K: (Use Peter Mitchell Picture) My name is Peter Mitchell in 1978 I won a noble prize awarded to me for my research on oxidative

phosphorylation. It began in 1961 when I discovered chemiosmotic theory, which states that oxidative phosphorylation is an energy coupling mechanism.

J: Now I am going to explain oxidation phosphorylation. It is responsible for most of the energy produced in cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation is the combination of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. To start it occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is the last step of cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation is the sequence of reaction in the mitochondria that convert energy from food to cellular energy.

K: Being able to convert energy from food to cellular energy is mandatory for the cell to survive. The process in cellular respiration that produces the most energy is oxidative phosphorylation.

J: The reactions that take place use high-energy electrons that were extracted from food during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

K: Oxidation phosphorylation begins with the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is a collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. There are thousands of copies of the electron transport chain thanks to the folds of the cristae increasing the overall surface area.

J: This is the inner membrane of the mitochondrion (point with arrow)

K: The electron transport chain is made of proteins and prosthetic groups that help catalyze the functions of enzymes. Electron carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states. Each component of the chain becomes reduced when it accepts electrons from it uphill neighbor. It returns to its oxidative form when its passes an electron down to its downhill neighbor.

J: These are the proteins in the electron transport chain (point to blue proteins) (Show electrons going down the chain)

K: Oxidative Phosphorylation can be put into 4 simple steps: The first step is to obtain high-energy electrons. The second step is transferring energy from the electrons to cellular energy; the electron transport chain does this. The third step is to use the cellular energy from the electron transport chain to a make a proton gradient. The fourth step of oxidative phosphorylation is to use the stored energy of the proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

J: That is why oxidative phosphorylation is called an energy coupling reaction, because the exergonic reaction, the electron transport chain, powers the endergonic reaction, the ATP synthesis.

K: The electrons extracted from food are transported by electron carriers, which are NADH and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 pass the electrons on to the protein complexes.

J: (show electron passing from NADH to protein complex)

K: When this happens NADH combines with a hydrogen ion to create NAD+. The protein complex then passes the electron to coenzyme 10, a mobile carrier.

J: (show electron passing from protein complex to coenzyme 10)

K: Coenzyme 10 then passes the electron to the next protein complex

J: (show electron passing from coenzyme 10 to the next protein complex)

K: the protein complex then passes the electron to cytochrome c, a mobile carrier.

J: (show electron passing from protein complex to cytochrome c)

K: As the electrons move between complexes, they pump the hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.

J: (show hydrogen ions going through the protein complex)

K: NADH deposits electrons at the first protein complex

J: (point to 1st complex)

K: FADH2 deposits electrons at the second complex.

J: (point to 2nd complex)

K: When FADH2 deposits the electrons at the protein complex it then becomes FAD

J: (show FADH2 becoming FAD)

K: The main concept of the electron transport chain is as electrons pass from complex to complex they power the movement of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space. The number of hydrogen ions (also called proton gradient) will build up and flow back to the matrix simultaneously powering the production of ATP.

J: The hydrogen ions flow through the proteins against the gradient and this process generates ATP. (Use Hydrogen ions to demonstrate)

K: Every time an electron carrier passes a pair of electrons to another carrier, a small amount of energy is given off. This is the energy that the mitochondrion uses to pump the hydrogen ion across the inner mitochondrial membrane. By the time the electrons reach the last carrier they are now low-energy electrons they are transferred to the final receptor, which is oxygen.

J: (hold up oxygen under 3rd protein complex)

K: The oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with two hydrogen ions to create a molecule of water.

J: (show molecule of water)

K: To conclude the Electron transport chain the electron pair follows the path of NADH to protein complex 1 to coenzyme 10 to protein complex 3 to cytochrome c to protein complex 4 to oxygen

J: (show electron passing from NADH complex I coenzyme 10 complex III cytochrome c complex IV oxygen)

K: the third step of oxidation phosphorylation is when the energy that was harvested during the electron transport chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient also known as a proton gradient. Pumping hydrogen ions across the membrane makes the proton gradient.

J: (show hydrogen ions going across the membrane)

K: The last step of oxidative phosphorylation is when the proton gradient is used to drive ATP synthesis. This is when the hydrogen atoms that previously passed through the

protein complexes pass back through the membrane via the fourth protein complex. As this happens ADP combines with a phosphate and creates ATP.

J: (Show ADP combining with phosphate to become ATP)

K: Now I, Peter Mitchell, did not discover the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. I was just the first say the electron transport chain powers ATP synthesis.

J: At the end of oxidative phosphorylation about 32 or 34 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose.

K: This shows how important oxidative phosphorylation is out of the 36 or 38 total ATPs produced from cellular respiration almost all of the ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation.