SHES1202 BIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS Angiosperms From water to land

PLANT

LEAF performs photosynthesis CUTICLE reduces water loss; STOMATA allow gas exchange STEM supports plant (and may perform photosynthesis) Surrounding water supports the alga WHOLE ALGA performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water HOLDFAST anchors the alga ALGA

ROOTS anchor plant; absorb water and minerals from the soil (aided by mycorrhizal fungi)

Angiosperms: Flowering plants Vascular seed plants Angeion = vessel ; Sperma = seed Seed within a vessel or enclosed seed. Produced the reproductive structures: flowers fruits Seed develops from an ovule within a carpel. Part of an ovary will becomes a fruit

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Gymnosperm vs. Angiosperm Seeds

Gymno-sperm: naked seed

ovule

ovule

Angio-sperm: little case seed

lateral (axillary) bud node

shoot tip (terminal bud) young leaf flower

internode node leaf VASCULAR TISSUES

EPIDERMIS

seeds (inside fruit)250

GROUND TISSUES SHOOT SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM

withered cotyledon

primary root lateral root root hairs root tip root cap

The flower Flower an angiosperm structures specialized for reproduction. Specialized shoot with four basic parts: 1. Sepals/calyx 2. Petals/corolla usually green; protect the flower bud. brightly colored; to attract pollinators

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3. Stamen

male reproductive organ

collectively called androceium 4. Carpel female reproductive organ

collectively called gynoecium

Structure of one type of flower

petal + sepal = perianth petal (of corolla)
attract pollinators produce microspores pollen is produce

produce megaspores

sepal (of calyx)

protect the flower bud

receives pollen

receptacle pedicel

develop into seeds after fertilization

An ovule containing a mature female gametophyte. The gametophyte is a sevenseven-celled structure. One cell (the "endosperm mother cell") has two nuclei and will help form the endosperm, a nutritive tissue for the forthcoming embryo. Another cell is the egg.

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The leaves
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Internal structure of leaves Fig. 35.34(TE Art)

Vein Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Cuticle

Terminal bud

Fig. 35.23b(TE Art)

Axillary bud Blade

Node Internode

Guard cell

Stoma

Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis

Guard cell Stoma Vein

Terminal bud scale scars

Petiole

Stipules

In classifying angiosperms: Taxonomists may use leaf morphology as a criterion

(a) Simple leaf A simple leaf is a single, undivided blade. Some simple leaves are deeply lobed, as in an oak leaf. (b) Compound leaf In a compound leaf, the blade consists of multiple leaflets. Notice that a leaflet has no axillary bud at its base. (c) Doubly compound leaf In a doubly compound leaf, each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets.

Petiole Axillary bud Leaflet

Petiole Axillary bud

Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud

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Some plant species: Have evolved modified leaves that serve various functions.
(a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which this pea plant clings to a support are modified leaves. After it has lassoed a support, a tendril forms a coil that brings the plant closer to the support. Tendrils are typically modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified stems, as in grapevines.

tendrils

(b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such as this prickly pear, are actually leaves, and photosynthesis is carried out mainly by the fleshy green stems.

(c) Storage leaves. Most succulents, such as this ice plant, have leaves modified for storing water (d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia are often mistaken for petals but are actually modified leaves called bracts that surround a group of flowers. Such brightly colored leaves attract pollinators.

(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe daigremontiana, produce adventitious plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil.

adventitious plantlets

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Cactus spines are modified leaves that protect the fleshy stem from consumption by animals. The leaf of the pitcher plant is modified to collect water. When an insect falls into the water it becomes trapped. The insect is then digested providing the plant with organic nitrogen.

The roots
TYPES OF ROOTS

A taproot system

A fibrous root system

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Many plants have modified roots

(a) Propagative roots

(b) Storage roots

(c) Strangling aerial roots

(d) Buttress roots

(e) Pneumatophores

Classification of angiosperms

All angiosperms are placed in single phylum

Magnoliophyta

Magnoliopsida (Dicots)

Liliopsida (Monocots)

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In seeds, two cotyledons (part of the embryo) Usually four or five floral parts (or multiples of these)

Comparison of the main features that distinguish dicots from monocots

In seeds only one cotyledon Usually three floral parts (or multiples of three)

Usually a netlike array of leaf veins Basically, three pores of furrows in pollen grain
vascular bundle

Usually a parallel array of leaf veins Basically, one pore or furrow in pollen grain Vascular bundles distributed ground tissue of stem

Vascular bundles arrayed as a ring in stem

DICOTS

MONOCOTS

The pollen Develop from microspores. Outer layer exine. Exine contains chemical that may later react with other chemical in the stigma of a flower. As a result of these reactions, the pollen grain may germinate or further developmental may be blocked depending on whether or not it originated from the same plant or other plant of same species or different species. Many pollen grains have pore-like thin areas in the wall. The fruits A mature ovary. Found only in angiosperms. Protects the seeds by enlarging the ovary wall. Aids in dispersal of seeds.

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Pollination triggers hormonal changes: cause the ovary to grow Wall of the ovary becomes pericarp As the ovary grows, the other parts of the flower wither away. If the flowers not pollinated: fruits are not develop entire flowers withers and fall away.

Various modifications in fruit help disperse seeds: 1. Seeds within fruits that function like a kites enhance dispersal by wind. eg: Dandelion and Maple 2. Some plants have fruits modified as burrs that cling to animal fur or human clothes. 3. Some produce edible fruits that is nutritious, sweet-tasting and commonly vividly colored. fruits are dispersed by animals/human in a mutualistic system. 4. Some seeds can move modest distances by explosive means eg: when the pods of garbanzo beans rapidly split. 5. Some fruits, such as coconut, are dispersed by water.

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Fruits are classified into several types depending on their developmental origin

Simple fruit
A fruit derived from single ovary. Fleshy cherry Dry soybean pod

Aggregate fruit
A fruit derived from single flower that has several carpels. Eg: blackberry

Multiple fruit
A fruit develops from an inflorescence (a group of flowers tightly clustered together). Eg: pineapple

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Sexual reproduction

Stamen male reproductive parts: Anther contains pollen. Filament stem-like portion of the stamen that holds the anther erect. Carpel female reproductive parts of the flower: Stigma sticky end part of the carpel for pollen attachment. Style the stalk that raises the stigma out of the flower. Ovary area in which the ovules are kept. Ovary wall will develop into fruit.

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Pollination Pollination: transfer of pollen to the stigma of the flower. Pollination may occur through the actions of: pollinators or by the wind. Types of pollinators differ in the: morphology of their feeding structures their nutritional requirements. The morphology, color, odor, and reward (nectar and/orpollen) of flowers have evolved to attract a particular type of pollinator. Bee-pollinated flowers are sweet and fragrant.

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 Flowers pollinated by beetles tend to have stronger, spicy and fruity odor. Beetles dont have keen visual sense and flower pollinated by them are usually white and dull in color. Some flowers smell like rotten meat and flowers tend to be dull or brown and pollinated by short-tongue flies. Night-flying moths pollinated white or yellow flowers colors that stand out against dark background in moonlight. Birds dont have sense of smell, but they have excellent vision. So they visit flower that is bright red or yellow and have little odor. Fertilization Fertilization: o referred to as double fertilization because o each of the two sperm cells in a pollen grain o fuses with a haploid cell in the ovule. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma: it germinates forming a pollen tube that grows down the style. Upon entering the ovule, one of the sperm cells fuses with the egg to form a zygote. The other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid cell that divides to produce endosperm: the tissue that surrounds and nourishes the developing embryo.

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Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gametophyte, which produces egg.

Egg (n)

Stigma

Ovule

Pollination and growth of pollen tube

Pollen grain Pollen tube

Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. Pollen (n) Sperm

Meiosis

HAPLOID DIPLOID

Fertilization

Zygote (2n)

Ovary Ovule

Seed germinates, and embryo grows into plant.

Seeds

Food supply

Seed coat

Seed

Embryo (2n)

Sporophyte

Fruit

Within the ovule, the developmental process begins with the : enlargement of the endosperm, which is the source of nutrition for the embryo. The cells of the embryo then divide forming a shoot end and a root end.

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 The shoot end forms cotyledons, or seed leaves, which channel nutrients to the embryo. There are two main groups of plants, the dicots (two cotyledons) and the monocots (one cotyledon).

In monocots : some of the endosperm remains and is channeled through the cotyledon after germination. The outer wall of the ovule becomes the seed coat. In dicots : the cotyledons absorb most of the endosperm and provide nutrients to the embryo after germination.

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Plant tissue systems Each organ of the plant has ALL three tissues: 1. dermal tissue 2. vascular tissue 3. ground tissue

What is/are function/s of DERMAL TISSUE?

Root

Leaf
Dermal tissue is colored in white

Protection, absorption, and conservation of water

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What is/are function/s of VASCULAR TISSUE?

Xylem: transport of water and dissolved minerals

Phloem: transport of sugars (food)

Vascular tissue is colored in purple

Transport of material between roots and shoots (stems/leaves)

What is/are function/s of GROUND TISSUE?

Ground tissue is colored in yellow

Photosynthesis, support, and storage

Ground system surrounds the vascular tissue and comprises of: 1. parenchyma 2. collenchyma

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3. sclerenchyma

What is/are function/s of PARENCHYMA CELLS?

Chloroplast

The typical cell, the cell walls are relatively thin and flexible

Photosynthesis, storage of starch, composes the fleshy tissue of fruits

What is/are function/s of COLLENCHYMA CELLS?

These cells have thicker cell walls than parenchyma and are grouped in strands or cylinders

Support of young plant shoot and petioles, provides support without restraining growth

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What is/are function/s of SCLERENCHYMA CELLS?

These cells have very thick cell walls strengthened by lignin. mature cells cannot elongate and occur in regions of the plant that have stopped growing. At functional maturity, these cells are dead. These cells make up the xylem.

Support and transport

Sclerenchyma exist as either sclereids or fiber form.

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