Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting September 30 October 4, 2012 Catamaran Resort Hotel, San Diego, CA, USA

Uwe Riechert, ABB Switzerland Ltd, High Voltage Products, 2012-10-04

Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO) in Gas-Insulated EHV & UHV Substations
Tutorial of CIGR Working Group A3.22 / A3.28 Technical Requirements for UHV and EHV Substation Equipment

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 1

Contents

VFTO

Rise time Amplitude

Simulation

Simulation methods Verification

Insulation Co-ordination Approach

Trapped charge voltages Damping measures

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 2

Summary Conclusions

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO)

600 [kV]

Switching of Small Capacitive Currents with Gas-insulated Metal-Enclosed Disconnector Switches Opening
0,1 0,2 [s] 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 [s] 1,0

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

400 200 0 -200 -400 0,0

Moving Contact

Fixed Contact

500 [kV] 350 200 50 -100 -250 -400 0,4

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 3

Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO)

Rise Time
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Time duration tb of spark ignition in gas such as SF6 is given by TOEPLER equation:
10000

Rise Time [ns]

1000

Air
Measured values

100

SF6
Measured values Field Utilization Factor

10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Gas Pressure [MPa]

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 4

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Closing

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO - Amplitude
Principle Case A
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Characteristic Impedance Z

Case A
5m U

Wave Travel Time

R=0 UTC = -1 pu
ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 5

VFTO - Amplitude
Principle Case B
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Case A Case B
5m U

5m

10 m U 20 m

R=0 UTC = -1 pu
ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 6

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO - Amplitude

Principle Damping Effect

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Case A Case B
5m U

5m

10 m U 20 m

R = 10 UTC = -1 pu
ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 7

VFTO - Amplitude

Principle Real Trapped Charge

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Case A Case B
5m U

5m

10 m U 20 m

R = 10 UTC = -0.45 pu
ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 8

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO - Amplitude

Traveling wave reflection open end

Impedance matching ZS=Z0

Open end ZL=

u(t,x)

uL=u(x1)

uS=u(x2)

Coaxial line 2D model

Conductor

uL=u(t,x=x1)

uS=u(t,x=x2)

Open end reflection 2D model Coaxial line Vs= +1 V, ZS= Z0 ZL= , (VL= 0 V) Simulation time: 100 ns

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 9

VFTO

VFTO versus Rated Voltages

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

5 4 Voltage [pu] 3 2 1 0 300

Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Rated switching impulse withstand voltage Rated power frequency withstand voltage (peak)

GIS GIS Hybrid-IS

GIS Hybrid-IS

Japan

South Africa

China

500

700 900 Rated voltage Ur [kV]

1100

Source: CIGRE TB 456, WG A3.22

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 10

Dependency of rated withstand voltages and calculated VFTO on rated voltage as per IEC 62271-203

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO

Classification in High Voltage GIS Substation

Origin
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

switching operation in gas-insulated HV substations Very fast transients in gas-insulated substations VFTO

Propagation

Internal transient voltages

Travelling waves between inner conductor and enclosure

External transient voltages

Transient enclosure voltage TEV Transient electromagnetic fields EMF Travelling waves on overhead lines

Effect

Stresses in insulation

Stresses in secondary equipment

Stresses in airinsulated operating equipment

Leader branching

design, free moving particles, DC stress

control circuits, EMC, personnel safety

Transformer, bushings

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 11

IEC 62271-102 Annex F

Requirements for switching of bus-charging currents by disconnectors for rated voltages 72.5 kV and above
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Test Duty TD 1: Switching of a very short section of busbar duct

Normal type test and mandatory for DS The circuits for DS testing were chosen in such a way, that maximum pu (per unit) values for VFT peak were generated and it was assumed that they would also be the highest possible in the GIS. The test circuit has to be arranged in such a way, that the measured peak voltage to ground without a trapped charge voltage at the load side and 1 pu at the source side is higher than 1.4 pu. The time to first peak should be less than 500 ns.

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 12

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO Measurement
Test Set-up TD 1
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

10.7m

1.5m

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 13

VFTO Simulation

Calculation and Measurement of VFTO

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Conventional single spark approach

EMTP- electromagnetic transient program

The accuracy of the simulation model must be verified VFTO calculation and measurement when switching busbars with a GIS DS as per IEC 62271-102

without pre-charging with pre-charging

The measured voltage progressions coincide very well with the simulation.

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 14

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO Simulation

Extended Disconnector Model

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Simulation of the entire process

Consideration of the dielectric behavior of the DS Simulation of all pre-strikes and re-strikes
ATP/EMTP MODEL

Calculation

Trapped Charge (DC) Pre- and Re-strike duration Number of strikes

uS uL i r = r(t,uS,uL,i)

As basis for the insulation coordination

DC Trapped Charge

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 15

VFTO Full DS Operation

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Tests)

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

A comparison between simulation and measurement can verify the accuracy of the simulation.

400 *10 3 300 200 100 0 -100 -200

400 *10 3 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300

-300 -400 0,0

-400 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

(f ile disconnector_03_v erif ication_test_duty .pl4; x-v ar t) v :U2

(f ile disconnector_03_v erif ication_test_duty .pl4; x-v ar t) v :U2 factors: 1 -1 offsets: 0,00E+00 0,00E+00

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 16

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO Simulation Extended Model

Calculation of Number of pre-strikes during one Closing

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

2.0 VFTO (Peak Value, abs.) [pu]

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0.5

TCV -1 pu TCV -0.3 pu

0.75 1 Time [s] 1.25 1.5

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 17

VFTO Simulation Extended Model

Trapped Charge Voltage TCV
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Use of real trapped charge behavior of the disconnector, if known. Otherwise the worst case assumption of a trapped charge voltage of -1 pu should be used for the simulation.
20%

Simulated Measured
15%

10%

5%

0% 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Trapped charge voltage (abs.) [pu]

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 18

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

Probability

Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO Simulation Extended Model

TCV Distribution
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

The TCV distribution depends strongly on the contact speed. The TCV is specific for each design and could be analyzed during type testing or simulated with high accuracy.
1

Trapped charge voltage (abs.) [pu]

0.8

calculated 90% probability 95% probability 99% probability measured

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Contact speed [m/s]

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 19

VFTO 3D Simulation

Full-Maxwell Simulation Approach

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Full-Maxwell simulation approach (vector FEM implemented in COMSOL) Full-Maxwell time-domain simulation approach offers the following advantages:

Very fast transients can be visualized and its wave character can be better understood Local field values are available over the 3D GIS geometry Critical places of the GIS design can be reliably detected Sensitivity study with small geometrical changes is possible Design optimization is possible

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 20

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO 3D Simulation
Example
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 21

VFTO 3D Simulation
Simulation Results
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 22

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO 3D Simulation

Experimental Verification of the Results

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 23

VFTO Simulation

Comparison of Simulation Methods

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Conventional Model One Strike Worst case Description

Extended EMTP 3D Model Model Entire process Detailed Calculation of GIS

Insulation coordination Considaration of

Amplitude Rise Time Accuracy > 95% Trapped Charge Pre- and Re-striking Times Visualization Local Field Strength Internal Mitigation Studies Optimization

Design

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 24

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

Insulation Co-ordination Approach

Overview according to IEC 60071-1
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion
Trapped charge voltage (TCV) behavior known NO YES YES: UTCV = - 0.3 - 1.0 pu NO: UTCV = - 1.0 pu
Evaluation of trapped charge behavior

Step 1 Calculation of VFTO (peak value and rise time)

System analysis VFTO calculation (verified calculation method) Maximum calculated VFTO Umax_VFTO

Insulation characteristic

Statistical distribution Inaccuracy of simulation Co-ordination factor KC

KC = 1.05

Selection of the insulation meeting the performance criterion

Correction factors

Atmospheric correction factor Kt Aging in service Quality of installation Safety factor KS

Co-ordination withstand voltage Ucw_VFTO KS Application of factors to account for the differences between type test and actual service conditions Required withstand voltage Urw_VFTO

Step 2 Comparison of calculated VFTO values with LIWV level for the different equipment by using:

Co-ordination factor Kc Safety factor Ks Test conversion factor Ktc

External insulation

YES: Kt

Test conditions
Test conversion factor Ktc Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIWV)

Ktc 1

Comparison with LIWV LIWV Urw_VFTO

NO Definition of required damping measures

YES

Trapped charge behavior Resistance value for damping resistor Other mitigation methods

Step 3 Definition of measures according to the insulation co-ordination

No damping measures necessary

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 25

VFTO Co-ordination: Step 2

Comparison of calculated VFTO values with LIWV level

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Calculation of the required VFTO withstand voltage UCW_VFTO for the different equipment by using:

Co-ordination factor Kc (statistical distribution, inaccuracy of simulation, frequency of occurrence) 1.05 ( 1.0 1.1)

Safety factor Ks (atmospheric correction, aging behavior in service, quality of installation) 1.15 (1.05 for air insulation) Test conversion factor Ktc (for a given equipment or insulation configuration, describes the different withstand behavior under VFTO stress compared to the stress with standard LI voltages) 1.0 (0.95 for SF6)

Comparison of calculated required VFTO withstand voltage values with LIWV level

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 26

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

Insulation Co-ordination Approach

Definition of Damping Measures
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Definition of measures according to the insulation co-ordination

No damping measure required Damping measure required

DS with low TCV Damping resistor Definition of required resistance value Other mitigation methods Magnetic damping or resonators

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 27

VFTO Mitigation Damping Resistor

Principles
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Arc commutation

Series resistor (contact)

(2) (1)

Parallel resistor (contact)

(2) (1)

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 28

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO Mitigation Damping Resistor

Effect

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Italy: 110 China, Japan, Korea: 500

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 29

VFTO Mitigation Damping Resistor

Working Principle and Structure
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 30

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

VFTO Mitigation Damping Resistor

Requirements for the Resistor
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Voltage withstanding characteristic and energy absorption capability of the resistor in case of re-strikes and pre-strikes between the moving contact and the arcing electrode of the resistor. A flashover across the resistor may lead to high VFTO and has to be avoided. A higher resistance value leads to a higher voltage stress across the switching resistor. The rate of rise of the voltage across the resistor could be very high and depends on the set-up and the capacitances on the load and source side. The thermal absorption capability of damping resistor is defined to withstand the thermal stress of one close-open operation. During the switching a lot of re-strikes or pre-strikes occur. The absorption energy of each strike must be added to get the whole absorption energy for one operation.

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 31

Insulation Co-ordination Approach

New Mitigation Methods
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

High frequency RF resonator

Low quality factor designed to cover a wider frequency range Tuned to the dominant harmonic component 20 % damping Placed around the conductor Depending on number, material and size of the rings 20 % damping

Nano-crystalline material

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 32

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

Summary
Summarizing the different experiences an insulation co-ordination procedure with three steps is proposed, following the general insulation co-ordination approach. The trapped charge voltage is specific for each design and could be analyzed during type testing or simulated with high accuracy and has to be used for the insulation coordination. Required damping measures could be defined for the specific project.

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 33

Conclusions

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Everything should be as simple as it is but not simpler. Albert Einstein

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 34

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

CIGR
UHV Working Groups
Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

(1) CIGR WG A3.22: Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment Exceeding 800 kV TB 362 & TB 456 (2) CIGR WG B3.22: Technical Requirement for Substations Exceeding 800 kV TB 400 (3) CIGR Ad Hoc TF of SC D1: VFTO in UHV GIS Systems (4) CIGR WG D1.36: Special Requirements for Dielectric Testing of Ultra High Voltage (UHV) Equipment (5) CIGR WG C4.306: Insulation Coordination for UHV AC Systems (6) CIGR WG A3.28: Switching phenomena and testing requirements for UHV & EHV equipment (7) CIGR WG B3.27: Field tests technology on UHV substation during construction and operation

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 35

Summary

Outlook EHV & UHV AC World Map

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Canada USA Venezuela Italy India

Russia Japan South Korea

China

Brazil South Africa

1050 kV 1100 kV 735 kV 800 kV 735 kV 800 kV and 1100 kV 1200 kV

Source: CIGR WG C4.306 / highest voltages
ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 36

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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Uwe Riechert

10/04/2012

Author
CV Dr.-Ing. Uwe Riechert

Studies in electrical engineering at the Dresden Technical University Research assistant at the Dresden Technical University

Content Introduction VFTO Simulation Insulation Co-ordination Damping Summary Conclusion

Diagnostics and dielectric properties of polymeric insulated cables for ac and dc applications PhD on the topic of polymeric insulated HVDC cables in 2001 Up to 2001: test engineer in the high voltage laboratory Since 2001: switchgear development, responsible for partial discharge diagnostic and monitoring, solid insulating materials, dielectric design, patents, testing, product certification and cooperation with research centers and universities Since 2004: development project manager (e.g. 1100 kV circuitbreaker) 2008: senior manager 2009-2011: high current systems (generator circuit breaker) development Since 2011: gas insulated switchgear development DKE (German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE) Swiss Electrotechnical Committee (CES) TK42 (convener) and TK115 (convener) CIGR working groups (AG D1.03, WG A3.28, WG D1.25, WG D1.28, WG C4.306). Convener of CIGR working group D1.36: Special requirements for dielectric testing of Ultra High Voltage (UHV) equipment IEC TC42/WG19

Since 1999 ABB Switzerland Ltd

Membership

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 37

email: uwe.riechert@ch.abb.com

ABB Group September 28, 2012 | Slide 38

IEEE PES Switchgear Committee, 2012 Fall Meeting

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