UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG

School of Computer Science

Java Tutorial 3

COMS2003: Application and Analysis of Algorithms II

1. Use of references

2012

Explain what happens in the following code:

String	s	=	"apple";
String	t	=	"banana";
String	u,		v;

u	=	"green";
v	=	new		String("red");
t	=	u	+	v;
t	=	new		String("pineapple");
u	=	new		String("Tuna	sandwich");
	•	Show how this code executes, explaining how and when memory is allocated.
	•	After the execution of this code, there is some memory that has been allocated that is no longer accessible. Explain. What happens to this memory.

2. Scope – the first time

Look at this code below:

public

class

see

{

static	int	i,j,x=3;
static	int	moggle	(int	x)

{

int

=

=

i

m

m;

x-5;

2*x+3*i;

i,

1

};

j =

return

7;

static

int

m-i;

doggle

(int

x)

{	int		m;
	i	=	x-5;
	m	=	2*x+3*i;
	int		i;

i =	x	-	10;
j =	i	-	7;
return			m-i;

};

static

int

k;

public

static

void main(String

args[])

{

int

i,

n;

int

l;

i

=

3;

j

=

5;

k

=

moggle(5);

l

=

doggle(8);

System.out.println("Values:

i

"

+

i

+

";

j:

"

+

j

+

";

k:"

+

k

+

";

l="

+l);

}

}

• Identify each variable in the program and its scope.

• For each use of a variable, identify which declaration is in scope.

• What is the output of the program?

3. Parameter passing and methods

(a) Passing by value

int	comp(int				a,	b,		c)	{
	int	ans;
	ans	=	a>5		?	b	:	c;
	if	(ans		+	a	<	10)
		{a	=	a	+	b;		}
	return c+b;
}

2

int

x,

y;

x	=	1;
y	=	10;
y	=	comp(x,	y,	10);

What is the value of x and y when this code fragment completes?

(b) References and passing parameters

public	class	Example	{
int	t;

double			m;
static			void change1(int				m)	{
	float			t;
	m	=	m	*	10;
}
static			void change2(int				m	[])	{
	m[1]		=	m[1]*10;
}
static			void main {
	int		p	[]	=	{1,1,1,1,1};

change1(p[0]);

change2(p);

}

}

• What are the values of p[0] and p[1]?

• Why is there a difference between the values of p[0] and p[1]?

4. Classes and objects

(a)	What is a class? What is an object? What is the relationship?
(b)	What are the instance variables and methods of a class?
(c)	What is the effect of declaring instance variables and methods public or pri- vate?

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(d)	Why do we often declare the instance variables of classes private?
(e)	Could we declare methods private? Would we want to do so?

(f) What does the identifier this mean? Give an example of its use

(g)	What is a constructor?
(h)	What is inheritance? Why is it useful?

5. Inheritance example Trace through the execution of the following program and say what its output is.

class

Animal

{

String	name;
String	identifier;
int	date_of_birth;
public	Animal	()	{};
public	Animal(String			n,	String	id,	int	year)	{

name

=

n;

identifier	=	id;
date_of_birth		=	year;

}
void	eats()		{
	System.out.println(name				+	" diet unknown");
}
void	dob()	{
	System.out.println("**ANIMAL** "+name+"						born	in	"+date_of_birth);
}
String ID		()		{

	return	(name	+	":	("	+	identifier	+")");
}
}
class	Penguin	extends	Animal			{

String	kind;
public	Penguin	(String	n,	String	k,	int	year)	{

super(n,

"Penguin",

year);

4

	kind =	k;
}
void	eats()	{
	System.out.println(name						+	" eats fish");
}
String kind_of_penguin()						{
	return	kind;
}
void	dob()	{
	System.out.println
	(kind		+	"	penguin	"+name+" born			in	"+date_of_birth);
}

}
public	class AnimalTest	{
public static void		main	(String	[]	args)	{

Animal

a,

b;

Penguin			p;
//		Look	at	use	of constructors
a	=	new	Animal("Fred", "Giraffe",				1992);
p	=	new	Penguin("Freda",			"King",	1997);
b	=	p;
//		can	invoke method normally

a.eats();

p.eats();

//can

System.out.println(p.ID());

use

inheritance

//

Note

DYNAMIC

binding

p.dob();
b.dob();	//	b	is	an	Animal

}

}

6. More questions Consider the example above. Suppose we had the following code:

5

Animal			a,	b;
Penguin			p;
//		Look	at	use	of constructors
a	=	new	Animal("Fred",			"Giraffe",		1992);
p	=	new	Penguin("Freda",			"King", 1997);
b	=	p;
System.out.println("(p)						Penguin	is	"+p.kind_of_penguin());
System.out.println("(b)						Penguin	is	"+b.kind_of_penguin());
System.out.println("(a)						Animal	is	"+a.kind_of_penguin());

The last two lines will result in compile errors. Explain why. In particular, why is

System.out.println("(b)

Penguin

is

not allowed, when b refers to a penguin?

7. Complexity Classes

"+b.kind_of_penguin());

(a)	Suppose we know that the best case complexity of an algorithm is O(n 2 ). Is it possible for the algorithm to take O(n 3 ) for particular input sets? Is it possible for it to take O(n) time?
(b)	The complexity of a particular algorithm has been shown to be f (n) = 4n 2 + 3n − 2. Prove that f (n) ∈ O(n 2 ).
(c)	There are two competing search algorithms. The cost of algorithm 1 is f (n) = 4n( 2 ) + 4n + 1 and the cost of the other is g(n) = 45n + 315. Which of these algorithms would we pick if we knew that we would only be working with very large data sets? Which one would we use on very small data sets?
(d)	f (n) = 15n + 21. Prove that f (n) ∈ O(n 2 ). Prove that f (n) ∈ Ω(n).
(e)	Which of the following sets is larger?

i. O(n) or O(n ³ )

ii. Ω(n) or Ω(3n + 2)

iii. Θ(n ² ) or O(n ² )

8. Algorithms

(a) What is the complexity of the linear search algorithm in the worst case? How would we go about calculating the average case complexity?

6

(b)	What is the complexity of the binary search algorithm in the worst case?
(c)	Is it possible for linear search to take less time to complete than binary search for particular input sets?
(d)	What is the purpose of experimental analysis? How would you perform an experimental analysis on the linear search algorithm?
(e)	What is the time complexity of the following algorithm in the best case? In the worst case?

public	void	calculateValue(int[]					items){
int	total=0;
for	(int	i=0;	i<items.size();i++){
	for	(int	j=0; j<items.size();j++){
		total	= total	+	(i	*	j);
	}
}
}
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