Glossary of Math

Khalid Abouzaid

Glossary of Math
Collected by Khalid Abouzaid

Glossary Term abscissa absolute value

Definition The first number of an ordered pair. The x-coordinate of a point graphed in the coordinate plane. The absolute value of a number a is its distance from zero on a number line and is represented by a . Example: The absolute value of -2 is 2, or 2 = 2. A function written as f(x) = x , where f(x) 0 for all values of x. The closeness of a measurement to its true value. An angle with a measure greater than 0 and less than 90.

absolute value function accuracy acute angle

acute triangle

A triangle in which each angle measures less than 90.

Addition Property of Equality additive identity additive inverse

adjacent angles

If you add the same number to each side of an equation, the two sides remain equal. For any numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a + c = b + c. Example: If x = 3, then x + 5 = 3 + 5. The sum of any number and 0 is the number. For any number a, a + 0 = 0 + a = a. Example: 6 + 0 = 0 + 6 = 6 A number that when added to a given number results in a sum of zero. Example: The additive inverse of 4 is -4 because 4 + (4) = 0. Angles that have the same vertex, share a common side, and do not overlap. In the figure, 1 and 2 are adjacent angles

adjacent arcs

Arcs of a circle with one point in common. In the figure, arc PQ and arc QR are adjacent arcs.

algebra

A mathematical language that uses symbols, usually letters that stand for unknowns, along with numbers.

Glossary Term algebraic expression alternate exterior angles

Definition An expression consisting of one or more numbers and variables along with one or more arithmetic operations. In the figure, transversal t intersects lines l and m. 1 and 7, and 2 and 8 are alternate exterior angles.

alternate interior angles

In the figure, transversal t intersects lines l and m. 3 and 5, and 4 and 6 are alternate interior angles.

altitude

A line segment perpendicular to the base of a figure with endpoints on the base and on the vertex opposite the base.

altitude of a trapezoid

A segment perpendicular to the lines containing the bases.

altitude of a triangle

A perpendicular segment in which one endpoint is a vertex of the triangle and the other is a point on the side opposite the vertex.

Glossary Term amplitude analytic geometry angle

Definition For functions of the form y = A sin k or y = A cos k, the amplitude is A . The study of coordinate geometry from an algebraic perspective. A figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint. In the figure, RST is formed by rays SR and ST with the common endpoint (or vertex) S.

angle bisector

A ray whose endpoint is the vertex of the angle and is located in the interior of the angle. It separates a given angle into two angles with equal measure. In the figure, PW is the angle bisector of P.

angle bisector of a triangle

A segment that separates an angle of a triangle into two congruent angles.

angle of depression

The angle formed by a horizontal line of sight and a line of sight below it.

Glossary Term angle of elevation

Definition The line formed by a horizontal line of sight and a line of sight above it.

angle of rotation antilogarithm apothem of a regular polygon

The degree measure of the angle through which a figure is rotated. If log x = a, then x is called the antilogarithm of a, abbreviated antilog a. A segment from the center of a regular polygon perpendicular to a side of the polygon.

arc arccosine arcsine arctangent area arithmetic mean arithmetic sequence

arithmetic series Associative Property

asymptote augmented matrix average axes axis of a cylinder back-to-back bar graph

A set of points along a circle. The inverse of y = cos x, written as x = arccos y. The inverse of y = sin x, written as x = arcsin y. The inverse of y = tan x, written as x = arctan y. The number of square units needed to cover a surface enclosed by a geometric figure. The terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence. A numerical pattern that increases or decreases at a constant rate or value. The difference between successive terms of the sequence is constant. Example: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, The indicated sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence. The way in which three numbers are grouped when they are added or multiplied does not change their sum or product. For any numbers a, b, and c, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), and (ab)c = a(bc). Example: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) or (2 3) 5 = 2 (3 5). A line that a graph approaches but never intersects. A coefficient matrix with an extra column containing the constant terms. The sum of data divided by the number of items in the data set, also called the mean. The two perpendicular number lines in a coordinate system. The segment whose endpoints are the centers of the circular bases of a cylinder. A graph plotted on a two-quadrant coordinate system with the horizontal scale repeated on each direction from the central axis, used to show comparisons.

Glossary Term back-to-back stem-andleaf plot bar graph bar notation base angles of an isosceles triangle

Definition Used to compare two sets of data. The leaves for one set of data are on one side of the stem, and the leaves for the other set of data are on the other side. A graph that compares different categories of data by showing each category as a bar whose length is related to the frequency. In repeating decimals, the line or bar placed over the digits that repeat. Example: 2.63636363 = 2. 63 . The equal angles formed by the base and the congruent sides of an isosceles triangle.

base angles of a trapezoid

The pairs of angles of a trapezoid with their vertices at the endpoints of the same base.

base in a percent proportion base of a threedimensional figure base of an expression base of an isosceles triangle

The number to which the percentage is compared. The faces on the top and bottom of the figure. In an expression of the form xn, the base is x. The side opposite the vertex angle.

Glossary Term bases of a trapezoid

Definition The parallel sides of a trapezoid.

best-fit line betweenness

The line that most closely approximates the data in a scatter plot. Point R is between points P and Q if and only if R, P, and Q are collinear and PR + RQ = PQ.

biased sample biconditional bimodal data binomial binomial experiment

bisect boundary box-and-whisker plot Cartesian coordinate plane

A sample in which one or more parts of the population are favored over others. The conjunction of a conditional statement and its converse. Data with two modes. An algebraic expression that has two terms. Examples: x + 1, x2 + y , a 2b An experiment in which there are exactly two possible outcomes for each trial, a fixed number of independent trials, and the probabilities for each trial are the same. To separate something into two congruent parts. A line or curve that separates the coordinate plane into regions. A diagram that divides a set of data into four parts using the median and quartiles. A plane divided into four quadrants by the intersection of the xaxis and the y-axis at the origin.

Glossary Term center of a circle

Definition The given point from which all points on a circle are the same distance. In the figure, P is the center of the circle.

center of an ellipse center of a hyperbola center of rotation centimeter central angle

The point at which the major axis and minor axis of an ellipse intersect. The midpoint of the segment whose endpoints are the foci. The fixed point about which a figure rotates or spins. A metric unit of length. 1 centimeter = 0.01 meter An angle whose vertex is the center of a circle and whose sides intersect the circle. In the figure, MTD is a central angle of circle T.

centroid of a triangle

The point of intersection of the three medians of a triangle. In the figure, X is the centroid of triangle JKM.

characteristic chord

The part of the logarithm of a number which is the exponent of 10 used to write the number in scientific notation. A segment whose endpoints are on a circle. In the figure, JR is a chord.

circle

The set of all points in a plane that are the same distance from a given point called the center.

circle graph circular functions

A graph that compares parts of a set of data as a percent of the whole set. Functions defined using a unit circle.

Glossary Term circumcenter circumference circumscribed polygon

Definition The point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle. The distance around a circle. A polygon with each side tangent to a circle.

Closure Property

cluster clustering coefficient coinciding lines collinear points

A set of numbers is closed for addition or multiplication if the sum or product of two numbers is still included in the same number system. Data that are grouped closely together. An estimation method in which a group of numbers close in value are rounded to the same number. The numerical factor of a term. The graphs of two equations that represent the same line. Three or more points that lie on the same line. In the figure, P, Q, and L are collinear points.

combination common denominator

An arrangement or listing in which order is not important. A common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions. Example: 24 is the common denominator of and

1 5 , , 3 8

3 because 24 is the LCM of 3, 8, and 4. 4

common difference common factor common logarithm common multiples common ratio Commutative Property

The difference between any two consecutive terms in an arithmetic sequence. A whole number that is a factor of each number in a set of numbers. Example: 5 is a common factor of 10, 15, 25, and 100. A logarithm that uses 10 as the base. Multiples that are shared by two or more numbers. Example: Some common multiples of 2 and 3 are 6, 12, and 18. The quotient between any two consecutive terms in a geometric sequence. The order in which two numbers are added or multiplied does not change their sum or product. For any numbers a and b, a + b = b + a and ab = ba. Example: 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 or 2 3 = 3 2

Glossary Term compass

Definition An instrument used to draw circles and arcs of circles.

compatible numbers complementary angles

Two numbers that are easy to add, subtract, multiply, or divide mentally. Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90. In the figure, 1 and 2 are complementary angles.

complementary events

complements complex fraction complex number complex plane

components of a vector composite number composition of functions

compound event compound inequality compound statement

The events of one outcome happening and that same outcome not happening. The sum of the probabilities of complementary events is 1. Two events are complements if the sum of their probabilities is 1. A fraction that has one or more fractions in the numerator or denominator. Any number that can be written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit. The complex number a + bi is graphed as the ordered pair (a, b) in the complex plane. The real axis is horizontal, and the imaginary axis is vertical. Two or more vectors whose sum is the given vector. A whole number greater than 1 that has more than two factors. A function is performed, and then a second function is performed on the result of the first function. The composition of f and g is denoted by f g, and [f g][x] = f[g(x)]. An event which consists of two or more simple events. Two or more inequalities that are connected by the words and or or. Two or more statements that are connected by the words and or or.

Glossary Term concave polygon

Definition A polygon for which a point on at least one of its diagonals lies outside the polygon. In the figure, diagonal JL lies outside polygon JKLMN.

concentric circles

Circles that lie in the same plane, have the same center, and have radii of different lengths. In the figure, circle R with radius RS and circle R with radius RT are concentric circles.

conclusion concurrent

The part of a conditional statement immediately following the word then. Three or more lines or segments that meet at a common point. In the figure, JR , KP , and MQ are concurrent.

conditional probability conditional statement

cone

The probability of an event under the condition that some preceding event has occurred. A statement that something is true or will be true provided that something else is also true. The statement can be written in the form If A, then B. A three-dimensional figure with one circular base and one vertex. A curved surface connects the base and the vertex.

congruence transformation congruent congruent figures

A mapping for which a geometric figure and its image are congruent. Having the same measure. Figures that have the same shape and size.

Glossary Term congruent solids

conic section conjecture conjugate of a complex number conjugate of a binomial conjunction consecutive integers consecutive interior angles

Definition Two solids are congruent if all of the following conditions are met. 1. The corresponding angles are congruent. 2. Corresponding edges are congruent. 3. Corresponding faces are congruent. 4. The volumes are congruent. Any figure that can be obtained by the intersection of a plane with a right cone. A conclusion reached that is based on inductive reasoning. The conjugate of the complex number a + bi is a bi. The conjugate of the binomial a b + c d is a b c d . A compound statement formed by joining two statements with the word and. Integers in counting order. In the figure, transversal t intersects lines l and m. 3 and 6, and 4 and 5 are consecutive interior angles.

consecutive sides

Sides of a polygon that share a vertex. In the figure, PS and PQ are consecutive sides.

consistent system constant constant function constant of variation construction continuous function contrapositive convenience sample convergent series converse

A system of equations that has at least one ordered pair that satisfies both equations. A term that does not contain a variable. A linear function of the form f(x) = b. The number k in an equation of the form y = kx. The process of drawing a figure using only a compass and a straightedge. A function is said to be continuous at point (x1, y1,) if it is defined at that point and passes through that point without a break. The statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion of the converse of a conditional statement. A sample which includes members of the population that are easily accessed. An infinite series that has a sum or limit. The statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement.

Glossary Term convex polygon

Definition A polygon for which all diagonals are located in the interior of the polygon.

coordinate coordinate grid coordinate plane

The number that corresponds to a point on a number line. (see coordinate plane) A plane, also called a coordinate grid or coordinate system, in which a horizontal number line and a vertical number line intersect at their zero points.

coordinate proof coordinate system coplanar

A geometric proof that uses figures on a coordinate plane. (see coordinate plane) Points or lines that lie in the same plane. In the plane M, points A, B, and C are coplanar, and AB and BC are coplanar.

corollary corresponding angles

A statement that can be easily proved using a theorem. Angles that have the same position on two different parallel lines cut by a transversal. In the figure, 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7, and 4 and 8 are corresponding angles.

corresponding parts cosecant

Parts of congruent or similar figures that match. In a right triangle with acute angle A, the cosecant of A = the measure of the hypotenuse . the measure of the leg opposite A

Glossary Term cosine

cotangent

coterminal angles counterexample Cramers Rule critical points cross products

Definition In a right triangle with acute angle A, the cosine of A = the measure of the leg adjacent to A . the measure of the hypotenuse In a right triangle with acute angle A, the cotangent of A = the measure of the leg adjacent to A . the measure of the leg opposite A Two angles in standard position that have the same terminal side. A specific case which proves a statement false. A method that uses determinants to solve a system of linear equations. Points at which the nature of a graph changes. The product of the terms on the diagonals when two ratios are compared. Example: In the proportion

2 8 = , the cross 3 12

cube of a number cube (geometric figure)

products are 2 12 and 3 8. The product in which a number is a factor three times. Example: The cube of 2, or 2 cubed, is 8 because 2 2 2 = 8. A solid figure with six square faces.

cubic function cubic units cumulative frequency histogram cumulative frequency table cup cylinder

A function that can be described by an equation of the form y =ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a 0. Used to measure volume and tells the number of cubes of a given size needed to fill a three-dimensional figure. A histogram organized using a cumulative frequency table. A table in which the frequencies are accumulated for each item. A customary unit of capacity equal to 8 fluid ounces. A solid figure whose bases are formed by congruent circles in parallel planes and whose lateral surface is curved. The segment whose endpoints are the centers of the circular bases is called the axis of the cylinder. The altitude is a segment perpendicular to the bases with an endpoint in each base.

data decagon

Numerical information gathered for statistical purposes. A polygon having ten sides.

Glossary Term deductive reasoning degree

degree of a monomial degree of a polynomial denominator dependent events dependent system dependent variable depressed polynomial determinant diagonal

Definition The process of using facts, rules, definitions, or properties to reach a valid conclusion. The most common unit of measure for angles. If a circle were divided into 360 equal-sized parts, each part would have an angle measure of 1 degree, denoted as 1. The sum of the exponents of all its variables. The greatest degree of any term in the polynomial. The bottom number in a fraction. Two or more events in which the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other events. A consistent system of equations that has an infinite number of solutions. The variable in a relation whose value depends on the value of the independent variable. The quotient when a polynomial is divided by one of its binomial factors. A square array of numbers having a numerical value. The numerical value of the square array of numbers. A segment joining two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon. In the figure, SQ is a diagonal.

diameter

The distance across a circle through its center. In the figure, TG is a diameter of circle K.

dilation dimensional analysis direct variation discontinuous function discrete discriminant disjunction Distance Formula

A transformation in which a figure is enlarged or reduced. The process of carrying units throughout a computation. An equation of the form y = kx, where k = 0. A function is said to be discontinuous at point (x1, y1) if there is a break in the graph of the function at that point. Data that can be described by whole numbers or fractional values. In the Quadratic Formula, the expression under the radical sign, b2 - 4ac. A compound statement formed by joining two segments with the word or. The distance between two points, with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), is given by d =

( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
2

Glossary Term Distributive Property

divisible Division Property of Equality Division Property for Inequalities

Definition To multiply a sum by a number, multiply each addend of the sum by the number outside the parentheses. For any numbers a, b, and c, a(b + c) = ab + ac and a(b c) = ab ac. Example: 2(5 + 3) = (2 5) + (2 3) and 2(5 3) = (2 5) (2 3) A number is divisible by another if, upon division, the remainder is zero. If you divide each side of an equation by the same nonzero number, the two sides remain equal. For all numbers a, b and c, the following are true: 1. If c is positive and a < b, then

a b < , and if c is positive and a > b, c c a b a b then > . 2. If c is negative and a < b, then > , and if c is c c c c a b negative and a > b, then < . c c

domain double bar graph e edge element of a matrix elimination method

ellipse

The set of the first numbers or abscissas of the ordered pairs in a relation. A graphical display that uses paired horizontal or vertical bars to compare data. The irrational number 2.71828. e is the base of natural logarithms. The intersection of faces of a three-dimensional figure. Each number in a matrix. The use of addition or subtraction in combination with multiplication or division to eliminate one variable and solve a system of equations. The set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances from two given points in the plane, called foci, is constant.

empirical study empty set equal sign equally likely outcomes equation

Performing an experiment, collecting and combining data, and analyzing the results. A set with no elements shown by the symbol { } or . A solution set with no members. Also called a null set. A symbol of equality, =. Outcomes for which the probability of each occurring is equal. A mathematical sentence stating that two expressions are equal. Example: 3 (7 + 8) = 9 5

Glossary Term equiangular triangle

Definition A triangle with three congruent angles.

equilateral triangle

A triangle having all three sides congruent and all three angles congruent.

equivalent equations equivalent expressions

Equations that have the same solution. Expressions that have the same value or that have the same mathematical meaning for all replacement values of their variables. Examples: 3 + 2 = 10 5, 2x + 3x = 5x Fractions that have the same value. Example:

equivalent fractions equivalent ratios evaluate even number even function event excluded values expanded form (or expanded notation) experimental probability exponent

2 4 and 3 6

exponential decay exponential function exponential growth expression

Two ratios that have the same value. Example: 5:4 = 10:8 Find the value of an expression. A whole number that is divisible by 2. A function whose graph is a symmetric with respect to the yaxis. A specific outcome or type of outcome. Any values of a variable that result in a denominator of 0 must be excluded from the domain of that variable. The sum of the products of each digit and its place value of a number. Example: 867 = 800 + 60 + 7 The ratio of the number of positive outcomes to the total number of events or trials in a probability experiment. A number that indicates how many times a number or expression is to be multiplied by itself. Example: In the expression 53, the exponent is 3. Exponential decay occurs when a quantity decreases exponentially over time. A function that can be described by an equation of the form y = ax, where a > 0 and a 1. Exponential growth occurs when a quantity increases exponentially over time. A mathematical combination of numbers, variables, and operations. Examples: 5 + 23, 4x, 6x + y2

Glossary Term exterior of an angle

Definition All points outside the sides of the angle. A is in the exterior of XYZ.

exterior angle of a triangle

An angle that forms a linear pair with an angle of the triangle. In the figure, 1 is an exterior angle.

exterior angles

In the figure, tranversal t intersects lines l and m. 1, 2, 7, and 8 are exterior angles.

extraneous solutions extrapolation extremes face of a threedimensional figure factor

Results that are not solutions to the original equation. Predicting for an x-value greater than any in the data set. In the proportion

a c = , a and d are the extremes. b d

The flat surface of a three-dimensional figure. In an algebraic or numerical expression, the quantities being multiplied are called factors. Example: 3 and 11 are factors of 33. Express a polynomial as the product of monomials and polynomials. A diagram showing the prime factorization of a number. The factors branch out from the previous factors until all of the factors are prime numbers. A monomial expressed as a product of prime numbers and variables with no variable having an exponent greater than 1. The expression of n!, read n factorial, where n is greater than zero, is the product of all positive integers beginning with n and counting backward to 1. Example: 5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120 Any outcome other than the desired outcome of an event. A game in which players of equal skill have an equal chance of winning. Graphs and equations of graphs that have at least one characteristic in common.

factor a polynomial factor tree

factored form factorial

failure fair game family of graphs

Glossary Term Fibonacci sequence flow proof

fluid ounce foot formula 45-45-90 triangle fractal fraction frequency frequency frequency distribution frequency table front-end estimation

function function notation

function rule function table functional value Fundamental Counting Principle gallon geometric mean geometric probability geometric sequence

geometric series

Definition A sequence in which the first two terms are 1 and each of the additional terms is the sum of the two previous terms. A proof that organizes statements in logical order, starting with the given statements. Each statement is written in a box with the reason verifying the statement written below the box. Arrows are used to indicate the order of the statements. A customary unit of capacity. A customary unit of length. 1 foot = 12 inches An equation that states a rule for the relationship between certain quantities. Example: A = r2 is the formula for finding the area of a circle. A right triangle with two 45 angles. A complex two- or three-dimensional figure that can be endlessly magnified and is generated by using iteration. A number representing some part of a whole or part of a set. A quotient in the form a . b The number of cycles per unit of time in a periodic function. How often a piece of data occurs. A system of organizing data by determining classes and the frequency of values in each class. A table of tally marks used to record and display how often events occur. An estimation method in which the front digits are added or subtracted first, and then the digits in the next place value position are added or subtracted. A relation in which exactly one element of the range is paired with each element of the domain . A way to name a function that is defined by an equation. Example: In function notation, the equation y = 3x 8 is written as f(x) = 3x 8. An expression which describes the relationship between each input and output. A table used to organize the input numbers, output numbers, and the function rule. The element in the range that corresponds to a specific element in the domain. If an event M can occur in m ways and is followed by an event N that can occur in n ways, then event M followed by event N can occur in m n ways. A customary unit of capacity equal to four quarts. Missing terms between two nonconsecutive terms in a geometric sequence. Using the principles of length and area to find the probability of an event. A sequence in which each term after the nonzero first term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant called the common ratio r, where r 0 or 1. Example: 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, The indicated sum of the terms of a geometric sequence.

Glossary Term gram graph great circle greatest common factor (GCF) greatest integer function half-plane height of a parallelogram

Definition A unit of mass in the metric system. 1000 grams = 1 kilogram To draw, or plot, the points named by certain numbers or ordered pairs on a number line or coordinate plane. For a given sphere, the intersection of the sphere and a plane that contains the center of the sphere. The greatest number that is a factor of two or more numbers. Example: The greatest common factor of 30, 60, and 15 is 15. A step function, written as f(x) = [[x]], where f(x) is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. The two regions of the coordinate plane separated by the graph of a linear equation. The shortest distance from the base of a parallelogram to its opposite side.

height of a triangle

hemisphere heptagon hexagon histogram hour hyperbola

The measure of the segment from a vertex of a triangle to the line containing the opposite side (base) and perpendicular to that side. One of the two congruent parts into which a great circle separates a sphere. A polygon having seven sides. A polygon having six sides. A bar graph in which the data are organized into equal intervals. The height of the bar represents the frequency in that interval. A commonly used unit of time. There are 60 minutes in one hour and 24 hours in one day. The set of all points in the plane such that the absolute value of the difference of the distances from two given points in the plane, called foci, is constant.

hypotenuse

The side opposite the right angle in a right triangle.

Glossary Term hypothesis identity Identity Property if-then statement image imaginary part of a complex number imaginary unit improper fraction incenter inch included angle

Definition The part of a conditional statement immediately following the word if. An equation that is true for every value of the variable. The sum of an addend and zero is the addend. The product of a factor and one is the factor. Example: 5 + 0 = 5 and 5 1 = 5 Conditional statement in the form If A, then B. The position of a figure after a transformation. b in the complex number a + bi. i, or the principal square root of 1. A fraction that has a numerator that is greater than or equal to the denominator. Examples: 21, 2 4 1 The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors of a triangle. A customary unit of length. 12 inches = 1 foot An angle formed by two given sides of a triangle. In the figure, A is the included angle of AB and AC .

included side

A side common to two given angles of a triangle. In the figure, AB is the included side of A and B.

inclusive events inconsistent system independent events independent system independent variable indirect measurement indirect proof (or indirect reasoning)

inductive reasoning inequality infinite sequence infinite series infinity

Two events that can occur at the same time and whose outcomes may be the same. A system of equations with no ordered pair that satisfies both equations. Two or more events in which the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the other events. A system of equations with exactly one solution. The variable in a function whose value is subject to choice. A technique using proportions to find a measurement. In an indirect proof, one assumes that the statement to be proved is false. One then uses logical reasoning to deduce that a statement contradicts a postulate, theorem, or one of the assumptions. Once a contradiction is obtained, one concludes that the statement assumed false must be true. A conclusion based on a pattern of examples. An open sentence that uses the symbol <, , >, or to compare two quantities. A sequence which has infinitely many terms. The indicated sum of the terms of an infinite sequence. Lines and sets that never end are said to continue to infinity.

Glossary Term inscribed angle

Definition An angle whose vertex lies on a circle and whose sides contain chords of the circle. In the figure, RST is inscribed in circle P.

inscribed polygon

A polygon in which every vertex of the polygon lies on the circle.

integers intercept interior angles

The set of whole numbers and their opposites {, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, }. The point at which a line or curve cuts across another line, curve, or surface. In the figure, transversal t intersects lines l and m. 3, 4, 5, and 6 are interior angles.

interior of an angle interpolation interquartile range intersecting lines intersection interval inverse inverse of a relation inverse functions

All points between the two sides of an angle. Predicting an x-value between the least and greatest values of the set. The difference between the upper and lower quartiles representing the middle half of the data in the set. Lines that are coplanar and have exactly one point in common. The set of elements common to two or more sets as in compound inequalities and Venn diagrams. On a scale, the difference between the greatest and least values in each category. The statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. The inverse of any relation is obtained by switching the coordinates in each ordered pair. Two functions f and g are inverse functions if and only if both of their compositions are the identity function. [ f o g ] ( x) = [ g o f ] ( x) for all values of x. Pairs of operations that undo each other. Examples: Addition and subtraction are inverse operations. Multiplication and division are inverse operations. An equation of the form xy = k, where k 0.

inverse operations

inverse variation

Glossary Term inversely proportional

Definition y varies inversely as xn if there is some nonzero constant k such that xny = k or y =

k , n > 0. xn

irrational numbers irregular figure isometry isosceles trapezoid

Numbers that cannot be expressed as fractions, terminating decimals, or repeating decimals. A figure that cannot be classified as a single polygon. A mapping for which the original figure and its image are congruent. A trapezoid with two congruent legs.

isosceles triangle

A triangle with at least two congruent sides.

joint variation key kilogram kilometer kite

y varies jointly as xn and zn if there is some nonzero constant k such that y = kxnzn, where x 0, z 0, and n > 0. A sample data point used to explain the stems and leaves. The basic unit of mass in the metric system. 1 kilogram = 1000 grams A metric unit of length. 1 kilometer = 1000 meters. A quadrilateral with exactly two distinct pairs of adjacent congruent sides.

lateral area lateral edge of a prism lateral edge of a pyramid lateral face of a prism lateral face of a pyramid latus rectum leading coefficient leaf

The surface area of a cone, a cylinder, a prism, or a pyramid, not including the bases. The intersection of the two adjacent lateral faces. The edge of the lateral face that joins the vertex to a vertex of the base of the pyramid. A face that is not a base. Faces that intersect at the vertex. The line segment through the focus of a parabola and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. The coefficient of the term in a polynomial with the highest degree. A digit written to the right of the vertical line in a stem-and-leafplot.

Glossary Term least common denominator (LCD) least common multiple (LCM) legs

Definition The least common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions. Example: 12 is the least common denominator of 1 , 3 , and 5 . 3 4 6 The least nonzero number that is a common multiple of two or more numbers. Example: 36 is the least common multiple of 3, 9, and 12. The sides of a right triangle that form the right angle.

legs of an isosceles triangle

The congruent sides of an isosceles triangle.

legs of a trapezoid

The nonparallel sides of a trapezoid.

like fractions like terms limit line line graph line of best fit line of reflection

Fractions that have the same denominator. Terms that contain the same variables raised to the same power. Example: 5x2 and 6x2 are like terms. The value that the terms of a sequence approach. A never-ending straight path. Numerical data displayed to show trends or changes over time. A line that describes the trend of the data in a scatter plot. The line a figure is flipped over in a reflection.

Glossary Term line of symmetry

Definition A line that divides a figure into two halves that are reflections of each other.

line plot line segment

A number line labeled with a scale to include all the data with a mark placed above a data point each time it occurs. Part of a line containing two endpoints and all the points between them.

line symmetry linear equation linear function linear inequality linear programming linear term liter locus logarithm logarithmic equation logarithmic function lower bound lower extreme lower quartile magnitude major arc

Figures that match exactly when folded in half have line symmetry. An equation in the form Ax + By = C, where A 0 and B 0, whose graph is a straight line. A function in which the graph of the solutions forms a line defined by y = mx + b where m and b are real numbers. A relation whose boundary is a straight line. The process of finding the maximum or minimum values of a function for a region defined by inequalities. In the equation f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, bx is the linear term. The basic unit of capacity in the metric system. The set of points that satisfy a given condition. In the function x = by, y is called the logarithm, base b, of x. Usually written as y = logb x and read y equals log base b of x. An equation that contains one or more logarithms. The function y = log b x, where b > 0 and b 1, which is the inverse of the exponential function y = bx. The integer less than or equal to the least real zero of the polynomial function P(x). The least number of a set of data. Divides the lower half of a set of data into two equal parts. The length of a vector. An arc with a measure greater than 180. In the figure, arc ACB is a major arc.

major axis mantissa

The longer of the two line segments that form the axes of symmetry of an ellipse. The common logarithm of a number between 1 and 10.

Glossary Term mapping

Definition A diagram that illustrates how each element of the domain is paired with an element in the range.

mathematical induction matrix matrix logic maximum

mean mean deviation means measure of central tendency measure of variation median

A method of proof that depends on a recursive process and is used to prove statements about positive integers. A rectangular arrangement of numbers or elements in rows and columns. A method of deductive reasoning that uses a table to solve problems. The highest point or the critical point on the graph of a curve where the curve changes from an increasing curve to a decreasing curve. The sum of the numbers in a set of data divided by the number of pieces of data in the set. The arithmetic mean of the absolute value of the deviations from the mean of a set of data. In the proportion a = c , b and c are the means. b d A number or piece of data that represents the whole set of data. A measure that describes the spread of the values in a set of data. The middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order. If the data has an even number, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers. A line drawn by using the medians of the x- and y-coordinates of groups of points in a scatter plot. A segment joining the midpoints of the legs of a trapezoid.

median-fit line median of a trapezoid

Glossary Term median of a triangle

Definition A segment in which one endpoint is the vertex of a triangle and the other endpoint is the midpoint of the side opposite that vertex.

meter metric system midpoint midsegment mile milligram milliliter minimum minor of an element minor arc

The basic unit of length in the metric system. A base-ten system of measurement using the basic units: meter for length, kilogram for mass, and liter for capacity. On a line segment, the point that is halfway between the endpoints. A segment with endpoints that are the midpoints of two sides of a triangle. A customary unit of length. 1 mile = 5280 feet or 1760 yards A metric unit of mass. 1 milligram = 0.001 gram A metric unit of capacity. 1 milliliter = 0.001 liter The lowest point on the graph of a curve. The determinant formed when the row and column of the determinant containing a certain element are deleted. An arc with a measure less than 180. In the figure, arc AB is a minor arc.

minor axis minute (angles) minute (time) mixed number

The shorter of the two line segments that form the axes of symmetry and which does not contain the foci of an ellipse. A unit of angle measure that is

1 of a degree. 60

A commonly used unit of time. There are 60 seconds in one minute and there are 60 minutes in one hour. The indicated sum of a whole number and a fraction. Examples:

1 3 5 1 , 2 , 4 2 4 8
mode monomial multiple The number(s) or item(s) that appear most often in a set of data. A number, a variable, or a product of a number and one or more variables. Examples: 3, y, 2x, 5xy2 The product of a number and any whole number. Example: 8 is a multiple of 4.

Glossary Term Multiplication Property for Inequalities

multiplicative identity multiplicative inverse

Definition For all numbers a, b, and c, the following are true. 1. If c is positive and a < b, then ac < bc, c 0, and if c is positive and a > b, then ac > bc, c 0. 2. If c is negative and a < b, then ac > bc, c 0, and if c is negative and a > b, then ac < bc, c 0. For any number a, a 1 = 1 a = a. Example: 4 1 = 1 4 = 4 The number that when multiplied by a given number results in a product of one. Example: The multiplicative inverse of 4 is 1 4 1 = 1. because 4 4

Multiplicative Inverse Property

a , where a, b 0, there is exactly b b a b one number such that = 1 . a b a

For every nonzero number If you multiply each side of an equation by the same number, the two sides remain equal. For any numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a c = b c. Example: If x = 3, then x 5 = 3 5. For any number a, a 0 = 0 a = 0. Example: 7 0 = 0 7 = 0 Equations with more than one operation. Two or more events whose outcomes can never be the same. Logarithms with base e, written ln x. y = ln x, the inverse of the natural base exponential function y = ex . The set {1, 2, 3, }. The negative of a statement. In a scatter plot, as x increases, y decreases. Any integer that is less than zero. Any number that is less than zero. A two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional figure that can be folded to form the figure.

Multiplicative Property of Equality Multiplicative Property of Zero multi-step equations mutually exclusive events natural logarithm natural logarithmic function natural numbers negation negative correlation negative integer negative number net

n-gon nonagon noncollinear points

A polygon with n sides. A polygon having nine sides. Three or more points that do not lie on the same line. In the figure, A, B, and C are noncollinear points.

Glossary Term nonconsecutive sides

Definition Sides of a polygon that do not share a vertex. In the figure, PS and QR are nonconsecutive sides.

noncoplanar non-Euclidean geometry nonterminating decimal normal curve normal distribution

Points or lines that do not lie in the same plane. The study of geometrical systems that are not in accordance with the Parallel Postulate of Euclidean geometry. An infinite number of digits following either a repeating or a notrepeating pattern. A symmetric bell-shaped graph of a normal distribution. A frequency distribution that often occurs when there is a large number of values in a set of data: about 68% of the values are within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% of the values are within two standard deviations of the mean, and 99% of the values are within three standard deviations.

normal form normal line nth order matrix nth root

null set number line number theory numerator numerical expression obtuse angle

The equation of a line that is written in terms of the length of the normal from the line to the origin. A line that is perpendicular to another line, curve, or surface. A square matrix with n rows and n columns. For any real numbers a and b, and any positive integer n, if an = b, then a is an nth root of b. Example: 2 is the fifth root of 32 since 25 = 32. A set with no elements shown by the symbol { } or . A solution set with no members. Also called an empty set. A line with equal distances marked off to represent numbers. The study of numbers and the relationships between them. The top number in a fraction. A mathematical expression that has a combination of numbers and at least one operation. 4 + 2 3 is a numerical expression. An angle that measures more than 90 but less than 180.

Glossary Term obtuse triangle

Definition A triangle having one obtuse angle.

octagon octants odd function odd number odds

one-to-one function

open sentence opposite rays

A polygon having eight sides. The eight regions of three-dimensional space. A function whose graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. A whole number that is not divisible by 2. The ratio that compares the number of ways an event can occur (successes) to the number of ways the event cannot occur (failures). 1. A function where each element of the range is paired with exactly one element of the domain 2. A function whose inverse is a function. A mathematical statement with one or more variables. Two rays that are part of the same line and have only their endpoints in common. In the figure, ray XY and ray YZ are opposite rays.

opposite vectors opposites order of operations

ordered pair

ordered triple ordinate origin orthocenter orthogonal drawing ounce outcome outlier

Two vectors that have the same magnitude and opposite directions. Every positive rational number and its negative pair. 1. Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols. 2. Evaluate all powers. 3. Do all multiplications and/or divisions from left to right. 4. Do all additions and/or subtractions from left to right. A pair of numbers used to locate a point in the coordinate plane or the solution of an equation in two variables. An ordered pair is written in the form (x-coordinate, y-coordinate). Three numbers used to locate a point in space or the solution of a system of equations in three variables. The second number of an ordered pair. The y-coordinate of a point graphed in the coordinate plane. The point (0, 0) in a coordinate plane where the x-axis and the y-axis intersect. The point of concurrency of the altitudes of a triangle. The two-dimensional top view, left view, front view, and right view of a three-dimensional object. A customary unit of weight. 16 ounces = 1 pound One possible result of a probability event. Example: 4 is an outcome when a number cube is rolled. Any element of a set of data that is at least 1.5 interquartile ranges less than the lower quartile or greater than the upper quartile.

Glossary Term parabola

Definition The graph of a quadratic function.

paragraph proof parallel lines

A logical argument used to validate a conjecture in paragraph form. Lines in the same plane that never intersect and have the same slope.

parallel planes

Planes that do not intersect. In the figure, plane PQR || plane JKL.

parallel vectors parallelogram

Vectors that have the same or opposite directions. A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel and congruent.

parent graph partial fraction Pascals triangle

pentagon percent percent of change

The simplest of the graphs or the anchor graph in a family of graphs. One of the fractions that were added or subtracted to result in a given rational expression. A triangular array of numbers such that the (n + 1)th row is the coefficient of the terms of the expansion (x + y)n for n = 0, 1, 2, . A polygon having five sides. A ratio that compares a number to 100. Example: 76 out of 100 is 76 percent or 76%. A ratio that compares the change in a quantity to the original amount.

Glossary Term percent of decrease percent of increase percentile perfect square perfect square trinomial perimeter period period of a function periodic function permutation perpendicular bisector

Definition The ratio of an amount of decrease to the original amount, expressed as a percent. The ratio of an amount of increase to the original amount, expressed as a percent. The point below which a given percent of the data lies. A number whose square root is a rational number. Example: 25 is a perfect square since 25 = 52 Trinomials that are the square of a binomial. Example: x2 + 2x + 1 is a perfect square trinomial since x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2. The distance around a closed geometric figure. In a repeating decimal, the digit or digits that repeat. Example: The period of 0.54 is 4. The least possible value of for which f(x) = f(x + ). A function is called periodic if there is a number such that f(x) = f(x + ) for all x in the domain of the function. An arrangement or listing of a group of objects in which order is important. A segment that is perpendicular to another segment and passes through that segments midpoint.

perpendicular lines

Lines which meet to form right angles and whose slopes have a product of 1.

perspective view phase shift pi

The view of a three-dimensional figure from the corner. The least value of k + c, for which the trigonometric function f(k + c) = 0. A horizontal translation of a trigonometric function. The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The Greek letter represents this number. The value of pi is 3.1415926 . Approximations for pi are 3.14 and

22 . 7

piecewise function pint

A function in which different equations are used for different intervals of the domain. A customary unit of capacity. 1 pint = 2 cups

Glossary Term plane

Definition A two-dimensional flat surface that extends in all directions.

plane Euclidean geometry Platonic Solids point point of inflection point of symmetry

Geometry based on Euclids axioms dealing with a system of points, lines, and planes. The five regular polyhedra: tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, or icosahedron. A specific location in space with no size or shape. A critical point of a graph where the graph changes its curvature from concave down to concave up or vice versa. The common point of reflection for all points of a figure. In the figure, R is a point of symmetry.

point-slope form point symmetry

polar coordinate system polar equation polar form

An equation of the form y y1 = m(x x1), where m is the slope and (x1, y1) is a given point on a nonvertical line. Two distinct points P and P are symmetric with respect to a point, M, if and only if M is the midpoint of PP. Point M is symmetric with respect to itself. A grid of concentric circles and their center, which is called the pole, whose radii are integral multiples of 1. An equation that uses polar coordinates. The complex number x + yi written as r(cos + isin ) where r =

x 2 + y 2 and = Arctan
polar graph polygon polygonal convex set polygonal region polyhedron polynomial polynomial equation polynomial function polynomial in one variable

y y when x > 0 and = Arctan + x x

when x < 0. The representation of the solution set which is the set of points whose coordinates (r, ) satisfy a given polar equation. A simple closed figure in a plane formed by three or more line segments. The solution of a system of linear inequalities. Any polygon and its interior form a polygonal region. A solid with four or more flat surfaces that are polygonal regions. A monomial or sum of monomials. Examples: 5x, 3x2 + 2 A polynomial that is set equal to zero. A function y = P(x) where P(x) is a polynomial in one variable. An expression of the form anxn + an - 1xn - 1 + . . . + a1x + ao where the coefficents ao, a1, . . ., an represent complex numbers, an is not zero, and n represents a nonnegative integer.

Glossary Term population positive correlation positive integer positive number postulate pound power power function precision

precision unit prediction equation preimage prime factorization prime number prime polynomial principal square root principal values prism

Definition A large group of data from which a sample of statistical data is selected. In a scatter plot, as x increases, y increases. Any integer that is greater than zero. Any number that is greater than zero. A rule of geometry that is accepted as being true without proof A customary unit of weight. 1pound = 16 ounces An expression of the form xn, read x to the nth power. Example: 74 is 7 raised to the fourth power, or 7 7 7 7. An equation in the form f(x) = axb, where a and b are real numbers. The preciseness of a measurement depends on the unit of measure. The smaller the unit, the more precise the measurement. The smallest unit on a measuring tool. An equation suggested by the points of a scatter plot that is used to predict other points. The position of a figure before a transformation. Expressing a composite number as a product of its prime factors. Example: The prime factorization of 63 is 3 3 7. A whole number, greater than 1, whose only factors are 1 and itself. A polynomial that cannot be written as a product of two polynomials with integral coefficients. The nonnegative square root of a number. The unique solutions of a trigonometric equation if the values of the function are restricted to two adjacent quadrants. A polyhedron with two parallel, congruent faces called bases. A solid with the following characteristics: 1. Two faces, called the bases, are formed by congruent polygons that lie in parallel planes. 2. The faces that are not bases, called lateral faces, are formed by parallelograms. 3.The intersection of two adjacent lateral faces are called lateral edges and are parallel segments.

probability

product proof

The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes for an event to the number of possible outcomes of the event. P(a) = number of favorable outcomes . total number of possible outcomes The result obtained by multiplying two or more numbers or variables. A logical argument used to validate a conjecture.

Glossary Term property proportion

Definition A statement that is true for any numbers or variables. An equation of the form

a c = stating that two ratios are b d

protractor pure imaginary number pyramid

equivalent. An instrument used to measure angles. The complex number a + bi when a = 0 and b 0. A solid figure that has a polygon for a base and triangles for sides. A pyramid is named for the shape of its base. A solid with the following characteristics: 1. All the faces, except one, intersect at a common point called the vertex. 2. The face that does not intersect at the vertex is called the base. The base is formed by a polygon. 3. The faces meeting at the vertex are called lateral faces. They are formed by triangles.

Pythagorean Theorem Pythagorean triple quadrant quadrantal angle quadratic equation Quadratic Formula

If a and b are the measures of the legs of a right triangle and c is the measure of the hypotenuse, then c2 = a2 + b2. Whole numbers that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. One of four regions into which the x- and y-axes separate the coordinate plane. [Alg2-R2] An angle in standard position whose terminal side coincides with one of the axes. An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a 0. The solutions of a quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a 0, are given by the formula x =

b b 2 4ac . 2a

quadratic function quadratic inequality quadratic term quadrilateral quart quartiles radian radical equation radical expression radical inequality

A function described by an equation of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a 0. An inequality of the form y > ax2 + bx + c, y < ax2 + bx + c, y ax2 + bx + c, y ax2 + bx + c, where a 0. In the equation f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, ax2 is the quadratic term. A polygon having four sides. A customary unit of capacity. 1 quart = 2 pints Values that divide a set of data into four equal parts. The measure of an angle in standard position whose rays intercept an arc of length 1 unit on the unit circle. An equation that contains a radical expression with the variable in the radicand. An expression that contains a square root. Examples:

3, 414, 2 x +1
An inequality that contains a radical expression with the variable in the radicand.

Glossary Term radical sign radicand radius

Definition , used to indicate a root. The symbol The expression under the radical sign. The distance from the center of a circle to any point on the circle.

random random sample range of a data set range of a relation rate rate of change ratio rational equation rational expression rational function

rational inequality rational numbers

Outcomes occur at random if each outcome is equally likely to occur. A sample that is chosen without any preference, representative of the entire population. The difference between the greatest number and the least number in a set of data. The set of second numbers in the ordered pairs of a relation. The ratio of two measurements having different units of measure. Example: 60 miles per hour The change in a quantity over time. A comparison of two number by division. An equation that contains rational expressions. An algebraic fraction whose numerator and denominator are polynomials. A function that contains rational expressions represented as the quotient of two polynomials in the form f(x) = g ( x) , where h(x) h( x) 0. Any inequality that contains one or more rational expressions. The set of numbers that can be written in the form

a , where a b

ray real numbers reciprocal rectangle

and b are integers and b 0. Examples: 1 = 1, 2 , 2.3 = 2 3 1 9 10 A part of a line that extends indefinitely in one direction from a fixed point. The set of rational numbers and irrational numbers together. The multiplicative inverse of a number. A parallelogram with four right angles.

rectangular form

A complex number written as x + yi where x is the real part and yi is the imaginary part.

Glossary Term rectangular prism

Definition A solid figure that has two pairs of parallel opposite faces and congruent bases that are all rectangles.

recursive formula reduced sample space reference angle reflection

A formula used for determining the next term of a sequence using one or more of the previous terms. The subset of a sample space that contains only those outcomes that satisfy a given condition. The acute angle formed by the terminal side of an angle in standard position and the x-axis. A transformation in which a figure is flipped over a line of symmetry.

regression line regular polygon

A line of best fit. A polygon that has all sides congruent and all angles congruent.

regular polyhedron

A polyhedron in which the faces are regular congruent polygons.

regular prism regular pyramid

A right prism with bases that are regular polygons. A pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and in which the segment from the vertex to the center of the base is the altitude.

Glossary Term regular tessellation

Definition A tessellation in which only one shape is used to form the pattern and that shape is a regular polygon.

relation relative error relatively prime remote interior angles

A set of ordered pairs. The ratio of the half-unit difference in precision to the entire measure, expressed as a percent. Two or more numbers having 1 as their only common factor. The angles in a triangle that are not adjacent to a given exterior angle of the triangle. In the figure, 2 and 3 are remote interior angles for exterior angle 4.

repeating decimal replacement set resultant rhombus

A decimal whose digits repeat in groups of one or more. Example: 0.181818 A set of numbers from which replacements for a variable may be chosen. The sum of two or more vectors. A parallelogram with four congruent sides.

right angle

An angle that measures exactly 90.

right cone right cylinder right prism

A cone with an axis that is also an altitude. A cylinder with an axis that is also an altitude. A prism with lateral edges that are also altitudes.

Glossary Term right triangle

Definition A triangle having one right angle.

rise root rotation

The vertical change between any two points on a line on the coordinate plane. The solution of a quadratic equation. A transformation in which a figure is turned around a fixed point.

rotational symmetry

A figure that can be turned or rotated less than 360 about a fixed point so that the figure looks exactly as it did before being turned is said to have rotational symmetry.

run sample sample space scalar scalar multiplication scale scale of a data set scale drawing scale factor scale model

The horizontal change between any two points on a line on the coordinate plane. Some portion of a larger group selected to represent that group. The list of all possible outcomes for an event. A constant multiplied by a vector. Each element of a matrix is multiplied by the scalar, or constant, and a new matrix is formed. A ratio or rate between the actual size of an object and the size of its model. The set of all possible values of a set of data, including the least and greatest numbers in the set, separated by equal intervals. A drawing that is similar to an actual object, but is either enlarged or reduced. A scale written as a ratio in simplest form. A replica of an original object that is too large or too small to be built at actual size.

Glossary Term scalene triangle

Definition A triangle with no congruent sides.

scatter plot

A graph that shows the general relationship between two sets of data.

scientific notation

secant (circle)

A system of writing numbers using multiplication and powers of ten. A number of the form a 10n, where 1 < a < 10 and n is an integer. Examples: 95,700 = 9.57 104, 0.000024 = 2.4 10-5 A line that intersects a circle in two points. In the figure, line CD is a secant of circle P.

secant (trigonometry)

In a right triangle with acute angle A, the secant of A = the measure of the hypotenuse . the measure of the adjacent side A unit of angle measure that is

second (angles) second (time) second-order determinant sector

1 of a minute. 60

A commonly used unit of time. 60 seconds = 1 minute The determinant of a 2 2 matrix. A region of a circle bounded by a central angle and its corresponding arc. In the figure, the shaded region is a sector of circle A.

segment semicircle

(see line segment) Congruent arcs whose endpoints lie on the diameter of the circle.

Glossary Term semi-regular tessellation

Definition A tessellation formed using combinations of two or three different regular polygons with the same pattern of polygons at each vertex.

sequence series set set-builder notation sides of an angle

A set of numbers in a specific order. The sum of the terms in a sequence. A collection of objects or numbers, often shown using braces { } and usually named by a capital letter. A concise way of writing a solution set. Example: {tt < 17} represents the set of all numbers t such that t is less than 17. The two rays that form an angle. In the figure, rays SR and ST are sides of RST.

sides of a polygon sigma notation

The segments that form a closed figure. For any sequence a1, a2, a3, , the sum of the first k terms may be written k = of an. Thus,
n =1 k

a
n

which is read the summation from n = 1 to k

a
n =1

= a1 + a2 + a3 + + ak, where k is an integer

significant digits similar figures similar solids simplest form of an expression simplest form of a fraction simplify simulation

value. All of the digits of a measurement that are known to be accurate plus one estimated digit. Figures that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size. Solids that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size. An expression is in simplest form when it is replaced by an equivalent expression having no like terms or parentheses. A fraction is in simplest form when the greatest common factor of the numerator and the denominator is 1. Write an expression in simplest form. A mathematical experiment that approximates a real-world process.

Glossary Term sine

Definition In a right triangle with acute angle A, the sine of A = the measure of the leg opposite A . the measure of the hypotenuse Two nonparallel lines that do not intersect. In the figure, AX and BC are skew segments.

skew lines

skewed distribution slant height slope

A curve or histogram that is not symmetric representing data that are not balanced around the mean. The altitude or height of each lateral face of a pyramid. The ratio of the change in the y-coordinates (rise) to the corresponding change in the x-coordinates (run) as you move from one point to another along a line.

slope formula

The slope m of a line passing through two points is the ratio of the difference in the y-coordinates to the corresponding difference in the x-coordinates. m =

y2 y1 x2 x1

slope of a curve slope-intercept form solid solution

solution of a system of equations solution set solve an equation solve a triangle space

The slope of a line tangent to a particular point on the graph of a curve. An equation of the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. A three-dimensional figure formed by intersecting planes. A replacement value for the variable in an open sentence. A value for the variable that makes an equation true. Example: The solution of 12 = x + 7 is 5. The ordered pair representing the solution common to both equations in a system of equations. The set of elements from the replacement set that make an open sentence true. The process of finding all values of the variable that make an equation a true statement. The process of finding the measures of all sides and all angles in a triangle. A boundless three-dimensional set of all points.

Glossary Term sphere

Definition The set of all points in space that are a given distance from a given point, called the center. It has the following characteristics: 1. A radius is a segment whose endpoints are the center and a point on the sphere. 2. A chord is a segment whose endpoints are points on the sphere. 3. A diameter is a chord of the sphere that contains the center.

spherical geometry square a number square of a number square (geometric figure)

The branch of geometry that deals with a system of points, great circles (lines), and spheres (planes). To multiply a number by itself. The product of a number and itself. Example: The square of 6, or 6 squared, is 36 because 6 6 = 36. A parallelogram with four congruent sides and four right angles.

square matrix square root

square units standard deviation standard error of the mean standard form standard form of a linear equation statistics statement stem stem-and-leaf plot step function straight angle straightedge

A matrix with the same number of rows and columns. One of the two equal factors of a number. If a2 = b, then a is the square root of b. Example: 12 is a square root of 144 since 122 = 144. Used to measure area and tells the number of squares of a given size needed to cover a two-dimensional figure. A measure of the average amount by which individual items of data deviate from the arithmetic mean of all the data. The standard deviation of the distribution of a sample mean. Numbers written without exponents. A linear equation of the form Ax + By = C, where A 0, and A and B are real numbers and not both zero. The study of collecting, organizing, and interpreting data. A sentence that is either true or false, but not both. A digit written to the left of the vertical line in a stem-and-leaf plot. A display of data in which each piece of the data is separated into two numbers that are used to form a stem and a leaf. A function whose graph is a series of disjointed steps or line segments. An angle that measures 180. Any object that can be used as a guide to draw a straight line.

Glossary Term stratified random sample

Subtraction Property of Equality success supplementary angles

Definition A sample in which the population is first divided into similar, nonoverlapping groups; a simple random sample is then selected from each group. If you subtract the same number from each side of an equation, the two sides remain equal. For any numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a c = b c. Example: if x = 3, then x 2 = 3 2. The desired outcome of an event. Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180.

surface area survey symmetry

synthetic division system of equations system of inequalities systematic random sample tangent

The sum of the areas of all the faces of a three-dimensional figure. A question or set of questions designed to collect data about a specific group of people. A geometric property of a figure in which it can be folded so that each half matches the other exactly or rotated about a point less than 360 so that the final image matches the original figure. A method used to divide a polynomial by a binomial. A set of two or more equations with the same variables. A set of two or more inequalities with the same variables. A sample in which the items in the sample are selected according to a specified time or item interval. In a right triangle with acute angle A, the tangent of A =

the measure of the leg opposite A . the measure of the leg adjacent to A
tangent line term in an expression term in a sequence terminal side of an angle terminating decimals tessellation tetrahedron A line that intersects a circle or curve in exactly one point. A number, a variable, or a product or quotient of numbers and variables. Each number in a sequence. A ray of an angle that rotates about the center. A decimal whose digits end. Example: 0.2, -1.345 A repetitive pattern of polygons that fit together with no holes or gaps. A triangular pyramid.

theorem

A statement that can be justified by logical reasoning and must be proven before it is accepted as true.

Glossary Term theoretical probability third-order determinant 30-60-90 triangle three-dimensional figure transformation translation

Definition The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes. Determinants of a 3 3 matrix. A right triangle with a 30 angle and a 60 angle. A figure that encloses a part of space. A mapping or movement of a geometric figure that changes its shape or position. A transformation in which a figure is slid in any direction.

transversal

A line that intersects two or more other lines to form eight or more angles.

trapezoid

A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel opposite sides.

tree diagram triangle trigonometric functions trigonometric identity trigonometric ratios trigonometry trinomial ton truth table truth values

A diagram used to show the total number of possible outcomes of an event. A polygon having three sides. Functions of the angles of a right triangle that are certain ratios of the sides of the triangle. An equation involving trigonometric ratios that is true for all values of the angle. The ratios of the measures of two sides of a right triangle. The study of the properties of triangles. Trigonometry means angle measurement. An algebraic expression that has three terms. Examples: x2 + 2x + 1, a + b - c A customary unit of weight. 1 ton = 2000 pounds A convenient way to organize truth values. The true or false nature of a statement.

Glossary Term two-column proof unbiased sample uniform tessellations union unit circle unit rate unit vector unlike fractions upper bound upper extreme upper quartile variable variance vector Venn diagram vertex form vertex of an angle

Definition A deductive argument that contains statements and reasons organized in two columns. A sample that is selected so that it is representative of the entire population. Tessellations containing the same arrangement of shapes and angles at each vertex. The graph of a compound inequality containing the word or; the solution is a solution of either inequality, not necessarily both. A circle of radius 1 unit whose center is at the origin of a coordinate system. A rate with a denominator of 1. A vector of length 1 that is parallel to the x-, y-, or z-axis. Fractions whose denominators are different. The integer greater than or equal to the greatest real zero of the polynomial function P(x). The greatest number of a set of data. The median of the upper half of a set. A letter or other symbol used to represent an unspecified number or value. The mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean. A directed segment representing a quantity that has both magnitude, or length, and direction. A diagram that uses circles to show relationships among sets of numbers or objects. A quadratic function in the form y = a(x h)2 + k, where (h, k) is the vertex of the parabola and x = h is its axis of symmetry. The common endpoint of the rays forming the angle.

vertex of a conic section vertex of a parabola vertex of a prism vertical angles

A point at which a conic section intersects its axis of symmetry. The maximum or minimum point of a parabola. The point where three or more planes intersect. Opposite angles formed by the intersection of two lines. In the figure, the vertical angles are 1 and 3, and 2 and 4.

vertical line test volume

A test used to determine if a relation is a function. The number of cubic units needed to fill the space occupied by a solid.

Glossary Term voluntary response sample weighted average whisker whole numbers x-axis

Definition A sample that involves only those who want to participate. The sum of the product of the number of units and the value per unit divided by the sum of the number of units. The segments extending from the ends of the box in a box-andwhisker plot. The set {0, 1, 2, 3, }. The horizontal number line on a coordinate plane.

x-coordinate x-intercept yard y-axis

The first number in an ordered pair. The x-coordinate at which a graph intersects the x-axis. A customary unit of length. 1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches The vertical number line on a coordinate plane.

y-coordinate y-intercept zero exponent zero matrix zero pair Zero Product Property zero vector zeros

The second number in an ordered pair. The y-coordinate at which a graph intersects the y-axis. For any nonzero number a, a0 = 1. A matrix in which every element is zero. The result of a positive counter paired with a negative counter. For all numbers a and b, if ab = 0, then a = 0, b = 0, or both a and b equal zero. A vector with initial and terminal points at the origin. The roots, or x-intercepts, of a function.

Coordinate Geometry

Midpoint on a Coordinate Plane Midpoint on a Number Line Midpoint in Space Distance on a Coordinate Plane Distance on a Number Line Distance in Space

M=(

x1 + x2 y1 + y 2 , ) 2 2

M= 2

a+b x +x y +y z +z

M = ( 1 2 2, 1 2 1, 1 2 2) d = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 d = a - b d = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 + (z2 - z1)2

Arc Length Slope Slope-Intercept Form of a line Point-Slope Form of a line Equation for a Circle on a Coordinate Plane Matrix Multiplication

l = 360 2r m = x2 - x1
2 1

y -y

y = mx + b y - y1 = m(x - x1) (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

y1 a1 x1 + b1 x2 = y2 a2 x1 + b2 x2

Matrices

a1 a 2

b1 x1 b2 x2

a1 y1 + b1 y2 a2 y1 + b2 y2

Polynomials

Quadratic Formula Difference of Two Squares Perfect square trinomials Change of Base Formula Permutations Combinations Standard Deviation

b b 2 4ac 2a a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b) x= a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2 loga n = logb a

b

Logarithms Probability and Statistics

log n

P ( n, r ) = C ( n, r ) =

( n r )! ( n r ) !r !
2 2

n!

n!

( x - x) + ( x
1

-x

+ L + xn - x

n
2 2

Trigonometry

Pythagorean Theorem Law of Sines

a +b =c

sin A sin B sin C = = a b c

Law of Cosines Trigonometric Functions

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A opp adj sin = hyp cos = hyp hyp csc = opp hyp sec = adj

opp tan = adj adj cot = opp

Quotient Identities Reciprocal Identities Pythagorean Identities Algebraic Properties Additive Identity Multiplicative Identity Substitution (=) Reflexive (=) Symmetric (=) Transitive (=) Commutative (+) Commutative ( ) Associative (+) Associative ( ) Distributive Additive Inverse Multiplicative Inverse Multiplicative (0) Addition (=) Subtraction (=) Division and Multiplication (=) Addition (>) Subtraction (>) Division and Multiplication (>)

sin cos cot = cos sin 1 1 1 csc = sec = cot = sin cos tan cos2 + sin2 = 1 tan2 + 1 = sec2 cot2 + 1 = csc2 For any number a, a + 0 = 0 + a = a. For any number a, a 1 = 1 a = a.
tan =

If a = b, then a may be replaced by b. a=a If a = b, then b = a. If a = b and b = c, then a = c . For any numbers a and b, a + b = b + a For any numbers a and b, a b = b a. For any numbers a, b, and c, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c). For any numbers a, b, and c, (a b) c = a (b c). For any numbers a, b, and c, a(b + c) = ab + ac and a(b c) = ab ac. For any number a, there is exactly one number a such that a + (a) = 0. For any number such that
a b , where a, b 0, there is exactly one number b a a b = 1. b a

For any number a, a 0 = 0 a = 0. For any numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a + c = b + c. For any numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a c = b c. For any numbers a, b, and c, with c 0, if a = b, then ac = bc and
a b = . c c

For any numbers a, b, and c, if a > b, then a + c > b + c. For any numbers a, b, and c, if a > b, then a c > b c. For any numbers a, b, and c, 1. if a > b and c > 0, then ac > bc and
2. if a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc and
a b > . c c a b < . c c

Zero Product

For any real numbers a and b, if ab = 0, then a = 0, b = 0, or both

Perimeter and Circumference

Area

square rectangle circumference of a circle square rectangle parallelogram trapezoid rhombus triangle regular polygon circle sector of a circle

a and b equal zero. P = 4s P = 2l + 2w C = 2r or C = d A = s2 A = lw or A = bh A = bh A = 2h(b1 + b2) A = 2d1d2 or A = bh A = 2bh A = 2Pa A = r2 A = 360 r2 L = Ph L = 2rh L = 2Pl L = rl T = Ph + 2B T = 2rh + 2r2 T = 6s2 T = 2Pl + B T = rl + r2 T = 4 r2 V = s3 V = lwh V = Bh V = r2h V = 3Bh V = 3r2h V = 3r3 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 liter = 1,000 milliliters 1 kiloliter = 1,000 liters 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 3 feet or 36 inches 1 mile = 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1 pint = 2 cups
4 1 1 1 1 N 1 1 1 1

Lateral Surface Area

prism cylinder pyramid cone prism cylinder cube pyramid cone sphere cube rectangular prism prism cylinder pyramid cone sphere

Total Surface Area

Volume

Measurement Conversions

Length

Volume and Capacity

Weight and Mass

Time

1 kilogram = 1,000 grams 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams 1 metric ton = 1,000 kilograms 1 minute = 60 seconds 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 day = 24 hours 1 meter 39.37 inches 1 kilometer 0.62 mile 1 centimeter 0.39 inch C= 5 9 (F 32) F= 9 5 C + 32

1 quart = 2 pints 1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 ton = 2,000 pounds 1 week = 7 days 1 year = 12 months or 52 weeks or 365 days 1 leap year = 366 days 1 kilogram 2.2 pounds 1 gram = 0.035 ounce 1 liter 1.057 quarts

Metric to Customary

Temperature

Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheit