Guideline for proper installation of the Sand Filter Guideline for proper installation of the Main Line: Do not

Do not overload the pipe while stacking. Do not drag or throw the pipes. Make a trench of sufficient depth. Avoid snaking of trenching. Check the trench and remove any sharp objects part etc.. Put a layer of soft soil below the pipe and at least depth of pipe. like stones, metal up to the half forget to put Sand filter shall be placed on a stable support.

Check all the candles before filling up the sand. Fill up the sand approximately 1 inch above the sand level mark.

Protect the filter from scratches, scratches lids to pitting corrosion. In case of scratch, immediately apply oil paint on the scratch. Cover the pressure gauge with polyethylene bag.

At every turn or every 500 m in straight portion, do not the thrust blocks. Wherever pipe is exposed to sunlight, cover it

using gunny bags.

Wherever main line is of longer length make a 500 m to accommodate thermal expansion. Install proper ARV on the pipeline. Maintenance Schedule for Drip Irrigation Syst Maintenance [drip irrigation]

loop at every 300-

Before going to maintenance schedule it is essential to get soil and water tested. Water Testing water quality is not an option but is essential even for a one-crop installation. Soil The soil is the foundation for success. Soil samples must be taken in the field at each change of type and texture. The soil type will affect the irrigation interual and management Daily Maintenance Ensure pressure at the filter / inlet of submain is as per designed pressure. Flush the screen filter, media filter, hydrocyclone filter at the end of irrigation cycle. Check for uniformly of discharge, any dripper not emitting water can be opened and cleaned. (Do not pull the emitter while cleaning).) Check the position of the drippers, if drippers are misplaced place them at proper location. (Generally at the center of canopy

Flush the submain at the end of irrigation

Fortnightly Maintenance Schedule Flush the laterals thoroughly. While flushing to increase velocity through lateral close lateral inlet of half the section) Take out element of screen filter rinse it carefully and refit it. Open the lid of media filter allow the water to come out through manhole, stir the sand thoroughly by moving the hand in between the filter candles without disturbing their position. Open & clean the drippers. (1-1 hr./section) Check all the joints for leakages, of leakage found reinstall correctly or replace the spare.

Check wetting pattern & wet bulb randomly using low cost augur hole method. Monthly Maintenance Schedule Perform acid treatment to remove precipitated salts from drippers and pipeline network. Perform chlorine treatment to remove bacterial slime, algae or other biological contamination. Inspect all the components above ground for physical abuse, damage by field machinery, rats, squirrels etc.

Note: Frequency of acid & chlorine treatment depends on source water quality but in case if there is no water quality report, these treatment shall be done at least once in a month in staggered way. General Maintenance Tips

Run the system daily at least for half an hour for each section, system should not be put off even in rainy season. It is recommended to use water soluble or liquid fertilizers as these fertilizers are acid based & protect the system from salt precipitation. To avoid root intrusion, ensure enough water is available in the root zone. To protect the system from rats & squirrels.

1. Try to maintain continuous wetted strip. This is well possible in closely spaced crops. 2. If possible burry the lateral line between two drippers 3 to 4 below ground. This is well possible in case orchard. 3. Use rat repellent along the laterals. 4. Search and close down the holes in field. 5. For squirrels, place bowls full of water in different locations in the field.

Chemigation

Water never found in its purest form in nature, It always contains physical, biological and chemical contaminants. Some salts precipitates in the system either due to chemical reactions or due to biological action. Injection of chemicals through drip irrigation to prevent such precipitations is Chemigation. Chemicals can be injected in the system using equipment such as Ventury, Fertilizer Tank or Injector Pump. From maintenance point of view, chemigation can be done in two ways, Acid Treatment

Chlorine Treatment

Recognition and Rectification of Chemical & Biological Contaminations Sr. Problem Reasons & identification No. 1 Precipitation of calcium Appears as white film on and Magnesium salts the inside of the lateral /drip tape or in the flow path of drippers associated with increase in pH or decrease in temperature of water. 2 Precipitation of Calcium While in solution there will Carbonate be no problem But as soon as system stops and water evaporates calcium precipitates as white crystals around dripper/drip tape orifice and blocks the holes. 3 Precipitation of iron Control Continuous injection of acid to maintain pH of 6.0 - 6.5 sufficient to prevent formation of precipitation

Continuous injection of acid to reduce pH of water upto 4.0 Repeated treatment for severe blockages.

4 Precipitation of Manganese

5 Growth of algae within water supply

6 Growth of algae within the system

Changes in temperature and Acid treatment to lower the pH cause iron to oxidise to pH upto or less than 4 and then insoluble ferric form causing thorough flushing after 24 precipitation. Precipitation hours. forms a red slime mass. Manganese can precipitate Acid or intermittent out as manganese oxide Chlorine treatment. either by chemical or bacterial action and colour of deposit is dark brown or black. These need light to grow and Effective control by adding hence are found in all surface copper sulphate to water storage ponds, wells and in depending upon its slow moving water. Grow concentration quickly and profusely to pose which varies from 0.05 to severe problems. 2 mg/litre. There are chances of algae Intermittent Chlorine growth within filters, on injection ground mains, submains

Sr. Problem No. 7 Bacterial precipitation of Sulphur/Sulphides

Reasons & identification

Control

Bacteria can produce sulphur Intermittent injection of chlorine if water contains more than 0.1 mg/litre of total sulphides. These bacteria produce White cottony mass and completely block the emitting device. With changes in temperature and pH some bacteria cause oxidation of iron to insoluble ferric form causing precipitation. It forms red colour slime and some what gritty slush. Intermittent injection of chlorine.

8 Bacterial precipitation of iron

Where we stand Water Footprint The volume of water used individual level, expressed

With 2085 cubic km of fresh water India stands 7th in the world India heading towards water scarce situation YEA R 199 4 202 5 205 0 PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY, CU M 2280 1500 1270

CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIA

Last year in Maharastra

Compone nt Irrigation

India Simple Irrigation System

Israel HI-TECH Irrigation System

Tensio Meter and soil extractor Fertilizatio n Broadcasting fertilizers is inefficient Only through Drip Irrigation

Fertigation in India is in very negligible area Mechanizat ion and Automatio n

FERTIGATION state of the art

Use of Hybrids

Very Limited varieties

Fast growing Industry of Hybrids. farmer are always looking for something new

Some Important notes:Mulching:

Mulching is very effective in heavy soils, because of capillary action and permeability (How much water enter into the soil in mm/hour) as water moves downward quickly in light soils.

Here in case of drip system, this is heavy soil, as water is running to the sides. so use only one lateral in the center of the bed.

Always check the soil profile (different layers by digging a square hole)

Effect of lack of radiation in tomatoes reduce of photosynthesis process CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2 reduce the number of flowers per cluster reduce the fruits number and their size = production reduction reduce the quality of the fruits : - increase blotchy ripening - increase hollowness

PH = potential of hydrogen

How to schedule Fertigation:

To delay ripening add nitrogen To encourage ripening add phosphorus