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Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.1 :
A uniform plane wave is propagating in direction of the positive z-axis. Find the polarization
(linear, circular, or elliptical), sense of rotation (CW or CCW), axial ratio (AR), and tilt angle
(in degrees) for
a)
x y
E E =
and
0 f D =
,
b)
x y
E E
and
0 f D =
,
c)
x y
E E =
and
/2 f p D =
,
d)
x y
E E =
and
/2 f p D = -
,
e)
x y
E E =
and
/4 f p D =
,
f)
x y
E E =
and
/4 f p D = -
,
g)
0.5
x y
E E =
and
/2 f p D =
,
h)
0.5
x y
E E =
and
/2 f p D = -
.
In all cases justify the answer.



a) Linear because 0 f = .
b) Linear because 0 f = .
c) Circular because
x y
E E = and 2 f p = ,
LHCP / CCW, AR 1 = .
d) Circular because
x y
E E = and 2 f p = - ,
RHCP / CW, AR 1 = .
e) Elliptical because f D is not multiples of 2 p ,
CCW,
AR :
0 x y
E E E = = :
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
1/2
0 0
1/2
0 0
OA 0.5 1 1 2 1.30656
OB 0.5 1 1 2 0.541196
1.30656
AR 2.414
0.541196
E E
E E

= + + =

= + - =

= =

( )
( )
1
1 2 1 cos 45 1
90 tan 90 90 45
2 1 1 2
t
-

= - = - =

-




Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

f) Elliptical because f D is not multiples of 2 p ,
CW,
AR OA/OB = :
0
0
OA 1.30656
1.30656
AR 2.414
0.541196 OB 0.541196
E
E
=

= =


( )
1
90 90 45
2
t = - =



g) Elliptical because:
x y
E E AND f D is not zero nor multiples of p .
CCW,

AR OA/OB = .

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
1/2
1/2
OA 0.5 0.25 1 0.75
1
AR 2
0.5
OB 0.5 0.25 1 0.75 0.5
y y
y y
E E
E E

= + + =

= =

= + - =


( )
1
1 0 1
90 tan 90 0 90
2 0.75 2
t
-

= - = - =

-




h) Elliptical because:
x y
E E AND f D is not zero nor multiples of p .
CW,

AR OA/OB = .

OA
1
AR 2
0.5 OB 0.5
y
y
E
E
=

= =


( )
1
90 0 90
2
t = - =

.


Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.2 :
Write a general expression for the polarization loss factor (PLF) of two linearly polarized
antennas if
a) both lie in the same plane,
b) both lie in different planes.




a) assuming that both polarization vectors are in the xy-plane:

cos sin
cos sin
w x w y w
a x a y a
a a
a a
r f f
r f f
= +
= +



( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
PLF cos sin cos sin
PLF cos cos sin sin cos
T
T
w a x w y w x a y a
w a w a w a
a a a a r r f f f f
f f f f f f
= = + +
= + = -




b) arbitrarily directed polarization vectors:

sin cos sin sin cos
sin cos sin sin cos
w x w w y w w z w
a x a a y a a z a
a a a
a a a
r q f q f q
r q f q f q
= + +
= + +



( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
PLF
sin cos sin sin cos
sin cos sin sin cos
sin cos sin cos sin sin sin sin cos cos
sin sin cos cos sin sin cos cos
sin sin
T
w a
T
x w w y w w z w
x a a y a a z a
w w a a w w a a w a
w a w a w a w a
w a
a a a
a a a
r r
q f q f q
q f q f q
q f q f q f q f q q
q q f f f f q q
q q
=
= + +
+ +
= + +
= + +
=



( )
2
cos cos cos
w a w a
f f q q - +



x
y
z


x
y
z

Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.3 :
A linearly polarized wave traveling in the negative z-direction has a tilt angle of 45. It is
incident upon an antenna whose polarization characteristics are given by
4
17
x y
a
a ja
r
+
=



Find the polarization loss factor (PLF) dimensionless and in dB.


Polarization vector of the linearly polarized wave :
2
x y
w
a a
r
+
=



Polarization vector of the elliptically polarized wave :
4
17
x y
a
a ja
r
+
=



( )
2
2 4
1 1 17
1 1 0.5 3dB
34 2 17
T
w a
PLF
j

| |
= = = = =
|
\ .







x
y
z
elliptical
LH / CCW

Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.4 : Problem taken from a previous exam
A right-hand circularly polarized antenna has normalized electric far-field pattern given as:
( )
sin cos 0 180 , 90 90
,
0 elsewhere
E
q f q f
q f



a) Calculate the direction (,) of maximum radiation and the exact maximum
directivity in dB.
b) Find the 3-dB beamwidths in azimuthal and elevation planes.
c) A CW elliptically polarized plane wave propagates along x-direction towards the
antenna. The major axis of the ellipse is positioned along the y-axis and is twice as
large as the minor axis. Find the polarization loss factor (PLF).
Note: It is assumed that the antenna is placed at the center of the coordinate system.


a) ( )
2 1
,
2
U E q f
h
=
max
1
@ 90 & 0
2
U q f
h
= = =



max
0
rad
4 U
D
P
p
=

2 2
2
rad
0 0
2 2
2
2
rad
0
2
rad
1
sin sin cos
2
1 1
sin cos 2
2 2 2
2
P U d d d d
P d d
P
p p
p p
p p
q q
f f
p
p
p
q
f
q q f q f q f
h
p
q q f f
h h
p
h
= =
=- =-
=
=-
= =
= =
=



Thus
0
0
1
4
2
4
2
10 log 4 6.02dB
D
D
p
h
p
h

= =
= =



b) Azimuthal plane (
90 q =

):
( )
1 1
1
2 2 2
azimuthal
1 @ 0
1 1
@ 0.5 cos cos 60
2 2
HPBW 2 60 120
U
U
f
f f
-
= =
= = = =
= =




Elevation plane (
0 f =

):
Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
( )
( )
1 1
1
2 2 2
elevation
1 @ 90
1 1
@ 0.5 sin sin 30
2 2
HPBW 2 90 30 120
U
U
q
q q
-
= =
= = = =
= - =





c) the polarization vector of the RHCP receiving antenna at origin, looking in +x-
direction, is

2
y z
a
a ja
r
-
=



The polarization vector of the incident wave (-x-direction, CW elliptically polarized)
is
2
5
y z
w
a ja
r
+
=



Therefore, the PLF reads
2
2
2
2 2 1 9
PLF
5 10 2 10
y z y z
a w
a ja a ja
r r
- + +
= = = =









x
y
z
circular
RHCP
elliptical
CW
Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.5 :
A /2 l dipole, with a total loss resistance of 1 W, is connected to a generator whose internal
impedance is 50 25 j + W. Assuming that the peak voltage of the generator is 2 V and the
impedance of the dipole, excluding the loss resistance, is 73 42.5 j + W, find the power.
a) supplied by the source (real),
b) radiated by the antenna,
c) dissipated by the antenna.


50 , 25 , 1 , 73 , 42.5
g g L rad A
R X R R X = W = W = W = W = W

( ) ( )
( )
28.56
2 2
A A
124 67.5 50 1 73 25 42.5
12.442 6.7724 mA 14.166 mA
g
j
g
I
j j
I j e
-
= =
+ + + + +
= + =



a)
{ } ( ) { }
* 3 3
1 1
Re Re 2 12.442 6.7724 10 12.442 10 W
2 2
S g g S
P V I j W P
- -
= = + =

b)
2
3
1
7.325 10 W
2
rad g rad
P I R
-
= =

c)
2
3
1
0.1003 10 W
2
L g L
P I R
-
= =

The remaining supplied power is dissipated as heat in the internal resistor of the generator, or
2
3
1
5.0169 10 W
2
g g g
P I R
-
= =
Thus,
( )
3 3
7.325 0.1003 5.0169 10 W=12.442 10 W
rad L g
rad L g S
P P P
P P P P
- -
+ + = + +
+ + =



R
L
X
A
R
rad
X
g
R
g
V
g I
g
a
b
Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.6 : Problem taken from a previous exam
Assume a horn antenna located at the origin of the coordinate system. Its E-plane lies in the
yz-plane and its H-plane lies in the xz-plane. The antenna is operated at 3 GHz. The figure
below shows the orientation of the antenna and its equivalent circuit. The radiation resistance
is R
R
= 45 and the loss resistance is R
L
= 5 . The maximum directivity of the antenna
appears in the +z-direction and is D
0
= 12 dBi.

a) Calculate the maximum effective aperture of the antenna with the assumption of a
matched load and a matched polarization.
b) A generator with an internal impedance of
G
50 20 Z j = + W and a peak generator
voltage of
G
4 V V = is connected to the antenna. Calculate the peak electric field
strength at 1km z = .
c) A lossless dipole antenna is located at z = 1 km and lies in the plane parallel to the
xy-plane. The E-field of the antenna is parallel to the xy-plane and assumes an angle
of 45 with respect to the x-axis. Calculate the polarization loss factor (PLF).


y
x
z
R
L
= 5
R
r
= 45



a)
cd
0.9
r
r L
R
e
R R
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
,
12dBi
10
0
10 15.848 D
| |
|
\ .
= = ,
2
2
em cd 0
0.011m
4
A e D

| |
= =
|
\ .



b) The E-field strength at R = z = 1 km distance can be calculated from the local power
density W
t
according to:
2
2
t
E
W

= (free-space wave impedance ). The radiated power P


rad

is related as
rad 0 2
1
4
t
W P D
R
= , where D
0
= 12 dBi = 15.85. Using Z
G
= R
g
+jX
g
, the
radiated power can be calculated:
( ) ( )
2
rad 2 2
34.62mW
2
g
R
R L g A g
V
R
P
R R R X X
(
(
=
(
+ + + +


,
where X
A
= 0. Finally,
3 rad 0
2
2 V
5.74 10
4 m
P D
E
R

= =


c)
2
2 0
cos 45 0.5
t r
= =



Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.7 :
The effective antenna temperature of an antenna looking towards zenith is approximately
5 K. Assuming that the temperature of the connected transmission line (waveguide) is 72 F,
find the effective temperature at the receiver terminals when the attenuation of the
transmission line is given as 4 dB / 100 ft, and its length is :
a) 2 ft,
b) 100 ft.







Determine cable insertion loss from : exp( 2 )
cable
IL L a = -

Calculate effective temperature according to :
( )
2 2
1
L L
x A cable
T T e T e
a a - -
= + -

Transfrom Fahrenheit to Kelvin:
5
72 (72 32) 273 295.2 K
9
cable
T F = = - + =



5 K
A
T =

Insertion loss over 100 ft :
2
10
4[dB] 10 log 0.46[Nepers] e
a
a
-
- = =

Insertion loss for 1 ft : = 0.0046 Np / ft

a) L = 2 ft : T
x
=4.91 K +5.38 K =10.3 K

b) L = 100 ft : T
x
=1.99 K +177.5 K =179.5 K


T
A
background radiation weighted with antenna pattern
T
cable
cable temperature
IL
cable
cable insertion loss
T
x
effective temperature at receiver input
Solutions 3 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 3.8 :
In a long-range microwave communication system operating at 9 GHz, the transmitting and
receiving antennas are identical, and they are separated by 10 000 m. To meet the signal-to-
noise ratio of the receiver, the received power must be at least P
r
= 10 W. Assuming the two
antennas are aligned for a maximum reception to each other, including being polarized
matched, what should the gains (in dB) of the transmitting and receiving antennas be when
the input power to the transmitting antenna is 10 W ?


Data given:
9 GHz 3 cm f l = = ,
4
10 m R = ,
0t 0
G
r
G = , 10 W
t
P = 10 W
r
P m =

Friis transmission equation:
2
2 6
0
10
4
r
t
P
G
P R
l
p
-


= =






Results:
3 5
0
0dB
10 12 10 3769.9
10 log 3769.9 35.76dBi
G
G
p
-
= =
= =

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