Additional Latin Exercises of Translation Into English

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ADDITIONAL
LATIN EXERCISES
TO
NORTH AND HILLARD'S

Latin Prose Composition
for the
Middle Forms of Schools

BY
THE
REV.
A.
E.
HILLARD,
ST. PAUL's
D.D.
HIGH MASTER OF
SCHOOL
AND
C.
G.
BOTTING,
ST. PAUL's
M.A.
SCHOOL
ASSISTANT MASTER AT
SPECIiViEN.
-
RIVINGTONS
34
K/JVG STREET, CO VENT
GARDEN
LONDON
1916
PREFACE
North and Hillard's Latin Prose Composition
use of Middle
for the
Forms
of Schools contains
256 Exercises
divided into two
series,
and B,
either of
which would
both in the
in itself afford a complete course of practice
Constructions
the
to
and
in
the
Vocabulary required.
But
authors
have had requests from several quarters

of Exercises
;
add to the number

it
and, while they do
not think
advisable or necessary to add to the original

is
book, the present book
intended to meet the needs of
any who
respects
desire a larger
number
of Exercises.
It
may
be regarded as a
to
series of Exercises,
parallel in all
Each Exercise is and B series. by a heading to its proper place in North and Hillard's Latin Prose Composition, and in each
the
assigned
Exercise the constructions and vocabulary required are
only such as have been supplied before in the corre-
sponding place in that book.

A. E. H.
C. G. B.
N.B.
Words which
are not to he translated in Latin are
enclosed in hrachets.
FINAL SENTENCES
Exercise 1
[N.H.
1.
l-5j
The
king's son
went to the
city to ask for peace.
2.
3.
I sent
my son to
buy bread.
They
will
run quickly that they
may
not be seen.
4.
You
did this that you might not be killed.

rich.
5.
The poor man worked that he might become
6.
They marched
to the city to help their friends.
7.
He
ran to the
camp that he might not be
killed.
8.
9.
We We
advanced that they might not discover our plan.

shall
not go to the city
lest
we should be
accused.
10.
Let us retreat to the camp that our horses

tired.
may
not
become
ADDITIONAL LATIN EXERCISES
Exercise 2
[N.H. 1-5]
1.
The
sick
remained in the camp that they might not
sufier pain.
2.
3.
Let us go quickly in order to save our
friends.
He
did not avoid battle, lest he should be thought a
coward.
4.
We
ought to help those who work.

in the
5.
The coward who remained
camp was
killed
by a
sword.
6.
We shall go to the city in order to give bread to the poor.

Send your son to discover the king's plan.
7.
8. 9.
We
All
retreated to the plain in order to be safe.
men ought
to
work
in the
in order not to
be poor.
10.
The arms were
camp that they might not be
taken.
FINAL SENTENCES
Exercise 3
[N.H. 1-5]
In order to avoid a battle the king marched to the plain.
poor man,
who had gone
to the city to
buy bread and was

the bread which
city.
returning} saw the arms and horses.
He
left'^
he had bought in the road and returned'^ to the
He
was
tired
and
sick with pain, hut
he ran quickly that he might
not be taken.
He
ought not to be thought a coward, /or ^ he

the consul learnt the king's plan,
saved the
city.
From him
which was thus^ prevented.
He
sent his son, who, having

All praised
advanced to the
the poor
plain, captured the king's army.^
man who had
suffered loss
'
himself in order to help
his friends.
redeo,
-Ire, redii.
^
^
**
relinquo, -ere, reliqui.
' ^
sed.
nam.
ita.
exercitus
(4).
damnum.
Exercise 4
[N.H. 6-9]
1.
So great
is tlie
danger that our
men
are afraid.
cross
it.
2.
3.
The
river
was so deep that we did not
They
are sufiering pain in order that they
may
help
their friends.
4.
Let us remain safe in the camp that we
may
not be
killed.
5. 6.
He
So
it.
has retreated so often that we despise him.
many
trees
were lying in the river that we easily
crossed
7.
So great was his courage that he followed.
8.
He works
They
left
himself that he
may
not be accused by the
poor.
9.
the king's son in the
camp that he might not
be captured.
10.
We
have defeated you so often that we despise you
and do not think you a brave man.
CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES
CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES
Exercise 5
[N.H. 6-9]
1.
So great was their fear that they did not cross the
Let us advance so as to save the
city.
river.
2.
3.
all.
He
has accused so
many
rich
men
that he
is
feared
by
4.
They
are
all
going to the city that the work
may
not
be hindered.
5.
The cowards followed that they might not be put to
death.
6.
He
He
ran so quickly that we did not see him again.
7.
climbed the tree that he might not be sent home.
8. 9.
His pain was so great that he did not follow his friends.
So great
is
the fear of our
men
that they are not
returning to the city.

10.
We
ought
all
to
work that the
consul's plans
may
not
be hindered.
Exercise 6
[N.H. 6-9]
So great a storm had arisen that deep snow was lying on ground ^ and
the
many trees had
fallen into the river.
Our men,
from
"however^ so despised the danger that, having advanced
the plain, they crossed the river.
The
king, not daring to
hinder them, quickly retreated to his
camp that he might

on the next day
^
avoid a battle
setting out
from
there ^
he
easily arrived at the city.
Our men were

although
so tired that they
could
not follow
but,
they had suffered the
king to escape, the consul so praised their valour that they

returned
*
home
full of
hope.
^
^
humi.
postridie.
tamen.
possum.
inde.
quanquam.
FINAL AND CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES

Exercise 7
[N.H. 10-13]
1.
The bravest men went away from the

of hunger.
city that
no one
might die
2.
Let us conquer the king's soldiers that we
may
not
ourselves be put to death.

3.
He
spoke in such a
way
that
all
praised him.
4.
5.
A storm
They
arose and no ships were saved.
are defending the walls that they
may
no
not be
thought cowards.
6.
There were so
safe.
many soldiers
in the city that
citizens
were
7. 8.
9.
So great was the fear of our
men
that no one advanced.
The law
is
such that
it
does not defend the poor.
He
will return that
no one
may call him
a coward.
10.
We
remained in the city that we might never again
cross the sea.
Exercise 8
[N.H. 10-13]
1.
We
alone remained in the

is
camp
to help the sick.

is
2.
So great
the danger that no one
setting out
from
the city.
3.
There are so
many
trees in this place that
we cannot
see the city.

4.
Let us
kill
all
the cowards that no one
may
ask for
peace.
5.
6. 7.
Such
is
the work that

left
it
can be hindered by a few men.
He was
The
alone in the plain that he might die of cold.
rich will help the poor that
no one
may
die of
hunger.
8.
Let us praise their courage that they
may
avoid no
danger.
9.
He
escaped in a ship that he might not be accused by
any
one.
10.
So great a storm had arisen that no one dared to cross
the sea.
Exercise 9
[N.H. 10-13]
The
sick wlio
have returned home have brought news
to
us about the army.
They suffered much themselves on the

so deep that they could not easily
march
set out
for the
snow was
from the camp.
Through them we have learnt many
things.
Our men
;
are dying from cold

^
and hunger
in the
trenches
resist
the
enemy
advance so
is
fiercely that
they can hardly
them.
Near them
hill
which they ought to capture

^
that the
enemy may
no longer be able to fire
at^ them from
it
they march by night that no one

is
may see
them, but the danger
very great.
their
Many
are so exhausted that they have
thrown
have at
away
arms and are lying on the ground.
We
length sent reinforcements that they
may
not be compelled to
leave the place which they are trying to defend.
nuntius
{sing.).
hostes {pL).
tela iacere.
in [ace).
10
Exercise 10
[N.H. 14-19]
An
of
elephant
^
used to carry a general daily

sold bread
:
near the
home
a woman
who
a few soldiers followed to
defend him from aU attacks.
The woman used to give the

Once
*
elephant bread that he might not suffer hunger.
the
animal ^ became so
the city
:
fierce
that he ran in
all directions ^
through
the
woman was
so cowardly that she did not dare to

fled
remain longer in the place, but

hahyi^
from the house and
left
her
which she was carrying, lying on the ground.

lifted it
The
was
elephant
up
and bore
it safe
to a temple which
near the woman's house, that it might not be hurt. Such (was ^)
the reward (which) the
woman receivedybr ^^ her kindness.

^
elephantus.
^
^
cotidie.
miilier (3).
olim.
infans.
1.
'
animal.
toUo, -ere,
genitive.
hue
illuc.
^
^
^
sustiili,
sublatum.
See N.B. on page
11
Exercise 11
[N.H. 14-19]
Hannibal, the leader of the Poeni, was once trying to lead his
army
across a large
and deep
river.
:
The mides and
horses,
laden with burdens, easily crossed
the elephants, however,
were so
full of fear
that they did not dare to advance.
So
many
(of)
the
enemy
were following that he did not dare to

Hannibal,
^
remain longer in the plain.
who had
soldier to
resolved to
compel them to
of the animals
cross.,
ordered
a certain
wound ^ one
under the ear with a sword, and to throw himself
into the river.
Then the elephant,
fierce
on account
of the
:
pain, ran into the river to kill the
the rest followed that they might not be left alone.

plans Hannibal so avoided
the
all
man who had wounded him By such

his enemies to
dangers that he nearly conquered
Romans and compelled even^
admire his
courage.
iiibeo, -ere, iussi,
iussum.
^
^
quidam
etiam.
{after noun).
vulnero,
I.
12
Exercise 12
[N.H. 14-19]
There was once in a certain Greek city an old
mule who,
although he was no longer compelled to carry burdens, so loved
work that he could not be

city were building
^
idle.
For when
the citizens of this
a temple on a high
hill,
hill,
of his own accord
he used to chmb the
laden with no burden, with the other

stones,^ to
mules who were carrying

exhausted.
encourage^ them (when)
When the citizens discovered this they so admired

'
his courage that they passed
a law
(in)
which they ordered
corn
to be given to
him
daily,-
that he might never die of
hunger.
vetus.
lapis, -idis (3).
^ libi.
^
''
aedifico,
fero.
I.
* ^
sponte sua.
incito, I.
'
frumentum.
INFINITIVES
13
INFINITIVES
Exercise 13
[N.H. 20-23]
1.
It will be easy to punisli the barbarians.
2.
We
were unwilling to benefit tbe cowards wbo bad
betrayed their country.

3.
They were accustomed
to hide their
money
in the
temples.
4. 5.
6.
We determined to pitch our camp

It is
on a high
hill.
more
disgraceful to he than to escape.
He was
said to be very rich.
7.
I preferred to
remain in the
city,
you
to
cHmb
the
hill.
8.
We
are all compelled to
do many things against our
wiU.
9.
Some men ought
to rule, others to obey.
10. It is the part of
a coward to be unwilUng to die for his
country.
14
Exercise 14
[N.H. 20-23]
1.
FigLt for your country that you
may not seem a coward.
2. 3. 4.
He was so poor tliat he

Desire to be praised
;
could not bring the money.

try to learn.
fight.
fly.
He
lied that
he might be allowed to
5. It is
6.
pleasant to be praised, disgraceful to

so foohsh that
He was
no one obeyed him.

put
7.
The general who
tried to betray his country will be
to death.
8.
He
escaped from his country that he might never be

fight.
compelled to
9.
He preferred to throw away his

They had not dared
shield that he
might not
be
killed.
10.
to follow their leaders.
INFINITIVES
15
Exercise 15
[N.H. 20-23]
Almost the whole

danger.
life ^ of
a soldier
is
spent
in
work and
:
On
the march they carry swords, shields, corn
they climb
hills,
they cross great plains and deep rivers
they
so despise the cold that they dare to set out through the
snow
left
and do not fear the greatest storms.

their
When
they have
homes they cease
to consider themselves,^ they
do every-
thing to benefit their country, to save the walls of their city,

to defend their (fellow) citizens
from the attack
of the
enemy.
For these services^ they receive such small rewards that
we can
to
scarcely
wonder^
if
in
many
cities
few
men
wish
become
is
soldiers.
But a good
it
citizen so loves his

:
country
cowards,
that he
eager to defend
against barbarians
however, are compelled to take arms against their
will.
vita.
ago, -ere, egi, actum.
sibi consulere.
meritum.
miror,
I.
16
PARTICIPLES
Exercise 16
[N.H. 24-27]
1.
Having taken
tlie city lie
returned to the camp.

willing to
2.
The hostages having been given up, we were

city.
go out of the
3.
The
general, having been defeated, will be accused in
the city.
4. 5.
Having taken
Having
this city
by storm we
set it
on
fire.
killed the
messenger he escaped so as not to be
punished.
6. 7.
Leaving
his
sword in the camp he advanced to a
hill.
He
halted near the gate that he might not be seen by
any
one.
8.
Having summoned the Having been
chiefs
he demanded
is
this.
9.
elected general he
trying to benefit his
country.
10.
The prisoners having been
set free will return
home.
PARTICIPLES
17
Exercise 17
[N.H. 24-27]
1.
He
collected
new
forces to attack the
enemy.
2.
The king having been driven out
tried to take the city
by storm.
3.
Having
set out
by night he returned
river
to
summon
us.
4.
Having arrived at the
we were compelled
to halt.
5.
6.
Winter approaching we were unwilHng to delay longer.
Having seen the
city
we no
longer beheved the mes-
sengers.
7.
Having advanced
to the walls
we wished
to pitch our
camp.
8. 9.
The
soldier
having been taken
lied to
save his general.
My father being
Having
afraid I determined to remain at
home.
10.
collected
an army we sent
it
against the bar-
barians.
18
Exercise 18
[N.H. 24-27]
Julius Caesar having been
made
general, passed
many good
laws to benefit his country
the chiefs of the state, however,
wished to
counted
^
kill
him
one of them, Marcus Brutus, Caesar had
among
his friends.
The day having been determined
on, Caesar set out in the

his wife,^
morning to go to the Senate-house,^
who, warned by a dream,^ feared danger, being un-
wiUing.
friend,
On
the journey, having learnt of the plan through a

^
he nevertheless preferred to go whither
he had resolved
(rather)
than return and seem a coward.

'
Having reached the
Senate-house, while a certain

thing,^
Cimber was demanding some:
he was killed by the rest

resist,
on seeing Brutus, no longer

too,^^
trying to
he
fell
crying
'
Thou
^ '
Brutus.'
fero.
^ ^
habeo.
quo.
et tu.
Curia.
^ ^
uxor.
aliquid.
^ ^
somnium.
clamo.
quidam.
"
PARTICIPLES
19
Exercise 19
[N.H. 28-31]
1.
PitcHng
their
camp
in the
wood they advanced
to
demand
2.
hostages.
After collecting an
army they were
able to resist the
enemy.
3.
We
On
took the leaders and killed them.

city.
4.
5.
Saying this he returned to the
the death of the consul the
enemy
resolved to
advance.
6.
He
died while exhorting us not to betray our country.
7.
We
On
were so tired that we could not obey the general.

killed while trying to
8. 9.
He was
burn the town.

shall
the approach of night
we
go to attack the
enemy.
10.
After the banishment of the king there will be peace.
2(5i
Exercise 20
[N.H. 28-31]
1.
Some went
to follow the enemy, others remained to
defend the camp.

2.
Leading the army back into the wood he spoke as
follows.
3.
Having received a
large
sum
I
of
money we no
longer
feared you.
4.
As they would not speak

Having founded the
was compelled to await the
king's arrival.
5.
6.
city they fortified

I never
it
with walls.
So gladly did he follow that
punished him again.
7.
The general having arrived they could not betray the
city.
8.
He
determined to obey that he might not seem to any
one to be a coward.
9.
It will not be so difficult to
advance in the spring.
10.
After delaying in the city he led out his forces to a small
wood.
PAKTIOIPLES
2J
Exercise 21
[N.H. 28-31]
In the reign of Ancus Martins, Tarquinius went

wife to the city in order to
witli his
become
rich.
The king received
him
into friendship to such

^
an extent that he made him

on the death of Ancus,
guardian
of his children
at length,
the citizens elected Tarquinius as their king.
When
he had
become king he adopted ^ a certain Servius

to be so powerful
in order that he
*
Tullius,
who seemed
that the sons of Tarquinius were afraid, and
might never become king on their father's

^
death they formed
this plan.
They ordered two youths (who

king, to kill him.
had been) summoned before the
This having
affair,^
been done, the dead king's wife, having hidden the

Servius Tullius rule for
bade
him
the king was thought to have
been wounded.
1
*
custos (custodis)
potens.
(3).
liberi.
2,dopto, I.
22
Exercise 22
[N.H. 32-35]
Wlien the
affair
could no longer be hidden and the citizens

^
had
learnt of^ the death
of Tarquinius, Servius
TuUius had
now become
During
built.
so powerful that he could not be driven out.
his reign the city
was made larger and a temple was
But the son
of Tarquinius,
whom
the daughter^ of
Servius had married,^ having formed a plan with the chief
men
of the state, determined to kill him.
Servius, having
:
learnt of the plan, immediately went to the Senate-house
as
he was entering Tarquinius seized him, and having
lifted
him
up threw him
into the street
(men) sent by Tarquinius,

him.
^
following the king as he
fled, killed
'
TuUia, the wife of

^
Tarquinius, drove
her chariot
over
the body
of her father
as he lay in the road.
de
{abl.).
mors
(mortis).
{dat.).
^
^ filia. ^
nubo,
-ere, nupsi,
'
nuptum
(4).
via.
ago, III.
currus
per.
corpus (corporis).
PARTICIPLES
23
Exercise 23
[N.H. 32-35]
After the death of Servius, Tarquinius became king, but he

ruled with such great cruelty that the citizens drove
him
out.
After his expulsion the city was ruled
by
consuls.
Porsenna,
a neighhouring
king,
marched against the Romans with an
army
in order to bring Tarquinius back.
As the army apafraid that, leaving

city to be safe.
proached, the poor people were so

their homes, they
much
^
went from the fields into the
When the city was almost taken Horatius, while all were afraid,
was so brave
bridge
as to resist the
enemy with two
others on the
when
they tried to cross the river.

:
He
ordered the
citizens to
break down the bridge

left
when
it
was almost broken
down, being
alone and wounded, he did not cease to drive
back the attacking enemy.
At
last as the bridge

river,
was
falling,
^
having thrown himself into the
he reached the other
hank
^ safely.
finitimus.
ager.
alter.
ripa.
24
TIME, PLACE, SPACE

Exercise 24
[N.H. 36-39]
1.
Into Asia.
From Saguntum.
In Florentia.
At
Pisa.
In the night.
2.
3. 4. 5.
6.
To Carthage.
Caesar in the city.
We shall go to We
On
Three years ago I saw the consul at Brundisium.

shall return to the
country in ten days.

the town in six days.
Setting out from
home he reached
that day a battle was fought in the city.

set
7.
sail.
Such a storm arose at Brundisium that we could not
8. 9.
After advancing five miles
we reached Athens
at dawn.
He He
wished to go into the country that no one might
follow (him).
10.
remained so long at Nola that no one discovered his
plan.
TIME, PLACE, SPACE
25
Exercise 25
[N.H. 36-39]
1.
few years before
lie
had returned from the country
to see me.
2.
On
the following day
we pitched our camp
three miles
from the enemy.

3.
storm having arisen we were compelled to remain at
Athens.
4.
Having stayed
in the country the whole
summer, we
shall return to
5.
Eome on the approach of winter.
When
thirteen years old, setting out from the country,
he went to Londinium.
6.
For many years we waged war that no one might
call
us cowards.
7.
Leaving the camp at sunset we marched the whole night. Within ten days we shall advance to help you.
8.
9.
We have decided to
go to the general in the camp.

in
10.
The enemy, having attacked us at dawn, retreated
the evening.
26
Exercise 26
[N.H. 36-39]
We have decided to make a long journey tliis winter througli

many
lands?-
Leaving
^
(our)
home
at
dawn we
we
shall cross the
sea in three hours
and reach Lutetia in the evening.

shall
After
staying a few days in that beautiful city
go from
GaUia into
Italia
and
set sail at Brundisium.
Having again
which
^
crossed the sea
we
shall at last reach Athens, the city
have desired
to see for so
many
^
years.
For though
am now
^
many
years old and have read
many books
written
by the
Greeks, I have never seen those heautifuV temples, those

fleasant
'
woods, where the
hills look
down upon
the plain in
^
which
world
many
^^
^^
years ago the bravest and wisest nation
in the
took arms and repelled the barbarians who had

(her).
attacked
terra.
hora.
^ ^
'which
city. ^
Use present.
lego, -ere, legi, lectum.
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum.
' ^
Use superlative. gens (gentis).
despicio in (ace).
^'^
omnium.
^^
Use participle.
TIME, PLACE, SPACE
27
Exercise 27
[N.H. 40-41]
Leaving the city in the early morning I went to the country

to see
my farm.
Never had the woods and plains seemed more

fields
pleasant.
Entering the
^
with
my
wife
and daughter,
looked with wonder on
corn,^ stoch,^ trees, everything.
Near
cannot
my house is a Httle river,

be crossed on foot
;
in
summer not
so deep that
it
but at the approach of winter such storms
arise that often the bridges are
broken down and
men
perish.
Crossing this river next day
we drove our
is
chariot to the town,
(and) thence to a temple which
nearly two miles distant from

*
the town.
The
priest ^
opened the gate and
allowed us to
enter the temple and explore everything.

his
After staying at
house for a short time we returned home.
Next day
(much) against
my
will I
was compelled to come back to
London
(his)
to
work and
teach.
?
Who
would not rather spend
hfe in the country
âdmired.'
Plural for standing com.

ahl. ahs.
ipeoora, {n. pi.).
Avoid *and' hy
sacerdos.
28
ABLATIVES OF COMPARISON, QUALITY, MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE; WORDS GOVERNING THE ABLATIVE

Exercise 28
[N.H. 42-43]
1.
The
walls of this city were a Httle higher than your
house.
2.
Caesar, a
man
of great
wisdom, loved the citizens and
was loved by them.

3.
The army which the barbarians have equipped
is
much
larger than ours.

4.
Relying on our courage and the help of the gods we

our country
is
shall set
5.
free.
War
being waged by land and sea that the

city.
enemy
may
6.
not gain possession of our
Often the poor are more contented with their lot than
the rich.
7.
'
Your
wife
is
two
feet taller
than your son.
8.
(Though he was) a
man
of
weak body he
preferred to
fight rather
9.
than be called a coward.

of help.
The wounded general had need

a
10. (Being)
man
of great courage he undertook a labour
of great difficulty.
INDIRECT STATEMENT
29
INDIRECT STATEMENT
Exercise 29
[N.H. 44-45]
1.
We know tliat
Caesar defeated the Gauls.
2.
3.
It is agreed that the general is dead.
We
We
promised to return at sunset.

set out.
4. 5.
6.
The army having been equipped we wished to

hoped that the
city
would be betrayed.
You
did not perceive that
we had marched
to
Kome.
7.
Messengers reported that reinforcements would soon
arrive.
8.
Tell the citizens that
having taken arms we shall defend
the city.
9.
We
promised to give hostages to the Romans.

said this he threatened to strike camp.
10.
Having
30
SE, IPSE
Exercise 30
[N.H. 46]
1.
He knew
He
that
lie
had deceived
his father.
2.
3.
himself wished to return to his home.

his soldiers
Having been betrayed by
he threw himself
into the sea.

4.
You
yourself
knew that they had been deceived by

in the country
the
king.
5.
6. 7.
Having died
he was buried at Rome.
He knows
that they will be called cowards
by
all
men.
sus-
We
ourselves announced that a disaster
had been
tained in Asia.
8.
(Being) a
man
of great courage he said that he
would not
yield.
9.
We
You
thought that he would give us the money himself.

yourself said that
10.
you would not leave your books
at Athens.
INDIRECT STATEMENT
31
INDIRECT STATEMENT
Exercise 31
[N.H. 47-50]
1.
We knew
The
that they had attacked the
army
as
it
was
returning.
2.
soldiers
beheved that they had finished their
journey.
3.
know
that you will
come to me
in the
camp.
4.
Having never been conquered we said that we would
not yield now.

5.
We
were informed that the war would be finished in
the summer.
6. 7.
We knew that the We

He
general was very rich.

us.
Three years ago they pretended to admire
8.
were informed that
all
the
states
were giving
hostages.
9.
declared that reinforcements were
now
arriving.
10. It
was reported that the Gauls had been surrounded by
the enemy.
32
Exercise 32
[N.H. 47-50]
1.
I hope to attack the
enemy
in a few days.
killed.
2.
3.
The prisoner himself believed that he would be

It
was said that the legions would march to Carthage.
4.
Having been informed that the enemy were surrounding
our camp
5.
we
resolved to fight.
re-
That no one might be afraid the general said that
inforcements were arriving.

6.
It
is
said that the
army fought
for three hours
on the
hiU.
7.
The scouts perceived that the Gauls were about to

camp.
strike
8.
Having ascertained that the king was at Athens the
ambassadors returned home.

9.
We
noticed that the tree was higher than the house.

I
10.
Thinking that he did not understand,
was unwilling to
beat him.
INDIRECT STATEMENT
33
Exercise 33
[N.H. 47-50]
You know,
soldiers,
^
that you are fighting for your country,

resist the
that you must

resist it in
not only
attack of the enemy, but
such a
way
that they
may
imderstand that we
cannot be conquered and

again.
It
is
may
be unwilling to attack us
are brave
I
well
known that they

and
will
men
myself
it will
have seen them
fight in Gaul,
do not think that
be easy to repel them.
They
pretend that they are being
defeated and will fly to the shore, that you
may
despise
them
will
and follow
hope that you

fortified
:
will
not be deceived but
remain in your
able to take
ramparts.
it will
These they
will
not be
by storm
hills.
be
foolish, therefore, to
come
down from
the
Relying on your valour I have resolved
to await their attack,

to die.
and
in this place either
to conquer or
Use necesse
esse.
aut.
34
Exercise 34
[N.H. 51-56]
The four
conspirators, having entered the temple, said that

traitor.^
they had come to seek the hidden

that he was the servant
to meet^ them.
^
He, crying out
of the gods, not a traitor, descended
When^
:
(H^y) threatened (him) he repHed
that he was not afraid
for he
seems to have resolved to die

a young man, he had often
^
with the same courage which,

displayed
^
(as)
in battle.
(Though) overpowered
by numbers
'
he was strong enough to defend himself and repel their

attack for a short time.
At
length,
wounded and exhausted,
he
fell
one of^ the servants immediately killed (him).
At
the same time he warned^ the conspirators that they must

fly
:
that the traitor was dead, and would not rise
^^
again.
proditor.
^ ^
' minister (2). Use dative of present participle. supero, I. niimero superiores.
''
obviam
ire {dative).
praesto, -are, praestiti.
e.
INDIRECT STATEMENT
35
Exercise 35
[N.H. 51-56]
As a young man Tiberius Gracchus was thought
to be so
his
good and upright that he was elected augur on account of

virtue.
Appius Claudius, a
man
of great
wisdom, admired
him
so
much
that he received
him
into his friendship
and
wished to have him for his son-in-law,^ for he rightly believed

that he would one day become famous
(he)
^
in the state.
When
said
*
this Tiberius replied that
he also wished greatly to

(for in
marry
his daughter.
The matter being thus decided
such matters the daughters of the
Romans were accustomed

As he entered
to obey their fathers) Appius returned home.
he cried out to his wife that he had found

his daughter.
(it)
man worthy
of
She in wonder repHed,

?
'
Why ^ do you announce

'
with such joy

it
unless of course
(scarcely believing
that
was
^
true)
'
you have found Tiberius Gracchus as her
husband J
gener
duco.
cur.
(2).
^ ^
'
clarus.
'
*
^
invenio,
-ire, -eni,
^
nisi forte.
Use dative of present participle. -entum, IV. maritus (2).
36
Exercise 36
[N.H. 51-56]
After the death of Mausolus, Artemisia his wife ruling, the

Rhodii, thinking
it
unworthy
of their state that a
woman
should get possession of the kingdom, having got ready their

ships set out
to expel her.
This thing being announced,

:
Artemisia hid certain ships in the smaller harbour
at the
ascer-
same time she ordered the
citizens to
be on the wall.
On
taining that the Rhodians had
come with
their ships into the
greater harbour she ordered the citizens to promise to
hand
over the city to them.
The Rhodians having entered the gates,
leaving their ships empty,^ Artemisia immediately led out her
own
ships from the smaller harbour into the greater (one)

^
from there she towed

open
sea.^
the
empty
ships of the
left in
enemy
to the
Thus the Rhodians, being
the city, were
killed in the forum.
manis
(3).
'
abdtico.
in altum.
PRICE AND VALUE
37
PRICE AND VALUE

Exercise 37
[N.H. 57-58]
1.
He
I
said that he
was wilHng to buy the horse
for 1000
sesterces.
2.
3.
know
that you do not care a straw for wisdom.

sell it.
He
valued this so highly that he was unwilhng to

that the victory has cost the general
4.
We know
He
I
many
soldiers.
5.
6.
replied that he
would
sell his
farm at a low
his
price.
do not believe that a slave can buy
freedom for a
talent.
7.
Now
that our city has been blockaded
we value our
freedom more.
8. 9.
Having been ordered to speak the truth
I shall obey.
He
said that he could
buy corn
at a low price in Gaul.
10.
At Carthage no one
cares a straw for freedom.
38
PARTITIVE GENITIVE
Exercise 38
[N.H. 59-60]
1.
These barbarians do not know that our country keeps

of its old strength.
some
2.
The Belgae were
said
by Caesar
to be the bravest nation
in the whole of Gaul.

3.
Some
of us
have too much courage, some have
lost all
hope.
4.
Many
thousands of our best soldiers have fallen in this
war.
5.
6.
know
that he was the
first
to encourage us.
A great storm having arisen,

He
Most
of the
most
of the ships perished.
7. 8.
says this that his country
may
not suffer any
loss.
Komans thought
that the Greeks had too
much
9.
eloquence.
Some
of our citizens wish to resist, others to surrender.
10.
He
complained that the hostages had not been sent.
DATIVE VERBS
39
DATIVE VERBS
Exercise 39
[N.H. 61-62]
1.
They promised
to declare
war
as soon as possible
on
the Germani.
2. It is difficult
to beHeve in
men who do
of the
not believe in
themselves.
3.
Having been put
in
command
whole army he
started to Gaul.
4.
We
could scarcely resist the
enemy when they had
attacked us.
5. It is
the duty of a general to spare those
who no
longer
resist
6.
him.
We are rightly angry with men who wish to betray their
country.
7.
We
were informed that they had threatened our
men
him-
with torture.
8.
self.
It is difficult to trust a judge
who cannot
restrain
9.
He
promised not to exact hostages from the Gauls.

that the Germans had decided to
10.
We knew
make war
on the Belgians,
40
EXERCISES FOR REVISION

Exercise 40
[N.H. 63-70]
When the generals and those of the soldiers who had followed
them had perished by
difficulty.
this massacre, the Greeks
were in great
They knew that they were surrounded by many

no one would
sell
cruel nations, that
them
corn, that they were

^
many
miles distant from Greece and

It is well
had no guides /or
their
journey.
known
left
that they had been betrayed
by the
barbarians and were
alone without cavalry.
Nevertheless
they
all
valued their freedom so highly that they resolved not
to surrender but to resist the Persians
uhen
they bade (them)
give
up
their arms.
One of^ them, Xenophon by name,
having been put in

occasion
*
:
command
of the whole army, rose to the
never losing hope, he promised to lead them back
safe to Greece.
genitive.
'
Use participle.
'
^ e.
was
not wanting to himself.
41
Exercise 41
[N.H. 63-70]
On
tomed
the marcli they sustained great disasters, (and) faced
great dangers, which
many
years afterwards they were accus-
to relate to their admiring friends at home.
Xenophon
declares
himself,
who has
written a book about the whole
affair,
that they found certain barbarians Uving beneath the ground
with their children,
cattle, corn, (and) all (their) goods.
When
Xenohaving
asked they said that the country was called Armenia.
phon received the
chief of this nation into friendship,
bidden him not to be afraid, and promised not to hurt him.
From him
the Greeks received corn and wine
and remained
in this district for a
few days.
We
to
believe that they spoke
the truth, for
travellers ^
who go
Armenia nowadays
say
that they have found villages^ hke these and, their horses
having stumbled on the

natives
hill,
have
fallen into the midst
of
eating their supper beneath the ground.
obeo,
-ire.
^
^
vinum
vicus
(2).
viator
(3).
his temporibus.
(2).
in medios barbaros.
42
Exercise 42
[N.H. 63-70]
From
here they set out again, using the chief of the village
;
as their guide for the journey
being abandoned
by him they
advanced
for seven
days without a guide.

territories
:
Though many
nations, through
whose
they marched, attacked

of the barbarians blocked
(them), they did not lose hope
some
the approaches, others threw stones on
them from the
hills.
At
last
having opened a way through a pass they reached a

^
high mountain
whence
they could behold the

out
^
sea.
It is well
known
*
that they
!
immediately cried
'
with great joy
Thalatta
Thalatta
(the
name by which
the Greeks call the

all
sea).
Many
dangers,
however,
his
(as
remained,
(of)
which
Xenophon, who performed

came.*
duty with great wisdom, overtheir)
Belying on him
leader
most
(of
them)
returned in safety to their country, though some had been

killed in battle (and) others
had died by
illness.
mons Say
(montis) (3 m).
ht/
^ ^
unde.
siipero, I,
'
which name,'
43
Exercise 43
[N.H. 63-70]
Once upon a time, a great

the king, a certain old
to take part in
it.
feast liaving
(his) son,
been prepared by
man and
being invited,^ went
The
father, a
man
of great
wisdom, who
was experienced in^ such

that he might not drink
Therefore, having
^
things, decided to advise his son,
too
much wine and appear

his dinner,
foolish.
greatly enjoyed
he began to
speak thus
'
:
Beheve me,
:
my son,
it is
the duty of a wise
man
the
to restrain himself
little
I myself
would rather eat and drink too
than too much.

the table *
I wish therefore to
warn you.
if
At
end of
there are
two lamps
I
these two lamps
seem to you to be four (lamps),

enough wine.'
' '
am sure that you have drunk

young man,
of the table.'
Pardon me,
father,' replied the
there
is
(only) one
lamp at the end
invito, I.
^
^
peritus {gen.).
in extreiiia mensa.
'
^
bibo, -ere, bibi, bibitura.
lucerna.
44
PASSIVE OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Exercise 44
[N.H. 71-72]
1.
The king was envied by the poorer

For a few days you
will
citizens.
2. 3.
be helped by your friends.
We know that you are favoured by the rich.

He
spoke thus that none of the criminals might be
judges.
4.
believed
5.
by the
Help was brought to the enemy when they had been
driven back to the town.

6.
7.
Those who had persuaded the majority were spared.
The approach being blocked we knew that they would
be compelled to return.
8. 9.
He had
The
threatened to take the city by storm.

will
The king
sick
be obeyed by the best

will
citizens.
10.
and wounded
be spared by the general.
DIRECT COMMAND OR PETITION
45
DIRECT COMMAND OR PETITION

Exercise 45
[N.H. 73-74]
1.
Let us not try to help the king.
2.
3.
Do Do
not trust those
who have
often deceived you.
Give
me
the book which you promised to give me.

:
4.
5.
6.
7.
not complain of the general
fight yourself.
Let us not seem to favour the

I
rich.
have been informed that the archers held their ground.
Let us not despise those who have shed their blood for
their country.
8. 9.
Do
not try to please
all
men.
have entrusted the
state.
Let us obey those to
whom we
10.
Let us start at once that we
may
not
let slip
our
opportunity.
46
INDIRECT COMMAND
Exercise 46
[N.H. 75-76]
1.
We advised the general not to

He
attempt a
battle.
city.
2.
asked his friends to follow him to the
3.
I shall advise
him
to practise the art of war.

to return to the country.
4.
He
I
persuaded
me
5.
asked him to come to
me
at Carthage.
6.
7.
The hostages begged to be spared.
We demanded
I shall urge
Gauls.
8.
that the Germans should not attack the

to set out at once.
him
9. I
ordered
my son to speak the truth.
10.
We
advised them to leave their baggage in the camp.
INDIRECT COMMAND
47
Exercise 47
[N.H. 76-76]
A
in
certain general used to punish the soldiers that he
was
command
of so severely that they in their anger secretly

kill
determined to
battle with the
him, thinking that
when they had

this
joined
enemy they could do
without the knowgeneral,
ledge of the other leaders.
One day the
having
:
drawn up
'
(his)
army
in line of battle at
dawn, spoke thus
know,
soldiers,
that I
kill
am
so hateful
I
to
you that you have

for
formed a plan to
I
me.
For that
I
do not care a straw,
am
not afraid of you and
do not greatly value

kill
my
Ufe.
This one thing (alone) I ask, that you do not
me
to-day.^
In a few hours the

danger.
to trust
If
enemy
will
attack us
we
shall
be in great
you wish to return home

I
in safety, I advise (you)
and obey me.

can save
am sure that I can save you and that

The
soldiers so
no one
else
(you).'
much admired
his
boldness that, entrusting their safety to
him, they gladly
obeyed
(his)
orders
and routed the enemy, and never again
wished to injure so brave a man.
Sdiosus.
hodie.
48
INDIRECT STATEMENT AND COMMAND

Exercise 48
[N.H. 77-78]
1.
You
will
never persuade
me
that the gods favour the
rich.
2.
3.
They warned us not
to trust the king's messengers.
He begged me to send the hostages back to their country.
4.
He
The
persuaded the general to order the bridge to be
broken down.
5.
6. 7.
citizens
begged you to stand for the consulship.

crossing the river.
They warned me that the enemy were

I shall try to
persuade them to remain faithful to Caesar.
8.
9.
He
will
be persuaded to forgive his enemy.
Dismissing the council, he told us to follow him.
10.
He tried to
persuade
me that the Romans had laid down
their arms.
49
Exercise 49
[N.H. 79-84]
certain priest,
who dwelt
alone near the sea in a wood,
used to read with great joy the poems of Vergilius,

rightly beUeved to be the greatest of all poets.^
whom he He was
warned, however, by the other priests that VergiHus was a

magician,^ and that such
displeased the gods
;
wisdom was not only worthless but
as they urged (him) not to waste his
time but devote himself to better things, he (much) against

his will
threw
his beloved
book into the
sea.
A few days after

man, brought
Thankto his
a fisherman,^
who used
^
to supply food to the old
him a
ing
large fish
which he had caught in the night.

to prepare his supper
:
him he began
whereupon
great astonishment ^ he discovered in the fish the
book which
he had thrown into the
sea.
He was
at last persuaded that
the poems of VergiHus were not displeasing to the gods, and that they had purposely sent back
(his)
book that he might
now
^
read
(it)
without
fear.
poeta
(1).
^
^
magus
^
(2).
piscator
(3),
piscis (3),
greatly wondering,'
50
Exercise 50
[N.H. 79-84]
The Emperor Augustus, having defeated Antonius, who

had made war on him and
dom, returned to
Italy.
tried to gain possession of the king-
As he was coming
^
to
Rome
a work-
man met
^
*
him, carrying a raven

*
which he had taught to cry

Augustus in ad-
Hail,^ Augustus, vwtor
and Emperor.'
miration praised the
man and bought

certain poor
the raven for a great
(sum
of)
money.
man, however, who envied
the other, warning the emperor that the
workman had another

it.
raven at home, begged that he might be ordered to bring
When
brought the raven cried
'
Hail, Antonius, victor
and
Emperor.'
Augustus, not at all^ angry, only ordered the

to give part of the
workman
'
money
^
^
to his companion.
opifex (opificis)
victor,
(3).
corvus,
nihil.
ave.
51
Exercise 51
[N.H. 79-84]
When my
friends asked (me) to stand for the consulship
I replied that I
was unworthy
of so great
an honour
it
when
they begged (me) again and warned (me) that

of
was the duty
an upright
man
to undertake such duties, I declared that I
could not longer resist their frayers?
Thereupon they urged
me
to let slip no opportunity but to go at once to the forum.
You will
and that
understand, therefore, that I yielded against

I only
is
my will,
wish to be of service to
:
my fellow-countrymen.
sea,
Our
city
to-day in great danger
compelled to declare war
on an enemy who threatened us by land and

a great part of our army, but
we have
lost
we ought not
to lose hope.
Do
not trust those

fighting in vain.
fail
who
are trying to persuade
you that we are
I urge you, therefore, fellow-citizens, not to
your country or prefer slavery to freedom.

honor
^
(3),
TJê participle.
52
DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR PREDICATIVE DATIVE

Exercise 52
[N.H. 85-86]
1.
It will
be a great disgrace to us to be defeated.
2.
We We
ought not to harm those who wish to be of service
to us.
3.
persuaded him to sound a retreat at once.
4.
5.
6.
A traitor is an object of hatred to all men.

It is to
your credit to have obeyed your father.

will bring disgrace
Let us not think that this
upon our
country.
7.
Do not be
To
a burden to your friends.
8.
all.
be defeated in this war will
mean
destruction to us
9.
Let us urge them to be an example to their children.
10.
He knew that this would be the salvation of the country.
ABLATIVES OF ORIGIN, SEPARATION, ASSOCIATION 53
ABLATIVES OF ORIGIN, SEPARATION, ASSOCIATION

Exercise 53
[N.H. 87-88]
1.
Having been put

fear.
in
command
of the
army
lie
freed us
from
2.
Having been banished from
his country he
begged us to
bring
3. 4. 5.
him back.
You
could not be persuaded to speak the truth.

set free
The captives begged to be
from prison.
Being descended from kings we ought to set an example
to the poor.
6.
7.
Even good men
are often
blamed by
their friends.
Even
the king
is
not always worthy of praise.
8.
He
willingly undertook this

citizens.
duty that he might
set
an
example to the other

9.
I shall advise the general to desist
from the
siege.
10.
They returned home
full of disgrace.
54
ABLATIVES OF RESPECT AND MANNER

Exercise 54
[N.H. 89-90]
1.
Even you do not
believe that these
men were
rightly
put to death.
2.
We
were informed that the troops of the enemy were
few in number.
3.
We begged them to live in the

He
repUed with a smile,
'
fashion of their ancestors.
4.
Do
not talk in such a loud
voice.'
5.
6.
By your
leave I will ask
him
to follow us to
Rome.
in
You persuaded me
that the
enemy were advancing
great disorder.
7.
He
seems to speak with sorrow, but no one believes him.

all his friends
8.
Being the son of such a father he excelled
in talents.
9.
Warned that
all
the
enemy were approaching, he returned
with
speed.
10. I
beUeve that even the Romans are not superior to us
in courage.
55

Exercise 55
[N.H. 91-98]
A
who
certain king so
abounded
in wealth, that
none of those
in fortune
:
reigned after
him
in that land surpassed
him
in order to guard this treasure he decided to build a large
room} one wall

palace
^ itself.
of
which was part of the outer
wall of the
A workman
purposely built this wall in such
way
that one stone could be
moved from
its place.
few
years afterwards this (workman) being about to die called his
sons to
him and informed them that he had done
this
with the
intention that they might gain possession of the king's treasure,
urging fchem not to let
slip
such an opportunity but by this
means
to
become
rich.
Accordingly when their father was
dead the young men went to the palace by night and, moving
the stone, took
away a
(3).
great quantity of gold.
conclave
exterior.
regia
(1).
56
Exercise 56
[N.H. 91-98]
This having been done often and a great quantity of gold
taken away, the king, being greatly astonished, at

to set a trap
^
last decided
to catch the criminal.
That night one of the
(two) brothers
was caught in the
trap,
and perceiving that he
could not escape persuaded his brother to cut off ^ his head as
quickly as possible and take
it
away with him, that when

recognised.^
his
body was discovered
it
might not be
When day
of the
dawned the king
entering the
room saw the body

:
robber lying without a head in the trap
whereupon, even
*
more astonished, he ordered the body to be hung up on

wall, placing guards near
:
the
for
he hoped that the friends of the
dead
man would come

and that
this,
to the place
his
and shed tears because
of
their grief,
name would thus be
discovered.
Learning of
surviving
^
the mother of the young
men begged
her
son to form a plan to get possession of the body,

tell
threatening at the same time to go herself to the king and
the truth.
laqueos pono.
agnosco, -ere, agnovi, agnitum.
superstes (superstitis).
^
^
abscido, -ere, abscidi, abscisum.
^ ^
suspendo
(III) de.
57
Exercise 57
[N.H. 91-98]
The
desist
son, after trying in vain to persuade his
mother to
from her prayers and not demand such a

Loading some
before
;
difficult thing,
^
at last formed this plan.

full of
mules with skins
wine, he drove
them
him
to the place where the
soldiers
were guarding the body

*
without their knowledge he
untied ^ the necks
of three skins, so that the wine
was poured
out on the ground.
Seeing this,
all
the guards to a
man
first
ran
the
out into the road to catch the wine in cups.^
At
man
pretended to be angry
soon, however, seeming to be
contented, he allowed
them with a
smile to drink so great a
quantity of wine that falling

until late in the night.
down on
the ground they slept

thief,
Thereupon the
placing his
brother's
body on the back
of a mule, carried it
home
to his
mother.
^
"*
aiiquis.
^
^
uter
(utris).
'
solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum.
eollum.
poculum.
58
Exercise 58
psr.H. 91-98]
At
last the king, thinking that
he ought to spare a
man
of
such great talents, sent messengers to aU the towns over
which he ruled and encouraged the
thief to surrender of his
own
give
accord, promising at the
same time to pardon him and

latter rightly
:
him great rewards.

his
The
beheved that
it
would be to
advantage to obey
accordingly he came with
the greatest boldness to the palace.
The
king, greatly ad^
miring (him), gave him his daughter, a girl

beauty, in marriage.^
of remarkable
At the same
all sides,
time, turning to the nobles
who surrounded him on

excelled the rest (of)
he said that the Aegyptii
men
in wisdom, hid^ that this
man
excelled the rest (of) the Aegyptii.
puella.
in matrimonium.
autem
{second
word
in clause).
GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES
59

Exercise 59
[N.H. 99-103]
1.
By
teaching
we
are often able to learn
many
things
ourselves.
2.
For the sake
of defending our country
we
are willing to
suffer pain.
3. 4.
Do
not
let slip this
opportunity of attacking the enemy.
Let us hasten to the harbour for the purpose of meeting
the ships.
5.
The
signal for striking the
camp was given
three hours
ago.
6. 7.
The
art of writing letters is not easily learnt.
He An
wished to do everything for the sake of pleasing his
wife.
8.
opportunity will soon be given us of crossing the
river.
9.
For the sake
of injuring the Gauls
he was willing to face
great dangers.
10.
By
dying for our country we hope to be an example to
our children.
60
Exercise 60
[N.H. 99-103]
1.
He seemed
anxious to consult the interests of
all
the
citizens.
2.
He
promised to
offer
me an
opportunity of consulting
his father.
3.
Through
his desire to
win honour he
is
always facing
dangers.
4.
5.
He
I
did not seem
fit
for undertaking such duties.

fields
persuaded the general to send soldiers into the
for the purpose of foraging.

6.
7.
Do
not waste your time in writing books.
By asking pardon you will greatly please your father.

They have gone
to the harbour for the purpose of filling
8.
the ships with merchandise.

9.
Led on by
his desire to decide the contest
he joined
battle at once.
10.
In the hope of escaping out of the prison I pretended to
be asleep.
61
Exercise 61
[N.H. 99-103]
I sent for
you
here, soldiers, to encourage
you to
fight
your
sus-
best,
(and) at the same time to warn you that a defeat
tained to-day will
mean
destruction to our country.
know
the
that
it is
the act of a fool to waste time in talking
when
battle has begun,
and that you value courage more highly than
eloquence, but this does seem to

for saying a
me
to be a good opportunity
yet
^
few words} when the enemy have not

:
ad-
vanced within range
moreover, soldiers always

if
show more
boldness in the battle-field
they are sure that victory will
be the salvation of their country, and that if^ they are con-
quered no one
if
is left
to resist the
enemy.
:
Do
we
not be afraid
they are superior to you in numbers
are superior to facing danger

^
them
in courage, energy, (and) resolution.

it,^
By
as our forefathers faced

all
we
shall
have a chance of showing

its
men
that this nation keeps to-day something of
ancient
vigour,
and with God's help we

^
will
show (them).
^
* ^
verbum. Use ahl: abs. demonstro, I,
nondum.
'
Use soleo + infinitive.
in the fashion of our ancestors,'
62
SUPINES
Exercise 62
[N.H. 104-105]
1.
This story
is
easy to
tell,
(but) difficult to understand.
2.
3.
He
allowed the rest to go out to play.

forage.
Send your men to
4.
They
will
soon come to
Kome
is
to ask for peace.
5.
6. 7.
Do
not think that this city

is
easy to capture.
This
so difficult to do that I
am unwiUing to
advise
it,
All agree that he sent his son to
pay the money.
8.
Order your son to go to bed.
9.
We all knew that the
Gauls would soon be defeated.
10.
We shall return to Athens to
complain of this injury.
GEEUNDS, GERUNDIVES, SUPINES
63
GERUNDS, GERUNDIVES, SUPINES

Exercise 63
[N.H. 106-109]
While I was delaying in
this place
news came to me through
soldiers sent out to forage in the fields that the
commander
of
the neighbouring garrison, a
man
inexperienced in strategy}
all sides
:
had ordered
his
(men) to rush out on
in the hope of
compelling the
enemy
to raise the siege
that, the matter
being at once discovered
by the
sentinels,
they had
all
been
destroyed
outposts.
when they had advanced only

It
as far as the enemy's
was evident that by
this
unexpected disaster
into the greatest
officers
:
the whole
danger.
army would soon be brought
Calling a council I consulted
my
all
agreed
that
we ought
;
to send help to the besieged garrison as soon as
possible
this
however was easy to say,

all
difficult to do, for,
the
enemy's forces being scattered in

plain,
directions through the
we dared not undertake

^
the tash^
without guides well
acquainted with
the district.
Uhe
art of war.*
^ res.
'
pgritus
(grew.).
64
Exercise 64
[N.H. 106-109]
All declared that
it
was
lest
of the greatest importance that
we
should not waste time,
the neighbouring peoples, thinking
that an opportunity was at last offered

the Romans, should revolt.
them
of driving out
For
fear of this
we were
willing
not only to face danger but to shed our blood.
While some
were urging
me
to send troops at once to open a way, others

difficult to do,
were warning (me) that this was very

a messenger sent
fear.
suddenly
by the commander himself
freed us from all

(forces)
He
informed us that the leader of the besieging

illness
had been attacked by

in their
and
that, disorder
having arisen
camp, the enemy would not dare to attack the citadel
that reinforcements, sent for three days ago, would arrive in
a few hours, and that the enemy, hearing of
this,
were already
withdrawing their army.
DIRECT QUESTIONS
65
DIRECT QUESTIONS
Exercise 65
[N.H. 110-111]
1.
Do you
?
not believe that the enemy's forces
will
be
increased
2. 3.
Who
?
said that the soldier
was not worthy
of a
reward
Surely you do not believe that the Gauls have crossed
the river
4.
5.
6. 7.
Do you think that he will surrender Do not advise him to write a letter.
Has
the city
the general withdrawn his forces or not
Why
Do
did the old

all
man
decide to live
m the
?
country
?
8.
not
agree that fortune favours the brave
9.
When
Which
did you send the soldiers to forage

of your
10.
two sons told you that
was a deserter
66
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Exercise 66
[N.H. 112-115]
1.
I did
not
know why he had
set out to the
camp.
2.
3.
Do
not ask
me why
tell
am
unwilUng to return.
We
No
Tell
cannot
you how often we have seen him.

whether he
will return before night.
4.
5. 6.
It is uncertain
one seemed to know what was being done.
me why you
spared this coward.

?
7. 8.
Who knows if he formed the plan himself We had not been informed when he would
me whether
I
come.
9. Tell
ought to remain or go away.

set out
?
10.
Did you not discover when the general had
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
67
Exercise 67
[N.H. 112-115]
1.
Not even the king knew what

cannot understand
sort of plan the general
had formed.
2.
3.
how you can say such
things.
It
makes a great
difference whether
you wish to learn
or teach in this city.

4.
Let us try to discover what the commander of the
garrison said.
5.
Surely you do not think that he will be persuaded to

?
surrender
6.
asked him where he had come from and where he
wished to go.
7.
Who knows
What
whether he deserves praise or blame
8. 9.
sort of
man do you
think him to be
are.
Do
not ask the guide where we
10.
the
He sent three regiments Komans were defeated.
that no one might think that
68
Exercise 68
[N.H. 112-115]
Once upon a time Mercurius wished to know how highly

he was valued by mortals
of a certain
:
accordingly he entered the house

^
man who
sold statues
of the gods,
and
'pointing to
a statue of Jupiter asked for

it.
how much he was

sell it for
willing to sell
The man rephed that he would
four sesterces.
Then turning to a
(statue) cost
:
statue of Jimo, the god asked
how much
this
the other replied that he valued this more
highly.
At
last
he came to his
own statue
replied,
^
'
on
his asking the
same
(question) again the
man
If
you are wilUng to

*
buy those
^
(other) two, I will throw
the third into the bargain.^
statua.
adicio, -ere, adieci, adiectum.
'
monstro,
insfiper.
I.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
69
Exercise 69
[N.H. 116-117]
1.
We
sent scouts to discover the nature of the district.
2.
No one seems to know what was your object in surrenderDid you not perceive
I
ing the citadel.

3.
his reason for doing this
4.
could not ascertain the numbers and intentions
of the
enemy.
5.
Surely you do not think that I

?
know
his reason for
going away
6. 7.
We
I
were not informed of the general's decision.
almost think we ought to warn him that you have
returned.
8.
Do
not
is
tell
him by what road we
shall advance.
9. It
uncertain what his object was in sparing the
captives.
10. I
hope to discover to-morrow the
size of the
enemy's
camp.
70
Exercise 70
[N.H. 118-123]
Often we are compelled not only willingly to suffer the

oppression
^
of the powerful
but even to pretend that we have
not been injured.
certain
Roman
Emperor, angry with a

^
young man who had displeased him, put
him
in prison
when
his father
begged him to spare his son, he gave orders

:
that the son should be executed at once

invited the old
at the
same time he
man
to dinner that day.
Throughout the
whole dinner he kept sending him wine, placing a guard near

(him) to notice whether he drank
it
:
he did drink
(it).
He
sent garlands,^ ordering the guard to inform
him whether he
took them up
to
he did take them, with a smile, not daring
show
his grief.
(son).
Do you
ask
why he
did this
He had
in
another
He was
sufficiently
experienced
such
matters to
know
that thus only was he able to save his
surviving son's
life.
conicio, -ere, conieci, coniectum.
corona
(1).
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
71
Exercise 71
[N.H. 118-123]
I
do not cease to praise you, but

I
I wish to
know whether
ho'pes
^
have been of service to you.

Balbus, to
have the greatest

I
of^
whom
I write
this,
very often about you.
am wont to
feel astonished at
that I do not receive letters from you
as often as they are brought to

I hear that there is
me from my
:
brother Quintus.
is
no gold in Britain
if
that
so I advise
you to return to Rome

learn from
as soon as possible.
If
you wish to
it is
me what you
ought to do, I reply that
of great
importance that you should please your general.

hear soon what you are doing and
hope to
how
long you intend to
remain in Britain.
of the island, the
Have you been

number
of
able to discover the nature

living in
it,
men
(and) Caesar's
object in undertaking a task so useless (and) so difficult to
execute
singvlar.
in {ahl.).
72
Exercise 72
[N.H. 118-123]
Born
if
of a noble race,
endowed with great

rest of
talents,
you can,
you
wish, set
an example to the
of
your fellow-citizens
that so great an
is
and be the salvation
your country.
Now
opportunity of winning honour in the state

urge you,
nay,'^ I
offered you, I
beseech (you), not to be wanting to yourself

I
and not to allow others to undertake those duties which

beUeve that you are
fit
to undertake yourself.
to do, whether
On
you
all sides
men
are asking
what you intend
will prefer
the country to the city, whether you desire merely to enjoy
your wealth or to be of service to your king.

to consider
friends
I advise
you
my
reason for writing
this,
the character of the
whose
interests
you
are
now
consulting, the magni-
tude of the danger into which our state has been brought.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT STATEMENT
73
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT
STATEMENT
Exercise 73
[N.H. 124-127]
Some days
returned to
after three soldiers

:
who had survived
the battle
Rome
at
;
first
they were so exhausted that they
could report nothing
then,
when they had been
refreshed
by food they informed us that the

was superior
in numbers,
;
dictator, thinking that

his
he
had drawn up
army
in a place
which seemed suitable

reinforcements
the
the enemy, however,

to our men,
who had received
unknown
had not only withstood
charge
:
but had compelled our vanguard to take to
flight
that the cavalry,
who had taken up a
position behind
on a mound, had vainly tried to drive back the enemy's archers

who, hidden in the small woods in which that district abounded, were rushing out on
his
all sides
;
that the dictator,
who had
held
ground with great courage, had at

retreat to be sounded.
last given
up hope
and ordered the
reficio, -ere, refeci,
refectum.
74
IMPERSONAL VERBS
Exercise 74
[N.H. 124-127]
I
beg you, gentlemen of the jury} to consider the character of
the
men who have

(facts)
given evidence, (and) at the same time
how
few
they have related which can serve as a proof of
the crime.^
PubHus Memmius, who pretends
to be
my client's ^
friend, declared that
he gave a road through his brother's

all
farm by which they
escaped.
To him
I will express
my
thanks, for he gave his evidence with great care.

Atilius said that there
Aulus
had been armed men

:
in the place
whom
he himself had brought

Aebutius,
that moreover
my
cHent had asked
who was
threatening him with death, to do nothing
against the laws.

said
it the *
Pubhus Rutilius
said the
same
thing,
and
more gladly
in order that in
some
trial ^
at last
he might be believed by the jury.
'judges.'
eo.
^
^
scelus (sceleris).
hie.
iudicium.
IMPERSONAL VERBS
75
Exercise 75
[N.H. 128-130]
1.
You ought
I
to
have escaped before night.

of the kindness
2.
am ashamed
which
have shown
towards you.
3.
Do
It
not say that you are sorry for your piety.
4. 5.
6.
7.
happened that
will
had not
set out
from the camp.
You
soon get tired of this book.
He
I
says that he does not repent his deed.
asked him whether the old

is
man
pitied his children.
8.
It
your duty to
offer
me
this opportunity of saving
my
country.
9.
You might have informed
us of the massacre.
slain
?
10.
Do you
not pity the
men whom you have
76
GENITIVE CASE
Exercise 76
[N.H. 131-132]
1.
It is pleasant to recall one's past

Is
life.
?
2.
3.
he not ignorant of the art which he pretends to teach
You ought to have

Abandoning
stood for the consulship for the sake
of honour, not of riches.

4.
this design,
he devoted himself to other
peoples' afiairs.
5.
He was
You do
elected king
on account of
his skill in the art of
war.
6.
7.
not seem to remember me.
Forgetting
my kindness,
staff,
he accused
me
of treachery.
8.
Addressing his
the general warned
them
of the
danger.
9.
Forgetful of
my
advice, he remained in the city until
late in the night.

10. I will
pardon you for the sake of the kindness that you
have shown towards me.
GENITIVE CASE
77
Exercise 77
[N.H. 133-140]
All
who have
written books on these matters agree that
nothing encourages a
man more
to be of service to his country
than the memory of the honours which his ancestors have won
in this
same
state.
To be worthy
of them, (and) at the
same
that his children
may
not be ashamed of him,
who would not
face danger, nay, death itself, rather than merely consult his
own
safety
We
all
know
live
that whatever
^
we do
for the sake
of those with
whom we
is
not only a credit to ourselves
but an example to others.
It is therefore of the greatest im-
portance to remember that our sons and our sons' sons will
one day^ ask what
we
ourselves accomplished in this war,
and that
if
we perform our duty
to-day, they will be roused to
follow our example.
versor,
I.
olim.
78
Exercise 78
[N.H. 133-140]
I
know
that most (historians) have written that Themis-
tocles crossed into Asia during the reign of Xerxes.^
But
prefer to beheve Thucydides,

state.
who was
(a
member)
of the
same
He ^
relates that
he came to Artaxerxes and informed
him by means
of a letter that he
was Themistocles, who had

all his
injured the king's ancestors with

it
powers as long as
had been
his
duty to wage war on the enemy who had
made an
invasion into his
own country
that he
had however
been of great service to them in that dangerous march which

they had
made through Greece
into Persia.
For, he said,^
he had warned Xerxes that the Greeks had formed a plan to

break
down
the bridge which he had built over^ the Helles-
pontus, and had so freed
him from danger.
(He
said) that
he now begged him to forget the injuries that they had sustained and, mindful only of his acts of kindness, pity
his misfortunes.
him
in
In Latin
coming
these
last
course,
^ is. *
of all.
words must come before into Asia,^ crossed,' of See N.H., pp. 200-201 Êmphasis.'
*
f/gg
idem.
Omit, using accusative and
infinitive.
faeere in [ahl.).
79

Exercise 79
[N.H. 133-140]
certain old
man who
lived in the country sent his son to
Athens, bidding him devote himself to those arts which he
had had no opportunity

setting out to
of learning himself.
Accordingly
Athens he attended
the lectures ofâ,
very cele-
brated 'philosopher.^
(his) father,
Some months
after he returned
home
desirous of ascertaining whether he
remembered
everything that his master had taught him, asked him several
(questions).
(His) son again
and again
replied that he did
not
know
this,
that he had never been taught that.

'
At length
the old
man cried out in anger,

?
'
Fool
have you learnt nothing
at Athens
and taking a rod he began to beat him.

tear, did
The
young man did not shed a

his countenance,
not show a sign of grief on
but when
his father,
who was
neither
ashamed
nor sorry for his cruelty, asked him again whether he had
learnt nothing
from the master to whose care he had been
committed, he replied that he had learnt one thing, to endure

the fury of an angry father patiently.*
audio.
'^
philosophus.
identidem.
80
Exercise 80
[N.H. 133-140]
Socrates believed that poor
men who gave
small gifts to the
gods were not
less
loved by them than rich
men who gave

gifts
them
great
gifts,
and that men who thought that great

really accusing
pleased
them more than small ones were

:
them
of avarice
for often rich
men were
bad, (and) poor
men
good, and
it
was not lawful to beUeve that the gods loved

if
bad men more than good, even
they gave them greater
gifts.
He
(or)
also
urged his friends not to ask the gods for lands, money,
honours, but merely to pray that they would give
them
what seemed best to the gods themselves.

his
When
accused by
enemies and brought
to trial}
he related a remarkable story
to the judges that,
when
a certain friend enquired at Delphi
whether anyone^ was wiser than Socrates, the god replied

that no one was wiser.
in iudicium voco,
I.
"^
quis.
81
Exercise 81
[N.H. 141-146]
1.
The general
replied that he
had no one
to trust.
?
2.
3.
Will you not leave three cohorts to guard the prisoners
Send chosen men that we
may more easily win a victory.

yourself to these arts.
4. 5.
6.
7.
To become wiser you must devote
He
Do
ought to have sent cavalry to attack our infantry.
Let us send scouts to discover the position of the enemy.

not say that you have no books for
8.
Forgetful of natural affection, he sent a
me to read. man to kill
his
father.
9.
Did you not post

?
soldiers in the
town
to check the
enemy
10.
He was accustomed
to talk in a loud voice to appear
wiser.
82
RELATIVE WITH SUBJUNCTIVE

Exercise 82
[N.H. 141-UG]
1.
You
are not the
man
to be terrified
by such dangers.
?
2.
3.
Surely he does not deserve to be elected consul
There are some who think that
men
are
made
better
by
sorrow.
4. 5.
We shall not easily find a man whom we can trust.

There
is
no one who can be placed in command
of such
an army.
6.
7.
These
men
will
are not
fit
to be admitted into the city.
Where
?
you
find a
man
brave enough to open the
gate
8. Is
9.
he really a
man to whose man
care I can
commit
my son ?
Send men who can
inspire the
enemy with
terror.
10.
He
is
not the
to forget your kindness.
83
Exercise 83
[N.H. 141-146]
1.
Messengers were sent to say that the town would be
surrendered.
2.
There were some who thought that you ought to have

theft.
been accused of
3.
Do
not rashly undertake things which you cannot
accomplish.
4.
That we might more
easily relieve the
wounded we sent
for reinforcements.
5. 6.
7.
He
He
sent picked
is
not the
men to scale the walls. man to threaten prisoners
with torture.
rich
With great
insolence he replied that he
was
enough
to
buy the whole house.

8. 9.
Surely you are not the

I
man
to be tired of
life ?
do not believe that you are the
man to
shirk danger,
of their
10.
There are some
men who
are never
ashamed
actions.
84
Exercise 84
[N.H. 147-148]
I
have nothing to write to you about the war,

I receive in this village
for
?
what news
I
do you imagine that

however, that
am
sure,
many
I
things are happening daily of which
we
all
are not informed.
am
not the sort of
man
to give
up
is
hope, but I think that these
men who
cry that there
no
cause for alarm are mad.
Our country has been brought
into
great danger owing to the carelessness and excessive confidence

of those
who have managed our
public affairs.
It
is
most
important that we should increase the number of our ships,
and that we should have enough

and
disabled,
soldiers to relieve the sick
enough workmen to manufacture'^ arms.
But
our citizens are not the
men
to shirk their duty
mindful of
their past glories,^ they will

spires
show that
resolution which in-
even the bravest enemy with
terror.
fabricor,
I.
laus [sing.).
85
Exercise 85
[N.H. 147-148]
He was
(While
man
of
weak body but marvellous
resolution,
wbo was not only

still)
a credit to his country but

in
its salvation.
young he was placed
command
of a garrison
all
and, to the
amazement
^
of his friends at
home, abandoned
before,'^
those pursuits
to
which he had devoted himself
that
he might become more skilled in his profession as a
soldier.^
*
There were some who had hoped that he would win fame
by writing books, but when the war
hrohe out
^ all
agreed that
he could not have made a better use of his talents.

setting before his fellow-countrymen
follow, (that) of a
He
died
an example
for all to
man who
preferred to
accomphsh the work
that he had undertaken rather than seek safety for himself
by leaving
^
it
to others.
stiidium.
''praise.'
^
^
antea.
*
'
art of war J
arose,*
86
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE

EXPRESSING OBLIGATION
Exercise 86
[N.H. 149-152]
1.
We
must not accuse the king
of favouring the rich.
2.
They undertook
to increase the
number
of our
men
of
war.
3.
We
must remain in the

start for
city for ten days.
4.
5.
6. 7.
You must
You must
Rome
on
at dawn.
fleet at once.
See to the repairing of the

set guards
all sides
throughout the town.
Do you
?
think that
we
shall
have to give hostages to
Caesar
8. 9.
He knew
I
that he must attack the city before night.

letter to
must write a
my
father to-day.
10.
He had
to hold a levy in Gaul.
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE EXPRESSING OBLIGATION
87
Exercise 87
[N.H. 149-152]
1.
The army had
to
remain in winter quarters for several
months.
2.
3.
Did you not undertake to accuse Gains
of theft
Owing
to
want
of
money we have
to suffer
many
hard-
ships.
4. 5.
6.
We must reheve the sick and wounded as soon as possible.

The
soldiers
had
to climb the walls

yet.
by
ladders.
We
must not give up hope

not put a
7.
You must You must
Koman
citizen into prison.
8.
9.
We must forgive those who are ashamed of their cruelty.

not forget that you were once a soldier
yourself.
10.
We
must remove the population
to the other part of
the town.
88
Exercise 88
[N.H. 149-152]
We
not
:
have with great hopes

realise ^
undertaken the cause of
liberty,
but we
that
it is
uncertain whether
fight for
we
shall toin ^ or
risk of
we must however
Life
is
freedom at the
our
lives}
not to be valued highly by those
who can no
longer preserve their freedom.
All barbarians can endure

is
slavery, for they hold that nothing
to be avoided
more than
pain and hardship
we have
learnt from our ancestors that

I
death
itself is
to be preferred to slavery.
am ashamed
of
the cowardice of those

yield to the
who
urge us to abandon our plans, to

interests rather
enemy, to consult our own
than
those of our children.
aingidar.
'understand.'
'
'conquer.'
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE EXPRESSING OBLIGATION
89
Exercise 89
[N.H. 153-154]
On
every side there are
men who wish
to lead armies into
the enemy's territories,

pitched,
who know where
the
camp should be
when
what places
are to be occupied for garrisons,
and by what pass we ought to enter Macedonia, by what land

(and)
by what
sea provisions are to be sent,

it is
when we
are to
join battle,
when
better to do nothing.
:
am not the man
to
deny that generals ought to be advised

is
nay, I hold that a
man who
wise.
unwilUng to be advised
is
arrogant rather than
It is clear,
however, that advice should be given only
by men skilled
in the art of war,
who have taken
part in battles
and campaigns themselves.
90
Exercise 90
[N.H. 153-154]
The general who was

difficulty, for
in
command
of our
army was
in great
allies
he could neither trust the courage of his
nor rashly attack an
enemy
so superior in numbers, relying
merely on his own
forces.
Before him was a small river,

:
which seemed easy to cross
he knew, however, that on
advancing farther into the plain they would meet the enemy
drawn up
close
in line of battle, that they
would have to
fight at
quarters and decide the contest at once.
Therefore
(though he was) a
the resfonsihility
his staff he
^
man
of
of great resolution he shrank

his mind.^
from
making up
Calling together
bade them give their opinion
(as to)
what ought
for
to be done.
The majority resolved that they must wait
reinforcements.
At
first
he himself agreed
to
on dismissing
to the
the meeting, however, he determined
fut everything
hazard
and
cross the river
on the next day.

^burden.'
'
shirked.'
^forming a ptan.'
'felt the-same-thing.'
to entrust everything to fortune.'
VERBS OF FEARING
91
VERBS OF FEARING
Exercise 91
[N.H. 155-157]
1.
am
afraid that the
camp has not
yet been
fortified.
2.
Fearing that his plan would be discovered he remained
at home.
3. 4.
I I
am afraid
knew
that you will not
tell
the truth
when
asked.
that you feared that I had been captured by the
enemy.
5.
6. 7.
We We
fear that the city will be betrayed
by our own men.
He advanced
alone that no one might fear to follow.
are afraid that our scouts will not return.
8. I
9.
10.
am afraid that you are not sorry for your act. Do not fear that the citizens will forget your kindness. Do you not fear that they have taken the city and
it ?
destroyed
92
Exercise 92
[N.H. 158-159]
It is the
duty of us
all
to endure these losses patiently
and
not to despair in adversity, for I fear that
we
shall
need courage
and determination to accomplish the task

opportunity
is
set before us.
An
offered us to-day of
showing whether we prefer
our wealth to our freedom, or are wilUng to surrender everything for the sake of our country.
I
I
know
that this war has
been a great burden to you
all
am
afraid that
years.
you
will
have to bear similar hardships
for
many
We
shall
have to demand
tribute,^ (and)
hold
levies.
Mindful, however,
of the good-will that
you have always shown towards us who

do not fear
are responsible for the government of this country,^ I
to urge
you once more
not to accept these disgraceful terms
of peace.
tribiitum.
*
admiriister puhlic affairs.'
again.'
VERBS OF FEARINa
93
Exercise 93
[N.H. 168-169]
Many
years ago a certain priest had undertaken to build a

^
great temple in which his fellow-countrymen might worship

their gods.
It
happened once that he was riding
with the
to give
king near a very beautiful forest.
The king promised
the priest whatever wood^ he could cause to be taken

in four days.
away
Thanking him,
that they cut
the friest^ collected so great a

all
crowd
of
men
down
the trees and brought
them
to the city in which the temple
was being
:
built.
The
king, learning of this,
was greatly enraged
the priest, fearing
that he would be put to death, begged for pardon.

his prayers the king forgave him,
Moved by
but caused his own name to
be inscribed
on the temple.
^
colo, -ere, colui, cultura.
lignum
{u8e genitive).
equo vehor, Use is.
III.
^
inscribo. III.
94
CAUSAL CLAUSES
Exercise 94
[N.H. 160-163]
1.
Under these circumstances
I shall
not ask you to pay
the money.
2.
3. 4.
They
fear nothing because they
know
nothing.
lied.
He was
You
accused by his father of having
replied that
you had returned because you feared
to face danger.
5.
I shall
not dig up
fruit.
my
vineyard this year because
it
does
not produce
6.
was told that he had retreated because the enemy were
pressing
7.
upon
(him).
He was
allowed to go out because he had given the
guard money.
8.
Since you are not ashamed of your act I shall not
pardon you.
9.
We We
pitied
him on the grounds that he had been com-
pelled to go against his will.

10.
are wilHng to accept fair terms, because
it is for
the
good of the state to cease from war.
CAUSAL CLAUSES
95
Exercise 95
[N.H. lGl-163]
Throughout
my
whole
life
have undertaken your cause
against the king, the nobles, (and) the rich, because I believed
that you,
who were weak, needed

I
help against the powerful.

of
For many years
was hated by the majority

I preferred to exact
my
fellow-
countrymen, because
money from
the rich
rather than suffer the poor to be without food and clothes.
To the workmen
of this city I
have caused nine

^
pieces of
If there-
money
to be given in exchange for
four
(pieces).
fore to-day I beg
you not
to shirk your
work but to devote

^
yourselves with
all
your might to the manufacture
of arms,
if
you ought not
to accuse
me
of favouring the rich
urge
you
to forget for a little while
your past wrongs, do not refuse
on the grounds that we politicians* have never consulted

your
interests.
Use distributive numeral. See above Ex. 84, note See above Ex. 92, note
1
;
pro.
'
twe gerundive,
2.
96

Exercise 96
[N.H. 164-167]
The laws
of
Draco are thought worthy of
recollection
even
to-day, because he inflicted such severe punishment on the

guilty.
For he decreed that almost
all
who had been brought
to trial
and condemned
for
having done something contrary
to the laws should be put to death.
When
asked himself
why
he had caused so
many men
to be
condemned
to death, he
replied that the smaller offences deserved death, (and) that
for
greater (offences) no heavier penalty was forthcomirhg.^
Many
years afterwards
(in)
Demades
ink
^
praised
(in)
him
for
having
written his laws not
but
blood.
To-day, how-
ever, all agree that such severe penalties
accomphsh nothing
towards
checking the madness

it is
of those
who have not yet

obey the laws.
^
learnt that
to their
own advantage
^
to
ad.
suppetere.
atramentum.
*fury.^
EXERCISPJS FOR REVISION
97
Exercise 97
[N.H. 164-167]
Meanwhile the Greeks, compelled against their

battle with
will to join
an enemy superior in numbers, did not show their

skill.
customary
When
^
the enemy's forces had not yet been

their
increased, they
had hoped that
own
alHes
would soon
arrive
hut
now
the barbarians,
full of
hope and courage,

Since they could
fleet.
set sail
from the harbour to attack them.
not avoid a battle, the Greeks drew up their

Carthaginians soon sank
^
The
two
vessels, killed
almost a thousand
city.
men, (and) pursued the survivors to the very walls of the
The inhabitants, who had seen that
their fleet
was defeated
and that the Carthaginians were approaching, fearing that they

would be unable to
resist,
urged the magistrates to open the
gates and not to attempt any longer to defend the city.
'
nunc auteni.
submergo,
-ere,
submersi, submersum.
98
QUIN
Exercise 98
[N.H. 168-169]
1.
There
is
no doubt that he was allowed to
go.
2.
3.
I cannot help thinking that
you
will
soon return.
There
is
no one who does not know that a levy must
be held.
4.
Who
I
doubts that you are favoured by the rich

leave nothing undone to bring these
5. I shall
6.
men
to
trial.
do not doubt that the general kept

within a very
little
his word.
7.
You were
of being defeated.
8. It is impossible that the standards 9.
were not taken.
was within a very
Httle of being left in the
camp.
10.
We
did not doubt that each of the two brothers had
perished.
QUOMINUS AND QUIN
99
QUOMINUS AND QUIN

Exercise 99
[N.H. 170-171]
1.
Do
not hinder your son from fighting for his country.
2.
3. 4.
Nothing deters a good

It
man from
I did
obeying the laws.

letter.
was due to you that
not write the
Our men could not be hindered from
joining battle
with the enemy.

5.
6. 7.
do not wish to deter you from performing your duty.

will
They
I
not refuse to go with you to Asia.
prevented
my
soldiers
from
killing the captives.

?
8. 9.
What do you think will hinder us from weighing anchor

Did you not wish to prevent me from
It
setting sail
10.
was owing to me that you did not stand
for the
consulship.
100
Exercise 100
[N.H. 172-175]
1.
2.
3.
Who doubts that the king needs money and soldiers ? We could not refuse to get the boat ready. Why did you try to hinder the scouts from returning ?
There
is
4.
no one but thinks that the city has been
destroyed.
5.
We shall
I
leave nothing
undone to accuse these deserters
of treachery.
6.
was within a
httle of asking
when he had
seen his
father.
7.
There
is
no doubt that he
will
never forget your
kindness.
8. 9.
cannot but beheve that you know who

will deter
am.
Nothing
him from
setting out to help the
besieged garrison.
10.
Surely you will not refuse to heal the sick and
wounded
QUOMINUS AND QUIN
101
Exercise 101
[N.H. 172-175]
On
city,
being informed that the Emperor was returning to the
Messalina decided to set out to meet him.
She was within
little of
being deserted by
all
her friends,
who
feared that
they would be brought to

not, however,
trial
and put to death.
She did
doubt that if^ she obtained a favourable oppor-
tunity she could persuade her husband to spare her.

while those
Mean-
who were on
the side of Claudius were
by no
means
less afraid that he
would be moved by her prayers.
It is well
known
that Vitellius hesitated to give an opinion,
and that Narcissus urged him to give them an opportunity

of ascertaining
what he intended
to do.
At
last
MessaHna
in vain to
showed
herself in the road, prajdng the
Emperor
:
hear the mother of Britannicus and Octavia

children were brought Narcissus ordered
when
the
^
:
them
to be removed
he could not, however, prevent Vibidia from begging Claudius

not to allow his wife to be condemned to death without a
Use participle.
trial.
amoveo.
102
Exercise 102
[N.H. 172-175]
I
cannot prevent you, fellow-citizens, from electing this

as consul, nor
is
man
how
do
wish to prevent you
if
you
are sure
that he
worthy
of being elected.
But
his
beg you to remember
often he has deceived
you by
cunning at home,
how
in the battlefield
when
the rest held their ground he alone

it
effected his escape.
Everybody knows that
was due to him
that
we did not support our allies when they were hard pressed.
so,
This being
who can doubt
that he will deceive you again

all
Contrary to the expectation of
men, you have repulsed the

:
enemy who had declared war on you
with the help of the

citizens.
gods you have avenged your slaughtered

is
To-day
it
of the greatest importance that you should choose as
magistrates
men whom you can trust.
103

Exercise 103
[N.H. 176-181]
Mindful of the example of
my
ancestors, I
have decided
to
employ
the
same policy
in administering public affairs, by^
transferring here whatever excellence
there
is
in other lands.
There
(as)
is
no doubt that
many whom
to-day we rightly regard
the most celebrated
of our citizens are descended
from
Gauls and Germans.
What other thing was the ruin
of certain
Greek
cities except that ^
they were unwilling to receive their

?
conquered enemies into the state and regard them as citizens

I
know
that this law which I
am
proposing seems iniquitous
to you, but I cannot help thinking that in a few years

will praise
you
All
me
for
having been of service to
my
country.
things,
which are beheved to be very old now, were once

this,
new, and I do not doubt that
which we are defending

^
by
precedents
to-day,
course of time
will
rank as^
a,
precedent
itself.
'
to use the
same plan.
gen. sing, adj., egregius.

^
^ ^
nisi
quod.
* *
examples.^
will he
aliqiiando.
'
among.
'
104
Exercise 104
[N.H. 176-181]
The defeated general retreated to a

were marching through the pass.
city whither the
French
near
No
enemies being
left
the river, the EngHsh commander-in-chief persuaded his alUes

to depart from that district
and besiege a small town (which

Meanwhile the French with
rising
was) occupied by the enemy.

their reinforcements
had taken up a position on some
ground beneath which a small river flows through a marsh

into the
Danube
left
near a village.
fierce battle
was fought
the English
nothing undone to take the village, which

^
however had been so admirably
fortified
loss.
that they were again
and again driven back with great
At
last the
Enghsh,
attacking the French centre, contrary to expectation

great victory.
won a
On
reading the general's despatches everyone

:
was elated with joy

vincible forces of the
at last they could boast that the in-
French had been beaten.

^
Ister (Istri),
egregie.
105
Exercise 105
[N.H. 176-181]
Flaminius,
who
did not wish to desist from battle even

repulsed, thinking
it
when the enemy had been
a disgrace to
himself that the fields of his alHes were being ravaged and
that the Carthaginians were advancing through the middle

of Italy to attack the walls of the city, ordered everything to
be prepared for setting out.

for the other consul, hut
^
The others urged
(him) to wait
he rephed that such a plan was

'
unworthy
of a
Koman general.
:
Nay,' he said^
'
let
us remain
before the walls of Arretium
let
Hannibal devastate Italy

said this he ordered
and reach the walls of Rome.^

the standards to he 'pulled
'
Having
:
uf
suddenly his horse stumbled

:
and threw
the consul over his head
stupefied
by
fear they
could not pull the standard up.
On
being informed of this

'
Flaminius, turning to the messenger, said,^

dig
Order them to
up^ the standard
if
they are so overcome by fear that
they cannot pull
it up.'
^
**
Use dative of participle,

convello, -ere.
^
^
inqiiit,
Use adjective,
effundo, -ere.
106
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
Exercise 106
[N.H. 182-185]
1.
As soon as they announced what he had done
I returned.
2.
Before the signal was given the infantry advanced into
the plain.
3.
He
waited until he should be informed of the victory of
the
allies.
4. 5.
Before
we could
effect
our escape the enemy arrived.
As soon
as the standards were advanced
we
all
raised
a shout.
6. 7.
Before taking the
field
the general delivered a speech.
Wait
until
you
see the
army passing
in close order.
8.
They held
their
ground until they were compelled to
retreat.
9.
Do
not wait for the work to be completed.

the time
10.
From
when he
resigned the consulship, he has
remained faithful to Caesar.
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
107
Exercise 107
[N.H. 182-185]
1.
Six days after
lie
had reached Eome he was accused
of theft.
2.
They decided As soon
to advance standards before the
enemy
could finish the work.

3.
as they learnt that the
enemy were advancing
in close order they

4.
made
straight for the camp.
Before reading through the despatches he gave orders
that the retreat should be sounded.

5.
It is
most important that

enemy.
I should
be informed of the
numbers
6.
of the
After seeing that the Gauls were about to hold a levy
he declared war.
7.
The common people trusted him

aimed at kingly power.
the time
until he
was accused
of having
8.
From
when he was put
in prison,
he did not
cease to ask help from his friends.

9.
Before launching the ship he dehvered a speech.
10.
As long
as
we
are under
arms we
shall
have to obey our
leaders.
108
Exercise 108
[N.H. 182-187]
The Chauci, under the leadership

vaded Germany.
as he heard
of Gannascus,
had
in-
Corbulo, on entering the province, as soon

field.
what was happening, took the
Having sunk
the enemy's fleet and compelled Gannascus to take to flight
he
'pacified'^
the whole province.
He
Frisii,
caused such panic to
the neighbouring races that the
who
for
many He
years
had^ not been

settled
faithful to the
Romans, gave hostages and

*
down
in lands
marked out
by Corbulo.
and
also
sent (men) to assassinate Gannascus
entice the Chauci
to revolt, with the intention of conquering
them
again.
This
however displeased the Emperor, who, warned by

that he was aiming at kingly power, ordered
his friends
him not
to
provoke the barbarians to war.

Use imperfect.
idem.
paco,
I.
^
^
consido, III.
describo. III.
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
109
Exercise 109
[N.H. 182-187]
Having read through the Emperor's despatches he gave

orders that a retreat should be sounded, saying nothing else
than that the ancient
Eoman generals had been more fortunate.
However,
lest
the soldiers should become lazy, he compelled
them
to dig a trench twenty-three miles long, which thing so
pleased the
Emperor
that, after Corbulo returned to
Rome,
he granted him an honorary triumph.^

Curtius Rufus,
few months after

to dig
who had compelled
his
men
up
fields
to seek silver, received the
same honour.
The
soldiers, ex-
hausted by this work, learning that similar hardships were

being borne in other provinces, secretly wrote a letter to the
Emperor, praying him to give such rewards to generals,

he was about to send to a province, before they
left
whom
Rome.
insigne triumphi indulgere.
110
CUM
Exercise 110
[N.H. 188-189]
1.
When
sail.
he learnt that the land forces had been defeated,
he set
2.
Whenever he takes part
in a battle himself, the soldiers
fear nothing.
3.
We
were already feigning to retreat when the scouts
reported that the town had been taken.

4.
told
When you have resigned why we could not help you. When
the consulship you will be
5.
he saw that the enemy were advancing in close
order he urged us not to despair.

6.
Since the cavalry are already falling into confusion, do
not order us to advance standards.

7.
When he
arrives let us pretend that
we do not
recognise
him.
8.
Whenever they wish
to greet a friend they stretch out
each hand.
9.
Since he was within a
little
of being deceived,
we were
unwilHng to trust him again.

10.
When
he talked about his misfortunes, we used to go
away.
DUM
HI
DUM
Exercise 111
[N.H. 190-191]
1.
While the soldiers were advancing they raised a shout.

If
2.
3.
only you obey me, I will allow you to effect an escape.
While the generals were
holding a
conference
the
messenger arrived.
I
4. 5.
As long
as he
was able he administered public
affairs.
He
held his
ground until he learnt that the general had
been
6.
killed.
If
only you deliver a speech before the people, you will
be elected consul.
7.
He was kept in the

ravaging the
city until he
was
recalled
by the
king.
8.
While the enemy were stealthily climbing the

fields.
hill
our
men were
9.
He
resolved to stand firm until he could drive back
the enemy's centre.

10.
As long
as
you inhabit
this city,
you
will
have to obey
Qur laws,
112
CUM AND DUM

Exercise 112
[N.H. 192-193]
1.
When you
liave enticed the
enemy
into the plain,
we
shall
2.
advance standards.
While the cavalry were harassing the foremost ranks of
the enemy,
3. 4.
we were informed that Caesar

as provisions hold out
liad arrived.
As long
we
shall
defend the
city.
Whenever we come within
range, our general orders us
to retreat.
5.
Since
we ought
to be an example to our children,
we
dare not refuse to obey the king.

6.
Although we had heard that the enemy had won a victory
we
did not despair.

7.
Whenever danger threatens
his
country he prevails upon
the people to stand firm.

8. While we were wandering who had escaped from prison.
in the fields,
we met a captive
9.
Not even you
will
say that he ought to be spared when
he returns from Corinth.

10.
While the harvest was being gathered

rest.
in,
the soldiers
were allowed to
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
113
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
Exercise 113
[N.H. 194-201]
.
From
indeed
the time
left
when
I (first)
administered public affairs I
nothing undone to consult the interests of
my
country, but I have always thought that this country of ours
ought to be an example to the rest of mankind.

valued their independence highly
invading Greece they
to resist
:
Our ancestors
when the barbarians were

and embarked on ships
left their city
them with
all
their might.
Yet
am
sure of this,
that no one could have persuaded them to
fail
their allies, to
betray those
whom
is
they had promised to defend.
To-day the
opportunity
given us of proving that

:
we
are not
unworthy
of these ancestors
by
letting slip this (opportunity)
we
shall
not only bring our country into danger but we shall ourselves be hated so long as
his word.
men
rightly scorn
him who does not keep
114
ADDITIONAT. LATIN EXERCISES
Exercise 114
[N.H. 194-201]
There
is
in this city a temple in
which the men

^
of the
town
worship their gods.
When
the defendant
was at Agrigentum,
a crowd of slaves suddenly come to this temple by night.
cry was raised by the guards who, although they tried to defend
themselves, were easily driven back.
While these things were
happening, a messenger ran through the streets shouting out

that an attack was being
made on
their gods not
by an enemy
but by a band of
so
slaves.
There was no one at Agrigentum of

rise
weak a mind
or
body that he did not
up on that night
Meanwhile
suddenly the
and take a weapon
for the defence of the temple.

^
the slaves tried in vain to pull down
the statue
:
Agrigentini gather round the temple
stones were thrown
and the night

^
soldiers of this eminent * general take to flight.
Iste.
"^
deraoliri.
adj. nocturnus.
praeclarus.
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
115
Exercise 115
[N.H. 194-201]
Having remained
dismissed, Milo
in the Senate-house until the senate
was
^
came home
to change his clothes
he delayed
a few hours while his wife was preparing herself for the journey,
and then
set out
Clodius
met him equipped for
travel,^
on a
horse, without baggage, wife, (or)
Greek companions, although
he was not accustomed to travel thus.

those
At once
several of
a
who were with

him
Clodius
made an attack on Milo from

^
:
higher place and killed his driver
when he defended
himself
some
assailed
in the rear, others (assailed) his slaves.
Some
of these were killed, others, hearing that their master

killed, did, without Ids orders or knowledge,^
had been
what was
^
the duty of a good slave to do under such circumstances
they killed Clodius.
participle.
'
expeditus.
'
^
^
raedarius.
in tali re.
he neither ordering nor knowing.
116
Exercise 116
[N.H. 194-201]
We who
benefits
have been born
in this state
know how many
we have
received from (her) laws,
how
fortunate
we
are thought to be
by those who do not enjoy equal freedom.

^
Our ancestors won these advantages and handed (them) down

to us
:
we
of
ourselves have hitherto done nothing to
make us
worthy
them.
It is
our duty to-day to prove that we are
not forgetful of these things.
While the city seemed to be
safe,
while no enemies were threatening us, no one was compelled

to take
up arms against
his will
now we have been
attacked
until it
by a powerful people that has resolved to wage war

subdues"^ us.
Rightly, therefore, the state will compel us to
take arms
but
let
us not wait to be compelled
let
us offer
our aid of our own
accord.'^
trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum.

profiteer, -eri, professus sum.
'^
in potestatem redigere.
ultro.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
117
Exercise 117
[N.H, 202-207]
1.
If
If
you provoke the Eomans to war, you you are ignorant

this design.
will
be sorry.
2.
of such matters,
you
will
have to
abandon
3. 4.
If I
If
had known this,
I should
have been vexed.
he had not written this

city.
letter, I for
my
part should
have remained in the

5.
If
you were
to ask
him why he did

two
it,
he would not
answer.
6.
If
the
army advances
in
divisions
it
will
be
defeated.
7.
If If
the wind
is
favourable to-morrow,
we wiU set sail.
8. 9.
he had not slipped, he would have prevailed. he keeps his word, I shall forgive him. he had hesitated to make the attack, the enemy
If
10. If
would have escaped.
118
Exercise 118
[N.H. 202-207]
1.
If the
law had been passed, we should have had to give
up
this design.
2.
3.
It
If
was owing to the senate that the law was not passed. you despise the multitude, you ought not to ad-
minister pubhc affairs.

4.
If
we had
your
increased the
safe.
number
of our artillery, the
state
5.
would now be
If
soldiers feast
in the
and drink the whole
night, they
will
be defeated
If
morning.
6.
he had taken part in the conspiracy, he would have

trial.
been brought to
7.
If
he had waited for
me
to come, I could have helped
him.
8.
If
you are incensed with me now, you
will
be ashamed
to-morrow.
9.
If
you were to seek refuge

he surmounted
all
in the city,
you would be
safe.
10. If
obstacles, he
was a good
general.
119
Exercise 119
[N.H. 202-207]
1.
If
you abandon the
siege,
the soldiers will always despise
you.
2.
If
you
start in the morning,
you
will escape
without the
knowledge of the king.

3.
If
the old
man had
more
not complained, he would not have
been blamed.
4.
If
we
built
ships,
we should
easily defeat the
enemy
5.
in a
few months.
If
you were accustomed to endure hardships, you would
not complain now.

6.
If
you do not reach the town at midnight, the enemy

all
will
have slaughtered
If
If
the citizens.
I
7. 8.
you had appointed a day,

you do not
arrest this
would have come.

will
man, you
be brought to
trial yourself.
9.
Do
not revenge yourself on him,
if
he
falls
into your
hands.
10. If
he had assumed supreme power, he would have
dis-
pleased the citizens.
120
Exercise 120
[N.H. 208-211]
You have now
for a long time

territories
:
been sure that no enemy

for a long time
would ever invade your

rashly slighted those
you have
who warned you
again and again that a

If
great danger was threatening the state.
you had been
will-
ing to obey those
who used
of
to urge
you
to build
more ships
pre-
and
increase the
number
If
your
soldiers,
you could have
vented this war.
you had proved to
all
men
that you were
wiUing to defend with arms the liberty that you prize so highly,
no one would have dared to attack you.
would not blame

if
you to-day
fessed that
if
you were sorry
for
your negligence,
if
you con-
you had been deceived,
saw that you were
leaving nothing undone to win the day.
But
I cannot help
is
thinking that you do not believe even

.serious
:
now
that the danger
if
anyone dares to
tell
the truth you call
him a
traitor
and accuse him of being favourable to the enemy.
121
Exercise 121
[N.H. 208-211]
Had
undertaken these labours, these dangers not for you

I
but against you, had
declared war against

inflicted a greater
my native country,
punishment on me,
you would scarcely have
whom you
death of
have sent to a cruel war with a brave army and,

^
as far as in you lay} have destroyed

all,
by the most wretched
starvation.
(Is it)
with this hope (that) the

?
Roman
people sends her children to war

*
Are these
(our)
rewards for wounds and blood so often
shed for our fellow-
countrymen
I
If
Again and again

:
have written despatches,
have sent messages
you reply that you can do nothing.

if,
my
soldiers
were
to desert,
meeting with a favourable
opportunity, I myself were to fly for refuge to another country,

(it is)
on you
(that) the
enemy would revenge

crisis,
himself.
If in
:
a few months you have to face this
do not blame us
blame yourselves
for
having abandoned those
whom you
ought to have helped.

quantum
in vobis
^
f uit.
conficio.
miser.
totiens.
122
PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS

Exercise 122
[N.H. 212-213]
1.
When
shall
you decide to go to Athens
2.
A
If
certain philosopher said that a long
life
was a burden
to
men.
3.
anyone told you

follows
this,
he was trying to deceive you.
4.
Whoever
me
to the city will receive a reward.
5.
Someone or other confessed that he had written the
letter.
6.
7.
Let each
man
defend his
own
children.
if
Anyone can obey the laws
of his country
he wishes
to.
8.
Do
It
not think that you will be acquitted by the king.

arrested.
9.
was due to the consul that you were not
10.
else.
You have more
influence with the people than anyone
123

Exercise 123
[N.H. 214-222]
If
anyone had told
me
that you, a friend of the
Koman
this
people,
would at some time deliver such a speech before

:
assembly, I should not have beHeved him
I should
have
answered that a
man who had
received so
many
kindnesses
interests
from us would never be so forgetful as to consult the

of (our) cruellest enemies.
failed
Some
will
blame you
for
having
your friends (when they were) brought into the utmost
danger, others will praise you for not rashly taking part in a
war from which you thought that neither you nor your
countrymen could
reaj>'^
fellow-
any advantage.^
it is
for
my
part
prefer merely to point out that
not even to your advanshall revenge
tage to revolt from us.

ourselves on
If
we win the day, we
you
if
we
are defeated, those
who now pretend

Anyone can win
to be your friends will not allow
you to keep your independence,
and we
shall
not be present to protect you.

old ones,^ but
all
new
aUies
by deserting
the wisest
men
prefer
to remain faithful to those from
whom they have
never sought
help in vain.
percipio, -ere, percepi, perceptum.
fructus, -us (4
rti).
124
Exercise 124
[N.H. 214-222]
Late at night he set out from the camp with one cohort,
partly for the purpose of foraging, partly to ascertain where
the
enemy had encamped.
Fearing that he might
fall
into
an ambuscade, he ordered each
man
to
watch
his
companions
If
with the utmost caution and advance in

the
silence.
any
of
enemy had seen them they would

their leader
all
have been
slain to a
man, but
had chosen
his route with such skill
that they advanced as far as the outposts of the Germans
without the knowledge of the sentinels.
Then a
soldier,
who had not been accustomed

into a ditch
:
to
marching by night, sUpped

fell
the others rushed forward and
into con-
fusion with one another in the darkness.

noise
Fearing that the
would be heard by some of the guards, he was unwilUngly
compelled to return to the

anjrthing.
camp without accomphshing

let
Thus an opportunity was
go of ascertaining
the numbers and position of the enemy.
125
Exercise 125
[N.H. 214-222]
Those who take part in a war do not always understand
why
who
the war
is
really being waged.
To the
orators, certainly,
address the people, to the generals
who take
the
field,
the soldiers
who shed
their blood, the
ambassadors who make

:
terms of peace, the cause of the war seems evident enough

nevertheless each is playing
^
his role
in a
matter for which
they themselves are not responsible, of which they themselves

are ignorant.
Whatever they accomplish
contributes towards ^
the accomplishment of some great (purpose),

themselves.
unknown
to
Each man
believes that he
is
undertaking the
cause of those whose cause he would especially wish to undertake, so that in the
same army some think that they are

all
pre-
serving the liberty of
men, others (that they are preserving)
the power of kings

dead,
it
at last after
many
^
years,
when they
are
becomes evident what issue

^ ^
was then
^ ^
really decided.^
agere.
partes.
res.
conferre ad.
incognitus.
decerno.
126
Exercise 126
[N.H. 214-222]
He was
man
wlio without doubt in former times would

if
have aimed at kingly power

affairs.
he had taken part in public
Whatever he intended to accompHsh, he accomwas never prevented by dangers or

^
plished gloriously, and he

difficulties
from completing a tosh
that he had undertaken.
Whenever an opportunity was
offered
him
of
delivering a
speech before the people, he used to remind

often been deceived
them that they had

of the state,
by those who were at the head
and did not hesitate to accuse the magistrates of having

plundered their fQllow-countrymen.
This being
so,
he
in-
curred the hatred and resentment of some, (while)
by
others he
was praised
for
having defended the private citizens against

All agree that he
the king and nobles.

talents,
was a man
of great
and that
in this crisis he
had much influence with those
whom he had
formerly most offended.
CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
127
CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
Exercise 127
[N.H. 223-226]
1.
Although
he remained
[silent,
he was convicted of
treason.
2.
Even
if
more ships were

set out.
to be fitted out, the survivors
would be unwilling to
3.
Although he had proved himself worthy

elected consul.
of holding
command, he was not

4.
He seemed
Even
if
to be innocent, although there were
many
who wished
5.
to accuse him.
you confess that you received a you to the death.
bribe, the
soldiers will follow

6.
Although the regiment had been disbanded, he remained

for
in
Athens
7.
many months.
to fight for
Even if the government order me

not expose myself to danger.
my country,
I shall
8.
Even
if
he asked
me why
I neglected
your advice, I
should not reply.

9.
Although he was said to have much influence with the

he was not thought
if
soldiers,
10.
fit
to
command
the army.
Even
we had won the day we should not have imcitizens.
posed a tribute on private
128
Exercise 128
[N.H. 223-226]
1.
Though he was everywhere treated with
hospitality,
no one seemed to trust him.

2. 3.
Great as your influence
is,
you must obey the
laws.
Even
if
had been accustomed
to take the field, I
should have hesitated to expose myself to so great danger

in that crisis.
4.
Even
if
you provoke me with
insults, I shall
not come
to an agreement.
5.
However many
letters I write,
my
friends are always
annoyed at
6.
my
if
not writing more.
Even
the
enemy invade our

not
territories,
he will not
lose heart.
7.
Though
I did
know what he intended
to
do, I
followed.
8.
On
the day appointed he was put to death, though he

of his country.
had never violated the laws

9.
However many
tears
you
shed, anyone can see that
you
are guilty.
10.
Even
if
he were a king,
should not remain
silent.
CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
129
Exercise 129
[N.H. 227-230]
Although Enghshmen often go to foreign lands, they are

often unwilHng to observe foreign customs.
Most people say
that they despise other nations because they themselves live

in
an island and imagine that they are superior to the

This however
is
rest of
mankind.
not true.
When
Frenchman
comes to England, he
tality of a
visits a
few temples, enjoys the hospi-
few
friends, (and)
thereupon returns to France as

their
soon as possible.
Though Englishmen love

it
country
years
;
they gladly consent to be absent from
for
many
they have planted

laws on those
colonies
everywhere, and they impose
whom
they have conquered in war.
Though
the French, owing to their geniality, have
shown themselves
capable of winning the affection of other nations, they cannot

easily be
persuaded to depart from their own country for
the purpose of assuming the chief

barbarians.
command among some
dedficere.
130
Exercise 130
[N.H. 227-230]
In other matters,
tage of
all
my
lords,^ I believe
that
it is
to the advan-
that I should say plainly what I think ought to be

it is
done
in this
not expedient that
should express an
opinion.
If those
'^
who
called together this
meeting had con-
sulted
me firSt,
silent
I should
have advised them not to undertake
so difficult a matter.
For
me
it
is
neither honourable to
I
remain
nor easy to speak, because

^
am
not (merely)
:
performing the duties

greater
is
of
a praetor or consul
something
all
demanded from an Emperor, and, though

if
men
you
:
think that they ought to be praised

if
they win a success,
ever things go wrong,^ I alone
am
blamed.
Some
of
now
but
ask
if
me
to
make a speech
against the luxury of the rich
a law were to be passed on this matter, the

(be) the first (to) cry
same men
would
all
out that ruin
is
being prepared for
the best men, that no one will be safe.
^
"*
patres conseripti.
'^
prius.
singular.
Use impersonal passive.
COMPARATIVE CLAUSES
131
COMPARATIVE CLAUSES
Exercise 131
[N.H. 231-232]
1.
Our men rushed

As
had
into battle as
if
the safety of the state
depended on them alone.

2.
predicted, the
aUies.
enemy were unable
to
come
to
an agreement with our

3.
The Eomans fought very bravely,

present.
as
if
Caesar himself
had been
4.
He
dehvered his speech as
if
he were setting an example
to all mankind.
5.
He
The
seems to be acting otherwise than his friends
expected.
6.
soldiers
were feasting and drinking as
if
they had
already
7.
won
the day.
He
I
ordered his regiment to advance in close order, just

to.
as he
8.
had always been accustomed

do not see as
many yoimg men

were to
in the city as I
saw
three years ago.

9.
He
spoke as
if it
my
interest to bring the
war
to
an end.
10.
Despising the
enemy
is
a different thing from winning
a victory.
132
Exercise 132
[N.H. 233-236]
Who
thinks that
it
is
to our advantage to propose laws

citizens to
which we cannot compel the

has not yet been forbidden,
if,
obey
If
a thing
:
all
fear that
it
may
be forbidden
though
it
has been forbidden, they are not punished for

is
having broken the law, there

doing wrong.
nothing to hinder them from
Those things, about which you have com:
plained, are small (matters)
you spoke
as
if
the safety of
this city so
the whole state depended on them.
Why
was
strong
formerly
Because
each
man
city.
^
practised
economy}
because we were citizens of one

victories
Now by
our foreign
we have
learnt to consume
other people's (resources,
and by our)
civil (victories to
consume) even our own.
No
aid,
one seems to be vexed at the fact that Italy needs foreign

that every day the food of the
ships across the sea.
will
Koman
people
lords,
is
(if)
carried
on
These things,
my
neglected,
mean
^
the destruction of the state.
sibi
moderari.
consumere.
COMPARATIVE CLAUSES
133
Exercise 133
[N.H. 233-236]
In conducting this campaign

in
the general
whom we had
all
put
command
of our
new
forces
proved himself, as
had ex-
pected, worthy of our confidence.
As though he had been
accustomed to hold command for
many
years,
by
(his) strict
discipUne (and his) marvellous energy he soon had such influ-
ence with his
men
that they were willing to follow him to the
death against an enemy

(and) experience.
If
who were
superior in arms, numbers,
he had had an opportunity of fighting

close
on equal terms he would have brought the war to a

before the winter.
But the enemy,
as
though they knew that

they dared not despise,
we had
at last found a general
whom
never gave him this opportunity.
For although again and
again he risked everything to engage in a pitched battle,
veteran forces of the
enemy met him in so much greater numbers'^

Then, since
it
that he was compelled to retreat. that victory must be
was
clear
won by
stratagem, not force, he sum-
moned
^
his staff
and explained what he wished to be done.

^
Use bellum admmistrare.
tanto maiores.
i2

134
ORATIO OBLIQUA
Exercise 134
[N.H. 237-240]
Put
1.
into Oratio Ohliqua after
a verb in a Historic tense
The men
whom you
accused have been convicted of
treason.
2.
3.
Let us advance in close order to meet the enemy.
Why
do
remind you of these disasters

:
4.
5.
Follow
If
me
revenge yourselves on the Romans.

to seek refuge in the city,
we were
we should be
thought cowards.
6. 7.
If
you
are sorry for your crime, I forgive you.
Where have we found

Whatever you
If
a
it
more beautiful
with
all
city
8. 9.
do,
do
your might.
the siege
the
enemy had not abandoned
we should
have starved.
10.
Urge the
soldiers to
avenge the death of their general.

ORATIO OBLIQUA
135
Exercise 135
fN.H. 237-240]
Put
1.
into Oratio Ohliqua after
a verb in a Historic tense

?
Why do you wish to
address the people
2.
Let us not pretend to have come to an agreement with
the consul.
3.
If
you wish to
treat for peace,
an opportunity
is
now
offered.
4.
There
is
no doubt that he
will easily
win the affection
of the alHes.
5.
Do we
end
?
(really) believe
that the war will soon be brought
to an
6.
Where do you hope

?
to hold a conference with the other
leaders
7.
Order the soldiers to advance standards
we must not
lose hope.
8.
If
we had hastened, we should have reached the
city
before night.
9.
Let the older
men
be an example
the rest will follow.
10. If
you prove yourself worthy
of confidence to-day, I
will
put you in
command
of a regiment.
1S6
Exercise 136
[N.H. 241-256]
Having assembled the people before the gates
of the city,
Doria declared that he desired no greater reward than (the

fact) that
he saw them again in possession of their liberty
that he preferred to be called citizen rather than king, and
did not
allow
demand power
to decide
or kingship for himself, but would

their state to be ad-
them
how they wished
ministered.
The people heard these words with the greatest

Twelve men were chosen to propose the
joy and enthusiasm.
new
laws.
It
is
well
known
that Doria's virtue and example

;
had great
influence with his fellow-countrymen

^
that, for-
getting the factions
by which the
state
had
so long been
racked,^ they with one consent resolved to devote themselves
to their country alone.
f actio
(3/).
Use laborare
[active).
ORATIO OBLIQUA
137
Exercise 137
[N.H. 241-256]
He
declared that the day which both he and they had so

;
long awaited was at last approaching

the war depended on their valour
cided in one battle
:
the whole fortune of
the contest would be de-
that
it
was
of the greatest
importance
that they should win the day, whether they considered the
rewards of victory or the inevitable destruction of^ the vanquished

:
that
if
their veteran soldiers could break
through
these raw recruits
who had
rashly dared to attack them, the

;
war would be brought to a
successful issue
that
if,
however,
they did not show their accustomed courage, a disgraceful
death would be the punishment of their cowardice.

himself,
That he
nothing
victory
by
collecting so brave
an army, had
of a
left
undone that lay within the power

certain
^
:
man
to
make
that the enemy's general, by violating the treaty,

for
had given him cause
hoping that the gods would favour
them
too.
not to-be-avoided {gerundive) hy.
victoriam exploratam habere.

138
Exercise 138
[N.H. 241-256]
Turn
into Oratio Ohliqua after a Historic tense

is
The war which
now
being waged throughout almost the

first
whole world arose from a matter which at

us.
did not concern
We
tried with all our
power
to preserve peace,
and when
that was no longer possible
we
did our utmost to prevent as

in the war.
many
nations as
it
we could from taking part
When
at last
was plain that we must
either help our alHes or break
our word,
act.
we
declared war ourselves, and
we do not
regret the
In such a matter no one could, without the greatest
disgrace,
have
failed his friends.

state,
A great and powerful people

^
had threatened a small

treaties,
hound
to us
else
by friendship and
except the preser-
which was aiming at nothing

of her freedom.
vation
Never has that duty been so bravely
undertaken as by the king and people of Belgium.
coniunctus.
Use the verb conservare.
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NORTH AND HILLARD'S

Middle Forms of Schools

K/JVG STREET, CO VENT

divided into two

in itself afford a complete course of practice

have had requests from several quarters

add to the number

and, while they do

advisable or necessary to add to the original

book, the present book

intended to meet the needs of

Exercise the constructions and vocabulary required are

only such as have been supplied before in the corre-

sponding place in that book.

are not to he translated in Latin are

city to ask for peace.

run quickly that they

did this that you might not be killed.

The poor man worked that he might become

to the city to help their friends.

camp that he might not be

advanced that they might not discover our plan.

not go to the city

Let us retreat to the camp that our horses

ADDITIONAL LATIN EXERCISES

remained in the camp that they might not