CLINICAL LABORATORY

1. What is the function of ➢ Absolutely specific for a

screening? specific disease
➢ Detect subclinical ➢ Easily measurable
disease ➢ Early detection
➢ Detect and quantify the ➢ Not affected by other
risk of future disease biological disturbances
2. Role of the laboratory test 7. Function of Troponin 1 is a
➢ Screening marker of MI because
➢ Diagnoses ➢ Found predominately in
➢ Helpful patient cardiac tissue
management ➢ Released into the blood
3. What are the steps in stream following cell
investigation of a patient? death
➢ Imaging techniques ➢ Highly specific marker
➢ diagnosis 8. Inter-individual varation
➢ Evaluation ➢ Age
4. Why are laboratory tests ➢ Sex
ordered? ➢ Race
➢ Prevent malpractice ➢ Genetic
➢ Educating residents ➢ Long term health issue
➢ Monitor 9. Intra-individual variation
effectiveness!! ➢ Diet
➢ Identify complication of ➢ Exercise
treatment ➢ Drugs
➢ Check accuracy and ➢ Time of venipucture
unexpected data ➢ Length of time
5. What are normal biological tourniquet is applied
specimens? BUC (Comprise ➢ Posture
➢ Blood the majority of ➢ Sleep pattern
all specimens
➢ Urine 10.Pre-analytical variation
analyzed)
➢ Cerebrospinal fluid ➢ Transport
➢ Stools ➢ Exposure to UV light
➢ Tissue specimen ➢ Storage condition
6. What is the function of a ➢ Centrifugation time
marker?

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 CLINICAL LABORATORY
➢ Standing time be4
separation of cell
11.Analytical variation
➢ Random errors
➢ Systemic errors
12.Post-analytical
➢ Transcription errors
➢ Result reported to
wrong patient
13.Prolonged venous stasis
(tourniquet put in a long
period) will cause?!
➢ Increase( Total
protein, Proteins,
iron Fe, Cholesterol,
and bilirubin)
➢ Decreases potassium
(K+)
14.Supine position ( reduces
700ml blood volume)
➢ Decrease 5-15% of
(Total protein,
albumin, lipids, iron,
Calcium and
Enzymes)
15.Specimens which required
special handling technique:
➢ Lactate
➢ Ammonia
➢ Acid phosphatase
➢ Plasma catecholamines
16.Hemolysis will cause:
➢ Serum and plasma into
red
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➢ Increases Potassium,
Magnesium and
phosphorous
17.Lipemia and proteinemia
cause:
➢ Serum and plasma to
become turbid!!
18.Blood composition with
anticoagulant (Chelating
agent EDTA, Citrate /
Heparin enhance
antithrombin)!
➢ 3 layers (PLASMA,
BUFFY COAT, and RBC)
➢ Buffy coat (WBC and
platelets)
➢ Plasma
(55% whole blood –
protein, sugar, vitamin,
mineral, lipids,
lipoprotein, and clotting
factors)
(95% of plasma is
water)
19.Blood composition without
anticoagulant
➢ 2 layers
➢ Serum and blood clot
➢ Serum same as plasma
but without clotting
factors
➢ Blood clot (Clotting
factors, fibrin, platelets,
and RBCs)
20.Collection tube
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 CLINICAL LABORATORY

➢ Red (X anticoagulant) • Urea; BUN; Creatinine

➢ Gold (Gel barrier) • GFR
➢ Grey (Glucose) ➢ Endocrine (DM)
➢ Green (Anticoagulant)
➢ Lavender (EDTA; Inhibit DIAGNOSA
coagulation) • fasting glucose
➢ Light blue (Coagulation • 2h post prandial
studies)
glucose
➢ Brown and Royal Blue
• OGTT
(Trace metal studies)
• C-peptide (DD type 1
21.Complete blood count is?
and type 2 DM)
➢ Haemoglobin
➢ WBC count
MONITORING
➢ Platelets count
• C.B.C, Urinalisa
➢ MCV
• Lipid profile
➢ MCH
• Renal function
➢ MCHC
➢ RDW • Electrolyte

➢ Haematocrit • Blood gas analysis

➢ RBC count • Ketone bodies

➢ Erythrocyte • Hb A1C
sedimentation rate • Fructosamine
➢ Blood smear evaluation • Micro-albuminuria
22.POCT (Point of care testing) • Insulin-Fasting and 2
➢ Blood glucose
h pp
➢ Urinalysis
➢ Blood gases
➢ Lipid profile
➢ Electrolytes
• Total cholesterol
➢ Cardiac markers
• Trygliceride
(troponin 1 and T)
• HDL
➢ Drugs screen
• LDL
23.Routine clinical chemistry
• Lp(a)
in laboratory examination
➢ Renal function test • ApoA, ApoB

• Urinalysis

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 CLINICAL LABORATORY

➢ Liver function test ➢ Hematuria

Hepatobilier ➢ Myohemoglobinuria???
function 肌红蛋白尿症
• Synthesis function: ➢ Myoglobinuria??
CHE, albumin, 肌红蛋白尿
coagulation factors ➢ Hemoglobinuria??
• Hepatocellular 血红素尿
functions: AST, ALT 28.Observe the tube with
• Obstructive functions: graphic paper background
GGT, ALP is to?
• Excretions: Bilirubin, ➢ Observe the clarity of
bile acid the urine
24.Markers for hepatitis: 29.Clarity of urine influenced
➢ AFP by
➢ Ceruloplasmin ➢ Leucocyturia
➢ Serum iron ➢ hematuria
➢ Feritin ➢ Bacteriuria
25.Type of macroscopic ➢ Mucus from vagina
examination ➢ Phosphate precipitation
➢ Colour 30.Dipstick examination:
➢ Clarity ➢ Provide information-
➢ Volume (count by • Carbohydrate
urinometer) metabolism
➢ pH • Kidney function
➢ odor • Liver function
26.Chemical examination • Acid-base balance
➢ Glucose • UTI
➢ Blood (haemoglobin)
Dip not longer than 1
➢ Leukocyte esterase
second
➢ Protein
➢ Urobilinogen
31.Indicator used in the
➢ Bilirubin
dipstick:
➢ Ketone
➢ Glucose (Blue-brown)
➢ Nitrite
• Glucosa oxidase
27.Red urine is caused by

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 CLINICAL LABORATORY
• Peroxidase
➢ Bilirubin (Yellow-brown)
• Diazotized
dicholororaniline
salt
➢ Ketone
• Nitroprusid
➢ SG
• Bromthymol blue
• Polyelectrolyte
(Polymethylvinyl
ether/ maleic acid)
➢ Blood (Yellow-green)
• Tetramethylbenzidine
➢ pH
• Bromthymol blue
• Methyl red
➢ Protein (Green)
• Tetrablomphenol
➢ Urobilinogen (Red)
• Diazonium salt
➢ nitrite (pink)
• P-arsanilic acid
➢ Leucocyte
• Indoxyl ester
32.Urine protein test
➢ 2ml of urine + 3-5 drops
acetic acid
• Negative
• +1 white
• +2 white cloudy
• +3 white yellowish
• +4 white yellowish
cloudy
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➢ Acid sulfosalisilat
➢ Protein Bence Jones
• +ve or –ve
33.Glucose test
➢ Benedict (5 ml) and 8
drops (1/10 of urine)
• Negative (Blue)
• +1 (Bight yellowish)
• +2 (Yellow + green)
• +3 (Orange)
• +4 (Brownish red)
➢ Reduction test
Others redactor:
• Vit C
• Lactose
• Asam salisilat
• Galactose
• Fructose
34.Picture!!
➢ Erythrocyte
➢ Leukocytes
➢ Hyaline cast
➢ Erythrocyte cast
• Glomerulonephritis
➢ Leukocyte cast
• Pyelonephritis
➢ Granular cast (Coarsely)
35.Oval Fat bodies +
➢ Nephrotic syndrome
➢ Tubular cells that have
absorbed lipoproteins
with cholesterol and
triglycerides leaked
from nephritic glomeruli
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 CLINICAL LABORATORY

36.Leukocyte cast +
➢ Pyelonephritis
37.Erythrocyte cast +
➢ GLomerulonephritis
38.Fever
➢ Upper UTI
39.Burning sensation
➢ Lower UTI

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