Abstract
Engineering expressions are developed for experimental investigations involving coupling
between electromagnetism and gravity. It is illustrated that an accelerated reference frame may be
derived from a superposition of applied electromagnetic (EM) fields, and may be characterized by the
magnitude of the Poynting vectors. Based on dimensional similarity and the Equivalence Principle, the
engineered acceleration may be used to modify the gravitational acceleration “g” at the surface of the
Earth. An engineered change in the value of the refractive index corresponds to an incremental change
in the gravitational potential energy. The magnitude of this change and the similarity between an
Experimental Prototype (EP) and the local gravitational environment, may then be characterized by a
critical ratio “KR”, such that the gravitational acceleration is reduced to “zero” within a benchtop test
volume, when KR = 1. An engineered refractive index equation is derived that may be used for EM
metric engineering purposes. A hypothetical “engineered” Polarizable Vacuum (PV) metric line
element is then presented as an example.
1
rstorti@deltagroupengineering.com, tdesiato@deltagroupengineering.com.
1
1 ITRODUCTIO
1.1 DESCRIPTION
An engineered metric tensor line element is developed in section 5 utilising “KEGM” and the
exponential metric tensor line element, as stated in the PV representation of GR. [8] In addition, a table
of metric effects is articulated in section 6.
2 THEORETICAL MODELLIG
It has been illustrated in [1] that the magnitude of an acceleration vector field “a”, formed
utilising BPT methodology, is equivalent to the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration vector field
“g”, by dimensional similarity and by utilization of the Equivalence Principle. In the PV representation,
this may be expressed as |n| → ∞ [2] by the more generalized form as follows,
2
E 0( k , n , t )
K 0 ω 0, X ( n , k)
a r0 .
2
B 0( k , n , t )
r 0 . K PV
3
( n , k)
(1)
Where ω0, E0, B0 and r0 denote physical properties as the Refractive Index KPV →1 asymptotically, at
infinity. The following table describes the terms used in this equation.
2
The orientation and intensity of the Poynting vector is commonplace functionality in many “off-the-
shelf” EM simulation products. This provides a convenient platform from which to design practical
laboratory benchtop experiments.
3
All mathematical modelling and output was formed using “MathCad 8 Professional” and appears in
standard product notation.
2
Variable Description Units
a(r0) Magnitude of PV acceleration vector m/s2
E0(k,n,t) Magnitude of PV electric field vector V/m
B0(k,n,t) Magnitude of PV magnetic field vector T
r0 Magnitude of position vector m
ω0 1. Field frequency Hz
2. Independent scalar variable
n Harmonic frequency modes of PV None
k Harmonic wave vector of PV m-1
KPV Refractive Index [1] None
K0(ω0,X) Experimental relationship4 function5 None
Table 1,
By replacing E0 → EPV, B0 → BPV / KPV and r0 → r * √KPV, an engineered change in “g” may
be expressed in local form that may be used to solve for the applied “E” and “B” fields as |nPV| → ∞
according to,
2
E PV k PV, n PV, t
∆K 0( ω , X ) n PV, k PV
∆g ≡ ∆a PV .
r B PV k PV, n PV, t
2
n PV, k PV
i (2)
Such that, by application of dimensional similarity and the Equivalence Principle, the acceleration may
be affected by an applied EM field as follows,
N
2 2
E PV k PV, n PV, t E A k A,n A,t
n PV, k PV nA= N
B PV k PV, n PV, t
2 N
2
B A k A,n A,t
n PV, k PV
i
nA= N
(3)
Where,
Variable Description Units
∆g Change of gravitational acceleration vector m/s2
∆aPV Change in PV acceleration vector m/s2
EPV(kPV,nPV,t) Magnitude of PV electric field vector V/m
BPV(kPV,nPV,t) Magnitude of PV magnetic field vector T
EA(kA,nA,t) Magnitude of applied electric field vector in complex form V/m
BA(kA,nA,t) Magnitude of applied magnetic field vector in complex form T
nPV Harmonic frequency modes of PV None
kPV Harmonic wave vector of PV m-1
nA Harmonic frequency modes of applied field None
kA Harmonic wave vector of applied field m-1
i Denotes initial conditions of PV None
∆K0(ω,X) Engineered relationship function None
Table 2,
4
Under ideal conditions of complete dynamic, kinematic and geometric similarity between the
experimental configuration and the resulting acceleration, the experimental relationship function has a
value defined in [1].
5
“X” denotes all variables, within the experimental environment, that influences experimental results
and behaviour. This also includes all parameters that might otherwise be neglected, due to practical
calculation limitations, in theoretical analysis.
3
It shall be illustrated in section 3 that equation (2) may be utilized to develop an engineering solution.
An engineering solution with the PV can be further advanced by application of the critical
factor “KC”. [2] It is a measure of the applied EM field intensity within an experimental test volume. It
represents the square of the magnitude of the applied Poynting vectors as |nA| → ∞ for the local
observer as follows,
N N
2
∆K 1( ω , r , E, D , X ) 1
∆K C ∆K 1 , ∆K 2 . E A k A,n A,t
2 . B A k A,n A,t
2
∆K 2( ω , r , B, D , X ) K 2
PV n A = N nA= N (4)
N
∆K 1( ω , r , E, D , X ) ∆K 0( ω , X ) .
2
EA k A,n A,t
nA= N (5)
∆K 0( ω , X ) .K PV
2
∆K 2( ω , r , B, D , X )
N
2
B A k A,n A,t
nA= N (6)
Where,
Variable Description Units
∆K1(ω,r,E,D,X) Change in experimental relationship function V2/m2
∆K2(ω,r,B,D,X) Change in experimental relationship function T-2
D Experimental configuration factor6 None
Table 3,
∆U g ∆a PV ∆K C( ∆r ) ε0
KR .
Ug g ∆U PV( ∆r ) µ 0
(7)
Where, the permittivity and permeability of free space, “ε0” and “µ0” respectively, act as the impedance
function7 and may be included to express “∆KC(r)” in terms of the energy density squared.
Variable Description Units
∆Ug Change in Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) per unit mass induced (m/s)2
by any suitable source
Ug Initial state GPE per unit mass described by any appropriate method (m/s)2
∆UPV(r) Change in energy density of gravitational field with respect to “r” Pa
∆KC(r) Change in critical factor with respect to “r”. PaΩ
Table 4,
6
The experimental configuration factor is a specific value relating all design criteria. This includes, but
not limited to field harmonics, field orientation, physical dimensions, wave vector, spectral frequency
mode, instrumentation and measurement error.
7
The impedance function “ Z = µ 0 /ε 0 ” is independent of KPV in the PV representation.
4
3 MATHEMATICAL MODELLIG
For experimental investigations, we require a model from which to design and predict
behaviour in accordance with the hypothesis to be tested in [2]. In figure (1): (i) the arrows pointing
downwards represent a uniform gravitational field, (ii) the arrows pointing upwards represent a
uniformly applied system field, (iii) the black sphere represents the experimental test volume residing
at co-ordinates (0,0,r) and (iv) the square section represents an EM flux area.
Figure 1,
The hypothesis to be tested assumes coupling exists between EM8 and gravity such that the
local value of “g” is reduced to zero and complete similarity is achieved as [|nPV|,|nA|] → ∞.
Substituting c → ΣEPV2/ΣBPV2 into equation (2), solving for ∆K0(ω,X) and recognising that ∆aPV → g
KR yields,
r .g . G.M .
∆K 0( ω , X ) KR KR
r .c
2 2
c (8)
Hence, expressions for all experimental and engineered relationship functions have been
obtained in terms of a scalar multiple of the magnitude of the resultant Poynting vector, [2] and the
magnitudes of the superimposed EM fields which is commonplace functionality in “off-the-shelf” EM
modelling software.
The hypothesis to be tested in [2] suggests that “KPV” [8] may be engineered in the same
manner as “∆K0(ω,X)”. Equation (8) indicates that |KR| = 1 at complete similarity between the EP and
the local gravitational field. At this condition, the magnitude of “∆KC/Z” is proportional to the
magnitude of “∆UPV” at the surface of the Earth, within the test volume.
It has been illustrated that “KPV”, in a practical laboratory benchtop experiment at the surface
of the Earth may be represented as follows, [8]
G .M
2.
2
r .c
K PV e
(9)
Therefore, an EM affected representation of “KPV”, may be expressed by the engineered Refractive
Index “KEGM” as follows,
2 . ∆K 0( ω , X )
K EGM K PV. e
(10)
8
Refers to propagating transverse plane waves.
5
4 PHYSICAL MODELLIG
The mathematical construct herein is based on the modification of “g” by similarity, of the EP
to the local gravitational environment. Subsequently, we may characterise physical modelling design
criteria by the following engineering functions,
Initial Value Key Characteristics Engineered Solution
0 Range: -∞ < KR < ∞ ∆U g ∆a PV ∆K C( ∆r ) ε0
KR .
Ug g ∆U PV( ∆r ) µ 0
5 METRIC EGIEERIG
The exponential metric tensor line element in the PV model representation of GR in the weak
field limit may be defined in Spherical Coordinates as follows [8],
υ c .dt
2 2
µ 2 2 2
g µυ.dx .dx K PV. dr r .dθ r .sin ( θ ) .dψ
2 2 2 2
ds
K PV (11)
Where,
1
g 00
K PV
(12)
g 11 g 22 g 33 K PV
(13)
6
5.2 ENGINEERED METRICS
The engineered metric tensor line element for weak field approximations using exponential
components may be expressed as,
c .dt
2 2
µ υ 2 2 2
g µυ.dx .dx K EGM. dr r .dθ r .sin ( θ ) .dψ
2 2 2 2
ds
K EGM (14)
Where,
1
g 00
K EGM
(15)
g 11 g 22 g 33 K EGM
(16)
Engineered metric effects may be represented for the “normal matter form” as follows,
Variable Determining Eq. KEGM > KPV (Engineered Metric)
Velocity of Light vc(KEGM) vc = c / KEGM Velocity of light < c
Mass m(KEGM) m = m0 * KEGM3/2 Effective mass increases
Frequency ω(KEGM) ω = ω0 / √KEGM Redshift toward lower frequencies
Time Interval ∆t(KEGM) ∆t = ∆t0 * √KEGM Clocks run slower
Energy E(KEGM) E = E0 / √KEGM Lower energy states
Length Dim. L(KEGM) L = L0 / √KEGM Objects contract
Table 6,
7 COCLUSIOS
References