INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN ELECTRICAL LABORATORY .

Single phase double wound copper transformer having primary 230VAC and secondary 115V AC with a rated capacity of 1KVA. The primary and secondary terminals are brought out for conducting laboratory experiment with legend printed for convenience. This is assembled in a powder coated MS metal box. Specifications: Primary : 230 V AC Secondary with tappings at 86.6% and at 50% of primary voltage.

Rated capacity: 1KVA Terminations: Separate 4mm Banana terminals at input and outputs Enclosure: Powder coated MS metal cabinet, with separate screw terminal for earth connection.

PORTABLE VARIAC

This is a variable auto transformer. This is also called as Dimmer-stat. This is used to vary the output voltage by rotating a knob placed above this instrument. The output voltage can be varied from 0 to 270V AC, when its input terminals are connected to 230V AC. It can deliver 6A of current at its peak rated voltage. The entire instrument is assembled in a sheet rolled powder coated MS metal box with separate screw terminal for earth connection. Specifications: Input: 230 V AC Output: Variable in the range of 0 to 270V AC.

Rated capacity: 6A

LOADING CAPACITOR

Loading capacitor, is a capacitor bank with step variation . This is required when experimenting to determine the output characteristics of devices like a transformer etc. More particularly while experimenting to determine the power factor measurements in single-phase electrical circuits.

This is a loading capacitor, where by the capacitance in a load circuit can be varied in the range of 2uF to 16uF @ 230V AC, in 8 steps. The variation in capacitance can be obtained by suitable patch cord mechanism. This is suitably protected with necessary fuse arrangement. The terminals are suitably brought out on a 4mm Banana sockets for easy interconnections.

3 POINT DC STARTER

3 point DC starter is a unit intended to limit the starting current in a DC circuit. This starter is a must for any DC motor applications. This starter has three functions. (a) To provide series resistance in a DC circuit when this starter is in START position. I.e. In START position full resistance is included, and is reduced to zero ohms when the handle is moved to ON position, in discrete steps. The starter is held in ON position by an electromagnet. At this ON position the DC circuit gets its full current from the DC Rectifier unit. In the case of a DC motor, this is connected in series with the armature circuit, to limit the starting current and eventually this resistance is CUTOUT, from the circuit. There by enabling the motor to run at its full armature current. Therefore this starter acts as a first order protection circuit, in between a DC rectifier unit and the DC circuit. (b) No Volt Coil (NVC) This is normally connected to Field circuit in a DC motor. In case of a failure in current in this circuit, for any reason, namely accidental tripping, or unintentional break in field circuit, this coil will provide a signal to the electromechanically held arm (handle) to release, and the starter is switched to OFF position, thereby providing safety to the system. (c) Over Load (OL) release switch This is connected in series with the armature circuit. In case of current beyond the rated current of this coil in the circuit, this automatically trips the electromagnet, which is holding the handle in ON position. Thereby tripping the starter from being over loaded

METERS

Varieties of meters are available for making suitable measurements of electrical parameters. These meters are available for use in single phase and three phase circuits. The meters are available in tabletop models and panel mounting arrangements. Normally these meters are used in Electrical engineering laboratories for various measurements. The meters available are

1. Volt 2. Ammeters 3. Watt-meters 4. Phase 5. Tacho meters 6. Reed 7. 8. Power factor meters.

/digital analog / digital analog / digital sequence indicators contact type and photo reflective type type frequency meters Phase meters.

meters

analog

MEASUREMENT STATION This is an AC measuring digital instrument station. This is a typical laboratory instrument station. This has 3 meters. It measures the a. frequency in the range of 0 to 99Hz, b. Voltage in the range of 0 to 500V AC, and c. Current in the range of 0 to 5A AC. The entire instrument is assembled in a compact and sleek looking cabinet for convenience.

MACHINES LABORATORY. DC MOTOR

This DC motor is integral, internally mounted cooling fan on the shaft. When the motor is running at rated speed the, fan provides the necessary cooling to give the assigned rating. When motors are required to start from zero speed and smoothly accelerate to the rated speed, these motors can be selected. If motors are to run below rated speed for long duration, either they have to be de-rated or can be forced cooled. The DC Generators are normally continuously rated and have to run at rated speeds only. This requires DC rectifier source for its operation. The DC source to this is provided through a 3-4 point DC starter unit. Using this, several experiments on DC motor can be conducted. Depending on the experiment, you need appropriate meters, rheostats, switchgear are required. These motors are screen protected, with IP21/IP22 enclosures. Specifications:

Voltage: 220V Amps: 6.8 RPM: 1500 KW: 1.5 Rating-CMR INS Class-B/. Extn type: Shunt 220V, 0.5A

DC MACHINE WITH LOADING ARRANGEMENT

This is a DC motor with the above specifications. The shaft of this motor is coupled mechanically to a break drum. A belt moving over this break drum provides necessary torque to the shaft of the motor, and in turn loads the shaft with a finite torque. Two calibrated spring balances are connected to either side of the belt, which is moving over the break drum. This is a method to load the shaft of the motor with a loading arrangement. By taking reading on these spring balance readings, the loading value may be calculated.

IDENTICAL MACHINES

This is a typical setup for conducting experiments on two identical machines, which are mechanically coupled. This requires DC rectifier source of 15 A, for its operation. The DC source to this is provided through a 3-4 point DC starter unit. The coupled DC machine to this DC motor is used as generator. This generator may be loaded by drawing sufficient current using an external Loading rheostat. There by loading the DC motor. It is possible to evaluate the performance of this identical machines setup in several ways, for varied parameters. Specifications: DC machines: Two identical machines. Voltage: 220V

Amps: 6.8

RPM: 1500 KW: 1.5 Rating-CMR INS Class-B/. Extn type: Shunt 220V, 0.5A

ALTERNATOR

This is an AC 3phase synchronous alternator with, square path, 4 poles, and rotor wound stator excited type. This is screen protected IP22, with drip proof enclosure. Specifications: Voltage: 415V Amps: 4.2A

RPM: 1500 KVA-3 Rating-CMR Phases-3,Hz-50 ENCL-S.P,PF-0.8 Extn VOLTS-220 Winding-Y Amps-1.4A

SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATOR

This is a synchronous alternator generator experimental setup. Both are mechanically coupled. This setup is used to perform experiments on synchronization. A DC motor is used as prime mover. This experiment is better understood when connected to a synchronizing panel.

SYNCHRONIZATION PANEL

This is a synchronization panel. This panel is used to study the synchronization of an alternator with main bus bar voltages. While performing this experiment, it is required to study the dark / bright lamp method for synchronization. In order to facilitate this, the panel is provided with two voltmeters, two frequency meters, one synchro-scope, 6 lamps, phase sequence indicator and a selector switch provides for synchronization. 3 sets of 4mm terminals are provided for making necessary RYB connections.

3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

This is an AC 3phase induction motor. This operates on 415V AC. This squirrel cage induction motor coupled to a 2KW shunt generator. Specifications: Volts: 415V - 3 Power: 2.2KW

Current : 4.8A RPM: 1440 Frame: PM100L

3 PHASE AC MACHINE WITH LOADING ARRANGEMENT

This is a 3-phase AC machine. This is mechanically coupled to a breakdrum to provide loading. The shaft of the machine is coupled a drum. In turn the drum is connected to mechanical weighing pan by means of a belt. Rotating the screws provided on either sides of the belt can adjust the belt tension. There by it is possible to load the shaft of the 3-phase motor with a defined tension. The difference in the scale reading, provides the tension, the shaft is subjected to. As a result of this the current in the windings are varied. By noting the readings of the associated meters and the difference in the weighing pan readings, the load characters of the motor can be evaluated. This is an arrangement of a 3-phase induction motor, mechanically coupled to a DC generator.

3 PHASE AC MACHINE WITH LOADING ARRANGEMENT

This is a 3-phase AC machine. This is mechanically coupled to a breakdrum to provide loading. The shaft of the machine is coupled a drum. In turn the drum is connected to mechanical weighing pan by means of a belt. Rotating the screws provided on either sides of the belt can adjust the belt tension. There by it is possible to load the shaft of the 3-phase motor with a defined tension. The difference in the scale reading, provides the tension, the shaft is subjected to. As a result of this the current in the windings are varied. By noting the readings of the associated meters and the difference in the weighing pan readings, the load characters of the motor can be evaluated. This is an arrangement of a 3-phase induction motor, mechanically coupled to a DC generator.

PATCH PANELS

Patch panels are the connector panels, used to interconnect various machines to meters, rheostats, Variac and others, which are used in a machines lab. This is only another way, to increase the safety for the personnel, conducting the experiments. The connections from each machine are terminated on this connector panel. The necessary wirings from the machine to these panels are to be securely made, prior to, conducting lab experiment. Each panel is diagrammatically represented to reflect various terminals of a machine, and they are printed above the terminals. All the necessary terminals of the machine are terminated on a 4mm patch cord terminal, suitable to make interconnections with other associated circuitry. Each connector

panel differs from the other panel in terms of drawings used for different machines. We supply these, as part of a turnkey project, while setting up the machines lab. The pictures shown here, describe how each panel is represented. These are the panels, which are placed on the experimental table. The 4mm terminals from these are used for interconnecting with other associated circuitry.

LABORATORY RECTIFIER UNIT

These laboratory rectifiers are mainly used in electrical engineering laboratories for the purpose of conducting experiments in machines and DC circuits. This is servo controlled to provide constant DC output. This provides 100A output for continuous operation. This rectifier provides suitable source for operating DC machines. System Description: This rectifier works with 3 phase 415V AC as its mains supply voltage. The ripple factor is less than 5% at its peak load. The DC output from this unit is continuously variable by a potentiometer, in the range of 200 to 240 DC. A servo control motor circuit ensures constant DC output voltage. A digital voltmeter and Suitable HRC fuses are provided at AC input and DC output stages for protection. The rating of the mains transformer is designed to provide upto 200V DC, while the series transformer provides 40V DC, suitably arranged to provide the correction required. The series transformer is controlled by a three phase motorized dimmerstat. The rectifier circuit is generously rated with suitable heat sink and hole storage suppression. This unit has a START and STOP push buttons. Pressing Start push button makes, the output to set at the voltage shown by the panel meter, and the output is available at the terminals at this time. Pressing stop push button, the output is reset to 0V. In the event of mains power failure or accidental break in the mains supply, the DC supply from this rectifier unit, is automatically disconnected. The output from this rectifier is available to the DC circuit, only when the mains power returns AND start push button is pressed. This facility provides the scope for investigating the reason for the failure, and also protecting the assets. The entire rectifier unit is assembled in a rugged sheet steel material with suitable reinforcements wherever required. The entire unit is assembled on suitable caster wheels, to provide mobility for unit.

15A LABORATORY RECTIFIER

These laboratory rectifiers are mainly used in electrical engineering laboratories for the purpose of conducting experiments in machines and DC circuits. This provides constant DC output. This provides 15A output for continuous operation. This rectifier provides suitable source for operating DC machines or any DC circuit. Suitable fuse protection is provided. The analog panel meters mounted on the front panel can monitor the output voltage and the current. This has a START and STOP push buttons. When start button is pressed, the DC voltage is available at the output terminals, as indicted by the meter reading. When stop button is pressed the output is reset to zero. In the event of mains power failure or accidental break in the mains supply, the DC supply from this rectifier unit, is automatically disconnected. The output from this rectifier is available to the DC circuit, only when the mains power returns AND, the voltage setting Variac is brought to 0V position AND start push button is pressed. This facility provides the scope for investigating the reason for the failure, and also protecting the assets. Specifications: Input : 230 V AC single phase Output : 230 V DC continuously variable from 0 to 230V with suitable START

Interlock. Capacitry : 15A Meter : Voltmeter and current meter indicators. Switches : START and STOP switches. Output control : DC Mains ON/OFF switch.

NOTE: You must connect ELCBs, earth connections, fuse switch gear, all other protective methods must be implemented, wherever required.

DISTRIBUTION PANELS

Distribution panels are intended to provide necessary AC or DC supplies to the AC or DC machines. There are two different distribution panels available. These are classified as AC distribution panel or DC distribution panel. The AC supply (three phase) to an AC machine is routed through AC panel, and while DC supply

is routed through DC panel. This is similar to a distribution board, in function. Each machine gets its AC or DC supply either from the mains or from the rectifier unit respectively, through these panels only. I.e. the supply for each machine is routed through this distribution panel. The supply to each machine is suitably switched ON / OFF through a suitably protected MCB. This provides protection to each machine. Routing supply through these panels allow you to switch ON or OFF using respective switch gear, there by power can be saved, permitting you to switch ON the machines which are required for experimentation, and switching OFF the remaining machines. Specifications: 1. DC Distribution Panel: 1. Input: DC voltage input 230V DC from the 100A rectifier unit. 2. Output: 230V DC to respective machines 3. Meters: DC Voltmeter and DC current meters are used. The DC meter indicates the overall DC voltage available to the DC circuits. There will be line drop at the respective machines, when measured near the machine. This is due to line loss. The current meter indicates the total current drawn by the whole DC circuit through this panel. 4. Switches: 12 different DC circuits can be connected through this panel. Each circuit is protected with an independent MCB. In addition to this a master switch controls the complete DC circuit. When this is in OFF position, the DC supply to all the DC circuits are switched OFF. 5. A lamp indicator is used to display the status of power supply. This is illuminated when the power is ON . 6. Separate earth connection is provided to the panel. This must be securely connected to the Earth. 7. Enclosure: This is assembled in a sturdy cabinet, using sheet steel . 8. Assembly: This has to be assembled on a rigid foundation next to the DC rectifier unit. NOTE: You must connect ELCBs, earth connections, fuse switchgear, all other protective methods must be implemented, wherever required.

EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

All the electrical engineering experiments will have broadly the following objectives while performing relevant experiments. The scope of the supply does not include, hardware like DOL starters, Mains switches, wiring from the mains supply to the experimental tables, HRC fuse assemblies, Circuit breakers, ELCBs, civil structures etc. However these are required to be installed or constructed or assembled and wired, prior to connecting necessary experimental setups. Objectives of experimental setups. a. Activity Sequence b. Study of nameplate details c. Identifying measuring instruments and support accessories required for conducting the experiment d. Preview e. Record Circuit Diagram and connection diagrams f. Model graph and expected outcome g. Data processing and calculations and h. Inference While establishing the electrical laboratory, the following recommendations may be adhered at the experimental tables, as a precautionary measure. Separate wires and neutral wires using standard 7-20 SWG, must be drawn from MCBs on the distribution panel to the respective Motor Generator / Alternator sets. Mains trip switch (Isolators) for DC and 3 ?, to be provided near every equipment MG Set of each experimental setup for safety purpose. Neutral must be terminated with 30A black color banana terminal, at each and every experimental work table Earth wire using 8 SWG copper wire must be made available at every MG set. At least two bolts on the base assembly of MG set must be connected to this earth wire. Isolators must be fitted as shown in the diagram near each and every MG set.

EXPERIMENTS ON TRANSFORMER SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER (OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST)

SUMPNERS TEST EXPERIMENT

Objective: To perform Sumpners test. Predetermination of performance characteristics and equivalent circuit of single-phase transformer. Preview: In OC and SC tests a transformer is subjected to either core loss or copper loss and so these tests cannot as such be used for heat-run for heat-runtest. A heat-run test can be conducted on two identical transformers by connecting them back-to-back. Wherein, their secondaries are connected in phase opposition. So the secondaries will behave open-circuited when the primaries are excited, the current drawn from V1 source being 2I0 providing core losses (2P0) of the two transformers. A low-voltage variable source V2, is connected in the secondary circuit which causes circulating current in the secondaries with primaries acting as short circuit for this source (use superposition theorem). This circulating current can be adjusted to full-load value. The power injected by this source is 2PC, the full-load copper loss of both transformers, while the impedance seen by it is 2Zeq. Both the transformers in this test are thus subjected to full load core and copper losses by phantom loading, while drawing only core loss power from source V1 and only copper loss power from source V2. In some sense this test has similarity with the Hopkinsons test on two identical dc machines. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. Transformer 1 1KVA Capacity, Primary: 230V Secondary: 115V Two numbers 2. Suitable Variac 3. Suitable digital ammeters of different ratings AC 4. Suitable digital voltmeters of different ratings AC 5. Suitable digital wattmeter

SCOTT CONNECTION EXPERIMENT

Objective: To obtain Two-phase supply from Three-phase and to conduct load test. Preview:

The concept of 3phase to 2-phase connection follows from the voltage phasor diagram of balanced 3-phase supply. If the point M midway on Vbc could be located then VAM leads Vbc by 900. A 2-phase supply could be thus obtained by means of two transformers; one connected across AM, called the teaser transformer and the other connected across the lines B &C. Since VAM = 3Vbc/2, the transformer primaries must have 3N1/2 (teaser) and N1 turns;this would mean equal voltage / turn in each transformer. A balanced two phase supply could then be easily obtained by having both secondaries with equal number of turns N2. The point M is located midway on the primary of the transformer connected across the lines B & C. The connection of two such transformers, known as the Scott Connection, is shown in Fig with its phasor diagram of two phase supply in the secondary. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. Transformer 1 1KVA Capacity, Primary: 230V(tapings at 86.6%,50%), Secondary: 115V Two numbers 2. Suitable Loading rheostat for the above single phase two numbers 3. Suitable Variac three phase 4. Suitable digital ammeters of different ratings AC 5. Suitable digital voltmeters of different ratings AC 6. Suitable digital wattmeter

EXPERIMENTS IN MACHINES LAB NO LOAD TESTS ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR (SWINBOURNS TEST)

Objective:To determine the performance of the given DC shunt machine in both generator and motor modes of operation Preview: Swinburns test is a no-load test on a dc machine. The machine is started and run as a dc motor with shaft decoupled from any load. In this regard the test is very easy to carry out for a machine of any size, particularly convenient for a large machine. The input to motor at no-load comprises of: Iron losses (Pi) Mechanical, friction and windage loss (Pwf)

Field Copper Loss (Pshf) Armature Copper Loss (Armature resistance is measured by drop test and corrected to operating temperature of about 750C) Stray load losses are estimated to be 1% of kW rating of the machine at full load and considered proportional to square of armature current. With the above data the machine performance at any load (or a set of loads) can be predetermined either as motor or generator. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. 2HP DC Motor 220V 2HP 1500rpm with standard screen protected/drip proof (IP21) 2. 3-4 Point DC starters with protectors. 3. Suitable Digital Voltmeter DC to measure voltage across armature 4. Suitable Digital Ammeter DC to measure filed current. 5. Suitable Digital Ammeter DC to measure armature current. 6. Suitable Digital Tachometer to read RPM of the motor. 7. Suitable Rheostat for Armature circuit. 8. Suitable Rheostat for field circuit. 9. Rectifier Unit 0-240V DC @ 1.5KVA with power failure protection.

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR BY ARMATURE & FIELD CONTROL

Objective: obtain the speed control characteristics of a dc motor at no load. Preview: The dc motors are in general much more adaptable speed drives than ac motors. The speed of dc motors depends upon the following relation. Since the speed is proportional to the ratio between the back EMF and the flux per pole. The back EMF can be varied by varying the armature applied voltage (called as armature control). The flux per pole can be varied by varying the field current (called field control). Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. 2HP DC Motor 220V 2HP 1500rpm with standard screen protected/drip proof

(IP21) 2. 3-4 Point DC starters with protectors. 3. Suitable Digital Voltmeter DC to measure voltage across armature 4. Suitable Digital Ammeter DC to measure filed current. 5. Suitable Digital Ammeter DC to measure armature current. 6. Suitable Digital Tachometer to read RPM of the motor. 7. Suitable Rheostat for Armature circuit. 8. Suitable Rheostat for field circuit.

DC SHUNT GENERATOR GENERATOR

NO

LOAD

TESTS

ON

DC

SHUNT

Open Circuit Test Objective: To obtain the magnetization characteristic and therefrom determine the critical field resistance and critical speed of the given dc shunt generator. Preview: The EMF induced in a DC machine is proportional to the flux per pole, the number of conductors and speed. This EMF depends on speed and flux. As the flux increases the EMF increases beyond a point the flux gets saturated. The BH curve of the core depicts the magnetization curve of the machine. (A) Critical Speed of a DC Shunt Generator Objective: To determine the critical speed of a dc shunt generator. With the fixed excitation and variable speed, as the speed reduces the OCC proportionally slides down so that the no load voltage reduces. At a particular speed, called the critical speed, the OCC is tangential to the Rf line and as a result the generator fails to excite. Preview With the fixed excitation and variable speed, as the speed reduces the OCC proportionally slides down so that the no load voltage reduces. At a particular speed, called the critical speed, the OCC is tangential to the Rf line and as a result the generator fails to excite. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. 2HP Shunt machines mechanically coupled both are identical 220V 2HP 1500rpm. 2. 3-4 point DC Starter for the above 3. Suitable Loading rheostat

4. Digital tachometer 5. Suitable Double tube rheostat 6. Suitable Single tube rheostat 7. Suitable Digital Voltmeter DC 8. Suitable Digital Voltmeter DC 9. Suitable Digital Ammeter DC 10. Rectifier Unit 0-240V DC @ 1.5KVA with power failure protection.

LOAD TEST ON A DC SHUNT GENERATOR

Objective: To obtain external characteristics of a dc shunt generator Preview: The self excited DC shunt Generator is coupled to a DC motor, which acts as prime mover. Two characteristics are more important. The internal or total characteristic that gives the relation between the emf actually induced in the armature and the armature current. This is of interest mainly to the designer. The external characteristics called performance characteristics (also voltage regulating curve) which give the relation between the terminal voltage and load current. This curve lies below the internal characteristics due to armature drop. This is important in judging the suitability of a generator for a particular purpose. These characteristics can be obtained by a load test with total field resistance remaining fixed as the speed is to be kept constant. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. 2HP Shunt machines mechanically coupled both are identical 220V 2HP 1500rpm. 2. 3-4 point DC Starter for the above 3. Suitable Loading rheostats 4. Digital tachometer 5. Suitable double tube rheostat 6. Suitable single tube rheostat 7. Suitable digital Voltmeters DC 8. Suitable digital ammeters DC. 9. Suitable DC source Rectifier unit

HOPKINSONS TEST

Objective: To conduct Hopkinsons test on the given pair of identical dc machines and obtains item performance characteristics Preview: Swinburnes test on a dc machine is a non-loading test. The machine performance can be computed from the data obtained from this test without actually loading it. In certain situations a dc machine has to be tested by actually loading it particularly for a heat-run test where the machine is fully loaded for a long period to determine its steady state temperature rise. Such a test may not be feasible for machines of even moderate size and such load test even where feasible is highly wasteful of energy for the heat-run test. In a manufacturing concern a number of identical machines may be on production line. Two such machines can be put on a test and coupled mechanically. These machines can then be tested by the Hopkinsons test where these two machines are connected in parallel across the supply. By adjusting their excitations both of them can be simultaneously loaded (to any extent) where one machine (motoring) feeds mechanical power to the other machine (generating), while the generating machine feeds electrical power to the motoring machine. The only power drawn from the mains is the losses of both the machines. Load test and heat-run test could thus be conducted with very little energy consumption while the machines carry full load current at rated voltage. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. 2HP Shunt machines mechanically coupled both are identical 220V 2HP 1500rpm. 2. 3-4 point DC Starter for the above 3. Suitable Loading rheostats 4. Digital tachometer 5. Suitable double tube rheostat 6. Suitable single tube rheostat 7. Suitable digital Voltmeters DC 8. Suitable digital ammeters DC. 9. Suitable DC source Rectifier unit

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR NO LOAD TEST ON A THREE

PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

No-Load Test: At no-load the machine runs at very small slip sufficient to provide power for windage and friction loss, core loss and also a certain amount of stator copper loss, which has to be, accounted for because of the large no load current. With low slip, the following approximation will hold good. R2(1/s-1) is very high R2/s>>X2 With these approximations the necessary formulae for finding out Xm will be given while conducting the no-load test.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Blocking the rotor from rotating is equivalent to making s=1 so that R2(1/s-1)=0. This test is conducted by applying a low voltage to the stator so as to limit the current drawn to its full load value. At this reduced voltage, the core loss can be neglected but the effect of Xm has to be taken into account, as its value is small as compared to that of the transformer. The slip of induction motor during normal operating conditions is low (2 to 8%). This leads to lower rotor frequency. So for obtaining more accurate value of the rotor resistance, this test is conducted at a lower frequency and then the reactance values are scaled upto 50Hz. Such kind of a test at low frequency is not necessary for motors of less than 25kw. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. Squirrel cage induction motor 3HP 440V 1440rpm coupled with DC shunt generator 220V@1500rpm 2KW on a common base plate 2. DOL starter (ON line starter for 3? induction motor ) 3. Suitable loading Rheostat single phase 4. Suitable Rheostat 5. Suitable Digital Voltmeter AC 6. Suitable Digital Ammeter AC 7. Suitable Wattmeter 8. Suitable Voltmeter DC 9. Suitable Digital Ammeter DC 10. Digital tachometer 11. 3? 6A capacity Variac 400V / 0-470V.
NO LOAD TESTS ON A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Objective: To obtain the performance characteristic of 3-phase induction motor by load test and by loss summation method. Preview : On no load, the power factor of an induction motor is very low and it slowly improves with load and attains a value around 0.85 on full load. Efficiency starts from zero on no load; increases with load, reaches a maximum at about 80% of rated load and then starts decreasing. One of the methods of loading an induction motor is to couple it to a dc machine, which is run as a dynamometer or with the help of a brake drum arrangement.

LOAD TESTS ON A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Objective: To start and synchronise the synchronous machine (SM) to the Bus Bars. To conduct load test on the SM as a motor To conduct load test on the SM as a generator Preview: A synchronous machine has a three-phase stator winding which carries threephase balanced currents producing rotating field at synchronous speed (ns=120f/p). The rotor is dc excited and produces fixed poles when the rotor is made to run at a speed close to synchronous speed. The two fields get locked in each other and the rotor must run at a speed equal to synchronous speed. The torque developed is proportional to Sin A. The power angle A is the angle between the rotor field axis and resultant air-gap field. When the power is put into the machine by a prime mover coupled to it, then the rotor field leads (in the direction of the rotor) the resultant air gap field by an angle delta. The electrical power flows out of the machine to the load or to the bus bar, as the case may be, while the mechanical power flows into it throughout the shaft from the prime mover. This is generating operation of the machine. If instead a mechanical load is placed on the shaft of the machine the rotor field then begins to lag behind the resultant air gap field by an angle delta. The electrical power is now drawn from the mains while the mechanical power goes out of the shaft into the load. This is the motoring operation of the machine. If the electrical load on the generating machine is the maximum load of the motor the matching of the two fields is lost and the machine is said to lose synchronism

or fall out of step. In such a condition the machine must be electrically disconnected from the bus and the input to the prime mover must be immediately brought down. This loss of synchronism can occur at values of delta much less than 900 in conditions of electrical or mechanical shock to the machine. So in practical operation of synchronous machine, value of delta is about 300. A per phase circuit model of the machine with dc field excitation is drawn in Fig.1. Xs is the synchronous reactance of the machine and Ef is the excitation emf due to the rotor alone. In generating operation Ef leads V by angle delta while in motoring operation it lags. In any given load condition if the dc field excitation is changed the excitation emf changes accordingly and thus results in change in power factor of the current being fed by the generator or drawn by the motor. While the machine is run at synchronous speed the excitation gives a simple control over the power factor of its operation. Of course if the field excitation is excessively reduced it reduces the maximum torque (power capability of the machine) and it may lose Synchronism (fall out of step). In order to connect synchronous machine to the bus bars, it has to be properly synchronized. i.e. the rotor is brought to a speed close to synchronous speed, adjusted to give rated voltage at its terminals and the machine is switched over to the bus bar at the exact moment when the machine voltage phasor and the bus bars voltage phasor are coincident. This process is known as synchronization. Practically all generating stations small or large use synchronous generators. Synchronous motor is used in special applications where constancy of speed is required and control over power factor helps in improving the power factor of the total plant. It is to be pointed out here that when the motor field is over excited it draws a lagging power factor current (inducted behavior). At a certain load, excitation is called normal, when the power factor is unity. In order to conduct experimental test on a synchronous machine the machine is duly coupled to a dc machine. It can either act as a generator or as a motor. It also of course helps in synchronizing the machine to the bus bar. Such a set up in our laboratory will be used for synchronous machine tests. Equipment Required: All the measuring instruments associated with each experiment are industrial grade. These instruments are housed in an elegant cabinet as a package. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format) 1. Three Phase 400V 3KVA 1500rpm synchronous alternator coupled with 5HP DC shunt motor 220V 1500rpm on a common base plate 2. 3/4point DC starter 3. synchronizing panel consisting of 2frequency meters, 2voltmeters, 1synchronscope, 1set of bulbs for dark and bright method, complete with ON / OFF switch and a knife switch for synchronizing 4. Suitable Digital Ammeter AC 5. Suitable Digital Wattmeter 6. Suitable Digital Voltmeter DC 7. Suitable Digital Ammeter DC

8. Suitable Loading rheostat 3 9. Suitable Single tube rheostat 10. Suitable Double tube rheostat 11. Suitable DC Rectifier unit 12. Phase sequence indicator

TYPICAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM

The following is a representative connection diagram shown in the manuals. Diagrams like this will be available for each experiment, in addition to the actual circuit diagram.

CALIBRATION OF ENERGY METER

Study of calibration of Single phase Energy meter of 5 A capacity with 750 revolutions / KWH with unity power factor. This consists of calibration measurement of Known energy meter with unknown energy meter. Two energy meters are supplied with this trainer. One of them is known to be calibrated and the other TO BE calibrated to determine % of deviation. By this method percentage deviation of an Unknown energy meter is studied. (a) Energy meter ( WITH VISIBLE TRANSPARENT CASE FOR VIEWING ALL THE MOVING PARTS) 2 Nos (b) Digital voltmeter to monitor the incoming line voltage, (c) Digital Ammeter to measure the amount of current passing thought the energy meter. (d) Stopwatch used to measure duration of energy consumed per Unit time. (e) Necessary power supplies to conduct the experiment for the measurement of energy consumption per unit time. All assembled in a cabinet with all the terminals brought out for interconnecting and for the purpose of measurement. By connecting an external variable lamp load and using stop watch, the energy consumed per unit time (KWH) can be measured. Lamp load capable of providing 5A OR resistive load of 10A. (Specify the type of load required at the time of placing your purchase order)

Specifications: Analog Ammeter : Moving coil type Range : 25mA DC FSD Digital meter : 3- digit digital Ammeter Range : 20mA DC FSD Input voltage source : 5 V DC Fixed Load resistor : A continuously variable load resistance in the range of 100 to 5 K Ohms using potentiometer method. Shunt resistor : 10K Ohm shunt resistor will be supplied. Power supply : Necessary built-in power supplies operating at 230V AC mains. Cabinet : An ergonomically designed cabinet