I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech.

Major Project Report entitled Design of Electronic Voting Machine (Wired & Wireless), in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of Arni University is an authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from March 2013 to June 2013 (8th semester) under the supervision of Mr., ECE Department. The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by us for the award of any other degree elsewhere. Signature of Student (S)
KHEM RAJ BHARAT BHUSHAN SANKHYAN GAURAV SHARMA ABHISHEK SAMBYAL VIVEK SHARMA .

This is to certify that the above statement made by the student(s) is correct to the best of my knowledge. Signature of Supervisor(s) MR. Sharad Prasad HOD, .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to our guide Mr. Sarad Parsad for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry us a long way in the journey of life on which we are about to embark. I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our University management team to provide us such a platform where we can give directions to our ideas .The success of this project is one of the the result of this platform.. We have immense pleasure in expressing our thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my rpp I am obliged to staff members of Electronics and communication, for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.

Lastly, we thank almighty, our parents and friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.
BHARAT BHUSHAN SANKHYAN ABHISHEK SAMBYAL GAURAV SHARMA VIVEK SHARMA KHEM RAJ

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ABSTRACT
According to Election Data Services the percentage of electronic voting machines per county doubled between 1998 and 2002 to 16 percent-, yet a full replacement of the traditional voting procedure is very unlikely. In its essence, an electronic voting machine is a computer assisted self-interviewing device (CASI) giving the voter the opportunity to review and change his/her vote before submitting it. The different types of voting machines allow for different kinds of interaction, such as using a touch screen technology, using a dial wheel, touching a paper panel, or pressing a button on an LCD screen. Each machine provides feedback for blank ballots and under-voting and prevents selecting more choices than the maximum allowed. Some machines even have advanced functions such as increasing the font for visually impaired voters and/or allowing for listening of the voting options rather than reading. The common features electronic voting machines share with CASI and ACASI devices allow for theoretical and empirical predictions of the advantages and disadvantages this technology can provide. The paper presents an overview of the different types of voting machines and based on established theories and results from CASI and ACASI studies, examines and compares characteristics of the machines currently used and computer-human interaction mechanisms, their potential effects, and unexplored applications. Furthermore, possibilities such as prediction of candidates name order effect, already existing in the literature, and computer literacy effect on voting are discussed.

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Table of Contents
Certificate 1 Acknowledgement ..2 Abstract ...3 Contents ...4 1. INTRODUCTION ..6
1.1 The Electronic Voting Machine An Electronic Marvel. 6 1.2 History 6 1.3 Description 8 1.4 Pictorial description of working of electronic voting machine..9

1.5 Challenges for Electronic Voting in

India..9

2. TOOLS USED..11

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2.1 Hardware Tools11 2.2 Software Tools..12

3. FLOW DIAGRAM ..14 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM.15

4.1.Description Of Block Diagram.....16

5.COMPONENTS USED..19 5.1 Brief Description of Components20 6.OPERATION

6.1 Operation or Working of Project..

7.SOFTWARE CODE..
7.1 code 7.2 Proteus file...

8.HARDWARE DESIGN. 9.ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 10. CONCLUSION &FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK ..
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11. REFERENCE.

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INTRODUCTION

1.1The Electronic Voting Machine An Electronic Marvel

Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) retains all the characteristics of voting by ballot papers, while making polling a lot more expedient. Being fast and absolutely reliable, the EVM saves considerable time, money and manpower. And, of course, helps maintain total voting secrecy without the use of ballot papers. The EVM is 100 per cent tamper proof. And, at the end of the polling, just press a button and there you have the results.

1.2 History
The EVMs were devised and designed by Election Commission of India in collaboration with two Public Sector undertakings viz., Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore and Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad. The EVMs are now manufactured by the above two undertakings. EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by-election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency of Kerala for a limited number of polling stations (50 polling stations). 1.2.1 Electronic Voting in India The Election Commission of India developed the countrys EVMs in partnership with two government-owned companies, the Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Though these companies are owned by the Indian government, they are not under the administrative control of the Election Commission. They are profitseeking vendors that are attempting to market EVMs globally. The first Indian EVMs were developed in the early 1980s by ECIL. They were used in certain parts of the country, but were never adopted nationwide .They introduced the style of system used to this day (see Figure 1.1), including the separate control and ballot units and the layout of both components. These first-generation EVMs were based on Hitachi 6305 microcontrollers and used firmware stored in external UV-erasable PROMs along with 64kb EEPROMs for storing votes. Second-generation models were introduced in 2000 by both ECIL and BEL. These machines moved the firmware into the CPU and upgraded other components. They were gradually deployed in greater numbers and used nationwide beginning in 2004. In 2006, the

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manufacturers adopted a third-generation design incorporating additional changes suggested by the Election Commission.

. According to Election Commission statistics, there were 1,378,352 EVMs in use in July 2009. Of these, 448,000 were third-generation machines manufactured from 2006 to 2009, with 253,400 from BEL and 194,600 from ECIL. The remaining 930,352 were the secondgeneration models manufactured from 2000 to 2005, with 440,146 from BEL and 490,206 from ECIL [26]. (The first generation machines are deemed too risky to use in national elections because their 15-year service life has expired [1], though they are apparently still used in certain state and local contests.) In the 2009 parliamentary election, there were 417,156,494 votes cast, for an average of 302 votes per machine .The EVM we tested is from the largest group, a second-generation ECIL model. It is a real machine that was manufactured in 2003, and it has been used in national elections. It was provided by a source who has requested to remain anonymous. Photographs of the machine and its inner workings appear throughout this paper. Other types and generations of machines have certain differences, but their overall operation is very similar. We believe that most of our security analysis is applicable to all EVMs now used in India.

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1.3Description:
Electronic voting machine has now days become an effective tool for voting. It ensures flawless voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people about their vote being secured. It avoids any kind of malpractice and invalid votes. Also such kind of system becomes more economical as consequent expenditure incurred on man power is saved. It is also convenient on the part of voter, as he has to just press one key whichever belongs to his candidates. voting machines are the total combination of mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic equipment (including software, firmware, and documentation required to program control, and support equipment), that is used to define ballots; to cast and count votes; to report or display election results; and to maintain and produce any audit trail information. The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines. A voting system includes the practices and associated documentation used to identify system components and versions of such components; to test the system during its development and maintenance; to maintain records of system errors or defects; to determine specific changes made after initial certification; and to make available any materials to the voter (such as notices,
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instructions, forms, or paper ballots). Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by the mechanism the system uses to cast votes and further categorized by the location where the system tabulates the votes. Voting machines have different levels of usability, security, efficiency and accuracy. Certain systems may be more or less accessible to all voters, or not accessible to those voters with certain types of disabilities. They can also have an effect on the public's ability to oversee elections.

1.4 Pictorial description of working of electronic voting machine

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The control unit/MCU and the ballot unit are discussed in detail in chapter 2 under section 2.1.

1.5 Challenges for Electronic Voting in India

Indian voting machines must be designed to function under more challenging environmental conditions and operational constraints than other electronic voting systems studied in previous security reviews. These requirements have influenced the simple design of the current machines and impact our security analysis. Among the challenges are: Cost: With well over a million EVMs in use, the cost of the system is a major concern. The current EVMs are built from inexpensive commodity parts and cost approximately $200 for each set of units,far less than many DREs used in the U.S., which cost several thousand dollars. Power: Many polling places are located in areas that lack electricity service or have only intermittent service .Thus, the EVMs operate entirely from battery power, rather than merely using a battery as a backup. Natural Hazards: Indias varied climate has great extremes of temperature, as well as other environmental hazards such as dust and pollution. EVMs must be operated under these adverse conditions and must be stored for long periods in facilities that lack climate control. An Election Commission report cites further dangers from attack by vermin, rats, fungus or due to mechanical danger, [that might cause] malfunction . Illiteracy :Though many Indian voters are well educated, many others are illiterate. The countrys literacy rate in 2007 was 66% , and only about 55% among women, so handling illiterate voters must be the rule rather than the exception. Thus, ballots feature graphical party symbols as well as candidate names, and the machines are designed to be used without written instructions. Unfamiliarity with Technology: Some voters in India have very little experience with technology and may be intimidated by electronic voting. For example, Fifty-year-old Hasulal Topno impoverished Oraon tribal, who gathers firewood from the forest outlying the Palamau Tiger Reserve, a Maoist hotbed 35 km from Daltonganj town told a reporter, I am scared of the voting machine, prior to its introduction in his village . Nirmal Ho, a tribal and a marginal farmhand in the Chatarpur block of Palamau district, said he was more scared of the EVMs than the Maoists on account of his unfamiliarity with technology. To avoid further intimidating voters like these, Indias EVMs require the voter to press only a single button. Booth Capture: A serious threat against paper voting before the introduction of EVMs was booth capture, a less-than-subtle type of electoral fraud found primarily in India, wherein party loyalists would take over a polling station by force and stuff the ballot box.
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Better policing makes such attacks less of a threat today, but the EVMs have also been designed to discourage them by limiting the rate of vote casting to five per minute .Any voting system proposed for use in India must be able to function under these constraints.

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TOOLS USED

2.1 HARDWARE TOOLS:

2.1.1 The control Unit : In Total control of the polling Conduction of polling, display of total votes polled, sealing at the end of the poll, and finally, declaration of results these are the various accomplishments ofjust one gadget : the control unit. In total control of the polling, this electronic unit gives you all necessary information at a press of a few buttons. For instance, if you need to know the total number of votes, you just have to press the Total switch. Candidates-wise results can be had only at the end of polling. 2.1.2 The Ballot Unit : An electronic ballot box. A simple voting device, it displays the list of candidates. A facility to incorporate party names and symbols is in-built. All the voter has to do ispress the desired switch located next to the name of each candidate. The main advantage is the speed, apart from the simplicity of operation, which requires no training at all. A single ballotunit takes in the names of 16 candidates. And thus, by connecting four ballot units the EVM can accommodate a total of 64 candidates in a single election.
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2.2 SOFTWARE TOOLS:

2.2.1 KEIL SOFTWARE: The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed tosolve the complex problems facing embedded software developers. When starting a new project, simply selectthe microcontroller you use from the Device Database and the Vision IDE sets all compiler,assembler, linker, and memory options for you. Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most popular embedded 8051 devices. The Keil Vision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (IC, CAN, UART, SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules) of your 8051 device. Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target hardware is available.

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2.2.2 PROTEUS SOFTWARE: Proteus 7.0 is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to co-simulate the complete microcontroller based designs. This is the perfect tool for engineers to test their microcontrollerdesigns before constructing a physical prototype in real time. This program allows users to interact withthe design using on-screen indicators and/or LED and LCD displays and, ifattached to the PC, switches and buttons. One of the main components of Proteus 7.0 is the Circuit Simulation -- a product that uses a SPICE3f5analogue simulatorkernel combined with an event-driven digital simulator that allow users to utilize any SPICE model by any manufacturer. Proteus VSM comes with extensive debugging features, including breakpoints, single stepping and variable display for a neat design prior to hardware prototyping. In summary, Proteus 7.0 is the program to use when you want to simulate the interaction between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or digital electronic device connected to it.

2.2.3 Advantages: Real time simulation. Time and money saving.

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***************

FLOW DIAGRAM

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***************

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE

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4.1 Description in detail:

The Electronic Voting Machine basically consists of three main blocks; these are Micro controller LCD Display LED Control switches & Keypad Buzzer

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1)Micro controller:
Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and d the mode of operation voting mode it increments the data for corresponding key i.e. respective candidate as well as it sends signal to display block to indicate one key is pressed. In counting mode micro controllers fetches data from memory location and send it to display devices.

2) LCD:
Liquid Crystal Display which is commonly known as LCD is an Alphanumeric Display it means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special symbols thus LCD is a user friendly Display device which can be used for displaying various messages unlike seven segment display which can display only numbers and some of the alphabets. The only disadvantage of LCD over seven segment is that seven segment is robust display and be visualized from a longer distance as compared to LCD. Here I have used 16 x 2 Alphanumeric Display which means on this display I can display two lines with maximum of 16 characters in one line.

3)LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.Light-emitting diodes
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are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals.

4) Control switches:
There are three control switches: I. Clear Votes. II. Controller switch. III. Total Votes

5)Buzzer:

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An electric signaling device, such as a doorbell, that makes a buzzing sound. Also we can say it is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

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LIST OF COMPONENT USED FOR DESIGNING ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE

Component name 1. Microcontroller(AT 89v59) 2. Transistor a. 7805 3. Lcd 16x2 4. Switches (push to on) 5. Resistances a. 10k b. 330 c. 270k d. 220k e. 55k f. 33k 6. Capacitor a. 33pf b. 10f 7. Buzzer 8. LED 1) Multicolor 2) Green 9. Crystal 12 Mhz 10. Encoder HT-12E Quantitiy 1 2 1 11

7 1 1 2 1 1

2 1 2 5 2 3 1 1

11. Decoder HT-12D 12. Burg connector 13. Reciver Trasmitter pair( A -434) 14. Diode 4007
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1 8 1 8

15. Antenna (wire FM) 16. Battery 9v

1 pair 2

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED 1) Microcontroller 89v51

1.1 FEATURES compatible with mcs-51products 4k bytes of in-system reprogrammable flash memory endurance: 1,000 write/erase cycles fully static operation: 0 hz to 24 mhz three-level program memory lock 128 x 8-bit internal ram 32 programmable i/o lines two 16-bit timer/counters six interrupt sources programmable serial channel low-power idle and power-down modes 1.2 DESCRIPTION The at89v51 is a low-power, high-performance cmos 8-bit microcomputer with 4k Bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory . The device Is manufactured using atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is Compatible with the industry standard mcs-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit cpu with flash On a monolithic chip, the atmel at89v51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides A highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

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1.3 PIN DESCRIPTION 1) Vcc Supply voltage. 2) Gnd Ground. 3) Port 0

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Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional i/o port. As an Output port, each pin can sink eight ttl inputs. When 1s Are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external pro-gram and data memory. In this mode p0 has internal Pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during flash programming , and outputs the code bytes du ring program Verification. External pull ups are required during program Verification. 4) Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. 5) Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register .Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. 6) Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups .The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs .When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

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Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash pro-gramming and verification. 7) RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. 8) ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory .If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALEdisable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. 9) PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external pro-gram memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external pro-gram memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. 10) EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external pro-gram memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH .Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions .This pin also receives the 12volt programming enable volt-age (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
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11.a) XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. 11.b) XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Absolute Maximum Ratings*

*notice: Stresses beyond those listed under absolute Maximum ratings may cause permanent dam-age to the device. This is a stress rating only and Functional operation of the device at these or any Other conditions beyond those indicated in the Operational sections of this specification is not Implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating Conditions for extended periods may affect device Reliability. 1.4 DC Characteristics

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Notes: 1. Under steady state (non-transient) conditions, iol must be externally limited as follows: Maximum Iol per port pin: 10 mA Maximum Iol per 8-bit port: port 0: 26 mA Ports 1, 2, 3: 15 mA Maximum total Iol for all output pins: 71 mA If iOl exceeds the test condition, vol may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater Than the listed test conditions. 2. Minimum vcc for power-down is 2v.

1.5 AC CHARACTERISTICS Under operating conditions, load capacitance for port 0, ale/prog, and psen= 100 pf; load capacitance for all other Outputs = 80 pf.

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2) LM7805
2.1 PACKAGING INFORMATION 40-lead,0.600wide,plastic dual inline package.

3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator 2.2 Features Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5v Thermal Overload Protection
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 Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection. 2.3 General Description The LM7805 series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220 package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. 2.4 Block Diagram

2.5 Pin Assignment

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2.6 Absolute Maximum Ratings Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which damage to the device may occur. The datasheet specifications should be met, without exception, to ensure that the system design is reliable over its power supply , temperature, and output/input loading variables. Fairchild does not recommend operation outside datasheet specifications.

2.7 Electrical Characteristics(LM7805)

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Notes: 1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in V O due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 2. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production.

3) HT12E
3.1Features Operating voltage 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current: 0.1A VDD=5V Minimum transmission word : Four words for the HT12E Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components HT12E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

3.2 Applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems

3.3 General Description HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format.

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Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits. HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.

3.4 Block Diagram

3.5 Pin Assignment

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3.6 Pin Description

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Note: D8~D11 are all data input and transmission enable pins of the HT12A. TEis a transmission enable pin of the HT12E.

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3.7 Approximate internal connections

3.8 Absolute Maximum Ratings Supply Voltage (HT12A) ..............0.3V to 5.5V Supply Voltage (HT12E) ...............0.3V to 13V Input Voltage....................VSS0.3 to VDD+0.3V Storage Temperature.................50Cto125C Operating Temperature...............20Cto75C Note: These are stress ratings only. Stresses exceeding the range specified under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause substantial damage to the device. Functional operation of this device at other conditions beyond those listed in the specification is not implied and prolonged expo-sure to extreme conditions may affect device reliability. 3.9 Electrical Characteristics:

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3.10 Functional Description Operation The 2^12 series of encoders begin a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable (TE for the HT12E, active low). This cycle will repeat itself as long as the transmission enable (TE) is held low. Once the transmission enable returns high the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.

3.11 Flowchart HT12E:

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3.12 Oscillator frequency vs supply voltage

The recommended oscillator frequency is fOSCD(decoder)=50 x fOSCE(HT12E encoder). 4) HT12D (2 12 Series of Decoders)

4.1 General Description HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format. In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial addresses and data received by an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output
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data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission is indicated by a high signal at VT pin. HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received. . 4.2 Block Diagram

4.3Pin Diagram

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4.4 Pin Description

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4.5 Approximate internal connection circuits

4.6 Absolute Maximum Ratings Supply Voltage ..........................................0.3V to 13V Storage Temperature ............................50Cto125C Input Voltage ................................VSS0.3 to VDD+0.3V Operating Temperature...........................20Cto75C Note: These are stress ratings only. Stresses exceeding the range specified under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause damage to the device. Functional operation of this device at other conditions beyond those listed in the specification is not implied and prolonged exposure to extreme conditions may affect device reliability. 4.7 Operation The 212 series of decoders provides various combinations of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair with the 2 12 series of encoders .The decoders receive data that are transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12N bits as data, where N is the address code number. A signal on the DIN pin activates the oscillator which in turn decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will then check the received address three times continuously. If the received address codes all match the contents of the decoder local address, the 12N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is received. The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid. Otherwise it is always low. 4.8 Features Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity

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CMOS technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits HT12F: 12 address bits only Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium Minimal external components

4.9 Applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems

5) PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

It is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electrical components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially-produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production; the production and soldering of PCBs can be done by totally automated equipment. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.

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6) CAPACITOR
Capacitors are components that are used to store an electrical charge and are used in timer circuits. A capacitor may be used with a resistor to produce a timer. Sometimes capacitors are used to smooth a current in a circuit as they can prevent false triggering of other components such as relays. When power is supplied to a circuit that includes a capacitor - the capacitor charges up. When power is turned off the capacitor discharges its electrical charge slowly.There are two types of capacitors that are

6.1CERAMIC CAPACITOR A ceramic capacitor is a fixed value capacitor with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefore the application of the capacitors, which are divided into two stability classes: Class 1 ceramic capacitors with high stability and low losses for resonant circuit application. Class 2 ceramic capacitors with high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass and coupling applications. Ceramic capacitors, especially the multilayer version (MLCC), are the most produced and used capacitors in electronic equipment with a produced quantity of approximately 1000 billion pieces per year.

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6.2 MYLAR CAPACITOR A mylar capacitor uses mylar, which is a type of high temperature polyester film, as its dielectric. It is typically very stable and able to operate over a wide range of temperatures, usually up to 125 degrees Celsius. As such therefore this type is a common choice for instrumentation equipment, also high quality audio and communications equipment. There may be various shapes, sizes and styles of construction but possibly the longest lived and most recognisable style is the green or brown resin-dipped radial type, which coupled with a small physical size makes it readily suitable for circuit boards.

6.3 Capacitor Code Information

This table is designed to provide the value of alphanumeric coded ceramic, mylar and mica capacitors in general. They come in many sizes, shapes, values and ratings; many different manufacturers worldwide produce them and not all play by the same rules. Most capacitors actually have the numeric values stamped on them, however, some are color coded and
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some have alphanumeric codes. The capacitor's first and second significant number IDs and are the first and second values, followed by the multiplier number code, followed by the percentage tolerance letter code. Usually the first two digits of the code represent the significant part of the value, while the third digit, called the multiplier, corresponds to the number of zeros to be added to the first two digits. After that, the differences may show up. Use this information as a guideline and at your own risk. If you are in question, try to locate the original manufacturer and seek information from that source.

VALUE
1.5pF 3.3pF 10pF 15pF 20pF 30pF 33pF 47pF 56pF 68pF 75pF 82pF 91pF 47 | P a g e

TYPE
Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

VALUE
1,000pF / .001uF 1,500pF / .0015uF 2,000pF / .002uF 2,200pF / .0022uF 4,700pF / .0047uF 5,000pF / .005uF 5,600pF / .0056uF 6,800pF / .0068uF .01 .015 .02 .022 .033

TYPE
Ceramic/ Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Ceramic / Mylar Mylar Mylar Mylar Mylar

CODE
102 152 202 222 472 502 562 682 103

203 223 333

VALUE
100pF 473 120pF 503 130pF 563 150pF 683 180pF 104 220pF 204 330pF 224 470pF 334 560pF 474 680pF 564 750pF 105 820pF 205

TYPE
Ceramic

CODE
101

VALUE
.047

TYPE
Mylar

CODE

Ceramic

121

.05

Mylar

Ceramic

131

.056

Mylar

Ceramic

151

.068

Mylar

Ceramic

181

.1

Mylar

Ceramic

221

.2

Mylar

Ceramic

331

.22

Mylar

Ceramic

471

.33

Mylar

Ceramic

561

.47

Mylar

Ceramic

681

.56

Mylar

Ceramic

751

Mylar

Ceramic

821

Mylar

7) Crystal 12 Mhz
An oscillator is something that produces an output that repeats regularly. In the electronics field this will be an electrical waveform, often but not always a sine
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wave. The most important property of an oscillator is its frequency : the rate at which the output repeats. This is measured in Hertz (Hz for short). One Hertz is one repetition (aka cycle) per second. One MegaHertz (MHz) is one million repetitions per second. One of the problems in designing a high quality oscillator is maintaining the output frequency at the value required. One method is to control it by a quartz crystal; this is cut so that it vibrates mechanically at the design frequency, and is coupled to the electronics by the piezo-electric effect. A 12 MHz crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit, whose output frequency is controlled by a quartz crystal to repeat 12 million times per second. Note. Oscillators don't have to be electronic. Other examples are a guitar string, a flute or a pendulum. An electronic oscillator is the only one that can be crystal controlled.)

8) LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

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A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly .They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
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displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD. 8.1 Pin Description:

9) LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)

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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

10)

Buzzer:

An electric signaling device, such as a doorbell, that makes a buzzing sound. Also we can say it is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

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11)

Diode 1N4007

11.1 Features Diffused Junction High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop Surge Overload Rating to 30A Peak Low Reverse Leakage Current Mechanical Data Case: DO-41 Case Material: Molded Plastic. UL Flammability Classification Rating 94V-0 Moisture Sensitivity: Level 1 per J-STD-020D Terminals: Finish - Bright Tin. Plated Leads Solderable per MIL-STD-202, Method 208 Polarity: Cathode Band Mounting Position: Any Marking: Type Number Weight: 0.30 grams (approximate)

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11.2 Maximum Ratings Single phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load. For capacitive load, derate current by 20%.

Notes: 1. Leads maintained at ambient temperature at a distance of 9.5mm from the case. 2. Measured at 1.0 MHz and applied reverse voltage of 4.0V DC. 3. EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS). All applicable RoHS exemptions applied, see EU Directive 2002/95/EC Annex Notes. IMPORTANT NOTICE
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Diodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications, enhancements, improvements, corrections or other changes without further notice to any product here in. Diodes Incorporated does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product described herein; neither does it convey any license under its patent rights, nor the rights of others. The user of products insuch applications shall assume all risks of such use and will agree to hold Diodes Incorporated and all the companies whose products are represented onour website, harmless against all damages. 11.3 LIFE SUPPORT Diodes Incorporated products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the expressed written approval of the President of Diodes Incorporated . 11.4 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

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12)

RANDOM WIRE ANTENNA

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A random wire antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a long wire suspended above the ground, whose length does not bear a relation to the wave length of the radio waves used, but is typically chosen more for convenience. The wire may be straight or it may be strung back and forth between trees or walls just to get enough wire into the air; this type of antenna sometimes is called a zig-zag antenna. Such antennas are usually not as effective as antennas whose length is adjusted to resonate at the wavelength to be used. Random wire antennas are a type of monopole antenna and the other side of the receiver or transmitter antenna terminal must be connected to an earth ground.They are widely used as receiving antennas on the long wave, medium wave, and short wave bands, as well as transmitting antennas on these bands for small outdoor, temporary or emergency transmitting stations, as well as in situations where more permanent antennas cannot be installed. Often random wire antennas are also referred to as long-wire antenna. Long-wire antennas require a length greater than a quarter-wavelength (/4) of the radio waves.

13) BERG CONNECTOR A Berg connector is a device used to join electrical and electronics circuits .

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These connectors typically have either two pins or four, and are used for many purposes. Computers in the late 1980s often had dozens of Berg connectors completing circuits in several different areas. On the other hand, more recent computers primarily use other types of connectors, such as Molex, SATA, or P1. Most connectors are keyed to prevent incorrect mating. In other words, a physical component prevents people from connecting it backwards or to a different plug. This is important because improper connections can break or bend the pins or damage the computer. Nevertheless, high amounts of pressure can break the key mechanism and force a bad connection.

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OPERATION

6.1 Operation or Working of Project:

1] Power on: When supply is turned on RED LED glows. 2] Mode selection: i. Voting mode: toggle switch on VCC ii. Counting mode: toggle switch on GND. Voting Mode: When toggle switch is in voting mode Voting mode is displayed followed by Please vote. After a vote being given, Please wait for authority switch is displayed and again enable for voting after Control switch being pressed by the voting Authority. Counting Mode: When toggle switch is in counting mode Counting mode in displayed on the screen, and total number of votes to respective candidate can be displayed on the screen by pressing the respective key assigned to them. 3] Clear mode: Press clear switch when all entries are required to be erased. Clear switch should be pressed before voting procedure. 4] Buzzer indication: Pressing of key in voting mode is indicated by a buzzer sound. 5] Controller switch: This switch is provided for enabling the keypad in voting mode. This switch is under the control of voting authority.

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***************

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

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9.1 ADVANTAGES: 1.It is economical 2. Less manpower required 3. Time conscious, as less time required for voting & counting 4. Avoids invalid voting 5. Saves transportation cost due to its compact size 6. Convenient on the part of voter 9.2 APPLICATIONS: This could be used for voting purpose at any required place

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this report, we have described the specification and architecture of a ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE .Various fault-tolerance and security issues are delegated to the platform itself, therefore relieving the application designer from accommodating these features in the application design itself. This approach allows for the easy development and deployment of applications. For quite some time, voting equipment vendors have maintained that their systems are secure, and that the closed-source nature makes them even more secure. Our glimpse into the code of such a system reveals that there is little difference in the way code is developed for voting machines relative to other commercial endeavors. In fact, we believe that an open process would result in more careful development, as more scientists, software engineers, political activists, and others who value their democracy would be paying attention to the quality of the software that is used for their elections. (Of course, open source would not solve all of the problems with electronic elections. It is still important to verify somehow that the binary program images running in the machine correspond to the source code and that the compilers used on the source code are non-malicious. However, open source is a good start.) Such open design processes have proven successful in projects ranging from very focused efforts, such as specifying the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) [23], through very large and complex systems such as maintaining the Linux operating System. Australia is currently using an open source voting system10Alternatively, security models such as the voter-verified audit trail allow for electronic voting systems that produce a paper trail that can be seen and verified by a voter. In such a system, the correctness burden on the voting terminals code is significantly less as voters can see and verify a physical object that describes their vote. Even if, for whatever reason, the machines cannot name the winner of an election, then the paper ballots can be recounted, either mechanically or manually, to gain progressively more accurate election results. Voterverifiable audit trails are required in some U.S. states, and major DRE vendors have made public

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statements that they would support such features if their customers required it. The EVM project an ambitious attempt to create an open-source voting system with a voter-verifiable audit trail a laudable goal The model where individual vendors write proprietary code to run our elections appears to be unreliable, and if we do not change the process of designing our voting systems, we will have no confidence that our election results will reflect the will of the electorate. We owe it to ourselves and to our future to have robust, well-designed election systems to preserve the bedrock of our democracy.

REFERENCE

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