Chapter No, 2

ASTRONOMICAL ALGORITHMS
TECHNIQUES
For lhe determlnatlon

&

ol th prsiso locallon ol the obJsts in th6

th. lunrr

Solar

SFtem, panbulany the Sun .nd rh6 Moon, ih6 Frnch planetary theory VSOPaT,
(sretagnon & Francou, 1994) and rhory ELP-2000 (Chapront-Tou# .nd

Chapron!1943,

91) rr.

well sulted. A number of sotlwaE hav6

ben developd

tor lho shulatlon of celstlal phenomona based on

the$ tho.16 and similar otner

works.In the cunanl studylhe same lhori.s havs b6.n

u*d

lo lollowthe pGitlons

otthesun and rhe Moon.

conven the theorles Into computatlonal iechnlques, malhematlcal lechnlques, tools and dlgo thms nave been dtloted. Moch ot the computailon.l work is ba*d on the algorithms devoloped by Meus (Meus,199a) but a subslantlal ahount or work on computatlonal aEonthms has been done Indpendsnlly. For a ihorolgh und.Franding ol lhE compul.tlon.l toob the
Moreoler,
problem of llme ls explor6d rnd discused in d6tatl. ln this 6Ebrd the @nblbution of a numbd of authors has beon sludled in as much detail as ls required (Aokl et.

to

al., 19aa. Sorkoskl, 1944, Clomen@ 194a, 1957, de ,ag6, and ,lappel (Eds.),

197l- Dl.k, 2ooo, E$. and Parry, 1995, E3*n et, al., 195a,

Gurnot dnd

S6ldelmann, 1944, Markowiu er. Er. 1954, Mullor 6nd rappel, 1977, t9unk and

lrlacoonald, 1975, Nel$n et, al., 2001, Newcomb, 1495, Sadler (Ed.), 1960,

seldehann rnd Fukqshlmai 1992, Spencer, 1954, Stephenson and Moi$n, 1944,
1995, Sleph6n$n, 1997, Wlls, 1963, otc.).

th.

output ot ihesa ftort!

b a .omplter progr.m for

In

.natysts ot

ftst

vblblllly ol luh.r crscent named Httatol wrttten

C.t.ngs.ge dt$u$ed 6t the end

2.I

INTRODUCTION
For rhc derernination of lhc visibilily mnditions otNew lund Cre$hl (or the

old.st lutur cresccn0 over a tocal hori2on, lhe 6Bt rask h ro deremine rhe Unive6al Tine (uT) and dai. ofrbe scocenhic cobjucrion of thc Moo. &d rhe sb or thc Binh of New Mmn. In ils morion tuDnd rhe Eanh rhe Mmn tralcls doud 12 deg@s frcn
rvsr ro

c6t cvery day sd iakes ovr

rhe Sun in

doud

every 29.5 dars on thc avcm8c.

betore the

When de Moon is vcry

clo* lo ve$ ot (he Sun it aprears

sunrie ed vhen il

N elst oilhe Sui it appcmsjusr anq rhc sunset. The lunar crcscenr is vcly rarel) on rbedayofthe conjLncton. Dqjon Linn(Danjon 1932. t9l6)
has

lkibtc

b.cn i.$rpreted as

a limn on Ihe

lu@ cE*cnr Accordine lo rhis lihir the ruMr ccscnr is nor visibb if lhc elonSadon is te$ lhd ? deSEes (Do88er & Sch.efer 194. Schaefe! 1991, yallop 1998). Thc hdimM elonSadon ot $e Moon
ar

hininuo

clongalion ofrhe visible

of$e Eeocentdc conjuncrion is same as the inctinarion otrhe lunar orbjt fbn rhe plo. of ectipric (50 9). When rhe Moon lakes orr rh Sun ar ir ndimun elongation $c ninimun time il lals b molc foo bein8 / fmm rhe $n (on the .6rem side) ro be ?o again {on &e w6om side) is eoud th,ee quans ofa day. Th6 it is theorcdcally possible lhrl rhe qesent is t6l sen on $e dly of conjunction or is tsr
lhe dtoe
seen on the day

ofconjunction. TheoEricalty n is aho possibte rbar

if$e

crescenr

seno.

n hsl

the day

ofconjuncrionad

rhen rhe new cEscenr

seen on

ln. da, iller, orthc

n *en oflhe conjunction. In th6e cM rhe cre$e r.mDs hv$ible for.oneahalf' day. Howevcr non of the$ lheoletical possibihia are rcatird in practice too freque.dy. Mosrty rhe cEscent Enains inlisible for .two-sd.a-holt, days
on the day

crekenr rs rasr

srn

on rbe day bto,e rhe conjurcrion .nd !h?. rh. new

c@dl

at least,

These condnions dcpehd on

tc

obse(ets t@a on.

25

O@ thc rim. of thc g.cdric biil of th. Ncw MFn is d.lmin d, dE rcxl r.3l( ir b d.cdic dE locd circuhlt .c6 oflhc Su ud dE M@n tt dE tirc ofsu5.l on lhc day of rh. conjwrid or r &, .ncr thc djulction (or d lh. lirc of swi$ on lh. dly ol conjncdon or thc dly b.foE). Fd this i'lk ooc mEt d.r.miE th. l@l tim6 of thc ru$t a.d lhc noon3ct In tr. mmins in otdcr to b. vkiblc th. Su rhould tag b.hind thc Moon in odd rh|lth. @s i3 visiblc .d in thc dcnine! thc M@n sholld bc hgAitrg b.hind rh. Su. Clsiotly thc LAC of $c M@n h!5 Em.in d on ih!{ndr cosidcElion for lhc adi.sr vbibility of$. w lua ct6..nl. SiM thc rim6 of th. Babyloni.ns thtuu8h ni.tdl6 !96 .rd ill tlE 20d e uy it hs b.qr
coNid.Ed

aerd. Blbyloni@ @Nidc!!d nininm LAG rcquiGd for tlF visibihy or new lund ca*nt to b. 48 miNt6 wh.@ thc MBlidAFbs co.sid.td il lo b. 42 to 48 minut s dcp.ndinS on th. E ih-M@n disl'ne. In Dod.m liis tlDogh thc lisibihy condnioB hlvc b.cn eFncd nainly d@ lo .ll kinds ot lnifi.ill pollurios dc ncw luM cGs6t hls bc.n rcpon d lo b. tishr.d vlEn ia LAC B
mwh

I deisiv.

ls

ths

42 hinuts.

suEr ..d $. n@nsr, though statd !o b. s@nd t.st in *qu.na, i! dcp.nd.nt on rhc dct mimtion ol dt PEci* toldenkic @diMl* of th. Su ed thc M@n- h is rh.tfoE imFnliv. lhat b.foE rh. &t frinatioi of rhc LAG orc nusr find th. E.@ ric @rdiMl6 ed lh.n lhe bpo@ntdc c@rdinarcs foi $c l@don on lh. globc fom sh.E ob6cNalion it to bc m&. of th.* bodic!. Th.* e dcrivcd fren th. two $.oti.s, dF VSOPET .rd th.
TIE ddcmin.tion ot $c

l@l riGs

or rh.

$. ch!pr.o. As both rh* thod.s &*db. lh.luM.nd $. iol& c@dinatcs 6 .xplicit tin sid, mlkiig olt thc prilc "lim. usm.nt' is *nlid tor lh. appUcadon of tI6c fodul8. 'It. "ritu" co*idcrcd in thc* 0E@.s ed rh. orh.r thcod6, is . rim ird.Dcnd.nr oflh. dillioB of thc E nl ed ir g.tudlly Lfr.d s "Drnmial Timc . How.r dc limC' speificd bt ou clclc b ba*d on thc !sn8. norion of rhe Esnli .nd t. Sui 6d is lm.d .s thc "Md Sol& Tim." Th. titu cosi&cd in ihc applidion of dE rh.oncs b ihc B.lyc.ftic DyMic.l Tin. (tBD) or dE TcGrrirl Tirc (II) which ir 6sin d wirh th. C6.dl Th@ry of RGl ivily (Ch.po -To@a & Ch!!ro4 l9l, Ncl$n.t..1,2001, Guiml &
ELP-2000

(di*.us.d lakr

in

26

Seid.lm@, 1988). The TT is d.fined in FlatioD witb the "lnt matioDl Alonic Tine"

T"I=TAI+]2F.IE4

c.l.t)

Btce TAI it dgul.td &cording ro atomic rimc, In TAI $c b6ic uoir of rime is thc SI sond {defined by Bueu Inremarional des Poids.l M.su6, BIPM, in t96?, a
dudlion of9,192,611,770 periods of rodiarions cooesponding ro lh. tmsition brween

uo htFrfinc

levcls

ofd.gbund slat oflneCesinm

lll

abm G.t tenerat.,2OOt)).

A day on rhk scale is 86400 SI seonds long {Astonomicat Atndrc, 200?). On rbe other hand rhe clet dm." is thc Univ.Ml Tin (Ul denned wirb rcf.r.nc ro nem sun and Nocialed vi1h thc Crccnwicn Md Sid@t Tim. (GMST). UT is detircd as $e hour angle ofrhe Med
rctations of th Eanh
Sun ar

cEenwicb ptus 12i6. Due ro rhe ineuta ries in the

ihcr

di$repancies

b.reen

the lwo rimes. rhe

TT and rhc UT.

This dillcrcrce is ruferred ro as $c delht (At):

AI=TT-UT
Th.rcaore wh.nevcr

(2.t.2)
th position of

wanl

b dd@irc

$.

SM

and lhe

M@.

lbr a panicular lime on ou! clocks w have to fomutate rhe rine argudenr using rhese cons'dcEiions othcnvi* fie clock dn. of the phcnomena shaU nor be appropriat.
Finally. rhc lime arSunenl in drc rhcorics requi,es lhe delemimtioh otrh Jutim Dare of the UT in question. TIE Julim Dale is th. sys!h ofconrinuols limc sle lhar begins o. Noon or crcen*i.h Jduary t,

y6

-4?t2 (cdlcd lhc cpoch oftne..r!lian dde,) ln rhis

r,m scare tlre moment described by a date (CEeorie or

considercd as rhe

Julie)

ond rine (UT) is

"nmb.r of

dayJ,, d.nor.<t

JD, (consisting of a whole number

indicali.g rhc nuober of days .tapsed sj.ce tbe ep@h of Juli& Dar dd a filclion d.sribine the flacrio.s ofa day after lhe whole number of dayt since the ep@h of

Julie

Daie. Using rhjs JD for

&y Domol lh.

1 is tten .ddcd

icguldnies in the oradon of thc Edrrb. The theories use $al. of".umber ofJulio centudcj ehpsd rinc rh. epoch r2OOO.O.

lo .c@unr fo, th. tinc arghehl I lhat is on lhe

Thus usine tbn

21

ine

argunent md the explicii tin eries fomulas of the ELP

ed

lbe VSOP th.

c@rdicrcs of lhe M@n d.y aAq @njudion-

ad

rhe Sun

m calcrl.t

d for

fte s.me

i6i'nl

of rhe day or th.

X"

In

s. @ spheric.l pol& @ordimtes a th gtucsrdc disr.nce,

9. the dcliplic ladtude,

th. ecliptic longitud. and

refeftd b

as

th. Ediprh Coordimles.

Tn*

c@rdinals

i. lh ft sqt dsirely
ad noosi*)

ro obrain rh. ims of th.

for 1hc day in qu6rion.

Su$.i &d dE

Mooisr

(or rhos of $e sun.ie

&d venls) k fomcd by $e region of $e lbn suface tow,rds fie Sun tnar fa.lls belwn rhe two plancs rhrcu8} the e E of rh. Moon, one perp.nd'.ulr ro rhe tine ol vi.w of fie obFn.. dd thc o$.r
FrrEtrdicule to rhe di@rjotr of di@tty rlaLd
ro

TIE lune

ca*

(or rhc cE*enrs of Mrcury

rhe Sun. Thc

nrio of rh.

ea

of lhis

crcw

md lhc

total dea of th Lund disc is called

lhe.phs.. ofihc Moon, The phse ot

th Moon is

rh. seperion bcrwen rne Sun and rhe M@n or .lorgation.

The Astronohical Alm$ac pubtished amually shtes lhar $e dew luna! crscenr is sencElly nor visibtc who irs phe is te$ lhan t% (Askomniqt Almde, 2007).

ha prcv.d ro b. nisl@dine in vicw ofihe fac| rhar the brightn$ oflhe csenr can sr.auy vary rbr the ehe vatue ofthe phas owins lo the varyin8 dislanc. ofrhe Mmr froh $. Eanh. The Elrri-Mmn disunft Eics foo t5O $o@d kitomcrrs lo 400 lholsdd tilomer$. Tnus when dosl lo ihe Earlh the luntr 6cshl hay be
This

vGibl. wilh ns pnsc much ls lhan r % and in cae of fanhd ir nsy not b vkible evdn wilh ph& g@ler thd l%. D@ ro rhis varying disr.rce rh. siz of rhe tuu dis i. fer
cha.ges. Closer the Moon ih disc dppees larger. Th. Muslims had nodccd rhh vdhdon ii th sizc of rhe luie disc hund I OOO ye6 aeo. tn rbe Modm rimes il was nol before Bruin lhar lhc imporrace of 1he actul visibt. widrh of lh. lutu cllsqr

Uhinately n w6 yaltop who ued the widlh of luo{ cr*cent in his ohe_psmeir nodel of tu4 cre$.nr vjsibitity etadng n b the ahnnd. of rh c@.nr on rh. local

@liz4

orce rh sc@orric c@rdinar6 of thc sd md thc M@n e catcutar.d lh. .fieIs oi Refracrion, Abcration hd fic pddta @ @lculat.d for llc.@odinaies of

2a

both rhe Sun and thc Moon. Thse corct d eclipiic coordi.ates of fie Sun and the M@n

@
ihe

lhen arNtomcd into Equtodal

@dinal6 a, the RiSht A*nsion 4d 6,

cooidinale

lhe

Delination. In order lo g.r th.

tical Hodental
oflh.

coo.dimtsi Ahitude and Azimuth, of

Su ed

the Moon, rhe

ob*frers rcft$rial

dd

the

cal

SidftalTime

(dcfind as lhe L@al Hou AnSle

ro

Equinox) aE rcquiEd. A simple alSorilhn lcrds

fie Greensich

Mean Sidereal Time (GMST).r lhe Oi'Unilesal Tinre for any given

dsle. AddinS lhe local longilude 1o rbis GMST erv.s 1he

r,cal

Md

Sidereal

Tihe for

0i' Uhiv.sal Time for any eiv.n dale is oblained. finally to gct $ Local SidcealTine for my nonent of the day day be obtaind keepids in mind the f6ler pace of $e

Oncc lhe

tical SideEolTihe

ofany moncnl is looM the Hour Anele oflhc any

obj*t is
tine

oblained. The local Euatorial coordiiarcs

s, th. Hou

declinalion,lead to the Altnudc (heiehr obove lh holizon)

ed 6. the dd Azidu$. n@ poiilsol

Anele

imporrant lor lhis slldy. when m objecl is al lhe local meidian (i.e. TEnsi().

when rhc objecl rbes ind when an object srs.

Thc time oa tEnsil may be calcularcd using rhe Hour Angle to be

co.siderinS rhe

eo,

or

rhe

tical

Sidereallime

1o

b.lhe Righr Ascension offte objccr. The *timate

an

olthispointoflimc

can b

inpoled uing

ireraive

pccs

(hal inmlves Eadjustihg

the lime arsumena'lo be lhis approximatc tim and rccalcuhting the coordinates

offie

objd

at

thisdme argumehr.

ConsiderinS Hour Angle

(nearive

io be

9Oo

or 6i" approxidare rihe of rhe rkins

t,

o. the se(ins (posnive 14 ae obraincd. R*rlculatins $e rimc dsunenrs

tor approxidale limes of thcsc eve s $c coodi.Eres ofrhe object de deremined again

ad

the b.lter approximtion

risins

of$e inct oflhs denrs ac ob!.ined. This giv.s the a.d the setins orthe cenres ol$e objers (rhe sun and the Moon) thar can b
$e actual isins (the first
apparance

adjnsred |o st

of the weslem limb of the objec,

of the objsrl.

.nd acrual s.tti.s (homen! of dcappe&ance ofrh.

cded linb

29

Onc. lhe lincs of fting

on

work our att

edor selting ofbodr fie Sun 6d rh Moon are oblained th. p.mete6 of fic import,nce for lhc atrsl (ot la0 visibilitv ot
crc$.nr.

rhe nv (or old)

lutr

2.2

DYNAMICS OF THE MOON AND THE EARTH

T!.

dcvlopnnt of nodem

dy.di4l lhoics

for $e sole sv$em beg& wnn

$e discovry of Laws of Pleel,rf Motion by Jobannes Kepler in the 16('centurv At aboul rhe sm.lin haac NMo. cme !p wilh his tt$ of Motion dd the Univeisal
Law of Cdvi|llion. Whar fouowd is a long histo.y
techniques lead
i

ol developool ol nathemtiql ng 10 the fo m! latioi o f Cd 6tial Dynam ics The e llois w.rc d ir4td to

describcrhdorionofplanctsandlheirsal.lliles,dteroidsand@nebinordcrtopledicl then positions in tuturc with accey of SEater 4d g@lr dsG Conuibntio.s of

Cowll. Encke, Claittul. Hesn. D.launav. Hill and Brown. besides daoy olher nahemalici.ns and astdnoneb. bare ben oi grat
Eulr, Laplace, Poison. Gauss, Olber, si8nificancc. A nunbei ofcldsical md nodcn books de now available thal d.scribe thc
drails

ofd.F

conuibutions (Sna41953. Deby, 1992, Plunmer, 1966. Pollard 1966.

Woolard and Clnene 1966. Bouvct lnd Clmence, 196l elc.). Contibutions ae oho availabl rhat give delails ofthe lund dynamics (chaplont_Touze

dd

Chapront.

l98l'

1991. 1988. Chaproni er.

al. I998,

Srandish I981. 1998

etc)

Einsrein's theolv of

rldrivu

suc(aded in dc$nbrns the molion olthe penhelion

The satllite to planet

( 1.23

nss !.tio in case of lhe Moon_E nll

svstn

largsl

l0-r ) in compdi$n

Triton-N.Drune

ey o1hr saEllite-ple.t pait (lh. nexr ldecar beins lhar of l6s ntio = 2 i lO I ). Thccforc rhe Eanh do.s not prclid. lhe dominmt
ro

efecrive fore aclins oh lhc Mooh.It is not only lhe Sun bul all msjo!pltnels and lar of lh dtdoids lhat @nkibute 10 th. cffcctiv force ,cting on the Moon Thus

cphncredF prcpded *ilhout tdtinS into

eout
Moon

emn@u' Mey of
lomJlauon of

the epheheedes of

$.

lh.e contibudons b boud to be of.dlv dsvs, both b.lor' md aliet $e

all

$e Neqonie ndhtuics. weE bded on

dyndics of lhc Moon
30

obieBed

sd

lompukd

averages of various Lnds r.laled 10 lhe

tnoM with a g@l degK of @!6cy lhoi lhe avetagc avrodic p.riod (intepal ber\,s t$o coMurive ne* M@m) is 29.510589 davs (29 dars, 12 hom 44 ninul6 dd 2.9 sondt. The avBec uomalisd. morth (intcn.l ber@n lwo
Today it is

su(esive pa$ages of
18 oinutes

rh Moon throush

it! perige is 27 5s4550 days (27 davs

13

hous

ed

32.1

$cond, ed

aw'age sidercal honth (inLdal b.twen

re

succesiw p6egs of rhe M@n tnroueh ! fixed st!r) is 2? 321662 days (27 davs ? houf

4l

minures and I1.6 secondt. Thus on thc b6is

ofa sidcEal

no

h thc Moon rravel3

abund 12.176158 degr.et p.r.lay on the av.rage Relaiv. to lhe Su. lhc M@n traveh

dtgc6 per day on lvmee. Howvo, rhe mininu Bt 6 b. 12 08 deges Fr day and $e ndimum t2.41 deeees per day. Tnis oll happeis beau$ the orbil oi rhe Moon around tbe Ennh is a hiehly "i!rcCular' .lliPe whercs lho deviadons tre
12.190?49

cau$d by p.nuibatios du. lo the S!n, lhe Planeb and olhs Thc smi-major arh

$lf

svsten

objsls

ollhc orbn ol M@n n on alcnge 384400 kn bul has a snaU oscilldlion aound thb valn whose period is hala lhe svnodic nonth Thc
.@enrricily of the orbn is 0,t49 bul vdics

sj 0 l lT The inclinalion of the luhr orbir from the ecliplic is 500 9' bul vdi6 up tol9 Elen the nod6 (poihts of
d
much

inFdecrion ollhe lunar orbil and the ecliptic) of lhe orbn !re noi fixed 'nd go round ihc rcliptic in 18.6 yeaB with an o$illalion.bour dE $cular notion lhal moun|s to as nuch as I 6? dcsl6 Thc line ol apsd?! tle eo rcund thc echpiic complelrne on' rouod in 8.85

yem

and dciltations

{iih udnude of
a ell
as

12'413 destccs

Ths all

lhc

''elenentt' oi

the orbn exhibn

bo$ scular

peiodic ldiarions lhis mkes rh'

deimiMdon of lund

ephemEds a daunling task

dd thal of th' planets in $e nodm *lup bsd vith lh doluliodv e4loits oi Johees K'Pler $d lsc
The undeslandi!8 of lhe dynanics ol the Moon

N.s,ror Kcpt.r cnpnically dcdued his Lls of Pld.lary Molion on thc b6is ot o posilio' of extensile study of the obsralional .lcta @llected ovcr ce'nies of lhc pldets. Thcsc cfl be sbtcd 6 follows:

3l

L
2.

d. clliptic with lhe Sun a1 one ol lh foci. R.di6 vdtor of ! pldel (V@lor dnM liom the sun lo rhe PldD
Pl&erary otbiB

sw*ps equal &.a5 in equl lihe jorensls.

Th. sqlle of rhe Friod of rcvolulion of a Plder eund rhe Su

proponionalto lhe cube ofils dea. dblance ftom die Sun.

is

Nfion nol only prcentd his Law ofUnive6al Gralilaion but verified KePleas
of Pleetary Motion usi.8 lh. tnw ol G6vilation. According to NMon s Larv rhe

of atmcion beM.en two bodi6 wilh nas*s

2' ed

,,

pl@d 6t a dista.ce

=c!+i
rrr).

(2.2.r')

The force is aflnclive and G is the PmPonio.ahy constant

Consranr (6.6?2x 10

dllcd Univ.dl Cavilalioml

'r-)*s

is

enhs ditctcd ircn ,L to

-r

or rron

Frem rhe ddc

of publicalion ot

tte'Priripi.l

bv NeMon in 1687 a nudbet

',rou|

o'

astlononeB, physicisrs and na$cnalicians conribulcd sisnilicontlv in $e dcvclophenr

of th.

lndesl..dins of Lud sd Plmhry dy.amra.

Howele. at lh time of NeMon (and pftap3 lill lodav) the dvnanics of lhe Moon pa*nred sear dilficuhy rhar forced Ne\\'lon lo darc thal ",',e Ltmr theo'v nale his

vorld think o! it no norc " lDanbv 1992) ro He had tlitficulry in describing lh. modon of Fnge (the poill in lod orbil cloesr (1749) the &nh) and could explain it ro only withi. m accurev ot 8 percenl Clanaut appli.d ml)lical merhods ad succeded in explainilg d molion of pngee bv 6'ng he.l
ache dtut kept

hih aeake

so

olen thut

he

seohd o.der approximation. He published his lraorP de Ia /,,e md a se! ofnumencal tablcs ih 1752 ior computation of lhe posnion of fie Moon. the Eost sisnificmr
contribudon frcm Euler appered in l 7?2 shcn he tublishd his srcond lL@ lh'ory

32

ficory of luM hotior, Publish.d in 1802. cnploy.d rrmfo@ing th. eqution ofmolions $ tlt.t the lruc longltudc wa an independ.nt ldiable Hh wotk also

kplM\

povid.d

e dpl.n
who

tion of lh. degrce

sdo

a@1.61io. of the

M@! ripl@'s

mdhods

w.E

cdied io a high

Dmoi*e.

of accu!@y by sevetal malhedaicies One of then was publthcd his th@ry dd r.bl6 in 182? that Gmaircd in *id' Ne until

Ha.Fn! sork dppeaed. P. A. Hasen's wolk ext nded for over fonv veds fon 1829 dd his r.bl4 w.re publkM in lE5?. ThGe labl6 rcmain.d in s for w.ll ov'r finv yds. Delaunay publishcd his work ih 1860lhal M basd on disturbiry tunctions $ai inludcd 120 tms. By sn.ltti.al m.4 h. Gmovd 0E teru of disorbins turulion on' thc by one ahd gEdually builds up th. $lution. Autho6 cl.im thar Delaunav s vorl( n
mo$

Frf{t

elulion of th.l@r problm v.t found {D&bv

1992)

Thc posilion of
coordinatcs

$e M@n dodd

th

ElnI is desdbed

bv spndical pold

(r,,190 p) wnn r bci.s th. heli@.ntric

disr:nce or rhe tltncr' ? $e

eliflic

lonsitudc and

lhe ecliFic laliode The most commonlt

Gd

edv lo handl
1

lunai $bles dlrinB the nosr Pan of 20't c.n$ry \rcG dDc lo

BrcM (Bmm 960) This

ll]M $.ory w3 inpo!.d

bv Eckefi

&d ws tnown

ILE, sho^ tot Inprored

Lrnr

6 ELP Epr,rdr,r. Tnc lh.ory coGtruct d bv ChcPont and ChaPon(_Toul is knosn (Chapo er. al,. 1983. 1988) shon tot Ephtina des I air's Pukienhes ln ELP luDa nolion in $e simplifi.d tables have ben cxlEclqi from lhe lheorv lo rcplcsnt lh' $e fom of explicit line sries fomule. Th6e tabl's @ b lsed to direcllv compute ro ILE it luntr coord'nabs. ELP h Dol onlt morc Peci* md complele in conpdien For ale povides noe nodern valEs oi l(M pdmelels md olhr Phvsical coislsts'
6000

y.4

on eacb side of J2ooo o ELP povids

lund c@rdiMts that

l4lv

have

eno$

VSOP (Vdialrons .xc.eding few arc secoo.ls Toeelher with th' dvlopment of t!bl6 due ro Sacnl.ifs des Olbires Pletitt bv Bctagllon ed Fdncou (t9E8) lhe
Chapront er.

al

destib the motion

ofall

major bodies (xcept Pluio) ih tbe solar

sysrem. Both rh

$ori6, ELP &d rhc vsoP

dcv'lopcd

rhe Buean d's

ll

inies ionolasysrcm of di0eGnial eqladoi dat constin&s th. major pad of th. sfudy of elcstial n46mic' Therc & i. gddt t$o.ppoachcs for slving such dyndical systctu, ealytol ud nusical, Anallril nerhods m b6ed on solutio. by Iouder sens ed thc Poiso.\ Slies. Thc ELP-2000-85 (Chdprcnlr,al, 1988) is semidalttic sd has ben obla'ncd
BdicaUy a nhcory of pldelary

ed lund

motion involvd

frod

fil o f ELP-2000-82 (Cn!po!i

cr. al. I 983) to

th. nlncrical inrcer.tion of lhe .lei

in this o@ry

Propulsion Labomrory DE200/LE200 (Slstrdish

l98l). P@$ion

ha

ben

$keh iion Lasrar

Gsklr,
an

1986).

For

te

lylic par!

ELP-2000

Fpets th nain lEblm fbm th.

Ihe

penurbarions.

Th. 6ain problem tak s into accout thc &tio. of thc E nn's ce E of

m6s aid lhe acion ofrhe Sun's orbir aound lhe Eorlh-Moon baycentr. such lhat

Sun\ odit is asuned to be Keplrid cllipse. This rcrulls inlo Fouri.r series w'lh numdical c@fiicie s snd ar$mdb th.t m suns ol mulripls of fou fundade.tal

ned longitudcs of the Sun ed $e M@n). / (mean monaly of rh Moon), l(hem anohaly of $e Sun) lnd a (M@n s argumen( ol
paBmeted D (diffeence of ihe

ude).

Tlis main

ladtude and

6uhs inlo dne *.ies fomnld for Mmn\ longitudc. gocenrric disrscc @daining 2645 rcos in all. Apan flofr lh* *rics
problem

acrons

of all rh other

significant objects

in

solar sysren

dt

consideed N

'Fnurbadons lo ihc mdin pbblen lhol include:

tndiKr pl&c(ary perturbarions rbar re induced by lne diff.tsoc.s blwecn the lrue orbit of the Sun aound lhe Eanh-Moo. bdycenue and tssuned Kepbnm Elliplhal orbil oflhc Sun *uned in the min Pmblem.
Dirct planerary penub.tioN due lo etions of

2.

othr plan$

on ibe M@n

lor

borh the direct

th

ad

rhc indtct planetlry penubalions lhe ELP-2000

co6id6

orbib ofthe

pldct

givn by BGlagnon\ VSOP82 rh@.y.

P.rurbations du. ln figues of $e

Edh md

thc

Mon

(Moons, 1982).

34

4.

R.larivislic p.nub.rions (Lsrnd. & Chlpronl-Tou?J 1982).

5- Penurb.tuG du. to tidd afccis (villim3.t. a!

l97E).

6.

Molion of the efccnce

frde

conside&d wilh

spect

to m inrrigl

fime of

consideradon ol all lhese pelturbarioB esuhs inlo rime series

longitude, IatiMe

.rd disra@ of 0E M@n

at

nds

$e numh.r

fomlla for geocentric of lcm !o 15:37.

coordinai.s explicilly

An alnatc ro this

thericrl appro&h is !o rcpr*nl1hc

6 tinc

ledes fomule. This epEs.rolion of tlie tinc seds is dcrloped by Chap6n!

Touzi ind Chapront (Chapront-Touu & Chaprcnq

l9tl,

pp. l0) und ha bcc.

!*d

in

fiis work.

The

mjor fomula

used in rhh

vork due !o $es authob de lkrcd beloNl

Tbe ge@entric longitude

'/h.xpesed

as:

+0.000001856tr'

'/=218.31665416+48126?.8813424'r-0,00011268'r: 0.0000000r534.r1+,5. +(s; +/ 1si +r' xsi/1oo0o)/l0oo

(2.2.t)

whrc

I = h in iulian

centuies sinceJ2000.0

s, =tv,sr,(dj')

+d|),,+ao *r' xro I +ao)'/r xr0' +d|,.rr

(2.2.21

xro r)

I )':st(o;''
=

-a:"'

'4

(2

2.r\

si = tv;,s,,(d;,o

dnD.r)

(2.2 4)

$.t%'sr'(sfl + dI'.,)
Tb vdB 6f

(r25)

Tout.d

v- r; ct, d!o8 eitb |b ot a'. G Sivto i! Chr.odCt q.od (Clg!d.To@a.nd Ci{.Gi, l9l, rp a!-56}

tb.ootM

Ib

gcoc.nttc

ldhde UL

riE

b,: Q26)

t/-s,, +(s:/

+r'$ +i's;/10000)/100
xron

s,,

.5,"si,'(rj". p:".,.p:!.rr
-'u.,&4fri.t + p{t.

+/i",r

xr0r +r'r 'r'

x ro

')

Q2.?',)

s:,

tl

e2.8)

.$

-tr:$4i:o

+r4D.,)

t229'

q.t!;&,(r;o +r'o.,1
Th!

Q2.tO)

y.lG

Toudsrd

th c@trt ! t - !; .iq dotE eilh lho.c of 0!.t 8lt'.! in Clqlot' Ctar@r (ct Fld-ToEald ftlnfi, 1991, I? 5?{a).
of

rindly tl|c geo.6tic dllt n6 it dven by:

x-315000.57rsr +sl

+r.8i

+y'.s;/10000

Q2.rD

s-

=t'"cdldj"'+djl

xron)
(2.2.t2)

s;=:4cd(d;'+r;,''/l
s; = t,;c,rt6"4'
+

(2.2.t))

r,4,

.4

(2.2.t4)

si= i"-",,(u-'' +d;o).r)

-fhc

e.z.ts)

!!hEs of

the consr.nls rz,

/;

etc, dlong with lhose oa6s ae given in Ch.prcnl-

'fouzi

and Chapronr

{Chapo.r-TouzC and Chatronr. 1991. pp 65-73),

Atlat0)s. /0)s and D{ors, ,',

s,,,sl..U,su,si./.'r.r;.,".
y'r\,
ana

md

r;

@ in desrcB,

arr\, y'r's, d1'\,

si,si,.';

and

,;

ac in d.s@Jcenrury, ar'\, y''?\. irlrs,

si.si.v;
/'rs
in

lnd

r; e

in

desEs/6tury2,

ao's,

d's m

in aegeevcenruD kilomelres,

and a"rs,

aid d'h de in deecs/centud.

kiloderrs/cenru.y. siand

R, s,? and Sh

dc in

5i md 4

.t

sr. in kilometftVcenruly:.

For Tbe detemimtion of plan.lary coodinstes lhe complele n-body problcn is

requied to be slvd.

A. ml,,lic

solution

of

planerary dotion wa3 pre*nted by

8rct.Slon (BElaglon, | 982) of Burau d.s LonSiluds of Fnce lhat described only thc

.llipric @rdinates of the pldels. Th. elution is populdly knosn d VSOP82 (Variations S.culai6 d6 Orbits Pldauirct. Latcr, BEtagnon and F6Nou of th. se Bur6u hodificd VSOP82 inro VSOP87 (Bcl8non & FMcoq 1988) in 3uch a uy lJllt th.i! eluio! povid6 both thc Catcsim (or tst&suld) @rdimtes 6 wll a th. sphcdcal pola coodiiates of $e pldels in a helimenlric syslei. Thcir slllion
V

SOP8t descibes ln

el

enehls of thc

osc ulat

ing or

inst

aneous

orbit in lems of:

t7

- sdimjor uis of th. dbil l, = m@ ld8itlrL ordF ddt

a

l= ?,@$

p=

sincr,i

Dsino

c= si(Xi)coso

r is ln. bngnud. ofp.dhelion, i ir th. incliodon oflh. orbit fmm rh. plD. ofeliptic dd O is the logilud. oflh e.lding nod. oa th. olbit. .cholth. rcctarsul$c@rdioat (X L a or &c aph.ic.l polar coordimts (2. I t) is u.xplicir tunctionofiime ed is inlhe forn of p.dodic eds md Poison $ies. Every lcd ot Ues $.i6 is in fic tod of:
whec.
is thc.@eotriciry ofthe orbn,

I"(ssii9+ I:cosp) or 1"..ios(, +c?)

$,lEE
a

(2.2.t6J

- 0, l,

2,

l, 4, 5. I

is

tn. tire in lhoFnds of.,ulie

)s fod

J2000.0, i..

f= e=ia,1,, i = I

165250

to 8,

! I

reprsent rh. m.m longnud.s of the plancc Mercury lo

= 9, l0

6d I Lc rcpllsfl
is the

th. Dclawy sgmen& of lh. Men D, F md

The hsl of
tlay. In thc

na

longiMe of U. Mon Bivd $nh

6pt

to

lh.

ah@te xpcsion,

B= Za,^,"

c=>d,N,

12.2.11,

-,asinp,

(2.2.r8)

l8

,l

md M dc Sivci in

the lable 2 of

(BdaBnon &

Flmou

l96E)

@ .vailabl on CD's dd laFs For r.cta.gular c@rdiml6 of rhe phf,ls |he dlia llles VSOPS?A. VSOPSTC dd VSOP8TE dc @d sd for the
These data series

spherical polarcoordinaEs VSOPSTBand VSOPSTDa!. used. A shonerleBionofrhese

data series

isSilenby Meeus (M.eus, 1998)and

hbles firsr olumn

l. the* gives.4s, fie eco.d ,s dd the lhird sives Cs. The dats file hs 6
u$d in this@r\

lheff. tr

sedes fo, dh or rhe coodi.ates L (h helioccnlric Lonsnud.) and R (lne helioccntk

dislanc. ofthe Eanh) and 5 for fte c@rdi.ale B (lhe hclioc..lric Lafiudc)

Iiiclr s$ics

lir

L. ll .nd

ll ne

uscd as

follo\s ro obhin thc heliccDkic polar

t't i
0. l . 2.
:1.

LA; co\B; . I jT t.
l,2,3,4lor B Ihc
0 lo dilfeonr

r2.2 rol
suFrrscnpt

4. and 5 lor l- md I( and 0,

tsund for

(L). 2(lJ) and 3{R).

x rus tolsh

incger lor di(feEfl

coordinaGs and

their lssiatcd seri6- Fo. l/{iconsponds

/{i coftsponds ro lonsirudc scri.s. I = l ro lari$de sris and I = 3, /r,coiiesponds to dist .ce serica. ll.ch
0-

I -

coordin eislhcneuluatdas:

r=ltcu il'
/. md

) "=lz'',')
$c

=l:, ',''

(2 2 20)

, d. ir ndian nesuEs
rhe c@.dinares of

and X is in aslrohonical unils. These

as menrioned

crlier

Eanh in heliocsnkic c@rdinare sysrcm wnce6 for {he

problem ofdckmrining posirion oflh Sun inour sky w. ctually requiE rhe Cmcentric

coodinales of lhe Sun instead. In case of rhe Eanh this uNformation is sinple:

l9

,is = I +l8O!

Fs= -e

12.2.2t)

ond the hcli@entric

dislanft ofthe E.nI is smc

as

th. s@edtic distanc' oflh S!n'

2.3

BIRTH OF NEW MOON

arcund 12 A3 menioned earlier the Moon in ilsjounev dound the Eanh llavels vcry 29 5 davs whc' rhe dcgrees cvery doy in our sky and $l.s ovcr tic Su in lround

Ccocntnc Lonsnude of the Sun

e.l

lhe M@n

N se

rhe

nonent is tnoM

tnc

of Nev M@ns Tine ol Bidh of Ncs Moon Tbe dudion berven two succe$ive Binhs petiod is n is called lhc Lun.lion Period Ho$ever dE Llnal'on from 29.2 days lo 29 8 davs This is rh. d.ys ach or lhe con*culive

cMn

bhind

luor monlh of lO davs cacn

'ons For fi tine ofBinh ofNew

olilt
Moon and

irt tu'd

mon$s of 29

lonsilud's Moon one requiEs to find lhe noment when rhe seocentric

rinc eeh of rhc sun coiNide Thus one needs to lracl lhc lo'Siludcs of lhe lonsiodes of the Sun md Coisidcrins $e najor rcms oa lhe line scrics fomulac fo'
ELP-2000'8? $e $c M@tr in th planeurv rhcorv VSOP'2000-8? and lhc l(nw th@rv An alsori$m due b Meeus noment when thc rwo lonsiludes aG sMc can be evaluatd Ns Mmn is as rollos: (Mceus, l99E) for $e dclemiiation or $e rin' or Binh of
passages ol lhe a!c8. lhe tnpic.l Yd (dudiion betw'en t*o conseculive (from (l I l)) Thc avedge svnodrc Sun lhroush equ ox) iscudcnrlv 16524219 davs Moonsr toten o\er a rcn'ur} ii Monrh (trre intedal bclwccn r$o cons{u'r\c t\e*

thcn

On

'Ixus in oft topical vear rh're aG otr a\Esc 12 1682664 29.530589dar(fon (1.3.3)). 2O0O i e J2O0O O the nunbei of Synodic mo h5 Thqeloe since lhe $ad of lhe vcd
synodic monlhs elapsd oregrveh bvl

t
and lhc time in

(f,'

- 2000) x l2 3682664

(2.1

l)

lropical ceoruries el.Psed since J2000 0 is Siven

bti

t236.42664

(2

t.2)

An approximarc valu

ofth.Iulid

Dale ofthe Ncw M@n

ir $cn givn by:

JDE

2451550.09166

+29.5JO58886t.t+0.00015437..r
+ 0.000000000?3'

-0.OOO00Ol5

j.r

r!
(2.3.3)

$herc *!.

t i. d

inteSer Thus @ording ro this fomula rhe for

= O |h

Jutiil

Dar.

lid ces.nr
4l

of$c

ofycar

2OOO

is 2451550.09766 lhar is
a

J&ury 6.2000 ar I8n

r4m, md

I of dynlmical lime. For

horc accmle valu

oa ihe

Julia D.te of thc New Moon

due lo lhe Sun md rhc planer ar added, Thc pertuibafions tenrs due to thc sun d given byl

lhe pdlrbation

tchs

x=

-0 t07 2.SlN(M )+ 0 I72J t

EISIN(M) +O.0l60A.SINOr M )+0

0lAj91stNe,F)
M)

+0.007i9.E"'lN(M -M)-O
0 00| t

0O5

1.t.ErSINtM
+

+a 0a208'E^2istN Q,M)
+

t 'SlN(M -2.F)-0.000t7.StN(M

2*F)+O OOO|6.E.SI^-(2+M,

000J2.slN(3.M )+ A OOO.| 2+E.StN(M+ 2tF)+0,aoB8*E.SIN(M_2.F) -a 00021'E.stN(2. M'-!r' o 0u | 7,stN4.] 0.00007.stN(M'+ 2.io

-0

0a0u.slN(2.M -2. F) +O.00001'S!N(1.M)+0 \oaol.stNi,,t-+ M-2+F) +0 0040j.SIN(2'M + 2.FrO 00O03.S|N(M +M.2.F)

+0.

+0

+0.00002.s1N(1'M) wherc
,r,1 =

0000J.StN (M -M + 2.D

-0.

@OO2.S|N(M.

-M). D -O.O0OO2.StN(r. M, + M)
Q).4)

rb. mce &omaly ofth. Sd al ihc JDE = 2. I SiJ +29 I A5 3567.k-0 ,OOO0 t I -0 oaoooo I I

I
(2.3.5)

= thc mee anomly of de Moon d lhe JDE

= 2A 1.5613+ J85 8 1693528'k+O.Ot 07j82N -0 0A0A0A0,8.
11

+0

OAOA

I :38.

4l

F"

M@'!.4ruqtof hind.
! 6'0.? !

aE+390.670t0264.1-0.00t

0.0@w0

.f

61 r

8.

- 0.0U00227.

Q.3.1)

g - lncinde of lsnding md. of {!. luar orbn

!24.7716-1.5637t588.t+0.0020672'1 +

0.OOOOO2 t

5r

(2.3.8)

E=

Eedtricity of $. oftit of Elni

1-0.002t 16.T-0.0000074.

(2.1.e)

Th. pedurbltion |.tus

de

io

pleas e:

A00032t.StN(A I )+A000165+sNLtr+a000 t6.trSIN(/r+0.0a01 26.stN(A1)

+ 0. + 0.

0 00 t

t.sr N (,4, + a 0,f06 2 +stN (/tq + a 00006. stN(t7) + 0. 00u t 6.3 !N (/ E)

7.s tN (,t 9) + 0. 0000 4 2.s N (/ t q + a 0000 1. s tN(t t t ) +0.0000t7rsIN(AI2)+o0o00J5.StN(Ar i)+o W023.SlN(,| !4) (2 3 to)
00001

A I -299-

2 7 + 0.

t O74o8.k-O,OO9 I 7

t. ?

(2.3.1r)

t2-25t.E8+A0t6J2t.N
,13-25 LE|+266J IEA6.t

12.t.t2)

(2.l.lr)
Q.3.t4)
(2.1.15) (2.3.16) (2.1.17) (2.3.18)

a4-t19,42+J64t2478.*

/5-U.66+ ! 8 206239.k
A6-t4171+53.303771.t
/7=207-14+2.153732.t

19-34_t2+27.26t2391t
A !
/1

(2.3.19)

0- 207. I I +0. | 2 1 824'k

Q3.20)

t I = 29 t. 34+ l.

64a379.t

Q.3.2tt

42

A I 2=

6t. 7 2+24. I 98 I 54.k

(2.3.22) (2.3.23) (2.3.24)

A I 3= 2 39. 5 6 + 2 t. 5 t

t099.t
I

at 1:33

t. t5+ 2.7925

E.*
M@n ie giv.n by

Tlus $c

,ulid

Dlle of lh.

Na

JD=JDE+X+Y
Thc dm deeribcd by this
mad lo get

(2

r.2t
be

dat

is lhe DlaMnical Timc and lhc

coretions for Al mcr

$e Universal Time (discu*d in 0Encxtarticle). For anr l@al coopuralion,

th.

Ld.l

Zonc

lide

and

d!i. n6r b.

calculated ftom |he UniveMl Tim. and dale

ohaincd abovc on rhe bdis oatbe lonsirudc ofany place on rhe Eanh. Thc darc h $en de day of conjuncrion fo! the place and rho rime of conjuncdon (he bnrh orNcw M@n)
can b

dy rinc fom 0-

10

23r"

59'" t9h

on

thd dav.

2.4

THE TIME ARGUMEI{T

ft w6 mentiohed earlicr thal rhedynahicsofatl soltr systcnr objec$ isdescibed

lomula b6cd on 6adcs of Cl6sic.l Mcchdics and lhe Relarivisric Dyneics in t.m3 or rid serics. In order b ersriv.ly ue rhcsc fomulas an apprcpriate ?rrs
by

argMerr cotrcsponding to rhe honeht of obseiving the lunar crescenr at my place on lhe surface of the E rth h6 io be valualcd. Such a lime a.sudent h6 ro b co.inuou
and

.ph. various theorics and problems uF difercnr .pochs depending on rhs co.rext for a geneEl consideFtion in pls.lary ad luE dynmics thft ,re lwo ihporlanl epochs.
called
Th

mui halc a clearly

dcUncd point of i's beeimine (|he

aro rine).

nr$ of

lhese epochs is a
4?

oonefl

in edote pdsl coftsponding to rhe Noon al

G@nwich on Janlary l.

l2 B.C.E. on th. Julid c{l.ndar (or Nolember 24, 4? I I on

Cdgode cal.ndtu) (Ringold & D.Rhowila ?001), Fren $is pojnt of timc rh. rine elapsed tiu my laler point oflime in number of days md a possiblc fierion ofa day h

4l

elled th. Julid Dare abb@ialed B JD.

of

So the

,D @Gponding lo thc 5i" 30.i. on

Ocrober 5, 2004 ar Grcenwich is 245t284.2708t11t.. Thls rhe Jutim

D!i. i3. mesE

d.y5_

tih. clapsd sine thn pocl 6id is cxpEss.d

The orhcr epoch of inpori,lcc lo rh

in nmber of

n@ eld

lftnl

work k fie noncnt of dme ell.d

i..

J2000 0 a.d

il Eprcseds lhe l2ln TDTon J.nuary l,2O0O

(Abononhal Almahac,

2007). Tbe JD conesponding ro rhis hom.nt dl C@nwicb is 2451545 days. This is the

2eo me for borh rhe Luq Th@iy ELP,2000 (Chopo.lTouz{ & Chaponr, l9l) dd th pl&elary th@ry VSOP,87 {Brc|,gnon & Fmcou, 1988). In bo$ rhes 0leodcs lih. m@!red frcn J2000.0 bo foMrd od b6ct*ards. In ELP thir rimc is in is coBidcrcd in rulian CentJies (i.c.16525 me.n sle days) md i! VSOP il is inJulie
.poch or

Millemia (365250 mce solrdays). BoththeseepocbsmbasedonrheinreRaloirimealted..toedn$hrdat, is defincd

meddim)

qhich

a fie int rval berween lw slccessile rhsits (r6sdge rhlough rhe locll ofrhc fic ious body knoM as ft. mee Se. This ficlitious body novcs sirh

uifom sF.d
The

alory lhc cel6ial cquabr .hd is consider.d in place of lh. acrul Sun $ar oovcs vith non-unifom sped (dw ro rhe .llipli orbn of tne Efin) abnS lne Ectipd.

tmsit of $c aclual Sm over a local heridi& vdes

up ro

I I minurs over a penod

of on lrcpical

ye

(Astmnooical AlFanac, 2O()7), Thereby atl civil rim. reckoning

have beh a$ocialed with the hedn

Sln lhot consisrl of 24 mean solar hous,

lccodin8
to the local or

The

beeinningofa civilday, i.e. zro hou* on civil clocks occu^ at nidniehl when the nour

dgle of rh. Mean Sun

is rwIrc hou6

sisddd hcidia..
rinc is not wilhoul its
n spinning
a@und irs

Th. tiDe describd by lh. cl@k showing

d. mm

$lf

di*Ep.n i6.

In

fd

it is lhe Ertn, $e gtob, ilsctf rhal is ou cl@t lnd $c n.m solat

on ths a!ragc rate al which lhe Eadh

tine B suppos.d to b. basd

dn. Howeverlhn considearion is only with rcspecl !o lh Med Sun. Du.lo the orbilal noionoflh. Eanh beins in rhe sme direction as its dis ofmlolion (ton qesl lo EEst)
nee sold day. So the actuat nle of dial rchtion is b.t r ralized by rhe No sw;sivc resirs of a sior. Dis in|cdal is lemed
on

ubl

totaiion coDpldes in l6s thm ihis

a r Si&F.l

Dry

ud rh.

timc

masuld @rdi.s to thb $d. is

rlrc

Sid.Flt

Timc_

ofr[. E lrh ttris D.riod i!.le nor uifom e w h!rc ro @tuid* "M.rn Sidccal Day" rnd !@diiSly M6 Sidaql Tirc. Oc md el& dly cquls |.002?3?90915 !|16 .i&Gd dlys (or 24B 03i" 56.t553?* on m@ sid.Mt tim.). Altcturcly oE md 3idcEd dly cquals 0.9?26956633 ns st.r d.ys (or 2lb
Aglin du.lo lhc clliptird orbit
56'r" 04.09053* on

md

sol$ rimc).

o@ eld {n ir rhc rinc |.t n inro &@6r in bolh lb. civil tu. ekoning a sll a tlE $tromnic.l. Wh.Ed lh. dylmiclt rh6d* denbc |h. norions of th. objers ii solr srsr.m on th. bair of rhc coninuoBly nowins tinc dc$dbcd a Dyimiol Tim.. T|| UniwBl Timc .d rlE DyiMiel Tim. E nor @Biri. .nd rh. dilTelwc bdw6 dF tw is lot ! trom fumrioi of ritu dd @utd bc lound only bt high pcirion ob&dados of th. skics. Th. diffm. of thc lrc AT is rlbull|.d i. Asnonomicrl Aln.t@ for th. t.tqopic G6 (AD 1620 ri lodar.). For rh. cd prior lo lic rcl.spic .n rhc v!l@i ol dT G cdcll.r.d on thc blsis ot rnc qlculatioB of .cliter @ultrrion lnd 0E rin6 of th* d.nt. @rdert jn lh. tmwn history. Th. val@s of AT e giEn fq only |h. nan of.eh cd.nd& y.r ,nd $os for olh.r dn6 ofFd ce b. incrlDlar.<l. VeioG .u0!oc havc giwn veio6 lehniqu.s fot obt inins llF* slq (Di.k y 195, M.!!t, l99E, Motri$n & Scoh.Nr, 2004. Mofti$n & W.d, 1975, Scph.@n & MoEien. 1984 ald 195. Sr.ph.nsn, 1997,
In gcrcr.l rh.

lsl.m .t d. 2001.

b.sd

e.wnl ir to bG p. iomcd s ed( oul.v.rging on l@l civil dh. sd dac. ror iBlhe vhcs llE rim ed darc of rh. binn or
Wh.ncv.r a c.lcul.tion for

nd M@i is compucd

cone our ro b. in dynmictl rim. This dyMical dmc should h. conv.ncd ro thc Univ@l tinc by adding rhc c!frnr wt* or & ud 0En lo th. l@l civil lim. by addine lh. Equbit &n tirc (@BidcEd posiliv. fo..6t
rh.
bnsnudB and rcg.dv. for

lqlr

Br

lon8itud.s) for lh. l@tion of

ob*rci

Simil&ly if oie

wrs ro olculnc to ric Dcition of rh. M@n fo! {y l@rion of ob*rer, rh. ld.l zoi. tin. hts to b. @nvcn d io uiwrsd tiD. by subr&ri.a thc aE tin. &d rh.n rhc
crent
vduc or
41 should

b. $bt .cr.d iom n

ro

gd tnc

Dylmiql Tim.

How.r s noE @nhtlon l !'pNch

ir

ro

@!qt lol <bre.rd ar rim

ro

uiv.Eal dalc ed time which is ihcd cotrrcncd b rh. ,ulid .!ate dd fmUy th. .fi6r of dt is taln inio ecoul. Tlc s. lpprorch b u*d in lhe fonowilg atgodrhn foi
c.lcul.tioo of
the

dn dgme
Local

Srep-l: l8el

Doaroh ercgorin

Cal.nd@

LZ

LMM, LDD

Sr.F2: INrtIBalTin. &7awTih. LHH, LMN, LSEC, ZON S4 LryY=LIY, UMM-LMM UDD.LDD
UHH= LHH + ZO N, UMIN = LMIN, LIsEC = I.S EC

ln eedeEl rhe only Univcsal dme md Univc6d

dif.rc.c. bclwen
Duc

local hne tinc a.d dale

ed

lhe

d.t

is th. diff.cn

. bel@n
b
rhis

hou6 rhat cq@h zon time

(considercd in inresal
dare

ho6 hcr).
......

ditf.rene th. t@al d.rc hd lbe

mar difLr by onc &d tr.!&

.djcthsf.

I[(UHH>=24)

1rcft6. dar
is

UDD-LDD+I tf (UDD>dorqLMM)) //darr LDD=I: I

'UMM-LMM+Ii
rf (uMM> t2)

nMber of days in

donrh

@y

I
t)]

UMM-|:
UW-LYY+ 1:

upHH<o)
{
UDD=LDD.!:

... ...

d..t @ do,

If(uDD-o)

UMM.LMM.I

If(UMM-1)

46

AYY-LW-l;
J

UDD-&tr(UtlM)

olr@

l[. UEircc.l

d.rc dd

tirc

is

lppllFi.Lly dju{.d @ pcad! lo

inirially
13

{d rhc ritu. For rlis calcularion ihc nondr is Jmqry o! fcbnoy, it i! co id.Ed morh .mbq
c.lcula& rhe Julih Dar. for 0E d.lc
Esp@tivly, ofthe

if

or

14.

ptwiou trd ad rh. t@ i! sle d.crcNed by l.

UW-WY-l

Thc

ir Fquicd

ofeftry yd (likc ,E | 100, 1700 .rc) d[ ln. yd lo t@6t for !mh6 of mhd rap y@.
nmbd

UYY

Stcp4: 1=INr(Wt00)
of 6e $tommic.l dlculariotu ! daL d and .na Fliday. Octoba 15, 1582 is coaid.tld io b. I dlc of Grgodd caldd.r {d a darc toni Thsdly, Octob* 4, l5E2 ..d prior to rhb datc i. coGiderd s a dale i! Jutie ln

lml

Ilru ifa dsl. i! fton Crc8ode cal.dde ndh.. EquiEs m accout ofnon-tlap yed tom.mong3i 0F nomal lcap yds due to th modified rule ofliad y.rinthe Grc8onlr qal.nd$(y.$divisible by 100 but rot diviribte by 400 e @r L@! yes).
calndd.

d"@ledq it

casdtb'
a=2-/t+rMf(1/1)

I (

.l*1I "@Ldo

IdlM" B_0 J
i.t

47

c@t 6. nub.r of diys .laps.d si@ the Julid DaL epoch (Jeulry l, 4712) iill Ihc .nd of th. PEviou yc& .rd lhe trmbr of dltr laled flom ln. n61 d.y of rh. PEviou yd till the cnd of lhe c|lml monlh
Now orc n6ds ro

ianing fom ys -4716 dD( thal @ balmed by subt@lion of lh. co6t ni 1524.5.

Meu

@dider this

sMbl

adds addilional davs

JD=\NTQ65.2t(UW+

17 16)+
+

tl]/r(30.600t (uMM+ 1))+ UDD+ B-l 524 5

(u HH + (UMIN + USEq60)/60)/21 (2.4.r)

ln both th. lh.orics VSOP8? tnd ELP2000 lhe Poch is the J2000 0 @ftsponding ro rhe Julie Dsr.2451545 theEfot one tin lly c.t5 the lin

JD 245t545
16525

Ar

(242)

1155760000

Notc rtEt in rhc

l6t

st@

lh.

lid l.B

on 0E lighl

hfld

side is the

nmbd of

lulie entude elap*d sine 12000.0 ad th. s@sd l@ is for At which is @allv siven in mobd of.eonds od h.rc w. nccd to @nved n i o nmb.r of cntuies (lio
ELP in a

&d Millemia for vsoP)

due to which

il hN lo be divided by the nunbq of s6onds

Juli$

cnrury ifor ELP md Julim

Mill.inia fot VSOP).

lf

and when ttie dynmical tim. of

Lhen into Local

cv.nt is

*rom

we need io @hv.n rl

U.ivesal dd

Zon. tim.. Thc dylmical tihe is oblain d

the

nmbet

of Julie cenluries sin@ J2000.0

that rhc Julisn dare of tbe evmt

cm

b calculated

6:

48

1p

15575s.(, -

usrsts =-4-), 3155?@@00J

*ill
b.

ea.t,
io

TIlc int Sr.l

Ft

ofdF Juliu D.!.

onEtud

Cdddr Dd. .nd

t|| hclion l Frt

St

ro

th Unirwl Tim:

F2: d-3:

Z-INT(JD)

St

F-JDZ

Fd &rB Fior ro ocrobcr 15, | 582 (JD = 229161) rhc inl.Sq p.rr of.ID is !.oircd il ii olhdtuc ldjulr.d for th. @diti@ of lhc GGgorid cdqd{

St.pa: ifz<229161 ( Ert t Stcp5: sr.p6: SGp?: Stcps: Stcp9:

B-A+1521
C-INT((B-122. ! y36t.2t)

t-Z )
a-ln((ZlE672l6.2tyt652 t.2t) A-Z+I +GINT(d/0 )

D-INT(J65.25.C)

E-IM((I-DyJ0.6001)
dar-EDLIItT(30.6001.8)+F

StcFf0: UDD-tNTldat) LDD-UDD sr.Frr: ttE<l4 ( ( Els.

UMll-El )
UMt'r-ElJ )
a9

LMU-UMM

stcFr2: alMM>2 { Etr. t

LW-UW

UW-C-1716

UW-C-17tt

} )

steFf3:

hout(=drylM(dqr))r21

Stepr4: UHR-tM(tbu) LHR-UHR-ZON If (LHR<o) ... d'o@. dar ( UIR-UIR+2I: LDD-UDDJ:

...

r!(LDD-0)

LMM-UMM-|; LDD-dasOMg:
It&t4M4')

( .
}D

Ltl:'l'|2;
LW-UW-I;

It(LHl>-2,t ... ... tt@t et) { LHR-LHR-21: LDD-UDD+,,

4t6-DD>day1vut4

'|

LDD-|:
y(LMM>t2)

LMM-UMM+I:
L

{
)))

LW-UMM+I;

tN-l;

ste!'rs: sreFl6: steplT:

htn .=Aov-L| 9.60

UMN-IM(nlnut.) LW-UL{N
tu.ond-(ntr.-LMIN),60

50

SGpf8: Sr.pr9l

USEC=lNr(taond) LSEC-USEC Outpd UW. UMM IJDD, UHR, tjMIN, USEC A"d LW, LMM AD LHR, LMIN, LSEC

In thc is

Nd-M@n Algorilhn

thc our pur is thc dynmi@t

lin. &d

this

dgon$D
.

p.niculaly usfll in @nvcning Uis rinc lo

v.Mt od &y l@.t @G rin

2.5
dlt

COORI}INATES OF THE MOON

For rh. dckmination of lh. c@rdinrcs ot 1h. M@n .r

ey

Sivcn

lc.l

tim. .rd

fomular th. rinc a4um.nt a dieNcd in diclc 2.4. So lh. pcc$ bcsins by s.l*ftg pl.c. of ob6.rq (Ljnsirude &d La ud.), te.l darc ard rim. rhrl
is ro

liB| scp

lcds to lhc rim. &Bum. t eco.dinS

ro

th. atgorjlhn dc$ib.d ,bovc,

s:
(r 5.t)

Julon Do'. -

?{51545 N 16525 1155?60000

th. @Bhcrio! ot rhc dh.

Using Uis rim. arsumcnr

c@'dinar.s is do.c (chapo

*n6 d.*ribing rh. twr -Touza ed Chaponr t99t) s dieled in aniclc 2.2

StF|| Sr.F2r St.Fl:

Fo..dipdc longirudcofth. Moon us.2.2.2 ro2.2.5 ed suhdrut lh.ir csulrsi.2.2,l.

For cclipdc

t.hu&

of

U. M@!

2.2.? 10 2.2. t0

&d sub$nuE

th.i

Bul{.in2.2.6,
For gec.nr.ic

dilllre

of rhc M@n uc 2.2. l2 ro

2.2. | 5

ed

subsritut

lh.nrcsulr.in2.2.1L

5t

DE to lh. nodotr of thc ob6*d. th. diual .nd lhe mual motior of thc Eatth. poiilior of E.y objer in th. sky is afrctcd by 0!. phcmmn of Abcmdon- Th.
followinS @cid.ntion is only for rhe Eaih'Moon includ. the

pls.t.ry Ab.dlion sd

do.s

lol

dimal nolion

of thc

ob6*er (W@lad & Cl.mcnce, I %6).

S1.t-4r

CORREC'TION FOR ABERMTION

v-y4.000 t 9521-0.0&nl059.skQ

25 1177 198

9\)

12 5.2)

U- U-0.40001 754t31h(183 J +48J202't) R- R + 0.0708.C6Q

(2.s.3)

2 5 + 177 I 96. 91r)

(2_5.4)

d.y and dE mcm quinox of lhe dly de difiedt dE ro thc phenom.non ofNuiation the F.is cerdinab on nol be ob|dircd
Fimlly
1he

lrue quinox of

ft.

without th nul'lion in lonS itudc AV and the nubtioh inobliquityAs.

St

pS:

CORRECTION FOR NUTATPN

a'r =l0r

't(y, + y:..)'si,{/,I" +/d' '. +/d' '.r 'lo r)

(2.s.t
12-5.6)

Y=V+

L,t
t.r -0,0141'l0j r tl

. -22.63928-0 0ll\+0.555'lo'
I

(2.5.7)

^'

=lo

'I(., +,' '.). cdko)

/,r' . ' +rdr

..).lo

1)

(2.5.8) (2.5.9)

Tn thc

v.lu. of F

s,

!,'3 md

G's

Bd

in lh.

qp63iont

ahovc

tt!

gt!n in

T$1.

9 in Chlprcnr-Tooze

6d Chlpotrt (Ch.pre

-louz; &d Ch.pon!

l99l,pp.l9):
Oft. rh. @retion dE to .ubrion is dre onc my c@dihal.s, the Rjght Asnsion d dd thc dcclin tion 6:
so ro 6trd

da Eq@tori.l

St.p6:

EQUATOI.ULCOORDIANIES

"=r-'(
6=

c6(tpriio")Si4v)C6(U)

-.t4

Eps i t d) Si dlu

'l
+

(2.5.r0)

sn't l3ih(Epsitm)Si"(v)cos(UJ

cB(Eptiron)sinei

(2.5. I I )

Thc* re rh. nle cqubri.l c@'dinar6 of lh. Men wnh EfcEn.. b th. toe cqulor of $e dare ahd the trua dyunical equioox of the dar_ Th$ m stiu lhe s.oqtic c@diMl* md lhc afr.cr of lhc D6nion of lh ob*rcr on rh. glob. is ycr ro b. lalfl ifto @ounr so tb.t rhc ..iopoccnt.ic" c@rdid., (coordin ts relariw lo thc
posnion
to be

ofth. ob*fr.r) nay

be obl.iied_ In

odd rcd5

rh

!ffftrj oftE

..paraltd" arc

t t.n inlo &count. Th

Pdttd r i! givcn by:

12.s.tz)

wh@ 4 ir
on rhe thc

gcatdc dist4. of dE Mer HowEr rhis q@nry paml* d.Fnds Hoq Ancle (ihe since ibe object cosad thc l@al n.ridim) tor whicn w. ncd
rhe

lad

sidc@l

tin.

LST.

St

FTl

Fqhtlate tiw

dgM't

tlor

UTlq !h. dat. ,tdet cwidqatio,.

5l

I. =6r4t-50'.54841+E tot84,.s12s66I,+0'.093104.r, -0,.0000062.rr

(2.5.1t

gits th. Grcawich

Mcan SidE5l
for &e

Ti6. .t

oir UT of rhe drte. Th.n lh

Ctqwich Si&@l Tio.

T

rirc ug@nt

for ih. rimc of ob6qvation is:

To +

(UHR + (UMLN +USEC/60y60)a0.997269j66JJ (2.5.t4)

'Iijen fic Hou anglc at ihis moncnt ofthe Moon is:

H=T

(2.5

rt

srep.sl

tllec^ofPatala,
Esdh,

If p is th. gocrntic 6dius ofrh. of irE ohsftr ih rh. dsh1 .s6io! co@lion for prhllar & obr.ined $:

p,b

ihe S.ocenkic hrirudc

a' ed

rhc dEtiEtjon

d,

aft.r

@sd - p@sp'sin rcos

l/

(2 5.16)

<2.5

t1)

d'="".I Gind -psin9 sintr)cosaa

ccd-pcGg'sinr@3tt
Fin lly ro otltain rh.
haY

(2.5.tE)

Lad Hdianrrl C@diDtcs A2inuth.nd

rt

AlriMe

lhc followi.g

lissfomalio$:
(2.5.19)

SrcFg:

Azimu$

54

.Aliitu& r=sinpUnrlcdp'cosr'costl
This complcGs ihe der@inarion of dlipric, qurqid

(2.5.20)

.d

Oe hondnIll

@rdid6

of rh.

Mor

2.6
se

COORDINATES OF TI{E SUN

Foi rhe d.t.mimtion of 0E c@rdiDre of rh. Sun on.

p@..&

in runy rhe

say

for lhc

@rdi!!re

of rhc Moon.

slcFl:
lqds

Scldt
to rh.

ple

oroh6dvd (Longiru& ed tilirud.). lcal

ro thc algolirhm

d ..dd

rine rhat

thc egment t &coiding

Julian

dceiib.d lbove,

s:

Dde )451545

1652t0

Ll
12.6.1)

I | 55?600000

&enbins rh. c@rdinates of the Elnh s givd by Br.raSnon & Fdcou (1988) thc h.lie.nrric coodinales of lhc E nb de obtained lhar ft lder trusfoftcd into fte gre.tdc c@rdimles ofth. Sun s follosl

Using lhis

lire

argment lh connrudion of

d. (m. eriB

SreFl:

For

heliohllic dlipric

lonsitud. of lh. Flnll' in lirc wit[ (2.2.19)

&d

2.2.20

w h!rc:

2^, "e"(,, .r^, 2"" "."6" t r,,l

(2.6.2)

(2.6.1)

55

t,-'i^,-"(t"*",
2t

c2.6.4)

L,-ZA,s\8,+c,. I
L.

(2.6.5)

=ZA,@l\tr+crt )
r

(r5.6)

!,.:r,cdt

+cir ,

c2.5.?)

Ttr. l!l!.3 or A'', B'r .d C s for {i! d$n r 6ior c dB b, Mc.!i (Meu!, 1998, A!p.ndir-[], pp. 4lt.a2t). Finlly t!. lt lio..onic loBitd. of |h E lt

i,
t0'
St

-.
(2.5.8)

p2:

Fd Fliptic ldintdc ofrlF E nh;

lut Bo-Z/,.d\8,+c,. l
,r

Q.5.9)

=:/,dF"

+c"4
J

(2.6.10)

,, . X,{" "o.(r" +c,r

(2.6.l|)

Bt-244a.+c"r I
8.
=

(2.6.r2)

t,l,6.F" +c"'

(2.6.|])

Tb v.lu.t of A's, B't .rd C'! 6.

(M6n, l9S, A!0.odtr-Itr,
!P. 4lS-421).

l} {oi.t nds tt giE

t
lbc.otic ldlidt

bv Mo.u!

Fidlv lh.

of th' E

ib it

l0'

(26.r1)

$.Fl:

For

lElioc.dric .lisl&e of th. E|nb

(2.6.15)

&-X,i"6!p"+c,r J zt2 t xr - I,r,6lp" +c"'J

x,
=

(2.6.r6)

19 l o.[8i t,,r"

c,'

]
J

(2.6.17)

13 =

t,r"co't " +c"'

nt

(2.6.rt)

t0, h=>an(fr]\B,+c{
xr

(2.6.19)

t,."co4p" +c"' I

lo/

(2.6rI))

TIE

vds

of

4..

B's

!d C" b. lb eorlr Ei6 & tih

b,

M6!

(Mc.q,

199E,

Aprcndix-lu, pp. 4l E-421). Fi!.lly tlE helio@tric di!l&c. of th. Elnh

ZL,r
"
A!" Bs lnd C!

''id,

Q.62t)

all in

.d

A! i!

.*!doiql

hdiM for looSin|d! , a|(l ldltt|d. t uitr tu Llio.ldtc diaec X.

51

B6

od Ct

in

ttdieE

The coftcctions for Abe@don md Nuradon de done in

dc

sanc way as St

p4

and Slep-5 bfore. Fi@lly

horizonlal coordiDr.s is

te

conveBion to rhc equaronat @ordinates

dd

then

als

done lhc

sme way

6 ws

done ror

fte Moon.

2.?

RISING AND SETTINC

For the

rppo\imaro cdlcutduon fo.hcle appo\,dar. coordnats of thc objecr hNc to bc catcutaled

above

phehomem However! these insranh dre the points ofime that we rcqlic ro find our so rhar a process oasuccessive appoxinadon is needcd lo ahv al lhee dhes. Such an iterarive plocess is necssry b4au$ rhe objccis under con$dsaion (lbe Sun Md the Moon) significantly changc thei position relalive to the ixed celsriat sDhere durihg m i.terval around ha a ddy. The whols process shns sm m esehare ror the ritoc of ofthe objed (ove.lhe locatneridian) wbich lben reads ro,nlial esrinars for de 'ransn holrmghs ar th. appoxihare line ofrhe rising orselling or thc objer The aB in facr the csimares for rhe tocat sidereal rinres ofdc phenonena. rrco these esfnales of rtE sdceal rimcsoflhe eveors lhe unilecat hean slarrimeardlheh lhe toql lihescan be cakuhted. fist approximarions fo! lhe ransii rbe nsihg ed rbe sedne are obtajned usinglhc cetestirtcoordjnars ofthe obj(r evaluard ar Oh. Ur. ar any poinr or rhe glob and ao! any otrhe evenrs under considecdon lhis nomeir ((]i, Ul oay be m cail.r or a tater nomnr. This is the rson lhar the mrfial catcularions are onlv

d.refti@tion ofprecise rihings of rhc setrnE or nsing of& obFcl one requircs pEcis c.lstial coordinales of $eF objech 6i lh insht of1he occunine ofrhe

ths.

.,.",. ,h. ."i..;;:. "t asain and wholc.atculalions

,h.
henLiond

,t..,

!! repealed for bekr

esrimates, The details

(he followinS p@sraphs.

of rhe catculalions arc describ.d in

&e simptes conp@ rornore tor lhe Moon. the , ,(o. nme or hNir ot rhe Sun can be hirra coturdered wnecas for the Moon n dEily

Forrhe

sh.

rhccompnaaon.

Zl

wheE ZT

(ene

ar t2-,tocsl rzonc, rime vdi*. Th6 Unileisat Tihe or loql tuir is simply 12 ne) is posirive for the east lons,udq ed nesarivc for Resr
58

s Ih. loql dae. Th. rime dgu. for $is rine ed date is rhen fomulatcd dd th
lonSitudcs. At
12 -

uivcrssl rime

zT wilt b.

dn of 0E

se

darc in

O@wich

coordiMtes

zo

offie sunar.obaincd. wlm m objdr h in rmsil irs hour dgtc (HA) ed its dsh ecdion (RA) is se s ln. Loc.l Sidqdt Tin. (LSn siNc:
p.? l)

is

As3Ming dar lhe

obj*t hs

r{A

!r da rine of t@t Fa6n e.7,I ) shos thal:

d= LSTt

If JD is

rhe

Julie ddc for $e dly

ar

d'

UT 0En wnn

, = eD _
I,

2451545y36525

mcaur.d in Julian centuri6 lh. cenwich Mqn Sidc,@l Tide

{CMST) b siven by:

=6141-50,.s4841+8640184'.812866.r+0'.093t0,t.r: _0,.000006rr,r
(2.7.t)

Thch for the observer ar rhe pla.e

lonenud.s a<l posirive for rhe con)

vilh eeographic lonerrude , (negative fo. rhe ccnwich sid.rea! lme ot r,asit is:
(2.7.4)

west

csTrr=LsTtr_L
And lhe SideEat fme elaped siNe rhe OL UT of fie dar. is,

T,=CSTtr_To
This rim. is rh.n converrd

(2.7.5)

b lh. UT

by:

UTU =Tlt.0Or?l?909175

(2.7 6)

59

FimUy the coordides ofthc

Ss @ Edcdar.d

for UTE

qd 0r

followins cdculadon

I,sT = a,

(2.1.7)

csnr-LST-L,
n_GSTtr-To
uTr=T,'L0027379093?5
So ihat theE is a

{2.7,8)

(2.7.9J

(2.7.10)

dilferne of

lss

drs

*cond b.tween

one

v.lue

ofuTr ed ib.ext

$c base vatue $ the UTtr ahd inirial apptoxmalDns for the sunnse k UTr - 6h = UTn and lhat ot tnc suMt is UTr + 6r UTst. Dcpendi.8 on rhe tocat longirude L, UTs ed Ursl nay ti.I on pr.viou or rexr day csp.clively so lbar a necese,y dare adjutmeir mul b. dorc. runher ddpe.ding on the local lairude il is funher possible thar these pbenomcna sihply donl occur.

[or lhe

locat sunrise and sunset

The

pbc.s

bcgins

Urs0. The holr angl HA

de c@rdi@res of rh. Sun for UT6 (or

stt'ne or nsing ovcr a l@al horjzon k

(2.7

r)

pld.l ae wll b.low th. hode. std

is rh eeghphic laritude of rh. obsedcr lnd lhe au nd of a$med to b. ero, How.ver owirS to th phdohcnon

stEE

d.

poinr of sky is

t\@g rFe.t of EFadioD is rhar . srat below hori^n. 'Ilis allitudc is kmh s srand.rd drilud. dcnoEo s 4, ed

ofEri&tion a ,r.r, rhe Su dd s rhcy @ aru.lly seo sdrjng or risin8. The E@iN visibte de ir ft hs gone j4 e Dinu!s
is @nsid@.I

6t)

lo bc -50

N sords on aveas. f6r rlc Su, 0Ei itulud.s ihc affet of dE Ef4clion and thc sni dian.ter bo$. For a mor accwtc valuc the &rul s.mi dimet r SD,

didea of1h. Su ed suh.actcd tioh d..veagc afi*l of Glhction, fte chag. in l.hpdl@ in ihe niddle laritDd.s my lary thjs by @ud 20 seconds of tinc ed tbe baromctric pres6res nay caue a veiaion of dother 12 *con& of time. Ho{v.r 6 rhcse varia{otu cd nol LE d.temired a priori the avcEgc afects m co.nd.ed in crlculalions. Unog fte $..drd slrjM. ?01h. hou anqlc oflh.
rhould be calculal.d fmo dE
object is then eloluared as:

(21.t

Thus rh liBr dppro\,maion for lhe

rhe ofrisng of$e obled h:

T, =UTO

- E.

12.1tJ)

And $at ofrhe

s.

in8 isl

T,

=Wtr+

Ho

(2.7.t4\

only !h. n6t app,oxinarion3 for lh tines of swise ahd the sunsel Esp.ctirely. Fomularing ihe lin a8unors for .ch of fien Fpaan.l, rh. c@rdinar.s
Thes.
of lbe
borh

Su
&d

ha\e

be catculared aglin. The Grecrwich

sid.El rinc

orrcspondjns ro

h6

ro be obained as:

r-Ta+J6O.98564TTy'15
,1 or

12.7.\5)

I e

rlEr l@at

lFu ogte 4d ihc &imurh of th. obj..t

is

12.1.t6)

Si"At = Sinpstnq +C6e,Cot6,CotH,

(21.11)

Th.

cordiG

for rhe

tuirg

siring

d:
(2.7 l8)

AT, =

Adding these

ifto rh. appropriarc I, givcs ibpDvcd valu.s tunhq inpovd r:lucs catcutal. $e @.dinaas of rhc Ss fd
A?_,

&d

rcpeat (2.6. r 2)

ed

(2.6.1 8) ro obrain

lh. UT for d

wau.
af.r of panlta h signiticor.

lor
Th

Ue Moon rhc i$uc is

ro

mt!

complided

dcc'le the anirh dist ne !o rhar the objed is visibl. dei if n is th@Edcat gonc dom $. horizon bln rhe aflccr of pa6 d b to inc@sc rhe zcnid d6t fte e lhe obj.cr is wlt .hovc lhc horj@n dd n a!,p.4 ro Mvc et (or rcl n*n
ofrcfddjon h
still), Thus for fie Moon the si&dard attjtude is Civcn by:

!ffrr

ao

=E - 0-2n5.

-10134''

(2.1.te)

qb.G

is

dc pa&Id of rb. Moon eivd byi

(2.7.20)

s $.

g@eniric dist ncc

oflhe obsrvr &d X, rhe g@ce ric dislece otrhe Moon, p

\2.7.21'

62

r
E

is th equrorirl ndiu5 of the Eard,

dd .,
ed

is th. pold mdids of the

nL

The resl of thc calculatiohs for rhe irlnsil, rising

lhe

stling of lhe Moon

arc

th.

se d 1hat for thc Sun.

I{EW LUNAR CRESCENT VISIBILITY PARAMETERS
A nunber ofpdrameleB have been corsidered imponanl for deteminin8 *belber

2.8

the new cr$ent would bc lisible al a

lcaiion oo the Eanh oi ool. Tbese weE briely

Once

di*u$ed
rquned

ad lblcd in thc beimins of chaper l.

tr tiD.
a

of th. Binn or

paniculd Ncw M@i or th conjucrion

to h dt

hs ben delmined

mincd. Th* includ. (i) Tinc of Suroet

@ T". {ii) Tinc of M6Mr T..

ar Tb.

numb.r of p,@eGB

(iii) LAcTn - Ti (i!) Bcs| Time orvisibiliry Tr,(!) Ase ofrh Moon
ARCL. (ix) Ph@

AcE. (vi)

Arc of visior ARCV, (vii) Reladle Azimulh DAZ, (viii) Arc of Lishr (Elonsatioi)

ofcrs.nt

P, md (x)

width ofcrcsent w. In vhw of the di$u$ion

ofth. s&onomic.l alSorirhns ed rehniqud in tbis chaptd the* circmst nc6 de cco$iderEd ro .xploE compurdiom of vdbN psmre6 $al e inponmr ao. $e lnolysis of l@al visibility oflh ncs lunr cr.$nt on $e day ofconjuhdion or d. doy

The fiBl of
rime ofBinh

th.s paludd ii
The

rh.

coiju.tiotr of lhe M@. wnn

g@centic

ofNcv hootr.

alsdirlm for

tn. lh. conpuraion of (his tim. w6 pE*nl.d

ihe Sm or

in anicle 2.3. U3ing $is algoddm thc

obtaind. The algorilho tates yee

riic of

binh of lhc Ns
a

m@n is

input and giles lhe Julian datc oflhe tine of the whole

iiyai is ior binn ofnew boon. Il is imporrmt ro nole $ar the i.pur
is o Eal nMb.r alculatd on the
insran@ the

iMbs, it

bdb of lhe expcled dale of th.

New M@h. For

Nry M@n in $e nodn ofApri!,2007 i. dp.ctd

msd

l7s d.y of thc

,e0

= 2047 +atJ0+t7)/J65

63

An |pDDxiE.r. valu. of

"'*"

vholc nmba $c algoriihn

ro thc

e G@ of f.e d.,s m*! wll. If UE "yd" it r si!4 lhc ,!lie D.rG to! $. Nd Men th.t @6 cl@n
wirh

b.gimine ofthc

!d".
lh. .xpdrcd d.y

otuc

rhc

b..i

found

,ulid D.rc of$c binl ofrlE Nq M@n cl@n b tb. m. b inni.lly conwn.d lo lhc UniEEal

ha

rift dd darc ed

coneqE ly rhc le.l lih. and ddc. For ln.s convffirioE ftom Julis Dat. to rh. le.l rim. ed drlc th. tehniqu6 of rhc .rricl. 2.4 6 u$d, Bcfoc thb im. lh. Ew 'lun.rion" h6 nor b.!un s no qNnid ofrlr visibiliry ofrhc Bw l|!w cEghl on rh. A6ins
bcfoE this
rh. sutuie

rin . B.foE this tin. only th.'bld cG*dl" ce b. lat wn b.foa on rhc dry of onjudion or a dly o! tvo b.foarimc

ot@dudion dc M@n n.y b. &rwhcrc wi$in . strip ot widd loo 18 eud dG elipric, i-.. wirhin 50 9 of rhc Sun. ap.n fom |h. ecume of . slar dlips $G "@.nl'cxisl5 bul dE lo irs.xlrEh. clo*ncs ro lh. slai!8 su ir co nor
Ar

dr

b. s..n ed ha ndcr ben

sn,

Thc
can be

ndr inpondr

conput

p.md4 is $c l@.1 lim. of suel ed th. M@n $t Th.* d for ey day of lhc yd Bins th r.chniq!.! of $c anicl. 2.7. Howvr

th. dctmin ion of th. c@diEtcs of both lh. Sln &d th. $ce rehniqEs 'lquiE M@n for D dFckd rihe of lrsi! dsing dd s.ltinS of dh of thd. Thc c@diDL3 of th. su !rc obl.incd usi.s dE VSOPE? fi6ry of Brdagnon ad fEncou {or a sihplificd v6ion sivcn by MeE) &d bricfly prc*ntcd in aniclc 2.2 Dd 2.6. Sihildly rh. D@iF @rdidtcs of thc M@n c oh.in d aing th. ELP2000 of ChrFo -Tot ed Ch.pont pr*nrcd in dticL 2.2 and 2.5. Th. .oddinal6 ofrh. Sun &d lh. M@n lhis wr e th. SMtric sph.dcd pold c@dinrl.s (dis1@ P. alatial lonsilud. r dd d c.l.nial l! rud. n. And @n cdon for .bdnlion thc sc e lMtfomd lo th. g.on.rric .q@torial @tdidlcs, dght s.cioi o &d &cliDlion 6. Firlly th. roFcc'tric dSlu e.sion ed d.cliMdon !r! oh.incd itld.s irto cosi&tstion thc

d[dl!

of pdallq. Using lhe local siddnat timc tb. @rdinas

then

trdsfomcd inlo

Ioc.i hori@ntd @ordinalcs dr. ahitud. ud &imuth,

Once $e

tine of leal

sunsct

(T)

and

th.t of Moon sr
sen.

(I.) d

obt in.d lhe

o@ctcr LAG = Tn dd ncSrdv.

Tr is elculatd. Unlc$

lh. LAC is posnive for

b

the New Moon

for old Mmn th cFsent

cd ncv..

Suppoe

(..,,r.,r.)ed t,.j,,r.) d ftc p@ie

dislanes,

aliflic lo!8it!d.

sd th.
rhc

lalirudc of rhe M@n and 6c

dD. or sunst at any

Su, Esp.ctivcly. af@d ro the ft4 .qtinox of lMtio. on $c Elnh with tftstiat coordinaies(1.r) on rh.

day, or day aftcr. lhe binh ofNew

Msn (al$ oll.d

the

Csenlric Coijliction oi th.

Moon).Thefi'slsteDinthedelemimtionofih.visibililyoflhnevlunarcresce,on
thc day of conjuncrion or the day affer, is io dcternihe lh actual dy.anical

ihe

(TD o!

ofth. Sun &d tb. Moon. Le! Tt dd Tn (Coordimi.d Univdsal Tine TUC) b th. tihes of lh. l@.1 sunsel dd the nooi.eq vi|h Tj < T..
TT) T", oflhc coojuction. Ncxl one requires considcrins the local rines ofsening
Using rnc .cliptic

@rdimLs

oa

lh. $n ad rh. Men E alculared for th. T6 thc

egutodal @rdimrs of rhe two bodics

(d.,4) dd (d,,t,) e c.lolat

d usins

(Me$,1998):
s t h\^

)c os\r

- Tdnl P)sth(E) cas6)

)

(2.8

st(d) = si,,(l)co(.J

codB)st()st(r)

o.8.3)

wl@d, fi. nd emid is in 0r s. qudtul6 t, ed ', the obliquily orrh. dlipri. is d$ adjugd for lh. d, . ed thc b.9 rine Th. tsal Hou Atgl. H is th.n oblaincd tion rhc difreren@ ofth. l@l Sidftal Tiru (Zsl) 4d th. rishl 6c.nsion
Tnis finally gjves lhe l@d nonzontal c@dinal6

amulh

(,1)

$d

the

allilud. (ir) bv:

65

ranlAt =

c6(Ir)s,,{t) rz,(d)co{l)
+

(2.8.4)

si,(r)

sr,(c)si'(6)

c4(d)ca(t)c,r(fl)

(2.8.t

And adjusi.g for lhc rciacdon 6d $e heigh of $e obFNd's l@aiio. above *. Id'l rbc topoentic @oilinares (,r,,r")ed (,i,,7t,) of the Moon dd fte Sun. esFclivtrv

In alnost all lhc nodels for

cdlicst m@mid ins $c ancidl

d w'll

ts ibe nod'm'

ln.

dir@. of eim hs (DAZ = lA,-A-1. @lled El.tive @'ihuth) ard thn of or aldrudB (ARCV - ," - t.. cdl..l m of lision) d shoM in rhe lisr I, 'r the iimc
loc.l

3uEl

T,

sd/or

al lhe

b$l

Tb Play a

vilil ole: b.iwen $.

Sutr md

As ihe

dgulu

sePar.tions invol!d

lh.

lunar cesenl at

$6.

dnes @ sdaU, wi6ou1 dEh

mt

th.

of lighr (ARCL) h giEn bv:

(2.8.6)

Wh.@ for

larSct

ugl6

or moF

ffi.rc

Gults th.

of lieltr should b.

eldl.Ld

ARCL =

cdr(co(r-)co{rr,)cd(tra - s,'(r.)si(4))

(2

?)

66

Fi&28!
of lighr Uc cdlqir A@d tun lhc Ft.tiv .rlmuh tbc !D of villon and th. c@li<lddio t.qbcr of for dli6r ytuibrliry of t|ld qqc@t rlqoits io irL othd p!@der. One swh pmcr{ is thc A8. of th. M@! (ACE) d!6n.d as thc tiEe

ie

til lt. lim of ob...Idtm Anothq idDoiird fr.io. i. thc Wi&h of CF$.dt (VD fin d.!.nd! on rhc dida@ of fie Moor 'IrE gtel aoom@ Al-gltllti of Brsldd hod rdi4d lt iopott c of @'@l {idth I
Gl4a.d

.iG

th. h4 cor{l|!cdo.

r.s.go (BdiD lt7) At l[. dili.c oftlc MM nom Ot c|tih wi6 nm eud O34 nillid 16 !o Nutd 0.4 mlllid b! th. leni{i!rcEr of th lunlt die {rh. Am 15 I! oinu..lo 16.5 e ninn .. Tbut if{F Moot! is clo.d lo F.flh.l
thou$nd

ih. tim. of ohdarior th! cn .!nl *ould b wid6t &d thu brightn wid0r of lh. s!.c.d i3 din dy FDpo.tidtl lo lt Pte (P) ofih.ltloon thd i! t tmlid of rtc
ARCL:

P- lr-cg?aRcLn
2

(2.E.8)

Ad tholhc c!!!6r

width is givm

bt:

(289)

"='"[
Sinc. ihc acienl birlh oI New Moon b.en

dd

thc nedieval dnes

{E

ACE, thc time elapscd

siie fie
a

lill

thc sunsi of

lh. d.y in

quesdon,

w4 eo@lly coNidecd

signindt p&Metr.

Howev!, in ihe tinc of MuslinvABb $lronomrs jl had already

0E ACE is nor a nD&hc al padndcr, stll thc pardet* is inporlrnl 1o calculat. This is bccaue oflhe fact that depending on rhe aordinats of the
Mooo

c.lied tal
dd

lhc seaens at lime a very "young' cEsanl

rhe

anatu
$e

s vcll a
lo

prcfcssioBl Grronom.u

ce b. ee.. Amongsl bo$ rbe $@ is aluyr a conFlilion for havinS

i1.

ord

the "youneesr"

crcsr

eiihd wilh oFical aid or wilhout

Amongst the early nodls ofnew

cc*.!t

vnibility asltunomeB sed $c !.larion

betren rh. rcldrive altitudc (ARCV = alriMc of rhc Mmn - ahilude of lhl Sun) dd rhe rclrriv. uimurh rDA-/ - e'murh of Lh. Su - uimdh of de M@n' Th. rso
parmeleG arc slill consideFd inporl&l as if DAZ = 0. the crcscenl is venically abole

$e point of 3uEel dd und.r such a cncM$dce the youg.st a @ll as lhc thimesl crc$qt cd bc ecn. Wirh lugd DAZ wles only oldtr md thc thictd ccs @ be

How lhick or lhin is lh cEsenl al any lime s.pmriotr (clonsaiion) btwn rhc sith nhr horizontal coordin.les or

cs

b ddemined once lhe

su ed $c

Mmn hd bccn

dchi'cd

usi.g (2

?)

or LiSht (ARCL) hads to lh. Phde (P fiaction of the illuninatcd lund disc facing fie obsdr) of lb. Mftn using (2.8-E). Ho*ev.a the lhicloN or $e widlh (w) or rhe
rh quatorial

aordintle!

This elongation or Atc

c..rral pon ol the

des not only dcFnd on thc phe of the M@!, also 't depclds on rhc Elnh'Moon disrece, rh. sMc cm be ohaitcd usins (2 8 9) Dte besr inc of lbc crcsdt visibihy sqggned by Yauop is criical fot siShting lhc crcsn1

creot

u'dd mdgjml conditions &d ce

be @mpurd

sine (2 E l) sisndne

i5 crirical when

68

THE SOFTWARf, HILAI-OI.CPP

fisr visibiliry of new lue crc*dt dEr is simil& io mturc 6 rh. M@'calc by M@ur (Msru, 2001) dd Accurare Times by odeh (odcb, 2006) but rhar can b. lscd ro compae aI rhe
rhe

In this worl( a softwde k develop.d for the

odysh of

compur.rional and thc

Hilalo|.cpp is giyco

ecie.l dd Doden visibiliry nodls. T1| lisdng of the poelm i! ApFndix 4. Tn progm fnrca d brifly de*dbed b.to*: ed
one for oulplt. The

Th. prog@ LinAnal ucs ih&e dala filcs, rwo for input
two inpul dala
described

For.ad.rv thal conrains rhe padrcrE 4, ,, and., (s inanicle2,6 lbove ). The pdmetcs oflhis dala file de adtu8d in rabtes2.l
(he files

il6 e

(A) lo 2.1 (F) in appcndix 2.

itpnt tie is tlc .tp2MA& rhat conlaiE the paluercs as de$rib.d in rhc anicle 2.5 above. The pdmeles of rhis dara file d
ol]],er

'Ih.

dds.d

inbbles

Ll

(A)

10 1.3

(D) in appendix L

n*d only vhen fie Esults of fi. cobput2rions in Oc preetm m EquiEd to be sbEd. Tl!. vcGion of lh progr.n Hilalol givn in appendix 4 hs the lile nanc scrrrgaA, rhar sbres lhe
by lhe
is optional is

Thc third

fiI. u*d

prcgrd is *..t lhal

dd

onpulalional Esulrs of a sinelc .x@urior of $e prcgrm.

fte

i.fomations stoBt in

o. No., rhc obsenarion nhber thar n scncally digned by Odch (odeh,

2004).
Date. datc of

obwatioo,

Long., th. longitudc of 0E

ple

ftom whE rh.

clesnr

is ob6eN.d

Latil., th. ladMe oflhc

ple
s!
levcl,

Eld.,

the .lcvarion of rh. place above

T.mp., cnimred rcmFdturc of$e riDe of obswarion,

Hmid.. .stibaied relative humidny oflh. plac. S@.i, lhe l6al tinc of sNet

at rhe

rine of obs.Nadon

69

9. 10. ll. 2
I

JD of Conjunct, rh Julie Dat of the binh

As., lhc a8c ofrhc Moon.r
rh besr

of.q
10

M@n or the

lsr

tim. e@ding

Yallop (Yallop, 1998),

L{C,

the diffrcncc

berNcn th Moo.

*r dd

rh sunsel.

ARCL, dc ot light or elonsetion of lhe M@n

fion th.
the

it minucr, su at the b.st tme,

it
d.crees

in

ll,
1,4.

ARCV, the eladve altitudc of fie

crc*ol .t

b.st 1ioe,

D,AZ the rclaiile @ibulh ai the best time, in degrc.s,

Widtb, the cenlral widlh of lhc

15. 16. 17, E. 19. 20. 21. 22. 21. ?4, 25. 26 27. 28. 29.
I

Fsrnt

al bcs1 rime, in

dc minues.

q-val. rh. visibihy

ptue1q

dcfined by YalloP (Yallop, 1998)

lo h.

discssd
Phi+della,

in drail in chapl.r 4.

fie dglc
s

thal lhc.cliPlic dalcs with lh venical on th. wslem

hoii2on, in d.sE.s.

Mlalit. I,loo.

4liptic latiiude in

d.8e'

Mlongi! Moon's.cliptrc lon8itudc. in d.gtus-

*liptic longitud., in dccres M-SD, dgule s.minid.tcr of th. M@|L in @ oinut

Slongil., Sun\

s.

As-Fac!

of sep@lioh fsctor dfined in l.ler chap1e6, in dcgrc6

R-En, cslimatd Rip.n $ Fucrion vatue dclind h chapler

R-A!er, averas Ripeness funcrion valu dellned in chapl{ 3 R-actual, acbal Rip.ns Fsction vtlue dcnled in chapls 3

DR+s! $e diflecnc of R-rclualand R-Enimaled DRnc! thc difrccne of R-a.tu4l ed RnErage

MoonS M.g, Moon\ mogniiude al the besl

lne

of Yallop,

Lio-Mae(lin), lh. LiDiting Mt8nitud. of the stv ned |ne

udveEal dne dis.ts.d in cha .r 4.

cs6t s

defioed by Schaff.r (Schaefd, 1988b) aloDs wnh ih Yallop's besl dne in

30.

SI'(DME8), tbe univ.ssl tine wh.n the conrrdt ofthe stv bdelhes dd rh. Mmn\ bljehBt just tum in favou of thc Moon dd 0E ditrGnc' of dE

70

m.gnitude of the Moon

dd $c linning

m.gnitutle of rhe sky ai thal monen!

I_

B6(Dmag), fic divdsd rimc *h.o U. @ntrasl of rhe sry bnSh,ES th. Moon\ bdghret is b6r in favou of ha9irude of
rhe M@D rhe Moon

ed

ald thc diflcn@ of $e

ed

thc lim'ring m.gn'nrd.

ofih. sly

al rhar monen

32.

Lsr(Dmae), ihe univdal tme whn rh conrmst orrhe sky bnshhess

tbc Moon\

ed
$e

biehd

is

lal io &vou
ad
rhc

of th. Moon

ad

rbc difcrcn@ of
ar

nagoirude ofthe Moon

liniring magnitude of$e sly

th.r momenr.

A3 thc .xcution oflhe proghh b.gins ir prompts for ob*Nadon nMb.r, dale,

nonlh, y.&, longirude, Iaritude

esrinated ttmperaturc ahd
iniliared

od

cl.vation abole sea lvel of th phcc and $e

is

estimrd r.larilc humidiiy of lhe place. This plompr by rh. lunction tzrdd,r.rtnd callcd by the tufuri,on nt i n n u t i

"..

Ticn rh. prcg@ c,lls for $e tundi@ math .h4tg.. This tunc on n6r ddmins lh. Julia Date of dE dDc of n.esr @njwdon or rhe bini of ncw M@n crlling thc fucrion /t ]@_D@r. Th. tu dion r'r_r@_r@r is bdcd on .tgorithn due
ioMeeus(1998)discqsedinadicl2.3abovc(fomu162.3.1.ro2.3.25).'Iletuncrion

rorr,

cna,a. $en calh the tu.ctior renir&rr lhal dekmines the tihcs of lhc sunsel dd the Moon set tttroud fiD.rioB tun-q.t 6d mon_se.Ih tunciions rzu_r.r sd

tutu_sa

t.

rdttirgt.le

b6ed on lh alsorithn dhcus$d in aaicle 2.7 abov.. Dr functio. calculars rhe b6r rimc for casent visibitiiy aeording io @ndnion du

di*ussd h a larq cha .r Tnis is followd by @hpul!fion of the Julie Dat 6d dB Exlcndd Juli@ dat corcsponding ro rhe best rim. 6ing rh tunctiolirri.ndrl. rhat t bs*d on rl| algorirhn pEdred above in anicl. 2.4. This Iesds ro fomulation orlhe rime {sMn1GIs dipused in adiclc 2.1) fo' rhc Elp2ooi) md VSOPS? lheories for the c.lculation of coordimres of lhe Moon and ihc Su respectively. Th.e coordinates e calcul.r.d according b the algorithDs in anictes 2.5 dd 2.6 iopl.m.n&d in fucdoB a@r_.ou.t ed t\. su"_.erd Bpeilely. B.fore
to Yallop (1998)

7l

rh*.@rdin
10

ls

@ c.bdat.d th. etrc1oftuhio. dd

the

sidd.d tihc coftspondins

zdo hou uiversal tide, for the dat consideed. are calculted using the tuncdois

,ttttid
od

ad srl_tiw,
usins rhc

E#iv.ly,

The infomatioi/d.tA

*'.n

t$aiqs ouinlo,

rtbpt

thu fe Scn nted is displayed scootd (.@fitn^.s of 1he su.) ed

dbrldr_n rord (coodinatcs of tbe Moon).

Finally, fhc tunction nainrcutir. crLtl^r.s md dbplaF on
abov. in lnc

$en

aU rhe

visibiliiy parmetcrs dircused in pFiou.rricle (2.8) &d lisred ss l0 to 16 dd 2l

clm

orher functions

O$d pffi.r.c (l7lo 20 dd 22 1o 12) re @mpui.d in (r? to 20 in tunction r@r_cMtt a\d 22 to 32 tt liM'si\ brl
anicle.

displayd alo.g with these pdmet.rs. All thc

the

outp

dda

Ddmd.s lisbd as I lo 32 d wiren lo file J.r"8ear in nmloulrro4, (pamrs I to 29) ed tim._nnse

Tle tundion

(p@ncle6

30 to 32),

/ltr,r,,?

is ih reproducrion

ot Scba.fer's pog,aD

(Shs.fer, 1998, Bogd, 2004) lor delediiirg th liniting hagnitude of

dy

point

of

The Esl

of the functions

used in lhc

pregrm aE lisLd

dd briety

dcscibed

/.ar.r..l
.orwt_r'ru

chects lhe1hd the rule)

y.e u$d is lcap yed (ac@rdi.8 ro crcsorid or rcr? lfrhe yd is lap lhc tuncdon rerums I orhfli$ O.
eelc
inro dcgres, arc minutes

convens an

do
b,

arc

*cond3.

.,,rzt_rtu

convens lime in hours into

hoE, ninuIs &d s*onds.

th inpur
0 160.

hodlw pamt

Btms rh. @jnd.r .ff4 dividing

h 6ed ohain 6e mst. in
the

6is fucdon

b 360 degE6. calculat s rh. afr*tl ot psrlts in i8hl acEion ad decu.adon to cct th. ropcdFic ddr as1fuion 6d d.ctinarion and is bas.d
deercs
on step 8 of alsori$n in anicte 2.5.

tuB

itr._r.. rhrcud ,rr.-do, ,nd d"c_sc thrcugh

chdging tine (al
(at lev.ls ofdale

d.._r,,:

Ttcs. tundions altows

and dare

ld.b ofhourr ninure ad ssnds)

dd honrh).

72

sihin lhc tuldion di.i@{tt. lhc prcgr&n Hil.lo! ha do-|9kL l@p ^ (pl*in8 dld le,) fion thc Br. rhar remiDrd *tEtr rhe iddrifid za,r rcccivB V' If my oths key is prcsed lh. pregm rmdN in wait ndq PEsing Panicdd k ls a
In fer
is obvioN in the

er.l{ar.
datc,

cohbilsriotr vdio{s&lions

iniii.ld likc inc@ing or

chegilg tmpdal@ or hlmidity o. wiling to th output nb r.rngafir. bitiad.g any ofthFc.ctioro Gp..G th. *ftution ofall lhe conpulalions wilb new timc, dale,lcmp.dture or huDidily. In cd. ofpre$ingP all lh data is winen
deoeasiry tim

dd

Mit s only rhe $lected !alu$ oI tine and conesponding value of thc diffelcnce of doo.\ magnilude and $e liniling sky masnitude. Tlese fatues of thc progm Hihlol (varyin8 dne, dale and !@lhcr conditio6) nEle tbe progrm norc dynoiq .s compdd lo Mooncalc of M&ru iMdd, 2001 ) ad A@uai. TiF. of Odeh (Od.h, 2006).
ro fie out file

s.r'"a4.t

in one lin a.d prc$ins 4

d.rminiig th. dlr of the fi6l sier ing of new llld c@.nt in this cnaFd w cxploEd.ll thc Mjor 6pet of conp arional cForls. Th*
In view of lhc

prcbls

of

IE sm!.ndylicd
motion

dyn.Dic.l lhddcs VSOP87 and ELP2000 d'at dryib. th.

ofplseB loud thc Su sd oflh. M@n reund the Eanh. The* e m. mosl rent dd nost accunt. avlilabl. looh for the delmi.ation ot
ephendb oflhc
Sun

dd th.

Mootr.

Ite

ateonlhm lhat lelds lo lbe dct min.lion oftb. dynmical lime ofde

lud

@njucdor or lh. binh ot ncw Moon.

Tn pmblms ssociarcd wi|b th. dynamical

&d uivEal lim ed

cmrdimres

related

isues. Wiihout having a @mpl.l. kno* bow of lhse isues apprclrjalc

tbe

argmcnt for the d.lminadon of

lud ed dE $l&

co

not be

1)

TL dl irpde dgsitor tu d. ddroni4 m. tr..r,r.l od locd roc dn . o{ th. @ rd 6. md* lllth! s* d6itr of ti.

lb pcr@i !rd&d tflt t Fb&o le or*dt ci rdt!. da-!.d.

dD.r

of

di-

dShdrS o{

rtr

lrib I tdrwh ||I&tbt r of d| 6..c tt{itr d .|6mi.l G.hiS.. erl .ltdl6or | .orio!.. F!!im ir redd b &r .U t ,.w lull
Tto 1b

ct# &ir_.r
tl.
dry

.ll

tt cqdrilrl ,trrit r@id.d

lurt.!..c.d

eith

it.

plobLa ofib. d.olloilirS

of6rr jihli!8 ofew

71