Bauhaus-Universitt Weimar / Germany

Content: Site investigations tasks and goals

Seismic Site Investigations

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Site specifics in seismic affected areas Requirements of the design Use of strain-dependent parameters Strain dependence and Investigation methods Use of the Seismic site investigation methods Seismic field tests borehole and surface measurements Spectral analysis of surface waves SASW Inversion of surface wave data Examples

for the Application in Geotechnical and Earthquake Engineering

Dr.-Ing. Hans - Gottfried Schmidt Bauhaus - University Weimar Laboratory of Soil Mechanics

Site investigations tasks and goals

Investigation of the variously varying soil structures Characterization of the natural or reclaimed soil deposits with all uncertainties
+ geometry of soils strata and their spatial variability + ground water conditions + geostatic stresses and related stress histories + characteristics of hydraulic conductivity + deformation and damping characteristics assessed in the strain range of interest (!) + drained and undrained monotonis and cyclic shear strength for cohesionless and cohesive strata + liquefaction potential of the soil deposits + direkte Aufschlsse eingeschrnkt einsetzbar + ergnzende geophysikalische /seismische Messungen mglich/notwendig (zerstrungsfrei)

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Investigation of disturbances in site conditions: holes, stones, waste deposits, parts of old buildings

Site Investigations in seismic affected zones

Site investigations related to the Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (GEE) aspects + depth-dependent velocity- or stiffness profiles, generally for small strains + characteristics of the amplification and filter effects of the sediment layers >> site dependent input motions + statements to the dominant site frequencies >> different during main and after shocks ? + deformation / damping characteristics in a wide range of strains + shear strength by various conditions + assessment of the land slides, liquefactions In GEE: + investigation of great affected areas + fast and effective investigations + use of geophysics to receive realistic soil parameters, additionally with lab-tests + use of all these investigation methods with consideration of the requirements of the design and the risk assessment

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Requirements of the design

G M achi nes G0 Ear t hquakes

Foundat i ons

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Tunnel s

Roads

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

Current development: Adjustment of the material parameters to the current strain level of the task of design (see Tatsuoka, Fahay, Mayne, Burland, Atkinson)

Use of the strain-dependent soil parameter in the Soil Dynamics / Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Use of a visco-elasto-plastic constitutive law with a definition of one or more yield surfaces and >> non linear - elastic computations within the yield surface into a wide range of strains (Tatsuoka, Hamburg 1997)

large acceptance for practical computations in the Dynamics:

>> equivalent linear iteration cycles with the adjustment to the current strain level >> that means: Hypoelasticity - incremental linear
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005 f

Hyperbolic law (u.a. Kondner) for the mean curve (skeleton curve) and the Masing-Rule for the Hysteretic slope

Use of the strain-dependent soil parameter in the Soil Dynamics / Amplification Functions
Out = Response of the layer (top)

Amplification function

3
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

In = Rock motion

On the basis of the sufficient knowledge of the material parameters there is a good agreement of the dominant site frequencies of various methods: (1) amplification function (matrix-reduction-algorithm) 2 (2) H/V technology (Nakamura) (comparing of the
displacements at the ground surface)

(3) Dispersion curves of the surface waves

Use of the strain-dependent soil parameter in the Soil Dynamics / Amplification Functions

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Good agreement between amplification function (1) and H/V-ratio (3) by using the same soil parameter Change in the frequencies and in the size of amplitudes due to the variation of the soil stiffness / velocities caused by different induced strains (see 1 and 2)!

Soil Mechanics - Settlement control and realistic soil parameters

Measurement of the strains in the soils (relativ settlements) beneath a foundation (Kriegel/Wiesner 1973); Burland 1989 Measured Settlements in various depth z (e.g. with Extensiometers) Reason for differences of the observed and calculated settlements > the most soil deformationen are in the range lower than 0,1% > there is a strict nonlinear soil behaviour over a wide range of strains Consequence: use of the strain dependent soil stiffness and improved computional algorithm

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Calculation of the strains (relative settlements): * in wide soil regions we have local strains underneath 0,1% * max. values are about 0,3%

Use of strain-dependent Soil Parameters in Routine Designs of the Soil Mechanics Increasing tendency: Consideration of the pronounced non-linearity
within the range of small strains (-> WCSMFE 2001) Goal realistic computations e.g for Settlements (Atkinson 2000, Mayne 2000) >> that means non-linear - elastic computations with strain-dependent parameters analogue to the Soil Dynamics
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Linear computation

s=

Qf BES
Qf BE0 1 (Q / Qult )0,3

Non-linear computation

s=

Foundation settlement: Comparison Prediction (non-linear) - Measurement

Use of the strain-dependent soil parameter in the Soil Mechanics / Geotechnical Engineering Use in routine computations in the soil mechanics
e.g. Settlement calculation after Berardi (Diss. 1992)
(Loads) (SPT)

Modul factor KE strain 0,1%

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

(Janbu)

(Settlement)

Here are possibe actual curves of measurements!

Goal: reduction of the often large differences between the prognosis and the observation of settlements!

Strain-dependent soil parameter in the Soil Mechanics / Soil Dynamics / Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Proposals of the Degradation curves for the non-linear Soil Stiffness (after Fahay) Degradation of the Stiffness: for static loadings dehnungsabhngig
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

G 1 = G0 1 r

beanspruchungsabhngig

G g ) = 1 f( G0 max

Degradation of the Stiffness: for dynamic loadings (e.g. see Kramer: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering)

Strain-dependent soil parameter in the Soil Mechanics / Soil Dynamics / Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

G0

Dynamic degradation failure

Different curves for different load regimes ! There is not only the one characteristic parameter for a soil.

Static degradation Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

10-6

10-1

Main task for that descriptions: + realistic maximum value of stiffness Gmax or G0 for very small strains + Adjustment of the stiffness to the current stress / strain of the soil What are the possibilities of the site investigation and lab methods?

Geotechnical Site Investigation Methods

Indirect explanations: Probes Direct explanations (drillings) and samplings: disturbed / undisturbed ?

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

How much can material parameters be derived from a number punch? (Mayne 2001) Is this procedure rational?

What can we begin with seismic measurements?

Strain Dependence and Investigation Methods

Seismic surface methods

Seismic borehole methods

Advantages of Seismic measurements: clear mechanical relations to other soil parameters

- Schubmodul G0=.vs2 - Hooke-Modul E0=2(1+)..vs2 (Steifezahl Es=.vp2 - Querdehnzahl =(vp2-2vs2)/2(vp2-vs2) - Geschwindigkeitsverhltnis vR/vs(0862+1,14)/(1+).

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Shear strain Possibilities and limitations of different investigatioions methods

Strain Dependence and Investigation Methods

0=0,001%

characteristical value

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Main focuses for this concept: + determination of the maximal value Go or Eo + degradation curve for the non-linear stiffness
Main Problem: Conventional Lab- and Field tests cannot provide soil parameters in the demanded low strain range (e.g. Burland, Atkinson, Fahay, Tatsuoka)

Consequently we use in the present time -> Seismic field tests in undisturbed conditions and in a very small strain range

(see 1: < 10-5 )

We focus: In situ - soil parameter should be measured in situ

Seismic Field Measurements

Theoretical background: wave propagation theory in a layered halfspace Different field measurement methods: + Borehole measurements: direct measurement of the wave velocities + Measurement of the ground surface wave field with many different evaluation methods: noninstrusive indirect measurement of the wave velocities - Reflexion and Refraction of seismic waves - only body waves are used
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

- Dispersion Methods dominant surface waves are used Dispersion that means frequency dependent wave velocities! - H/V technique: measurement of the ground surface displacements and determination of the dominant site frequency - Geotomographie: 3D-detection of near surface disturbances + Dispersion Methods: - determination of the experimental dispersion curves by using of different mathematical correlation and convolution / transformation techniques - determination of the depth-dependent velocity or stiffness profile with inversion methods (comparison of the experimental and theoretical computed dispersion curve)

Seismic Field Measurements Borehole Methods

Crosshole-, Downhole-, Uphole-Methods

CH

DH

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Dilatometer

relatively simple, but complex measurements + importantly: Contact in the borehole > > balloons + problem: suitable borehole excitation > > S-wave further effective developments > Probes with geophones (SCPT) > Pressiometer with geophones > dilatometers with geophone

(Kalinski/Stokoe 2003)

Seismic Field Measurements Borehole Methods

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Running time of the SHSH-wave

Plot of the registered borehole time histories Excitation by a horizontal polarized shear wave - ever two measurements with opposite direction of the excitation

Ground Surface Wave Field Measurement (1)

SYSCOM / BARTEC MR 2002 CE-variant

Sledge hammer - source

Geophone

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Punctual measurements of time histories from surface wave fields a) b) due to active sources (pulsator, hammer): usually smaller, linear arrays due to passive sources (Noise): twodimensional arrays with larger receiver distances are possible

The measured time histories possess the information of the continuous medium! The analysis of these recordings can take place with differently strong methods!

Ground Surface Wave Field Measurement (2) Reflexions / Refraction (only the propagation of P- and S- waves)
linear array
Direct wave

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Detection of the diferent running times of the different waves types and derivation of the wave velocities

Determination of H

Determination of the wave velocities from the time distance - diagram

Ground Surface Wave Field Measurement (3) Rayleigh wave Dispersion Measurement (conventional)
linear array of the Geophones / different spacings / harmonic excitation with various frequencies and detection of phase differences between e.g. 2 Geophones

Phase velocity for each frequency c(f) = Geophon spacing / Phase difference

c RW (f1 ) = s / t = RW,1 f1 = s 2 f1 / ( 2 1 )
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Result: Dispersion curve : c-f-curve

vertical particle motion layer 1 layer 2

RW,1 = 2 s / ( 2 1 )
(1/3 . ) RW,1

surface

cRW(f1) or 0,92 cs

half space

high freq

low freq.

Wave length and influence depth

Stiffness profile of the site: determined velocities are arranged with the (0,3-0,5)- wavelength over the depth!

Experimental Surface Wave Field Analysis (1)

In all cases: the determination of the dispersion characteristics of the site!

1. Phase Difference Method (linear array) - SASW

Measurement of wave field with few receivers and with a variable offset!
ij ( t ) =

g1 ( ) g 2 ( + t ) d
7

Determination of the Phase differences or the Phase velocities with following steps + FourierFourier-Transformation from the TD in the FD + determination of the Cross correlation spectrum of two measured signals + determination of die phase difference with ReRe- and ImIm-part

ij ( f ) = G1 ( f ) G 2 ( f )
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

s 2 f c( f ) = ( ij ( f ) ) a rc tan ( ij ( f ) )

Averaged experimental dispersion curve

Method well been suitable, if only one mode of the surface waves, e.g. the fundamental mode is evaluated - > an averaged dispersion curve results (if necessary from many branches) Generally a surface wave field possesses several modes, i.e. at a measuring point several velocities or several wave fields with different velocities exist > > the detection of the higher modes is extremely important for the success of seismic field investigations!

Higher modes

Fundamental mode

Experimental Surface Wave Field Analysis (2) 2. Frequency - Wave number - Analysis (fk - Analysis)
Improvement of the technology of evaluating of measured time histories by consideration of the changes both over the time and the distance Dispersion analysis by using of several receivers with discrete signal sampling and processing in the time- and space-domain Transformation of the measured time histories in the Frequency - Wave number Domain with a double Fourier Transformation - technique
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

c( ) = / k ( )

The distances of the geophones affect the wave number ranges which can be detected and the spatial Aliasing effects; but the analysis is a durable procedure with a high resolution!

Experimental Surface Wave Field Analysis (3) 3. Wave Field Transformation (Slant Stack Transformation)
-> good method for the evaluation of the higher modes -> slant stack - that means a linear time-shift and summing of the amplitudes over the outset axis (plane wave decomposition of a wave-field) -> the mathematical operations: transformation of the wave field in the p - - domain (a special mapping domain) by two independent linear transformations: first a slant-stack or special Radon-transformation followed of a one-dimensional Fourier-transformation
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

1. Step: Slant stack

P ( x,t ) input data = t px ;linear moveout;coordinate transformation
p ray-parameter as a inverse of the horizontal phase velocity c

Slant stack summation

S ( p, ) = P ( x, + px ) Summation in t he p domain
x

n = c R (fn ) / fn

2. Step: 1D Fourier Transformation of the Slant Stack Summation

S ( p, ) =

P ( x, + px ) ei d x

Slowness spectrum S

Experimental Surface Wave Field Analysis (4) 4. Example for an evaluated measurement
a c

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Deposit of an old mining industry: height 25 - 30 m dispersion analysis of the measured wave field (a) time history (b) fk - transform (c ) slant - stack - transform

Theoretical Wave Field Analysis Matrix Methods

1) Thomson-Haskell-Algorithm 2) Method of the generalized Reflex ionand Transmission coefficients

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

relative simple mathematicalphysical model simple numerical realisation numerical stable

e 0 = 0 0

0 e z 0 0

0 0 e z 0

0 0 0 e z

k 2 k s2

2 k2 kp k= c

= diag e
j d j u

j zz

j 1

) , e j ( z z j 1 )

}
7

j ( z j z ) j ( z j z ) = diag e ,e

Inversion of Surface Wave Data

Inversion Technique represents a new quality of the Dispersion Analysis >> Inversion of the measured field data Goal: Investigation of depth-dependent soil stiffness profiles Basis of the Inversion Method - the experimental dispersion curves of the surface waves in the FD

f (d, m) = d Gm = 0
Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

d i = G ijm j
j=1

Nonlinear connection between the measured discrete data d and the material properties m with the function G

Discrete inversion problem iterative good adjustment of the model vector m to the data vector d

Solution of the non-linear Inversion problem

e.g. Use of the gradient method on basis of the linearization of a non-linear problem (Taylor Series expansion)

m = (G T WG + I) 1 G T Wd

d,m difference vectors

The number of the iterative cycles depends on the non-linearity of the problem and on the quality of the Input stiffness profile of the site (obtimization problem) Numerical stabilization of the inversion steps with the use of the weighted Marquardt-Levenberg-Algorithmus

Inversion of Surface Wave Data Overview of the Inversion Procedure

~j ~ j+1~ j j = R du + Tuj R du Td R du ~j ~ j j1 1 j Td = (I R ud R du ) Td ~ 1 1 1 R0 E 22 1 ud = E 21 u (0)

Theory

~ ~1 det I R 0 ud R du = 0

( )

~ TdN = TdN ~N N R du = R du
Reflection and Transmission matrix method (Chen,Luco)

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Iteration Inversion

Site condition

Experiment (layers, soil parameters)

Inversion of Surface Wave Data Site investigation - Determination of a soil stiffness Profile (example)

Los Andes Universidad Bogot 2005

Deposit of an old mining industry: height 25 - 30 m Inversion of the surface wave data Dispersion characteristics (a) Slant stack dispersion of the site together with theoretical dispersion curves of the determined soil profile (b) depth-dependent velocity profile (shear wave velocity)