O_~Ok. `OQ} XH
`H ~ROQ #^ `# #
H~Ok. PO^^# XH ~ROQ
K__O = H$, Q^=i \|# Qh,
HO^`O Qh, OH~ Qh
`OQ} h JO^`< ^ J#
q+x \ OKH^. P q+O
PO^^ ~R JO`~` ==~"
~Ok. =O^ |OQ JkH~,
H = ~ q=H = ` OQ}
J<O [iyOk.
~ 373 : PO^O`O
^~ q^` H O^ Q Q# ^Q~
" ` OQ} L# U~@ K, q^`# fQ^~ ~ ~
Qx# "_H=K. K_O `=^~` _#k. J~`
Q Q # # Pk^ XH
q^`HO^O _ U~@ K^.
Q Q # ZO` ^ ~ O L#
q["_, H_ , <~ U~@
K~.

` OQ} ~ + O ` H O Q<
H#Qx `OQ} "
K# H~}:
~ 376 : PO^~RO
PiH W|O^ LO_ @
|_ \ ` LO> , ` OQ}
qQ |_\ ` LO_ PiHO Q
\ +OQ LOk. qO^
U~_` `OQ} qQ
x^ PO^ O` O
Ja=$k ^H =oOK
|_ ` ~. " H O^ =
`OQ} O ^.

P JO <\ iu :
`OQ} [ _#@Q<
" H O^ Pi H O Q ` OQ}
#+ ~Ok. ~[^x #Q~O H@H"e#
J=~O H =_O = =O^ ZO`
Y~ `Ok. `OQ} qQ x^#
` OQ} Ja = $k H Y~ K x
'^=#+ XO^O L#\H D
x^ # PO^ O`xH =oOK~. D
x^ =oO# 1969 U~># e`
Hq\, ~= Hq\ x~iOK~.

~ 377 : XH `H ` OQ} ` # ` H #
~ROQ `OQ} Q^=i, H~Ok. = O^ |OQ
H$ #^ `# # JkH~, H=~ q=H = `OQ}
H=_xH ^OQ^. [#O K ~ WK O e =O\
* =_, =O^ =`"
" K =~O, u~__ =O\
* H@|_~.
~ 378 : XH `OQ} [ _> `OQ}
^ ~ ^ #Q ~ O ` L^Q _ =O^ Ki~.
`OQ} JO` q^~OQ `OQ} O`O =O^ HhQ
K "#H|_ LO__O = ` ~~Ok.
` OQ}x L^Q=
Hh q^~ O Q O
=O^ # = O^ Of
PHqOKO\~.
PO^ ^ ~RO `OQ}
O`O =O^ Hh
(colony) Q ` ~=`Ok.
5

^ ~ ^ ~RO Q iOz
Hq+< iH" O_ K# JO:
~ 386 : Jx JO
ijeOz# `~"` "=
` OQ}
O`x
^~^ ~RO ~`
H#yOKe J< ` k
x~xH (conclusion)
=KO.
J~` J=~=#O>
1961 ZH# `~` H`Q
ZxH# ^~^ ~R
JOc XH" 2/3 =O`
" *i\ ` " H O^
H"x J_ y ` J C _
^ ~ ^
~RO
qO^ H _ xH
J=H O LO@Ok. x
H O ~ O_ ~
q_q_Q H#Qe.

P JO <\ iu :
Zs x~
xH =u~HOQ L=_
PO^^ ~RO 1956 U~_Ok.

1961 ZH# [iy` P ZH#


" H O^ U~_ =^ J# q+ O<
[iy *aO =H==`O^x
Hg+< PtOzOk. J~` [ Jb
Hq+< ^~^$ +` U~iz# D U~@#
H~~O ^h^ . H O^<
=^ `= L# |_` c~OQ
K 1956 < qb<x Oq O K~.

''Conclusion J# ^O [ Jb Hg+< "_Ok. ^xH ''`kx~O Jx


J~O. J~`, "HO^ `Q k# uH [ Jb Hg+< x"kH J#"^ P
^x ''J=Q# Jx J#=kOK~. J~O ZO` `_ =O^ =#O QOK=K.
Wn =# "HO^"^ "~ uH K~ ~o.

4. 1956 `OQ} ~RO,


PO^~RO Z\ LO_q
1956 PO^ ~RO iu :
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

1956 ^~^ (`OQ}) ~RO


iu :
@ |_\` LOk. r` 1. qQ |_\` LOk.
W=x iu.
=Y @} O H~ . ^O 2. =Y@}O ^~^ #Q~O.
Z#^y# #Q~O H^. Ja=$k
^O 4= ^ #Q~O. Ja=$k
KOk# } H~,
K O k# } H ~
qye# H~ =. `
(Z~~~, ~ +#, ~_),
P >O@ (Q_~)
Z< ^ =< (P,
LO_q.
Lx @, Lx
x=i\, \ Hl ".),
"~Q# `Qh\ H~, _<l
== ". L<~. 14 H
ZH~ ` = ^~^
K @
#Q ~ a = $k H ,
iqHa=$kH L<~.
3. L^Q Z< Mm L<~.
f= x~^Q =
30.65 H ZH ~ 4. 18.2 H ZH~ h\~^
LOk (nx J`kH `O K~ =
h\~^ (nx J`kH
^~), `OQ} lx 53.5
`O H=^~)
H ZH~ PH@ Qh~
JOkOKO^ s *
}oH ^O Q L<~. ~Q
~` XO^ [iQ~.
a\+ "i # LO__O 5. <*O # [gO^s ==
= PO^ [ ,
LO__O = [, <
< a\ + ` ~
a\+ `~ JOc ~[H
JOc
~[H ,
J#=O ^.
c~OQ J#= O LOk.
7

5. '^ =#+ XO^O Wz# ~H} LO#


1956 ''^ =#+ XO^O ^~ PO^ < `OQ} [
Hx ~H} (safeguards) W=_O [iyOk. "\ P^~OQ< L=_ PO^ ^
1956 U~_Ok.
PO^~R < `OQ} `H ~H} He=x #=|eH
HO`=Ok `OQ} <# U=~_O ^~ "i`OQ `OQ}#
qO^ He~#k Ki`H ` O. " i`O J#_xH | L^~}
Uq@O> L=_ PO^ ^ U~_Q< ^= #+ XO^Ox =Y JO" #
=Y=Ou ^"<, L=Y=Ou ^"< `OQ} =HH W"# '~H}#
`OQ `H#~. =Y=Ou ^qQh L=Y=Ou ^qQh `OQ}
=HH D^.

1956 XC# ~H} :


- `^Q H i[~+# LO\~. 15 O=`~ ~ x"O
` xi.
- `OQ}x == = J=HO `OQ} Of Hq\
~"HOk.
- `OQ} Jx q^ q+ Ja=$kx `OQ} Of=O_e
~"HOk.
- `OQ}x q^O `OQ} q^~H "O LO_e.
`OQ}x q^=H "~Q~e
- =Y=Ou PO^_` L=Y=OuQ `OQ} =H LO_e.
- Ha<\ =O` 3 :2 KC# LO_e.
- `OQ} qQ P^O `OQ} Ja=$kH H\~OKe.
- q+` L^Qx=H ~O_ O` [< ukH#
[~Qe.
9

P ~H} <\ iu :
- Q` 54 O=`~ =Y=Ou ^q `OQ}"~ H=O 5
O=`~ 3 < =`" L<~. PO^ =Y=O`` `OQ}
=# L=Y=O`Q xqOK^.
- 1975 q^, L^Q^ ~ x" x|O^# 15 #O_ 4 O=`~
`yO K|_Ok.
Hk L^Q P 4 O=`~ x|O^# ikH _ ~O_
` OK~.
- `OQ} Of=O_e ~^ K |_Ok. ^x K~ #Q L# JK`~ _,
*. KH~= `OQ} [~Q`# J< 1956 #O_ 1963
=~ 100 x"kH# `xH =iOK~. J=h |@^Y< ~.
- " ZH~ H= HO^ = PO^O`O " K`H
~#~.
- K~= ^~ h\~^# x~HO K#~.
- `OQ} igH~} "#HO[ "O k. L^ : x*O +Q~ Hs ,
J*O* q "^# Hs =`_~.
- `OQ} q^ =u`e = KOK~.
L^ : x=i\ `O W# QO@ : PO^ XH q^iH
37,500 ~ LO>, `OQ} 14,000 =`".
- `OQ}x q^=H "~Q~O> WOH Z= @ U~@
Ke Qh ^xH a#OQ `= @ U~@K P@ _
= =z#"~ Ki~.
L^ : ` WO[hiOQ Hr `OQ} [< H~O 42%
@ LO_e. Hh 30% @ =`" L<~. P 30% @ _
J`k =O^#O_ = =z# " LO@<~.
- `OQ} qQ P^O ^"`O PO^O` Ja=$kH
=~e<~. 1969 e` Hq\ x"kH, [ ~= Hq\ x"kH,
2007 PiH= Ou ~ JOc K# H@ # nx ^$ gHiOzOk.
u XH ~H} J=# "O [iyOk.
10

6. `OQ} ~[H< ZO^


=\_~?
"HO^"^ " Wk. x[OQ `OQ} ~[H <
=\_^? H=O `= ~[<H _ ^OQ~[H
< JO`\ LO\~. HO`=Ok `OQ} < `= O`O
=`" KHx `OQ} O`xH [~Q`# J<x J
tOK<^. J~` .q. #~O~=, =i K<~_, JO[Qi
O\ Q < ZO`=Ok `OQ} Q_ L<, " _
ZO^ `OQ} [iy# J<x u\OKH~ XHi
K^O.
`OQ} [` @Q `OQ} ~[H < 1969 L^=O
`OQ} [~Q`# J<x Qi `x xn~. `OQ}
[ "iH HiOz 1971 ZxH `OQ} KOk# 14 ~"O@
@ 11x `OQ} *quH H@\~. J~< `OQ} [
<O [~Q^. `OQ} Of Hq\ K~#Q L# JK`~_,
*. KH~= `OQ} [~Q`# J< 1956 #O_ 1963 =~
100 x"kH# `xH =iOK~. J=h |@^M~<~.
1956 OM~O Q ` = (35%) L# `OQ} ~x OM~O Q
Z= L# (65%) PO^~RO H|_Ok. *=O "*i\
=> <Q`Ok H^. JOc, ~"O@ =O^ Z= @
LO__O = Jx q+ =O^ => K@ J~Ok. ~R
JOc =O^ Z" 175 =Ok LO>, `OQ} Z" 119
=Ok =`".
PO^^ ~RO U~_ `~"` 15 O=`~~<H, '* `OQ}
L^=O f=OQ L# `~}O, 1971 "^\ iQ XH `OQ} =H
.q. #~O ~=Qix =Y=Ou K~. J~` .q.Q~ =Y=OuQ
L#C_ 1972 OH~ `OQ} <O K~ =b~
K@ J=`< f~ K|_Ok. P f~# J=K_xH z#
11

`O "^\Q< =O^O^~ UH"<~. '* PO^ L^=O


`K~. .q. Q~ `# =Y=Ou ^qH ~r<= K==zOk.
.q.Q~ ^q L#k H =O 15 <. "#"O@< ^= #+ XO^x
iQ `O K, `OQ} J<O K 'P~ ` ^HO
J=H =zOk.
P<\ #O_ <\= ~ `OQ} *ux^ `OQ} J#OQ
Q\ Q =\_` `= ^= T_`< O` "eQ~. D =^
`OQ} [iQ J<# QiOz =\_# ^~^ xH [
Ja=# <_ k=OQ` . [<~# ~ _Q ~ =O^ <H` O Ku
U q^"# J==<# Z^~<~ =#O^iH `.
`OQ} ~[H < =\_ `< L<~. Hh *=O
OM|O L#"_ => K@ J=`Ok. H|\ "i =@ q=
O_ ~Ok.
^xH `_ 1956 #O_ ^# ~[H s =O^ ~[H/
al< Pk` O |_ ` =# k. ~ =#OQ P s `OQ}
O`xH KOk# ZO.., Z" \H@ =O^ ~[H, al<
WO># H_ q^# "iH =`" J`k \H@ WK~x
~[H q+ JaO.
=O^< Z=Q ~[H / al< <^O Q"~
`OQ} O`O
=O^ O`O
~[H / al<
<^O Q ZO.
35%
92%
~[H / al<
<^O Q Z"
20%
63%
`OQ} ~+ U~@# J_O@#k. D @|_^i, ~[H
@O J# q+O Q=xOK=K.
12

7. `OQ} Qh\ (Hh\) H^


1956 <\H `OQ} Q^=i #k, H$ #k Hx *
~~, Hx * x~}O "^Ok. WOHx }oH ~~
x~}xH ^OQ L<~.
~ #i[# K@O +OQ K# q+O ''U *` ~
#i[ # ~" x~}O L<, }oH# i K x x~}xH
^OQ L< "\x P_^. P * =# O O^ [
~*OQ~"# ~H} LO@Ok.
Hh, L=_ PO^^ ~R `O `OQ} * QiOzQh,
<"# "\ QiOzQh x~H h, q=Hh ^i OzOk. `OQ} [
=OK# Q~~. <"# "\ H~.
i"H O`O P^~OQ `OQ} ~"e# h "\
Q^=i#k 1030 \.O.. H$#k 560 \.ZO.. Hh <_ "= OQ
Q^=i #k 140 \.O., H$ #k 110 \.O. =`"
`OQ} JO^`<~. (XH \.O.. h\` =i "^# `_ O@
7,000 ZH~ ^ *# "^# P~`_ O@ 10,000 ZH~
QK=K.)
D 54 U W`~ ~ h "\ QiOz q"^ \|#
`k`~ "kOKO^ U~@ K# + O_OQ HxQ `OQ}
= # LOK^ . J_H \ [#~ XH `OQ} Of_ _ _ .

13

`OQ} 1956 PO^ ^




K~H ~LO>,
Q^=i #k 845.7 \.O.., H$ #k 449 \.O.. Qh\
* iK x LO_"O. =# `OQ}x Jx l Qh~,
`Qh~ ^iHk.
XHi HH@O_. u O=`~O Q^=i, H$#^ #O_ 1294.7
\.O. (845.7 { 499 1294.7 \.O..) Qh~ JOk LO> XH
\.O..H 7000 ZH~ KC# Q=` D 54 Z ZO` O@
O_OK<"O, Zx H H@ ~ P^x `OQ} Ok
LO_^ PzOKO_. Zx ~` @O Q _q. Zx Q=
Q_q. Zx @} Ja=$k KO^q. PzOKO_.
`OQ} XH `H ~ROQ #^ `# # H~Ok
1956 "HO^ U~_ `OQ} XH `H ~ROQ #^ `#
# H~Ok. PO^ ^ # XH ~ROQ K__O = H$, Q^=i
\|# Qh, HO^ `O Qh, OH~Qh `OQ} h
JO^`< ^ J# q+x \ OKH^. P q+O PO^^
~R JO`~` ==~" ~Ok. =O^ |OQ JkH~, H=~
q=H = `OQ} J<O [iyOk. U^ XH KOz J
`OQ} *# ~OaOKH=_", ~OaOz#"\x Zx
O=`~< iKH=_" [iyOk.

14

'[[O ^Q_ `OQ}


2004 ~OaOz# '[[O `OQ} f~x J<O KOk.
D HOk @O Q=x PO^^x Q^=i s"H O`O
79% H$#n s"H O`O 69% s"H O` `OQ}<
L<~ Jx `Ok.

15

D-NS
P-K
PRP
TGP
VL
SR
N
PC
P
J
S
D
I
ML
SS
GK

^=Q_O <Q~#Q~ >O_ H< (e ^~)


=~O H#k H< (Qq\ ^~)
u~__ _ ~Q@~ H< (NO i[~~ #O_)
`Q QOQ * H< (NO i[~~ #O_)
"eQO_ * H< (NO i[~~ #O_)
NO i[~~ (H#k )
<Q~#Q~ i[~~ (H#k )
e zO` * (H#k )
HO ~* (H#k )
E~ * (H#k)
N~OQ~ * (Q^=i #k)
^=~O ~* (Q^=i #k)
WKO e
"=~O * (< #k)
=t * (<#k )
QO_H@ * (<#k )
16

\x K
- `OQ} KOk# h\x Q^=i#k #O_ H$ _ (=O^)
`~e OK
- ^=Q_O - <Q~#Q~ >~O_ *H (D-NS)
- =~O *H (P-K)
- H$#k #O_ <#k < (=O^) h\x `~eOK
- u~__ (PRP)
- "eQO_ (VL)
- `Q QOQ (TGP) # Q=xOK=K.
U *f, JO`~f #n[ OHO `##iOz<, XH
#n < J=~ fi# `~`< J^# [ WOH < `~e OKe.
'[[O D Hh `x \OK^.
Q^=i, H$ # `OQ} "\Q ~"e# h\ J=~#
f~O_ WH_ #n[# =O^ (H$#k < #O_ <#k
< , Q^=i #k < #O_ H$#k < ) `~e < ~. u~_ _
(PRP), Q~#Qi (GNSS), "eQO_ (VL), `QQOQ (TGP) "^#q
H@_O= 400 \.O.Q H$#k h <#k <
(=O^) `~eOK|_`~. =~ ==Q ^ == HO>
`=Q L#C_ _ D q^"# `~eO [iy` ezO` *,
HO ~r h `Q ` ~. D iu x JkQq OK_xH `OQ}
KOk# h\x Q^=i#k #O_ H$#kH `~e OK ^=Q_O - <Q~#
Q~ >~O_ *H (D-NS) (165 \O.), =~O (P-K) *
(80 \.O.) H_ < ~. W\ `~e \|# f~ H~O 107 \.ZO.
H#k h PO^^ "\ H~, =~+, H~@H
U~_`Ok. J^ =O h\H qq_`# `OQ} l#
\ O KH^ .
Wn ''[[O =# " H O^ J#i# Qh\ q^#O!
17

Q^=i h\ qxQO : `OQ} [ J_Q`#k:


e WiQ+< ^~ h\x f" _=O> O #O_ Z` ^ xH
h\x fH_O. JO> U kH< h\x =oOK=K. Q^=i#k
h@x ^=Q_O #O_ H#k, <#^ HO^ L# =O^
O` e K f=_O ZO^? J^ ^=Q_O #O_
`OQ} O`xH e K =K H^. h\H qq_`# `OQ}
c_= ^"#O` "~ Qh~ JOkOK=K H^.

18

'[[O x WKOe *
Q^=i #k 1853 J~~ H@< ukOz# *H Wk. 1956
<\H x~}xH ^OQ L# `OQ} [ PnO D WKOe
*H. ^^Q Jx `OQ} l Qh\x JOkOKQ h\ `
Q *H Wk. Q` 54 UQ `OQ} [ WKOeH Z^~K< ~.
a* |=i, 1999 `OQ}x Jx " #O_ WKOe =~
^` KOk. Hh W\=~ `O D * #
~OaOK^ . D *H QiOz `O> PO^ = =#` O
=# `Ok.
Q^=i#kH PO^^ `OQ}x }`, WO^=u
L#^ #O_ =Kh\ i=}O K Z= (617 \ O) D L#^
He# `~"` WKOe * ukOK|_Ok. JH_ #O_ `OQ}
l Qh\x JOkOK=K. PO^^ U~_<\H }oH ^O
K# q^OQ, ~Q ~` XO^ K# H~O WKOe
* H\ `OQ} Qq\ ^~< (JO> e J=~O O_<)
Qh~ aOK@ K=K. P J=HO QiOz \ OKH^. ~Q
~ JO`~ K|`<~, `OQ} Qq\ ^~ h ~=_O
H+O Jx K |_`#k. JO\ i` _ Z=iH J O`~O #O`
Z`=~ =`" _O H\ WKOe #O_ `OQ} l e ^~
Qh~ ~ ~ K H=K. e K _xH J=~" # q^`# `OQ}<
L# OQ~}Q# Q ^~ L`u KH=K. J@=O\ WKOex
W< ZO^ H@^?
XHi WKOe * H_` =~ iQ_x O=`~ =O^
(Q^=i _ , H$ _ ) h\ ` W|Ok HQ`O^# H~}OK`
PO^= WKOe * H@x=^ Jx `OQ} [
^ _ `<~.
'[[O Q^=i #k =O^ ~O_, =_ O@ hoK
*H# ^ukH H_`<~. J^ =O WKOe *H
'[[O WiQ+< * *a`Oz iQ `yOK|_Ok.
19

20

}`, WO^=u#^ Q^=i H=H =O^ ZOe =^


XH z# ~r H\ ^x_ =YOQ Zh =~ , ^~^
#Q~ `Qh\H L yOKO^ ~OQO ` ~~Ok. `OQ} H=e#
h }`, WO^=u #^ Q^=i He# `~"` WKOe =^
a~ Hx, JO`=O^ H^#k "=O.

WKOe *H - =~O *H
WKOe *H, =~O *H ~ O_ Q^=i #k ukOK|_#
=Y"# * . D ~ O_ * XH q^" # H~}` O_OQ
LOK|_# * . L=_ PO^ ^ ~RO U~_# <\#O_ <\ = ~
`O Qh, uH Qh, \g K# Qh =~O *# Qi
=`" KiOK ` WKOe * # QiOz# T Z` ^ . =~O
*H 2004< '[[O "^@|_ N OQ Q`#k. WKOe
*H '[[O WiQ+< * *a`Oz iQ `yOK|_Ok.
1. =~O *H =O^ =YOQ LQ^=i l, H$
l Qh\x =~O k. D =_ l W\H +OQ
Qh\ ` LOk.
2. =~O *H K =~ x H$ #k## HO ~rH 80
\.O.. Q^=s [# =~_O.
3. =~O *H =O O`O `OQ} LO> PH@ =O^
O`O LOk.

u~_ _ _ ~ Q@~
u~_ _ _~ Q@~ ^~ H$ #k #O_ 300 \O.O.
Q h\x <#k < (=O^) `~eOKq^OQ xiOK|_Ok.
nxH JO~~} Zh~=~= `O KOk.
H$ #k < #O_ h\x <#k < `~e OKO^ u~_ _
_~ Q@~ 1983 Zh~=~= `O 11,000 =~ O`
H\ O k. WC_ ~[Y~~ _ `O [[O qs`" # H \ Oz
u~_ _ _~ Q@~ (H`Q 10 Q @`, =~ O 44,000 )
21

J`O` "QOQ H@_O [iyOk. x*xH 1,10,000 =~O`


xiOK|_~ Jx x} K<~.
qQ =~^ *# =`" f` Z=iH JO`~O^. Hh
=~^ *` @Q xH~ [# NO i[~~ x= LO_
h\x _ f q^OQ H@|_Ok.
Q` P~
27-2-2010 ` H@# H~O P~ L=_ PO^^ ~RO
~~# "`O * 12 "\ H=O 3 `OQ} KOk#q.
"\ 2 e = (JbQ~, Q`), "\ HO^ H` PH@
hoK^q LO_^, ` JH@ iHiOK_|_`Ok, WH H` PH@
WKk XH ^"Q *H =`".
^"Q HO^ Qh~ H=O 14,000 ZH~ =`" D=K.

WOH Hx L^~} :
- 20,000 H@` xi# ^=Q_O - <Q~#Q~ >~O_
*H L^O Q^=i #k #O_ 165 \.O. h\x e ^~ H$
_ (HO^) `~eOK_O. Y=Ol L#\H `OQ} P
*H HO^ PH@ Ug ^. WOH Q=`~# q+"O@O> P
*H Y~ `OQ} O` Y~Q KOK|_K#k.
- 40,300 H@ }` - K" *H 2008, #=O|~ 18 <_
"..P~. Q~ O# K H=O <Q iK=x
H\ O K~. Hx WO`=~ x "^ H^ . D U_k 2010-11|_\
H\~O H=O 200 H@ =`". (700 H@ Jx K#\H ^x
500 H@ HO^OQ K|_Ok. J~` J#=` x *
H O^ O W=^). W\=~ "`O 1000 H@ _ Y~ K ^ .
JO> WOH 100 O=`~< D * iH^.
h\ ` +O Q L# WKOe * # H\ `OQ} h W=O>
#==K Hh P WKOe * < " * *a`#O_ `yOK~.
22

J^ =O h\ `# +` x }` - K" *#
H`Q =O^ `=_O "#H PO`~O Uq\?
x*O `O ~OkOz# * ~~ LO_ LO>
=|#Q~ 174.3 \.O. h =z LO_q. L=_ PO^^
`O H$ \|# =O^ =|#Q~ "\ QiOz "kOK<
\|# #u` E~ _" H\~Oz# h 18 \.O..
L=_ PO^ ^ `O H\# E~ _" H \ H =O 11 \.O..
P H\ _ ZC_ Qh xO~.
H$#k N O i*~~ #O_ =O^ h\x `~e OK ZO\
J#=`, h\ H\~O x "eQO_ *H 60 \.O.. h\x
=O^ `~e OKO^ xiOK|_`#k.
- `Q QOQ *H ^~ NO i*~~ #O_ 29 \O
=O^ `~eOKO^ x~} ~~.
- NO i*~~~ #O_ =O^ 7 \O h fH
HH< e ", 40 \O h fH KZ<ZZ e "
H@| _`#q.
Hi, <>O _, c= * (`OQ}) 90 #O_ 120 ~A
P^~OQ z#qQ _*< K|_~. u~__ (=O^) _*< 30
~A<, H H < e " (=O^) 60 ~A< "`O h fH O`
^Q K|_~. D q+ Q=x, `OQ} [~Q`#
J<O,\hux J~O K H=K. `OQ} WO`\ q=H ZO^?
- Hi e " (`OQ}) "^\# P~ < `~"`
"^\# `__, +~ e = (=O^) ZC_ ~=`,
Hi e " WOHx O=`~ ~=`O^ `e^.
- ^^Q XHi 1980= ^HO "^# `QQOQ (=O^),
Z.Z.c. (`OQ}) `QQOQ Z< U H`O ~~ ` Z.Z.c.
g q+` ~ K# =.
23

- W\= [[O Q^=i #k `__, +~ e WiQ+<


* (1,100H@ ~`) i K|_~. =~O *
H\< H `_ _, + ~ e WiQ+< * J=~O ^ . =i P "
g^ ZO^ H\ #@? =O^ Ku JkH~O, _| Dq^OQ
^ixQO J=`#q.
- c *H =~R `O Z~ i[~~ H\ Ok.
`O i# q^OQ OkOKH =_O = <_ Z~ x~~HO
J =^O ^iOzOk. cx P=x J_y` H$ #k H_`#
u~__ `k`~ =O^ *# =~R `O P=O@Ok.
P H~}O`< =~R `O a * Q@ _O> PO^^
`O \ OKH^ Jx `OQ} [ JaO. WC_ Q@h
~H Px Ji UO O.
- ^~^ Hk [ `Q`#k "^H l ~` Hh: 1961
U~@~# ''H$ Q^=i [ Hq+< [O@#Q~ =Or~ h\x
=oOK_O x+kOzOk. OQ~ H@_ xH ~O H .q. Nx"~= J^ H` #
U~@~# x} Hq\ (1972) N O #O_ H$[# `~e OKx
i~ WzOk. J~` =O^ |O L# `O. JkH~ O`OQO
H$#k `= =O^ "\ Uq^"# @ ~O_ *Q` _Ok.
24

H$#k #O_ HO_ OQ~, x*OQ~ h\x ^~^


`Qh~Q `~eOzOk. ^~^ Hk [ `Q`#k "^H
l ~ ` Hh. W\H hH ^xO` J=~ `= `==`#
ZOe ~r (Q^=i#k) #O_ ^~^ 30 \.O. `Qh~
`KO^ 2009 "^\ ~"QO` # "#k `O.
H$#k N O, <Q~# Q~ i[~~ __ ~ l =O^ \.O.
LO> "\ #O_ HO_ Z= ^~O LO_ h\ `x ZOe
#O_ h`=x Z< ~@ Z= Y~ @_x `OQ} [
PH < ~.
- H$#k 1956 HO> =O^ ^~^ ~RO #OkHO_ *H
(<\ <Q~# Q~) Z_=H= ^~ 161 \.O. Qh~ `OQ}
l JOkOKO^ x~}O "^\O k. PO^ ^ U~_# `~`
90 \.O.Q x~~ OK~. "" xH 60 \.O.. _ ~=_O ^x
~`OQO "`#k.
- <Q~#Q~ ~O_ H= =#OQ ho=# `O
PO^O`xH hoK _H= J`kH "_ 241 J_Q `OQ}
l hoK Z_=H= J`kH "_ 95 J_Q xiOK~.
- H< H`O ~= <_H~ =|#Q~ hoK PsZ
`= ^OOK h# H..H< =oOK~. D =^ =m Q@#
"eOQ"+<` H\ K~. Z=i g^ WO`=~ K~ fH^.
- J`O` ^#`Q *Q ezO` x~}O ^# L^O
H$ _ <@ " < =xH hOkOK_O . ~ O_ / =_ O@
Qh\x ~ ~ K _O. =O^< ezO` * `OQ}
Ja=$k QiOK JO\~. <_ `OQ} [#O *Q$`"<~. g =@
1969 = "~.
- 1944 H~@H` XO^O H~O H..H< (H~, H_
l), ~*e|O_ (=|#Q~ l) =#OQ Qh~
JO^e. Hx 39.9 \.O.. H ..H < , 17.1 \.O.. ~*e|O_
25

H\~OK~. ""xH H..H< 50 \.O.., HO> Z=


"_O@=O> ~*e|O_ (PsZ) P~_ \.O.. HO> Z=
ZC_ "_H^.
- Jx q^# HO^ ` J#=`, h\ H\~O# c=
*H (=|#Q~) W<~< i HH=_xH J<H`
H~}O H^?
- ZO\ J#=`, h\ H\~O x J<H =O^ *
Q~ - #Qi, Ok-h", `QQOQ, "eQO_, u~__, =~O
=O\q iK_xH ~R `O x^ Ly, }`-K"
=O\ `OQ} *# *f*HQ QiOz HO^`O
x^e"#_O ZO`=~ ||.
- KO_ *H (<\ Z~) : 1956 <\H x~}O "^# 330
\.O.. KO_ *H =O^ x~H xH Q~ = _O k.
[ ~\ e `OQ 1963 uiy ~OaOK|_Ok. J~` =~ O
=_=O`HO> `= kOz"~. *H u^# 40 H@. u
O=`~O H=O 50 H ~ |_\ =`" D|_k. 1969
* `OQ} L^=O f=OQ L#C_ H\~O OK|_~.
W\=~ *H x iH^.
- ^"^ *H ZO` QQ K|_`#k. XH _" Hh, XH
~l Hh H\ ^x #Oz h# e K e = n~HO
H=OQ x K~. Hh, ^"^ * J\O\ h\ =O
(~) Un HeOK|_^. WKOe *H H\ JH_ #O_ h\x e
K O_ Dq^O Q <~ Q #k #O_ e K _O ZO`=~ =O[O?
Jx `OQ} [ P"^# KO^`<~.
`OQ} q=H# `e W\O\ L^~}< L<~.

26

`OQ} = #^HO> Z` ^O LO\~ H|\ H=


^~ h D_O ^O H^ Jx K~O LOk x["<?
Wk =O^ K# ^+K~O =`". XHi P q+x
ije^O.
L=_ PO^ ^ ~RO U~_<\H JO> 1948H =O^ x*O `O,
P `~` 1948 #O_ 1956 =~ `O` ~`^O ^~^ ~R
`O H~@H ("~), =^, =~R , =^^, Xi
~ `O` H$, Q^=i #^ h\ "_HO XO^ ^~x
LOk. `OQ}x Jx l Qh~ JOkOK q^OQ *
~H# [iyOk. Jq Jh Qq\ ^~ =K H= J# q+O
Q=xOKe. e WiQ+< = J=~O ^. WO`=O^ K#@Q
L=_ PO^^ ~R `O `OQ} * QiOz x~Hh,
q=Hh ^iOzOk. XO^ J=Kx @|@^. `OQ}
[ =OK# Q~<~.
`~ "u HO `OQ} Z` O`O L#O^# e ^~ =`"
`OQ} Qh~ JOkOK_O ^=< J` K~O K|_Ok. P
J` O ` #O> _ =O^ `O `OQ}# Z\ =OzOzO^
K^O. e = J=~"#O` ^"`O q^` ^<
K_O [iyOk. Q Q## `OQ} q^` L`u K e =
^~ Qh~ JOkOK=K H^. L^~} WKOe =^ Q^=i
#k `OQ} K QxH Qh~ JOkOKQeQ h\ ` LOk.
WKOe HsO#Q~ l QQ# O`O #__# LOk. `O
`OQ} [# =Oz#^x K\xH WO`HO> H O UO H"e?
Jx `OQ} [ t<~.
- H$ #k =|#Q~ lx E~ *H #O_ =~OQx
H =~ U e J=~O O_< Qq\^~< Qh~ ~~
K=K. D q+x =Y `OQ} WO[h~ O^~_ Q~
"^#"~ `= O` Y~` W<Q+< K~Oz `xH x"kH
27

=iOK_O [iyOk. `O W\=~ P H < H@_ O ~OaOK^ .


'[[O P T Z` ^ . Hh `OQ} Z` O`O LOk, H$#k
`# O`O LOk Jx K~O K|_`#k. Wk `OQ} [
J<O K _O H^? J^ =O H$ #k u~_ _, "eQO_
=O\ =O^ * ^ukH H@|_~.
- e WiQ+< = K q^` J=~O H|\ Jq ^ O H=.
Jx K~O K|_`#k. x["<?
e WiQ+< = #^#O_ ^ "\~` h\x e K xOQ
i[~~, "\ #O_ H= ~. P H= ^~ P h~
K~`Ok. `= O =~ H= ^~ h = ~` ~
"\~# "_ J=~O LO_^. D q^OQ ~ "_HO H=_O =
q^` qQ`Ok. P q^OQ qye# q^` e WiQ+< =
L yOK q^` HO> Z=Q LO@Ok. `OQ} ZH \ WO[h~
D q+x H ^~ x~iOK~ _. ~u = q^`
qxQO `=Q L#_ ^~ q^`# =$^ HO_ e O
qxyOKx x} zOK~.

K~= ^~ Qh\ ==
`OQ} =O^ " O=`~Q K~= ^~ Qh\ ==
U~_Ok. Q= PiH == ~ ^~}OQ K~ = P^~OQ< LO@Ok.
K~= ^~ Qh\ == <#O H=_O = <_ `OQ} Q=
qq_`<~.

=~` KHO Qh\ ==


H$ u =~` KHO Uq^O Q LO@O^O> Hx O=`~ ==
HO> Z= =~`O, =iHx O=`~ ==Q, WOHx O=`~
== HO> `= =~`O LO@Ok. D 54 O=`~ L=_
PO^^ * Qh\ ==, x~} ije ==Q,
== HO> ` = =~`O L# O=`~ =O^ h\ J=~
28

W|Ok HQ O_ K<~. xH~ [ _ qQ [ ~`


=O^ * `~eOK|_~.
J^ =O `OQ} h\ J=~ \ OKH^. ==
HO> Z= =~`O _# O=`~ _ `OQ} O`xH Qh\
` LO_ U~@ K^. H` *, xOQ i[~~
H@^. L# K~=# _ iQ \ OKH^.

`C_ Q}OH# KOK_O


` _~" O@ `C _ Q}OH# KOK_O ^~ " H O^
`OQ} Ja=$k KOkO^x KOK_xH ` K < ~ Jx O k.
XH>O_ L^~} K^O.
- `O Z~ * HO^ 9.68 H ZH~ PH@
HeOK=x K|`#k. p WO[h~ i~ `n : 12-9-2008 H~O 5
H ZH~ =`" hOk<=x KOk.
- Z~ * HO^ J 234 H.g. =~ h ~=_O H+OQ
LO> 284 H.g. =~ H< `", WC_ 346 H.g. =~ H<
`=`<~. P H < HOk PH@ H`Q U~iz#@Q K@|_`#k.
h ~x H< `q O Uq\?
- 27-2-2010 <\ h\~^Y uHH@ # `OQ} 2004
#O_ 2010 =^ 7,98,185 ZH~ QH =z# H` PH@Q
K~. Jk iQ J"= O Jx `OQ} ~ ` OQO P~ # k. h\~^
* H h~~=_xH J=HO HeOK_O. ==xH
"=OQ h~OkOK_O J#q "~~ H. D ~O_O\H K `_
LOk. ~R `O >O_~# ez# H} O #OK ~ ` h~ JOkOz#@Q
~O@#k. H\k ~ Y~K K~O KO@#k. Wk
#=OK# H^? Jx `OQ} "^= t<~.
WiQ+< _~" O\ JkHiH "\ L=_ PO^ ^ U~__xH
=O^ Qh\HO ^ L# PH@ 33.492 H ZH~Q K < ~.
29

x*xH L=_ PO^^ U~__xH =O^ Qh\HO^ L# PH@


70.68 H ZH~ (_~H~\ P ZH<qH JO_ \ H, PO^^
`O, 2005). JO> "\ PO^^ U~_H =O^ `OQ}
K~= ^~ Q PH@ KOK^. D O=`~ Q}OH
=`O K~ = ^~ Q PH@ KOK|_`#k. nx^~ Uq
K#k JkH~ L^O?

H#n[ q"^ \|# f~


Q`< "=_ D f~ ^~ `OQ} @ L=_ PO^^ "Yi
=~Hi `@`=~Ok. XH\ , ~O_ L^~} K^O.
=O^ < \|# f~ Ok H_ ~O_= O@
h~=_O P==`O^x f=OQ ^_~. "^\ O@_ x
`OQ} H#n [ H\~O# QiOz "HO^ LO_< U
XH =O^ <_ =\_^.
P\ _" Z` (524.2 g@~) XO> 50 \.O..h
PO^^ W#x H~@H `O ukOzOk. P h ^~
=|#Q~, ~OQ~_ l Qq\ ^~ Qh~O^k. PO^^
`O K~^~ WOH Z= h kOKO^ uOKO_
J P u^#< x~O^OQ ` zOk. ~=#OQ <_ =#
50 \.O.. h ~^. Hh P\ _" Z` OKH=_xH f~
D|_Ok.
\|# f~ #n < x O` J=~ J`O` ^#` LO_x
K KiOz =~+, H~@H J# x~ KOk. J^
=O PO^^ `O J_y#O^= H#n < P= L#
`Q QOQ * (=O^) H#k h\x H\~OzOk. H#n
< L# `OQ} KOk# Z.Z.a..H h\ H\~O [~Q^.

30

8. L=_ PO^^ H~O@ H^ :


- Q# \< ~ K ^~ O`O q^` `~K_O HO>
QQ## ^Q~ q^` `~K fQ ^~ ^~ O`
q^` ~~ K_O K `= Y~` _#k.
J~` Q Q## Pk^ W\=~ XH q^` *H
^. QQ# ZO` ^~O L# q["_, ~=,
<~ U~@ K~.
- ~=QO_O <H#H# s q^` * # (2500 ".".)
ZhH JyOK~. WO^ 27% =`" PO^^ "\. `H#
H~O@ W`~ ~ ~~ K~. D * J=~=
h N~OQ~ * ^~ ~ ~ J=`~. Q =#^, =
=#". Hh H~O@ =#k H^. JO^x L^Q =#q H^.
W^ Zh qY ^Q~ Ok =~ * 1000 ".". =~ O`
xiOzOk. Q Xi #O_ =Ok. h =^O #O_
fO\~. "`O PO^^ ~xH H\~OK~. XH O
~O_ .
- ~=QO_O ~R`O x\ _ XH\ LO> ^x =~O
`Q` =#k. <_ Jk H=O 62 ".". =~O Hey LOk.
- =~" q\Z , PsZ =~ O " ".". ZH>#< [~Q`#k.
- 35 OII~ H`O Y=O l =}Q~ Jx U~@ K#
s q^` HO^x z=i H} q["_ (1750 ".".)
`~eOK~.
- =O^ WOH H` s ^~ q^` HO^ xi<~.
- `_K~ (HsO#Q~ l) H" QQ## "\ PO^
@|_^~ JyOK q^OQ x=x|O^# @|_~.
JO^= ` ~OQ O OQ~} H~~+< a_ #^.
`~"` `OQ}"^O` u\ ~ =~|_~.
31

- Q P^i` q^` * (2750 ".".) XH\ _ `OQ}


xiOK^.
- ~RO L# Jx "\ q^` * PO^O` @|_^~
K`< L<~ (lqH, Q`q, H#=, OH, H" ".)
- =_O_ H`O *<H HsO#Q~ (<^#~ =^) xiOK`\# Q
P^i` q^` * (2100 ".") W\=~ "^ H^.
H~}O D * Q H \~O [~Q =_" . " @ HOh
=`O Q H\~O [iQ~
- ~OQ~_ l 2001 APGENCO `\# 1400 ".". OH~ e
Q =~ *H H~ H~} _ iK< <\ H ^x
"^@_O ^ . ZO^? PO^ @|_^~ O nx"#H
LOk Jx `OQ} "^ JaO |OQ LOk.
- = QH` "HO... g QH` `H=?
- x=H 2007 =~ `OQ} Of '^=#+
XO^O Wz# ~H}, _x P~~ \OK^.
2007 #O_ _x P~~ H~O x=H K\ < ` Q
P P~~ PK~} L# = `OQ} Of JO`Q
[#O ^.
- ZC_ q^` ^ L#`~ ^= `OQ}"i `O 5
#Oz 10 `xH qOK^.
W\ =~ UWa K~# `OQ}"i ^gHO H=O
5% =`".
- `OQ} ~ ` ~, "\~H
Y~ " @ O\~. XHi
Zx ~ "< h _H qq_`<~. J`<~.
=O^ H <, _" x~}xH, H <, _~# P^ hH~} H
Y~O` `" iOk.
32

9. `OQ} L^Q
=O^ < ''^= #+ XO^O (1956) `OQ} O`
L^Q `OQ} [H W=x K~. Hh `OQ} [ iQ
J<xH Q~ ~. nxH =YH~}O q^ "#H@`<x ik^
`O K O_ q=H` ==iOK_O . q^ q=H QiOz `~ "u
J^O KiOK=. D J^O L^Q s H q=H
QiOz KiOK~.
''`OQ} O`x Ja=$k K=x K# =O^ "H"^#
"= XH z# "^<O. XH" g~ ==e L^i =
O`O L^Q == LOKe, ^x` @ g O`O _ =
" |``~= KOz P^H"e H^. =i D 54 U g~ =
`OQ} Lk O^_" [~Q`#k Qx = " =O^ Lk
O^`<~? Jx `OQ} [ t<~.
Q` 54 O=`~Q `OQ} JO`\ qi =z# =O^
<_ `OQ}x Jx ~OQ L^Q `= Pk` x U~~K<~.
" @ ~OQ O , ` ~OQ O , ` Z~__ O , O,
W#~< HOh, S\ ~OQO, ` H~~+#, "\ Hr,
` P , , s ~OQO, i Z\ ~OQO, q^~OQO,
"^~OQO, "~ ~OQO U ~OQ"< ZH_ K< " Pk`".
J~` H=O ~R `^Q QiOz =`" WH_ KiOKO.
<_ `^Q JO` ^#`Q qQ H#|_ < k W~" O=`~
H`O =~ L^Q OQO `^Q. JC_ `^Q
L#"i , "i O`` <_ Jx ~OQ JQQ# L<~ J#
q+ O =#O Q~O KH"e.
33

^= #+ XO^O H~O `OQ} KO^e# L^Q `OQ}


OfH =z LO> Hx H@O <_ Ja=$k KOk LO_q.
" <_ =O^Of n@Q xez LO_".

`^Q H i[~+# H^ :
- 1956 ^= #+ XO^O Wz# ~H} : '' `^Q H
i[~+# (=e ~) LO\~. 15 O=`~ ~ x"O `xi.
`OQ} L^Q `OQ} OfH LO\~.
- 1969 <\H 22,000 =Ok =e~ LO Oz `OQ} L^Q
K~~. 1969 * `OQ} L^=O f=OQ L#C_ "# "#H
OO^ Wz# r.F.36 WO`=~ J=H^.
- 1972 OH~ =b~ i#" Jx f~ WzOk. P
f~# J= K _xH =Y=Ou .q. #~O ~=Q~ z# `O
K~. ^x= .q.Q~ `# ^q H ~r<= K = =zOk. P
"O@< =O^< HO^O "_=Oz `OQ} Of#
`~` ~ Q xQ =~ 'P~` ^H O (1973), ^x P^~OQ
1975 ~Ru L`~ J=H `K~. ^ =#+ XO^O
`O K|_Ok.

P~ ` ^HO, ~+u L`~ UO K~:


<OQ `OQ} KO^e# Hk L^Q =O^ K~
q^OQ x= x|O^# U~_~.
=b ~ ~^ K|_~:
^= #+ XO^O X# =b~ ~^ K
|_~. ~ x "
x|O^# 15 O=`~ #O_ 4 O=`~ `yOK|_Ok. JO> H=O
4 O=`~ x"=# =O^ `OQ} H i[~+#
J~`~. "~ `OQ} *# , _H xO\H J~.
34

D q^OQ J~` Ok `OQ} L^Q ZO` =Ok =O^


Ki~. D 4 O=`~ x"~` _ =iOKO_ J<H H_~,
P x|O^# J=` LOK|_~. Jk U q^OQ [iyO^ HOk
~ q=iOKO.
1. ~~+~ x|O^# \OKH^:
H>i \, Mk` P , "[~ WiQ+< * , Z~__
Hr, ` ~OQ O ~+~ P "^# K@ H
i[~+# O_ K |_Ok. ^= #+ XO^O X# ~ ~+~
x|O^## \ OKH^.
~~+~ JO> [<ukH# `OQ} "iH 42% L^Q
W"e.
D q^" # x|O^# #O^= `OQ} "i L^Q _ =O^
Ki ~. L^:- <_ H>i\ "`O L^Q `OQ} "~
9% =`" L<~. P 9% _ J`k HO^ ~ L^Q.
2. 'F< H@yi x|O^# @|_Ok:
# K|_# L^Q HO_ qye# `^Q
J`#` ~ L^Q iQ 100% F< H@yi
LOK|_~. L^:- Q1
*# _ Ql>_ H@yi L^Q 40% F<
H@yi LOK|_~.
L^:- Z.W.W.
*# << Ql>_ H@yi L^Q 30% F< H@yi
LOK|_~.
L^:- Q2
_H 20% F< H@yi LOK|_~.
L^:- Zb
`OQ} "~ q^ "#H|_ L# H~}OQ `OQ} Jx F<
H @ys L^Q ^^Q JO^~ =O^ Ki~. J^ =O
35

PO^O`Ox F< H@yi L^Q Ki# " `OQ} "~


#O.
3. P P~ `
^H O , ~+ u
L`~ _ LO OK|_~.
~+ u L`~ q~^O Q *# # _ Q l>_ H @ysx
K H_~# F< H@ysxH =~_O [iyOk. JO> `OQ} "iH
60% H i[~+# LO_e# H_~ U q^"# H i[~+#
O_ K~.
L^: _H OK` P ~ , _ \ il~ P H P~ \", H@i
JO_ >[~~ , =x Hq+#~ (2 Q_), JO \ ZH * iO>O_O@,
=O_ _="O\ P~, JO\ >[s P~ / JO\ JHO\
P~ "^# H_~.
~+u L`~ q~^OQ ZZ F< H@ys L^Q#
<<H H\Q H\~OK_O = `OQ} Of `= *<x
F< H@yi L^Q J#~~. ^^Q "@xO\ =O^
Of xO_~.
L^: 1992 [iy# Z.W.W. L^Q s *# H=_O
= 60% H, 40% F< H@ys ZOH K= LO_Q 40%
F< H @yi L^Q# <<H L^QQ ZOH K _O [iyOk.
`OQ}x (5,6 *#) F< H@yi L^Q JO^~ =O^
ZOH
~. J^ =O =O^ x (1,2,3,4 *#) F< H @yi
L^QH `OQ} "~=~ ZOH H^.
~+u L`~# LOOK_O ^~ 1975 #O_ 1985 =~
58,962 =Ok `OQ} L^Q =O^ Ki~. ([~`
~_ Hq\). J@=O\ L^Q# "#H OO^ Wz# r.". 610
=_ < J= H= LO> WO`=~ J= H^.
J^ =O ~=x O``~# "# OO^ r"
564 "=_Ok. "O@< J=~Ok _.
36

~+u L`~ LO# (1975 #O_ 2004 =~) =i


r.". 610 J= *.Z". y~Qh Hq+< `# x"kH# 2004
=iOzOk. W\ =~ P Hq+< x"kH J= <KH^.
~+u L`~ J<H q^Q LOOK|_x y~Qh Hq+<
x~iOzOk. XH>O_ L^~} K^O.
1) ~+ u L`~ H~O Mk` P H i[~+# =iOK=.
J@=O\ Mk` P ~+ u L`~ H~O 51 LO_e.
J~` U q^"# ~+u L`~ =~} O_ Mk`
P 204 U~_~. JO> J=h `OQ} O` H i[~+#
|_ LO_=.
2) "[~ _="O\ * ~+u L`~# \OK#O^=
40,870 L^Q# `OQ} [ H~.
3) *# = P# ~+~ PQ =~_O ^~ ~+u
L`~ ik #Oz `OK~. JO> P P `OQ} H
i[~+# f"
|_~.
WOHx L^Q q+ :
2009 '' *< ~xH NH~O K@|_Ok. J ~+u
L`~ ''*< J< ^" ^. L^Q O D q+O `
"Yix f=OQ u\OK~.
- ~+u L`~ LO# ^~ `OQ} H~# L^Q
OY <\ H 2,50,000 LO@Ok.
- <_ J`kH L^Q B\ iOQ ^~ xO|_`<~. Q=~"O\
L^Q< i # ux^ O aOK#C_ B\iOQ ^u `OQ}
<O [~Q`O^x PtOK=.
- D 54 U 26 =Ok J_H\ [#~ (Ju HH"# ~R `
^q) XH `OQ} Of_ _ _.
37

`OQ} KOk# JkH~ JH_H_ L< D J<#


PH~. XH L^~}: `OQ} KOk# x*~fQ
P ~ Q ~Ok# ~~O ~= Q~ ZZ K~ <Q L#_
*# < ~ ~ O* P ~ s KH K\ # _
P # JO\ H#~@~ P ~ H_~ ~H OK`
` L`~ "=__O [iyOk. JO> *# # F<
H@yi Q =i"|_~. ~~O ~= Q~ P
H# PH~. ` L`~ H~O #_KH"e
=zOk. `OQ} x~^Q J<xH Q~~. `= *#
`= ~=e# 70% "\ H~.
U XH "HO^ <_< ''^=#+ XO^O H~O g
L^Q g~ LO_e Jx JO@<~? Hh `OQ} [ Ja=$k
L=_ PO^ ^ < ^ O JO\~. D 54 U J#= O `~ "`
"HO^"^ =@ #" u `OQ} [ ~.

''q^H~ q+ O Uq@O> XH_ Q_ P H PO^ #Oz,


L#@=O\ " =~_< , O_` _< JH_ L^QO H `
WH_ =z L^QO OkOK# " Z=~<Qh " =
"O L^i O_ O J< =>Qx, " = = #+O [~Q`O^x
~ XH__ XC<O^ ^OQ _.
- Hl <~}~=
38

10. q^
''^=#+ XO^O (1956) H~O `OQ}x q^=H
"~Q~e, `OQ}x q^O `OQ} q^~ H " O LO_e
Jx LOk. "=O WO^ a#OQ [iyOk.
`OQ} q^ "#H|_ L#O^= Ja=$k KO> WOH Z=
Hr U~@ Ke LO_Q JO^ a#OQ H` Hr U~@
KHQ L# Hr _ = =z# =O^ Ki~.
`OQ} [ WH_ \ iy WH_ [#r=# =Ou He~#
=O^ ZC_ =u~HOH^. "O` `OQ} a_Q<
`OQ}[ q~. `OQ} [ ^ D 54 O=`~
`OQ} ==z#"~ _ q^O K~_ O = WH_ q^~
q^=H `y`#O^#, WOH Hx q^O OK `O
` KH=_O. XH z# L^~} ^~ D q+O K^O.
XHi
` WO[hiOQ Hr q+ O K^O.
2005 O=`~O =~ `OQ} ~O_ ` WO[hiOQ Hr
(FW-^^, *<\ -^^) LO>, =O^ <Q
Hr (UW - qY@O, *<\
- HH<_, Z - u~u,
*<\ - J#O`~O) LO_q.
WH_ Q=xOKe# =Y q+"=O> `OQ} L# ~O_ ~R
` WO[hiOQ Hr ==z# " Z=Q LO_ ^~^<
<H|_ L<~. ~O_O\ XH># *Z<\ (^^) "^@
=~OQ <H |_Ok. ^x "Q ^^ `~e OzOk `O.
Hh =O^x <Q WO[hiOQ Hr =`O P O`Ox
qq^ l <H~.
39

`OQ} L# ^~^ Jxq^# =eH=` 1956


<\H Hey LO__O=, ^~^ K@ 14 H ZH~
`= LO__O =, ~xH =Y@}O H=_O =
J<H HO^ ` ~OQ O (aKW, WS, _P~_X,
S_ , K.Z".\."^# q), ~R ` ~OQ O (Pe<
".), "\~OQ O, ` P, s~OQ P
Z< ^~^< O|_~. P HOh, P
xK J`k =O^ . P =O^ `OQ}x
q^ "xH J~~.

^OQ =b i H \ (H i H \ ) ^~ WH _
Of~#"~ _ `OQ} L#` q^
"xH J~.

1975 ~^|_# P~ ` ^HO = H=O <Q


O=`~ `OQ} K^ =# ^ x"=# =O^
_ `OQ} L#` q^ "xH J~.

D q^OQ `OQ} Of# " `OQ} O`xH KOk#


q^ Ki~. JO^= J# `OQ} Of `O
u O=`~O `y` =#k.
=O^ ="^ `O D iu =~ `=_xH WOH Hx
` WO[hiOQ Hr `OQ} ~OaOK `O K^.
" sH =~ "~>r W=_O O\ "@ HeOK^.
^xH `_ WOH J<O _ [iyOk. u WO[hiOQ Hr
15% <<-H H\Q i[~ K|_Ok. `OQ}x WO[hiOQ
Hr =O^ 15% <<H H\ Ki`<~. J~` J^
=O `OQ} Of =O^ Hr K~_O [~Q_O ^.
U Ui (HO^) " Z Ui (~=, <~) <<40

H H\, ~= " HO^ Hr <<-H H\


Ki`<~. F Ui (`OQ}) " U Ui, Z Ui
K~_ O [~Q_ O ^ . HO`=Ok K~ `< " =O^ #O_ ==z#
" =`". D q^OQ _ `OQ} q^~ 15% @
H`<~.
<_ # ` WO[hiOQ Hr _ H =O 30% @ `OQ}
LO> =O^ 70% @ L<~. [< `OQ} 42%, =O^
58% LOk. # K# q^OQ `OQ} q^~ `Q` =# @
OY K "=OQ `OQ} KOk# " 15% HO> LO_~!
WO[hiOQ HO_ qQ` L#` q^ _ `OQ} O`xH
Z< q^Q J<O [~Q`#k.
x=i\ K^ =:
x=i\ W# QO@ _ D q=H +OQ HxOk.
x*=^, #O_ l U~@ K# H` qq^ Wz#
QO@ XH qq^xH 30 H@ (2006-09). H_ l U~@
K H` (y"=#) qq^xH Wz# QO@ 300 H@ (200609).
x=i\ <H_O _ D q=H HxOk. ZhP~ Qi
O #O_l U~@ K# PO^~ F< x=i\#
~O_ < ^~^ + K_O [iyOk. JO^ K# H~}O :
~R ~ x=i\ ~R ~[^x< LO_e.
J^ ZhP~ Qi O <He# ~R ~ "^ qq^O
q["_, ~R ~ = qq^O u~u U~@ K~.
=i D O^~O ~R ~ x=i\ ~R ~[^x< LO_e
J# q+O \OK^.
41

`~"` KO^|Qi O ~O_ ~R ~ x=i\


(L^: ^q_ x=i\ - O), ~[Y~~_ Qi O <Q
~R ~ x=i\ (L^: s H~ x=i\ - t=Q^=i,
"@~s x=i\ - u~u) =O^ U~@ K~. `OQ} l
XH ~R ~ x=i\ _ U~@ K^.

u P^~OQ< q^=H, L^Q=H LO_e


"HO^"^ u P^~OQ< q^=H, L^Q=H
LO_e Jx "k<~. ''D =@ 1956 K LO> QO_k.
`OQ} =b~ LO\~, `OQ} L^Q `OQ} "<
x q O Jx, ` OQ} q^=H ` OQ} Of H
KO^`h, `OQ} q^=H "~Q~ =h K ^ =#+
XO^O ^~ `OQ}# L=_ PO^^ Ki#C_, 1956 D
=@ K LO> QO_k. "= g` H=H"O. = L^Q,
= WO[hiOQ Hr, = x=i\ @, = =#~ =H
LO_q. D 54 U = @, = L^Q g~ Ki~, = =#~
g~ "_Hx, ==# Z^QhO_ K, WC_ u P^~OQ<
q^=H, L^Q=H LO_e Jx "k< ~. Wk K J<O
Jx `OQ} [ ^_`<~.

''On =~ 20H `yOz#C_ =O^ u


Q~ ~^?
a\+ # LO__O = WOw+, `Q =O^ =Oz
g}` Hey LO>, `OQ} " x*O # LO__O = L~
=Oz @ Hey L<~. JO> =O^ WOw+ = ~`, `OQ}
"iH On OQ LO@Ok. On =~ 20H
`yO K|__O = =O^ L# W|Ok `yOk. WOw+ , `Q
=`O 36Q< LOK~. OnH =z# =~# JyQ\ ~O>r#
H~. On =~# q_Q< K~.
42

11. ^~^x "" Ja=$k KO Jx


"HO^"^ JO@<~-x*x* :
L=_ PO^ ^ U~_<\H ^~^ (`OQ} ~[^x), H~
(PO^ ~[^x) uQ` WO`=O^ q=iOKO. WC_ ^~^
#Q~O ZO`Q, Z\ Ja=$k KOkO^ K^O.
1956 4= #O L# ^~^ <_ 5= #O LOk.
U^< XH O`O L# Q=, z#z# @} L`#"#
qQ x^ (surplus) ` ^ @} Ja=$k KO^`~. ^~^
`OQ} O` qQ x^` U~_Ok.
1956 <\H ^~^ K@ ` = (x*O `
~ M =) 14 H ZH~ ^~^ #Q~ Ja=$kH L^t OK|_
L<~. JO^=< `~OQ O =# =~QeyOk
`O. #Q~igH~}xH =Y H~}O D ` ~OQ O
J# q+O =#O^iH `eO^.
UH^$=O (primate city) Q PO^^ ^~^ Ja=$k KOk`
^~^ ^x `~"u #O L# @}xH =^ JO`~O ~Qe.
Hx ^xH a#OQ P JO`~O `yOk. 1951 ^~^ ^x `~`
L# ~ O_= ~OH L#\ HO> 10 ~ @ ^k Q LO_k. P UH^ =`O
(primate) HH"} `Q` = 1991 <\H ~O_=#O L# \
J~# qY@}O ^~^ =^ JO`~O 4.5 ~@~Ok (JO>
^~^ Q^#O primacy Qx HO> `yOk). ~O_= #O L#
\ J~# qY@} O <_ O KO< K "QO Q ~Q`# #Q~
XH\ . (kQ= \ H K_O_.)
43

#Q~ Ja=$k zH (1950100 Q fO>) :


^~^ [< Ja=$k
379
=O~
424
_b
583
OQ ~
520
qY@}O
974
J^^
376
}
408
qY@}O` @ q["_ _ <_ qe< \ *a`
KiOk. =i `OQ}x @} < kQ*i~#~. ~+O
"^\ k<Oz x*=^ HO^ *i~ P <x u~u
PHqOzOk.
D Q}OH= J~O J^q@O> ^~^ `OQ}x qQ
x^` Ja=$k KO^` LO>, PO^O`Ox qQ x^ JH_
#Q~ Ja=$kH LyOK|_`<~.
^~^ #O_ ` H\~O, @|_^~ i
Z\ `k`~ J<H =~ ^~ `OQ} O`O #O_ x^
PO^O`xH `~e`<~.
1956 <\H ^~^, ^xK@H 300 K~= LO> <_
Jq ^^Q Jh JO`iOz~. "\HOk Q=h i
Z\ ~OQOx ^ Y*< xO\xH, =O^
`~e=_xH LQ_~.
5 O=`~ (2004-09) ~OQ~_ l 20,000 H@ ~
q"# ` =# Jq# `O, P Jq# "` ~OQ~_
l Ja=$kH Y~\O^, WOHq^OQ Y~ \O^ =#O^iH `.
<_ , =YOQ D J~^ =# [ JO^@ O_
W ^~ iy=_xH =YH~}O =O^ ="^ J_
J^x "~^~} J#k x[O H^?
44

^~^ L# =Ozh\, Qh\ K~= Jh <_ =~Q


h\`, Hs H+O` xO_~<~ J<k x[O H^. =#k
=iHO H^?
\ , K@H O` H`Q "# HOh, "~ ~OQ,
q^O, Hs, H~~\ ^H} [=#, L^Q
ZO`=Ok `OQ} "<~?
<_ =Or~ h\x OQ~ *H ^~ ^~^ `~e `=
ZO_`O>, L=_ PO^^ U~_H =O^ =Or~#k
L# x*OQ~ *H HO^ ~`OQO `_e`^? ^~^
Hk [ `Q`#k "^H l ~` Hh J#k "=O H^?
^~^ \ ZH\ _~"O\ 1910 OK|_Ok.
^~^ \O|O_ q^nH~ } 1913< [iyOk. =O^ O`xH
q^`# JOkOK =^ \ ZH \ _~" O\ 1923 O K|_Ok.
JO> PO^Of H~O@ QiOz `H#=O O^_xH 13
O=`~ =O^ ^~^ #Q~O H~ O@ n HOu` "Q`O_k
J#k "=O H^?
D q^OQ WH_ =#, WH_ =eH =`# LyOKx,
WH_ ~=~}x <#O K, WH_ ~ ` # H_Q O _ K, L^Q
WH_"# J<O K `= O` P OK# @|_^s
=O^ `" ^~^#, `OQ}# Ja=$k K=#_O KhO.

''XH O`O Ja=$k JH_ xH [ Ja=$k`


_x LO_H` P Ja=$k O@O
H"H UQ iy#>
45

12. + O$u
PO^ " Uk =\_` J^ =}H"# ?
`OQ} =H JO[ Q~ =Y=OuQ L#C_ ''JO[QiH
`Q ~^. Hx `Q =\_O P#H+O. JO^HO P#
`Q< =\_`~ Jx XH J^_ qzO_. J`#
WO\ ~a_ `, |@ W~Q~Q`, P~}bQ " J`x
=`$+ `Q< =\_O _ H^. h H#O`=`# `# z#\
#O_ =\_ + `Q H^?
XHx + q+O, q+O, uO_ q+O, PK~
q+ O ZQ`o K J`x P`a=#O ^|uO@Ok. ^xH " H@ O .
p# `Q ^ =\_` `?
=#O =\_ `Q Z< `@ `Q^ L<~. ~ (
x^=), Q_ (Qe), ^|< ( "`\ <), ZH ( `e#),
QOA, WQ ( Q), O_O ( ~), J=, O_, Q~, y~ ( KHO),
H}, Hx ( H_), O\ ~ ( QOQ~), O_ ( _) , z> ( z),
<~ (<~), QO_O (z), PxQOH ( ~H), D_ ( WH_),
H} ( H_H), O\ ( QO_, =~O) a_ ("`O` z#"ix
OkOKC_), J< (Q~=O` =_xH) "^#q. g\ Hx
^ W\H *u ^q_+ L<~. Q_, ZH =O\ ^
## ~`O _ L<~. =i =#O P ^ =\_` PO^ ^~
=#e ZHHO K #=`~O^? "i = =# p# ^ =#O
=i#O^H?

46

PO^^~ =\_ =@ J#^< `C ^. J~` "~


=\_x J#^ `OQ} "~ =\_` `?
PO^ ^~ '`= + "_x ^ J<HO =#O "_`O. =#O
"_` `C. ZQ`o K~.
L^ : |O^, [~, Y~|, [e, z=, K=, `s, ~O,
(KHO), ~c, @H~, W[`, Kf, `H_, ~<, Qs, [=<,
(), "H, Q "^# i<, J~aH L~ ^.
PO^ ^~ '`= + Z< J#^ ^ "_`~. J" ^
=#O "_` `C^. ZQ`o K~.
L^ : H, ~, s, #H, `~=, l, `, Hy`O, `H,
~~OK, |O^|, [, Mm, Ys^, ~, +H~, p\, H=,
[Q_O, `=, +~`, Q, [~, ^Q, =, ~, <~, Y~,
=^`, ~>, K (~OK), (H#Q) ^~, [gO^~, J, Q,
*|, ^=, ^~, ^", H, ==, "A"}, , ^s,
`Q^, *a`, =zb@O =zb (K), |O^~ ( F_~=) "^#,
J<H ^ x*xH i<, J~aH, L~ ^. "~ ZO`\
J*#O> Wq J#^^x _ "iH `e^. `e^ H#H
H* (H O)# QO_Q q~ . =^~ (=^
- L~ ~ ^
K#"_) x <~O "|_#"_Q =i"~.
WO`Q Jh L~, i < ^ "_`, JO` qOz POQ ^#
"_` `=k K"# `Qx q~. `OQ} "ik `~H `Qx
Q eK~ .

47

^ Qn =\_`
< H~ H?
- ''`b^ JO> H~ H \ J~Ok. ''`=^ JO> `\ J~Ok.
- '=K~, =z<~ JO> H~H\ J~Ok. ''=z#~, =zO_
JO> `\ J~Ok.
- ''J=>^ , J=\ JO> H~ H \ J~Ok. ''J=`^ JO> `\
J~Ok.
- ''`=_x `^=x =z# JO> PO^ ^~ #=`~.
`=_=< "? JO\~. ''`=_x f=_xH =K#
JO\~ PO^^~. =i `=_=< ="?
- '\ Jx "=O> '@ Jx "~O\~. QO \# QO \
JO\~. <=^ LK~} =i =\_@O H~H<?
- _H JO> `@, ~_O> H~H@.
- \ JO> H~H@. K JO> `@
- , +Q~, \# `Q@, +H~, < JO> `~H=@.
D Gs` ["| O_=.
Wq H=O XH O`O"i ="^ ^~}` _# Pk`=#
=`". Wq "i O $uH JO"xH Hx ~A=.

48

''g PK~==~ gH\ Q =q = Q.

''"= <, |`H=, ^~ O_Q [~O@O.


=i g~" J@`k, OHOu [~O\~.

''+ O|OkOz Qh, qye# q+ Qh


WH_" J=`e" KOk Ug ^.
W"\ =~ `=k U^ Q + Jh,
`= `\ =\_<^ Q^h
~O_ ~O_#~ l@
~O_ =_ "O_ =\_< +<
JO^ig^ ~^_O J<k,
^KH=_O, ^~#O K_O H< K ~"# q+O
- Hl <~}~=
49

13. a_, [<H~H ^H =*O :


OH OH= ^H, [<H~H ^H `_ LOk. x~^,
|_Q=~ O Kq, " q +` `= Hg^ `= x|_@
Kq OH OH= ^H. [<x `# " PHiOz `# F@
"q^O Q ` ^< x ^H i@ Y~ K |_q [<H~ } ^H .
Zh ~=~=Qi O 2 ~ H aO "^#
a_ ^H, [<H~H ^H "^~. `~"` ` PiH
iu Q#C_ P ^H h f"
_" `yO K_" [iyOk. =m
~[Y~_Qi O a_ ^H [<H~H ^H uiy
"^~. WC_ =m ` PiH iu Q^. H|\ P
^Hh f"_" `yOK_" [~Q=K.
JO> XH q+O +OQ `#k. `O [<H~H ^H#
ZC_ W=H=K. [<H~H ^H# f"_", `yOK_"
K# ~A x~^ [ `@HQQ`~? JO^= x~^ H=eOk
`= H `= x|_ q^OQ L^Q=H HeOK_O. JO^H~H
`= O` i= <He. `= O` Qh\ *
H\ Q= O# Q@ Ke. WH_ Q` WH_ q^`
* H\ Q^=s, H$ #^x h e WiQ+< * ^~
WH_ ~~ Ke.
x~^ a_ D_O i O^. J~` ^x `= W#~OQ
=iOK_xH, =O^ O K~H=_xH, ZH# Q=_xH
XH ~H} H=KO "_H=_O K KhO. [<~H ^H Wz#C_
[ =i#~Qh =# |` `OQ "#H|_ H
[~Q`O^x `HH ~.
50

Zh~=~=Qi O q^` * =O^


`~e~. `OQ} h\x =O^ `~eOK H
H`q "^~. ^~^ =O^ = Hhqx
Z~Qx su iy ~. `OQ} i= =`|_~.

~[Y~~ _Q i O u~_ _ O\ * ^K Q
H@ <~, WKOe O\ * # \O KH^ . ^K Q
`OQ} = J=|_~.

^i^ ~ Y kQ=# L#"iH ` H~ W~ . Q` Hx O=`~Q


D `H~ OHO Hhqh Z~Q#O`Q [iyOk. =# ~RO "`O
Jh He 1.70 H@ @OO> 2.03 H@ `~+< H~ L<~.
JO> H=O `~+< H~ ~ROx @O OY HO> Z=Q
L<~. Jx [<H~H ^H D ` ~+<H~ J~`. JO> ~+<
H~ x~^ _xH Wz#\? F> [<# PHiOKO^
Wz#\?
[<H~ H ^H H", =# L^Q =i =#
h H" PzOKO_.

51

14. H# Hq\
2004 O=`~O #O_ HOQ, `Q^O ~[Hs ZxH
=x `OQ} U~@ K= Jx K~. 7 _O|~, 2009
JOc `OQ} U~@ `= =^`# H\ OK~. XH ~A<
=@ =~~. =O^ < sHf`OQ ~r<= K~.
NH$+ Hq\ "~OK~. ^^ O=`~O Hiqu \~.
NH$ Hq\ qkq^< HO^ `O 9 _O|~, 2009 <_
Wz# H@# O`< ^. `OQ} U~@ H J# =>
qkq^< ^. J `OQ} L^=xH XH `uH qH <~iz,
`OQ} L^Q [~Q`# J<x [ `e* #, `OQ}
L^=O TO^H=_xH ="# *< Q`x `@`OK#
L^QO NH$+ Hq\ qkq^< OkO Q= H~.
P Hq\H U q^"# K@ |^` HeOK|_^. z=~ ^x q=
Uq@O> O _~"O\ "# XH _~"O@ Hq\ =`".
P Hq\x `OQ} *U, a.*.. s, F *Z u~iOK~.
J~`, ''Q~H~"_x #q#@ =# L^Q O "O, qq^
*O, =, qQ` ~[H s `= `OQ} J#
x"kH Hq\H HQ =iOK~. `OQ} HOQ, `Q^O
*ux^ _ NH$+Hq\ `OQ} U~@ H~H U~_Ok Jx
K~O K~. P q^OQ =#" P Hq\H x ^#` (Legitimacy)
HeOKO. O=`~O@ "z KO.
_O|~ 30, 2010# NH$+ Hq\ x"kH =iOzOk. P x"kH
K=~ J""`, JO|^ K#` _ L#O^= `OQ}
[O^~ P x"kH# x~<~. Hq\ x"kH `OQ} "^=
q+}# OQ K `O WH_ KO.
52

1)
''HO_# `q ZH# _ @^: Hq\ "`O P~ P<
WzOk. "^\ <yO\x PK~} ^O HH=Kx KOk. qye#q
J~^, P~ P<, P~= P<# "^\ ^#`QkQ KOk.
"HO^ H#Q` `OQ} Of Hx U~~Ke J<~.
'^=#+ XO^O QOQ 1958 D q^"# Of Hq\
U~_Ok. P Of Hq\ PK~} ~ 1969 * `OQ}
L^=O =zOk. J@=O\ Hq\ O* L< 1966 ~< ~+O
U~_Ok. J JO\ Hx U~_O> ~" O@ ~*OQ =~}
a* =^` `x~=`Ok. a* P u^## XH^. JO> P~=
P< PK~} ^O H^. WH qyeOk J~^= P< =`".
J~^= P< Hi# OQ ==iOz< J}z" H `, ` xi
i` U~_`, =_ O` " XO> `OQ} ~x
U~@ K e Jx zOK~ ( 454). ` x i i` JO> Hq\
L^O Uq\? =_ O` " XO> J Hq\ J=~O
Uq\? JO> JOu=OQ Hq\ Uq^" # `k x~
O K ^x K =K.
2.
H ` ^~} +O Q Hx O k : x"kH " H O^ H `O
P^O`O HxOk. L^~}
(Z) `OQ}x J_=, yi[# Q= =#Q` =O^
O K~ * J~# =~x =u~HOK_O iH^x K~.
J^ =O `OQ} "~ K WKOe * J_=, yi[#
Q= =#Q`~ H|\ H\x J_Q_O iH^ Jx K~ (
207). ZO` J<"# "^#.
(a) HO^ [" x<~. JO^H JH_ Q P^i`
q^` * x~}O J~<~. ~= Q, Q =, H|\
~` ` OQ~} Q# ~=, q["_ L# ^~
q^` H O^ H \~OzOk (r 222). J~` OQ~ } Q Q##
Pk^ XH q^` HO^O _ ZO^ ^ KiOK^.
53

() WOH x~}O< L# Hi eO# ukHQ fx


"~O><< Y~ ZH~ 25,000 ~ Jx HQ\ Ok. (. 185)
x~}" ~ Hx ZQ #_# Z.Z".P~.. e O (#O_ l)
Y~ ZO` Z=Q "< ZH~ ~~ 5,000 qOK^ Jx
WO[h~ KOK~. Jn HO_ `= qxQ = ^~
q^` =$^ HO_ e O "_=K# q^` WO[h~ x"^#
\ O KH^ .
(_) `OQ} ^~` ~"\~ "_ q^` _ HOz,
`OQ} PO^ HO> q^` qxQO Z=Q LOk H|\ `OQ}
PO^HO> Z= Ja=$k KOkO^x K~ (. 232).
3.
""# =HHiOzOk: s, =^ `~ * ^~ D 54
U `OQ} 713% Qh\ H~ O HeOK|_`, HO^ H =O
101% HeOK|_Ok (r 192). N^~^O_ ''NH$+Hq\ ""#
=HHiOzOk, Q}OH# `# "^# J#OQ ~#k Jx
^_~. Q}OH# Z\ =HHiOK=K XH z# L^~} ^~
K^O.
"OH ^Q~ XH H ~ LO_ ^xx WOHH H
HeO^#O^O. (1+1= 2 H ). j# ^Q~ kH O_ "\H WOH
~O_ H ~ He<#O^O. (10+2 = 12 H)
"=O : "OH XH H =`" He j# ~ O_ H He~.
JO> j# "OH HO> 100% Z= Ja=$k KO^_
J#k "=O.
=HH~}: "OH XH H WOHH H HeOk H|\ 100% Ja=$k
KO^_. j# k H ~O_ H He~ H|\
H=O 20% Ja=$k KO^_.
4.
Z<K@ `OQ} ~+O U~_` #He[O iy`O^x
K|_Ok. * = \ OKHO> #He[O =Ok Hx #He[O
54

= = =#_O iH^. ''NH$+Hq\ ^$H}O iQ^ Jx


"^= q=iOK~.
5.
x~H ^~}` ~|_Ok: H#k L# Hi, c= "^#
eO Q^=i#k L<#_O ( 185), H`Q_O ^~ =~
* ~= LO^x ~_O ( 222), \.P~.Z. s *.U..
#O_ `ey ~Ok J#_O ( 349), PsZ " `OQ ^ ~ ik
LO^#_O "^# Z< J"" Hq\ x"kH H#|_`~. WO`
x~H OQ ~|_ x"kH x|^` `OQ} [ O^O
"e|K`<~.
6.
''^Q Hq\ Wk: Hq\ =O^ [~ ZO` #=HO` `=
Ja, i^< ` =iOz# [#<, ~[H s
ux^ "i x"kH JfQf LO_^ . =~" Hq\ =O^ HO_
XH H~^i (q.H. ^Q ) =O^ 17 l x~ JkH~ <\=@Q
K # ~ ZO` q= LO@Ok. P ~ "`O `k ~
K =~ P^~=x Hq\ x"kH KOk. =_+ N^~Q~#@
''NH$+Hq\ H^, ^Q Hq\ Wk.
7.
Q` J~^ O=`~Q 610 r" J=H ~+ `O
fO@# K~@ `OQ} L^Q O`$ =HO K<~ (.
295). W^ x["` HhO `OQ} L^Q O Hq\H x"kHez
`= JO`$x ZO^ `e~~.
W\ Z< q^# JO|^ "^#` `OQ} [# qxH
QiK# N H$+Hq\ x"kH# `OQ} "^=, K`|@ "_xH
=`" J~" O k Jx `e"~.

`OQ} HOQ, \._.. * ux^ Q` O=`~


HOQ ''NH$+Hq\ x"kH ~hO_, P `~"` = `H
H~K~} ZO` L^$`OQ LO@O^ g~ K~ J<~.
W_ Hq\ i~ =zOk. `OQ} [O^~ P *
ux^ " =YOQ HOQ "i H~K~} " K< ~.
55

15. Hx - ["|
`OQ} =O ` H ~RO H~H=_O ^ Jx " H O^" ^
K `#k x["<?
`OQ}x =OO^~ `OQ} ~RO U~_x L^=
O@<~. Jx =O O, JO^~ =O q^"` `OQ}
~R U~@H `= =O` H~"x x~<~.
x*O Hl QO_ |=i, 2010 s |~OQ [i~.
K^=# =O `= =` OH~ , \`
iq`O H=_xH =H~} Uq@x PzOK_O "^\~.
`OQ} `H ~RO U~_` =` H K~Q`~
"HO^"^ K~O K# q+O Wk. x["O\ K^O.
1969 `OQ} L^=O "^#\ #O_ ^~^ =O^
|O Q HOQ s `# s J ~ Q |# J ~ # x@_ O
"^~Ok Jx q+ JaO.
1990 ^HO K<~_Qix =Y=Ou ^q #O_ kOK_xH
^~^ =`~}# ~KQ@_O U =O^ < O
LO^ [O^iH `. K<~_Q~ ~r<= KQ< "O@<
=`~} Py~.
Hx < H`O ^~^ XH ^HO H~O =`H
$+O K|_ x Jx =` ` _# XH O P^ ~O [iy# W<Q +<
`eOk x[O H^? W\ =~ U O=`~O x q^O Q =O ~ k#O
O^~ O Q ^" `O PK *O_ ugk H@_ O [iyOk. HxK@
J =O Wx K@ _ g^ xO_ *O_ H@| _~. `~ "`
JO` "`O #=< [Ou O^~OQ H*O_ g^
H\|_~. =`H "^~Ok *O_ ^Q~< J# q+O
Q=xOKe.
56

D =^ HO`=Ok ^`` ^= L# < `|


~\ 'O^ LQ"^O J# ^O "_`<~. LQ"^O O^
LQ"^O, =O LQ"^O Jx LO_=. U =`= O# ~OK^.
`OQ} `H ~ROQ U~_` =` H K~Q`~ J#_O
`C_ JaO.
''`OQ} H"x [#O J_Q_O^?
2009 JOc ZH# \.P~.Z. sH `= @ =K~ H|\
`OQ} H"x [#O J_Q_O^ Jx "HO^"^ JO@<~.
XH q+O WH_ Q=xOKe. 2009 JOc ZH# uXH s `=
=x `OQ} ~RO U~@ K=x K~. D q+O 9,
_O|~ 2009 =~ Jx s Q\ Q K~.
U^< s `OQ} ~RO U~@ =u~=x K ZH# \
K LO> JC_ `OQ} ~R quH =z# @ `OQ} ~RO
U~@ u"# f~Q K=K.
Q` JOc ZxH (", 2009) ~O_ ^ [iQ~. "^\ ^
`OQ} O`O, ~O_=^ =O^O`O [iQ~. WH_
`OQ} [O` Q=xOKe# JOO XH\ LOk. Jx s `OQ}
O`O ZxH `n=~ `OQ} ~RO U~@ K=x K ` =K~.
"^\ ^ 10, " 2009 O`O 4 QO@ ~~Ok. "O@< 5
QO@ #O^ [iy# |~OQ k=OQ` =Y=Ou
~[Y~~_Q~ ZxH HOQ sx QeOKO> `OQ} ~RO
U~_ ^~^ "O> =O^" ~ J=~= =`O^x
K_O [iyOk. D =@ ~[Y~~_Q~ `OQ} O`O ZxH
`n HO> =O^ K LO>, JC_ _ HOQ s Z= @ Qez
LO> `OQ} "^O `OQ} ^x J#H=K. Hh D =OK#
Q~# iu H^.
ZH< `OQ} U~@ ukH J=` 1971 [iy# ~"O\
ZH# `OQx 14 11 @ `OQ} * qux [
QeOK~. =i P ~A `OQ} ~x ZO^ U~@ K^.
H =O `OQ} ~R J=`~} ukH# ZxH [i` [ x~
O
Z\ LO@O^ E 2010 [iy# 12 JOc @ ZxH `eOk H^.
57

`OQ} L^=O= @|_, L^Q PO^^ H~Ok


x["<?
`OQ} L^=O f=OQ =iOk _O|~, 2009 <\ #O_ =`" .
=_ H`" << H~, " "Q< =O\ Hs PO^^
=^e"~ J#k "=O H^?
Q~=h =Y=Ou ~[Y~~_Q~ Kx<\H 10 <Q
WiQ+< * a O_OQ L<~ J#k x[O H^? J\H
OK"OQ PiH=O^O= PO^^ i=, "~ ~OQO
J``O H=_O x[O H^? J\H 20,000 H@ ~ q"#
` =# ^~^ K@H O` Jq# `O WOH
J=_xH H@# Wz< H#_xH Z=~ =O^ ~^#k x[O
H^? JO> i Z\ ~OQO = ^~ J\H _~<~
J#k x[O H^?
=i <_ `OQ} L^=O f=OQ L#\H [#=i, 2010 #O_
^, ~R PiH i` Q_`< #k "=O H^? `OQ}
[#, L^=x Ju+K_O H~ =O^ |OQ
`O, O, "~uH, "HO^< K# ^+K~"
W^O`.
*Z Hh#~ ~ H^O_~OQ~ W\H Z<~ `=
`OQ}x i= =u~HO H^x H\ OK~. |``~= HO
=z WH_ L# PO^Of =u~HO H^x, H=O "HO^#
=iOK @|_^~#, ^_^~# `= =u~H=x K~.
U q^OQ J~` H~@H ~+Ox OQ~ =O\ "\#Q~
Jx O`"~ H" LO\~ J\Q `OQ} ~+O x ^~^
"\#Q~O _ LO\~. `OQ} ~+O ~`^Ox qye#
~= XH ~+OQ U~_`O^ ` "~H ^OQ H^x Q=xOKe.
q^=O`# =#O =# `\
[ # K` # =O`# K^O. =#=O`
^ ` x~i^O.
`OQ} Ja=$k [~QO> `OQ} ~R U~@ XH> i~O.
58

LH QO^, ", x"kH, ` r" :


1) h - x* : P~.q^Q~~= (i>~ p WO[h~, _| )
2) `_`# `OQ} - O^ : .Ok, H. [OH~
3) h~ `~eOk - q=H qyeOk : H. L=HO` (i>~ p WO[h~, WiQ+<
_~"O\ PO^*u 1622010)
4) TALANGANA : Irrigational disparities in Andhra Pradesh - S. Prabhakar
(Former Special Secretary, Irrigation Dept., Govt. of Andhra Pradesh)

5) =b~ #~^~} - P=H` : N^~~" ^O_, .q~


6) `OQ} L^Q OO _s 2010.
7) Hyderabad : Then and now Prof. R. Rammohan Rao, V. Satyanarayana Reddy, N.
Rama Kishan Rao.

8) =O^- `OQ} : `OQ} q^` L^Q *U


9) Telangana Movement for a Saparate State : K. Jayashankar (former Vice
Chancellor, Kakatiya University)

10)

How did we landed in this mes? by G.S.Vasu (Indian Express Dt : 14-6-2010)

11)

Girglani Commission Report, 2004.

12)

Memorandam of Telangana Rastra Samithi to Sri Krishna Committee.

13)

Memorandam of Telangana Udyogula Sangam to Sri Krishna Committee.

14)

Memorandam of Hyderabad Engineers Association to Sri Krishna Committee.

15)

Memorandam of Telangana Assistant Executive Engineers Association to Sri Krishna


Committee.

16)

Telangana Dimensions of under development - Editors : S. Simhadri, P.L.


Vishweshara Rao (1997).

17.

'Deprivation to Telangana: Case forSaparate Statehood' submitted to Justice


Sri Krishna Committee by Telangana Development Forum.

18)
19)
20)
21)
22)

`OQ} - =O_eH+ - Hl : =~=~~=


O `OQ} : H~ Z~_
`OQ} - "HO^ : Z<. "}Q
PO^^ U~@ q^ Ki`: `OQ} s \ .
`OQ} ~[H, PiH, =lH " : N^~~= ^O_.
59

23) h\^_ xeK^#_? q. [Qu~= PO^*u 1832010


24) Voice of Telangana - Memorandam submitted to Home Minister, Govt. of India by C.
Narayan Reddy, Ex-M.P.
25)

Robbery of Telangana water & power - Vadire Venkata Reddy (Retd. Chief
Engineer AP Transco).

26)

Telangana : From princely State to pauperstate - Pervaram Ramulu (Retd.


DGP and Former Chairman, A.P.P.S.C.)

27)

`OQ} =Oz^< Jx KiOK ^ ^\ ~Ok. `i "OH>~~=,


'"~ k#uH 2632003 2732003.

28) Railroaded into merger - Gautam Pingle, Indian Express Dt. 4-3-2010.
29) Rural Development and Regional Imbalances - Prof. D. Ravinder.
30) 27-2-2010 '"~ k#uH PO^^ ~+ ` H@#
31) PO^^ [^ix - H.<Q~~=.
32) Hyderabad was built by sweat of Telangana by B. Kamalakar Rao, Indian
Express Dt. 26-4-2010.

33) Memorandam of The Telangana Writers Forum to Sri Krishna Committee.


34) '[[O Z#\H# D<_ (2122010)
35) =<O x "HO . q~ (J^, `OQ} L^Q OO),
PO^*u 2142010.
36) uH PO^^ 19561980, `Q JH_g, ^~^ 1981.
37) 50 Years of Andhra Pradesh 1956 to 2006. Centre for Documentation,
Research and Communication, Hyderabad 2008.

38)

www.irrigation.ap.gov/in; File Name District wise IP Particular.xls (Downloaded on


23-9-2010)

39)

Status of Telangana Projects in the Budget 2009-2010 - K.S.N. Reddy

40) `OQ} WO[h~ ~O x"kH -1 : _. H;<~}


41)

The Andhra Pradesh G.o. Ms.No. 610, Dt : 30-12-1985

42)

`Q Ki` : O^ - k~A H$+=i

60

43)

The Andhra Pradesh Public Employeement (Organisation of local Cader and regulation of Direct Recruitment) Order 1975, G.O.P. No. 728, 1-11-1975 & G.O.P No. 729,
1-11-1975.

44)

A Comprehensive History of Andhra, Dr. Y. Gopala Reddy.

45)

Order of President of India, GSR 524 (E) to 529 (E) and 532 (E) Dt. 18-10-1975.

46)

Engg College Seats for 2009-10, EAMCET Website.

47)

Ministry of Home Affairs Notification F.No. 12012/1/2009 SR (pt 10) 4th May, 2010.

48)

Mulki Rules, Hyderabad Civil Service Regulations Government of Hyderabad, 1st


November, 1949.

49)

The 7th Contitution Amendement Act, 1956.

50)

The Suprem Court Judgement on Civil appeal No. 993 of 1972.

51)

Gentlemen Agreement, 20-2-1956.

52)

The 32nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1973.

53)

http://www.aponline.gov.in/Qick%20Links/Hist-Cult/history_post.html :

54)

"Hegemony over politics & power : An analysis of the backgrounds of political


representatives in Andhra Pradesh" - Vinay Burgula, M. Shashikumar, Prof. Rama
Melkote, Dr. K. Lalitha.

55)

Report of Committee for Consultations on the Situation in Andhra Pradesh, Headed


by Justice Sri Krishna, December, 2010.

61

O : "~< ~_, =Oz~, `k : 4-7-1969


(1969 `H `OQ} L^=O K~Q # N #iOQ~=, =x P, ^~z# \)

`OQ} ~+O PO^ ~+O` He#O^= Jxfl


~OQ J<xH Q~Ok. Q` 54 UQ
ZO`=Ok `OQ} q^=O` Z<fl H+#
Fi ` OQ} [~ Q ` #fl J< #
` OQ} [ ` e * ` fl O K ~ .
" H ~~. q<~
x~ fi OK~ . H = , ~ K ~ ` , H H~
`OQ}`, O $uH L^=xfl xiOK~.
"~ O ^ i H $ + e ` O Q U~ _ J i q` " #
= K~xfl O H O Q ` OQ} [ O^ i H
`e*#fl = `fl" D z#fl HO.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai