5.

FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENT AND FUEL BURNING CONTROLS

5.01 GAS BURNING EQUIPMENT (1) The high-pressure mechanical atomizing type is characterized by an air tube, usually horizontal, with a pressurized oil supply centrally located in the tube and arranged so that a spray of atomized oil is introduced at approximately 100 psig and mixed in the combustion chamber with the air stream emerging from the air tube (see Fig. 5.02A). The oil is supplied to the burner by a fuel delivery unit which serves as a pressure ow regulating device as well as a pumping device. Where electric ignition is employed, a high-voltage transformer is used to supply approximately 10,000 V to create an ignition arc across a pair of electrodes located above the nozzle. Where gas ignition is employed on a larger burner, a gas pilot is used. The ring rate is governed by the size of the nozzle used. Multiple nozzles are used on some of the larger burners and variable ow nozzles are used on others. A low re start on a modulating burner which employs a variable ow nozzle is accomplished by supplying the oil at a reduced pressure. A low re start on a multiple nozzle burner is accomplished by permitting oil ow to only one or two of the nozzles. (2) The low-pressure atomizing burner differs from the high-pressure type mainly by having means for supplying a mixture of oil and primary air to the burner nozzle. The air meeting the mixture in the furnace is secondary air which provides for complete combustion. The air pressure before mixing and the pressure of the airoil mixture vary with different makes of burners, but are in the low range of 1 psig to 15 psig for air and 2 psig to 7 psig for the mixture. Capacity of the burners is varied by making pump stroke or orice changes on the oil pumps. B. Steam Atomizing Burners. Steam atomizing burners utilize steam to atomize heavy grade fuel oil. Steam is usually supplied by the boiler being operated. C. Air Atomizing Burners. In this type of burner, the compressed air or steam is used as the atomizing medium.
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Gas burners fall into two general classes: atmospheric and power type. A. Atmospheric Gas Burners. Atmospheric burners depend upon natural draft for combustion air. There are several types of atmospheric burners, most of which fall into the general classications of single or multiport type. See Fig. 5.01A. B. Power Gas Burners. Power gas burners depend upon a blower to supply combustion air. They fall into two general classications: natural draft and forced draft. (1) Natural draft burners operate with a furnace pressure slightly less than atmospheric. The proper draft condition is maintained either by natural draft or an induced draft fan. (2) Forced draft burners are designed to operate with a furnace pressure higher than atmospheric. These burners are equipped with sufcient blower capacity to force products of combustion through the boiler without the help of natural or induced draft. C. Combination Fuel Burners. Combination fuel burners are designed for burning more than one fuel with either manual or automatic switchover from one fuel to another. The combinations of fuel generally used are natural-liqueed petroleum gas or gas oil. See Fig. 5.01C.

5.02

OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT

An oil burner mechanically mixes fuel oil and air for combustion under controlled conditions. Ignition is accomplished by an electric spark, electric resistance wire, gas pilot ame, or oil pilot ame. A. Pressure Atomizing Burners (Gun Type). Pressure atomizing (gun type) burners may be divided into two classes: high-pressure and low-pressure mechanical atomization.

5.02

1998 SECTION VI

5.04

An air compressor is usually provided as part of the burner although the air may be supplied from another source. D. Horizontal Rotary Cup Burner. The horizontal rotary cup burner (see Fig. 5.02D) utilizes the principle of centrifugal atomization. The oil is prepared for combustion by centrifugal force, spinning it off a cup rotating at high speed into an air stream, causing the oil to break up into a spray. This type can be used with all grades of fuel oil. Modulated ring can be provided on these burners.

(a) high stack temperature (b) high or low gas fuel pressure (c) high or low fuel oil temperature C. Safety Controls (1) Stop fuel ow in case of ignition failure. (2) Stop fuel ow in case of main ame interruption. (3) Stop fuel ow in case of mechanical draft failure. (4) Stop fuel ow in case of circuit failure. D. Programming Controls. Programming controls, when used, provide proper sequencing of the above controls to insure that all conditions, necessary for proper burner operation, are satised. Included in a programmed control are prepurge and postpurge cycles to remove accumulated gases. E. Spare Parts. Spare parts for controls, including electronic components which require time for procurement, should be maintained in stock supply. F. Power for Electrically Operated Controls. All controls should be powered with a potential of 150 V or lower with one side grounded. A separate equipment ground conductor should be brought to the control panel frame with ground continuity assured to the fuel valve. All operating coils of control devices should be connected to the neutral side of the control circuit, and all control limit switches or contacts should be in the ungrounded (hot) side of the control circuit. If an isolating transformer is used, it should be bonded to the control panel frame. The equipment ground is not required when the isolating transformer is used. Do not fuse control transformers above their rated current value because these devices are current limiting and an oversize fuse may not blow under short circuit conditions. G. Air for Pneumatically Operated Controls. Determine that compressed air for pneumatically operated controls is clean, dry, and available at adequate pressure. H. Venting of Gas Controls. Venting of gas controls should conform to recognized installation standards. I. Reference to ASME CSD-1. ASME CSD-1 contains specic requirements regarding the controls to be included in the fuel train, the timing of their operation, and the resulting action that must be achieved.

5.03

COAL BURNING EQUIPMENT

Generally, stokers are used when burning coal. Stokers provide a mechanical means for feeding coal and supplying combustion air. They are built in several types, the most common of which are underfeed, spreader, and chain grate. See Fig. 5.03-1, Fig. 5.032, and Fig. 5.03-3.

5.04

CONTROLS

Automatically red boilers may be equipped with operating, limit, safety, and programming controls which may be electrically or pneumatically operated. These controls perform the following functions. A. Operating Controls (1) Start, stop, and modulate the burner (if desired) in response to the systems demand, keeping steam pressure or hot water temperature at or below the limit control setting. (2) Maintain proper water level in steam boiler. (3) Maintain proper water pressure in hot water heating boilers. B. Limit Controls (1) Stop burner when steam pressure or hot water temperature exceeds limit control setting. Steam boilers to operate at not more than 15 psi; hot water boilers to operate at temperatures not more than 250F. (2) Stop burner when water level drops below minimum safe level. (3) When required, stop burner in case of unusual conditions such as:

46

Fig. 5.01A

5. FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENT AND FUEL BURNING CONTROLS

Fig. 5.01C

FIG. 5.01A ATMOSPHERIC GAS BURNER

FIG. 5.01C COMBINATION FUEL BURNERS

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Fig. 5.02A

1998 SECTION VI

Fig. 5.02D

FIG. 5.02A HIGH-PRESSURE ATOMIZING BURNER

FIG. 5.02D HORIZONTAL ROTARY CUP FUEL OIL BURNER 48

Fig. 5.03-1

5. FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENT AND FUEL BURNING CONTROLS

Fig. 5.03-2

FIG. 5.03-1 UNDERFEED SINGLE-RETORT STOKER

FIG. 5.03-2 OVERTHROW RECIPROCATING PLATE-FEED TYPE SPREADER STOKER 49

Fig. 5.03-3

1998 SECTION VI

FIG. 5.03-3 CHAIN GRATE STOKER WITH SECTION SHOWING LINKS

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