Cites for Clyde

Gas Tax Politics Links

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Plan decimates Obamas political capital Ferguson, 2007 (Jake, Masters in Actuarial Science from the University of Northern Iowa, Should the United States Increase the
Federal Gasoline Tax?, Major Themes in Economics, Spring, http://business.uni.edu/economics/Themes/ferguson.pdf) Although an

increased gasoline tax would solve problems, it is not likely to

[Klein, 2006, para. 5]

AND sell such a plan.

Petroleum CP

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Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its Highway Trust Fund transportation infrastructure investment by increasing the federal excise tax rate and phasing in a price floor and variable tax on petroleum.

The counterplan places a surcharge on CRUDE OIL, NOT GASOLINE - - it solves 100% of the Aff but avoids politics the plan links Merill & Schizer, 2010 (Thomas, JD from Oxford, Charles Evans Hughes Professor of Law at Columbia, Legal Scholar at Yale,
David, JD in Law from Yale, Dean and the Lucy G. Moses Professor of Law at Columbia, Harvey R. Miller Professor of Law and Economics, Energy Policy for an Economic Downturn: A Proposed Petroleum Fuel Price Stabilization Plan, Yale Journal on Regulation, 27 Yale J. on Reg. 1 , Lexis)

A compelling case can be made for reducing America's consumption of petroleum fuels . Nearly
AND but only

depriving them of contingent benefits associated with future oil price declines.

Second is it link turns their stimulus advantage the plan undercuts demand by increasing end user taxes also Merill & Schizer, 2010 (Thomas, JD from Oxford, Charles Evans Hughes Professor of Law at Columbia, Legal Scholar at Yale,
David, JD in Law from Yale, Dean and the Lucy G. Moses Professor of Law at Columbia, Harvey R. Miller Professor of Law and Economics, Energy Policy for an Economic Downturn: A Proposed Petroleum Fuel Price Stabilization Plan, Yale Journal on Regulation, 27 Yale J. on Reg. 1, Lexis)

Introduction Among serious policy analysts,

there is nearly uniform support for the proposition that

AND has other important incentive effects and political advantages relative to a Pigouvian tax.

2NC Innovation Solvency

Only the CP can solve innovation Wachs et al, 2011 (Martin, RAND Experts, Keither Crane, Nicholas Burger, The Option of an Oil Tax to Fund Transportation and
Infrastructure, RAND, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2011/RAND_OP320.pdf) The goal of this paper is to raise the key issues associated with using

an

AND
tax might be more politically palatable than raising existing motor fuel taxes.

2NC Energy Solvency

Yes it does Merill & Schizer, 2010 (Thomas, JD from Oxford, Charles Evans Hughes Professor of Law at Columbia, Legal Scholar at Yale,
David, JD in Law from Yale, Dean and the Lucy G. Moses Professor of Law at Columbia, Harvey R. Miller Professor of Law and Economics, Energy Policy for an Economic Downturn: A Proposed Petroleum Fuel Price Stabilization Plan, Yale Journal on Regulation, 27 Yale J. on Reg. 1, Lexis) What are the social policy implications of adopting this plan? Our

proposal would signal

AND protections for domestic ethanol production - make the point only too clearly. n13

2NC Politics Link Wall

Our counterplan literally power-bombs their Affirmative Merill & Schizer, 2010 (Thomas, JD from Oxford, Charles Evans Hughes Professor of Law at Columbia, Legal Scholar at Yale,
David, JD in Law from Yale, Dean and the Lucy G. Moses Professor of Law at Columbia, Harvey R. Miller Professor of Law and Economics, Energy Policy for an Economic Downturn: A Proposed Petroleum Fuel Price Stabilization Plan, Yale Journal on Regulation, 27 Yale J. on Reg. 1, Lexis)
B. Political Advantages of a Price Floor over a Pigouvian Tax While a classic AND production of a broad mix of vehicle types to meet different consumer needs.

The heuristics surrounding GAS TAXES guarantee pathological hatred of the plan Hsu et al, 2008 (Shi-Ling, University of British Columbia Faculty of Law, Joshua Walters, Anthony Purgas, Pollution Tax Heuristics: An
Empirical Study of Willingness to Pay Higher Gasoline Taxes, Energy Policy, June, http://myweb.fsu.edu/shsu/publications/energypolicyfinal.pdf) Despite widespread agreement among economists, however, pollution taxes remain widely unpopular, especially AND we are aware of simultaneously considers both of these types of explanations.

Super unpopular specific to Pigovian taxes Turgeon, 2004 (Evan, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004,
Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation, Journal of Land, Resources, & Environmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef)
1. The American Public As it currently stands, Americans

do not perceive climate

AND
benefits thus tend to take a backseat to small but concentrated benefits. n196

CP = more popular than the plan is WSJ, 2012 (Wall Street Journal, September 17,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443864204577619082194372886.html) But now AND

there is agreement across the political spectrum that the gas tax is broken oil rather than gasoline.

using technology to track drivers' actual mileage and taxing

Luxembourg CP

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The Banque Central du Luxembourg should substantially increase its investment in transportation infrastructure bonds in the United States. They can do that Iceland Pension Funds 10 (Press Release from the Icelandic Pension Funds Association, May 31st 2010, Icelandic Pension
Funds contribute to the removal of Capital Controls by buying bonds from the Central Bank for ISK 88 billion, http://ll.is/files/bchgaajfff/Press_Release_31.05.2010.pdf)

Icelandic Pension Funds contribute to the removal of Capital Controls by buying bonds
AND was the largest non-residents' holder of bonds in Icelandic Krna.

T Cards

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a. Interpretation Government is all three branches
Blacks Law 90 (Dictionary, p. 695)
*Government] In the U nited S tates, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.

b. Violation YOU ARE NOT EVEN AN AGENCY Snyder 2012 (Michael, Business Insider, 10 Things That Every American Should Know About the Federal Reserve, February 09, 2012,
http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-02-09/wall_street/31040431_1_interest-rates-big-banks-member-banks) #1 The Federal Reserve System Is A Privately Owned Banking Cartel

The Federal Reserve

....

AND
,

all you have to do is go to the Federal Reserve website

2NC Overview
Questions of financing mechanisms are an entirely different lit base Brennan, 96 [1996, Brennan, T. J. Balancing present costs and future benefits, in National
Research Council, Financing Tomorrows Infrastructure: Challenges and Issues, Proceedings of a Colloquium, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 7 20, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5304&page=13]

Dr.

Brennan discussed the key public policy issue in infrastructure investment, i.

AND although not the most essential issue, may indeed matter a great deal.

B. Its a different debate entirely Chan, et al, 09 [March 2009, Chris Chan, Danny, Forwood, Heather Roper, Chris Sayers, Public Infrastructure Financing: An
International Perspective, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/86930/public-infrastructure-financing.pdf]

The provision of public infrastructure involves interrelated activities of investment, funding and financing AND costs, the central efficiency issue is which vehicle best manages project risk.

AT: Board of governers

Just because the federal government appoints members doesnt mean it controls the bank
Zarlenga [a2] 2/11/08 (Stephen, Former Executive Committee Member of the American Institute for Economic Research, Economist Who
First Refuted Mengers Theory of the Origin of Money, Director of The American Monetary Institute, an Independent Study of Monetary History, Theory, and Reform, Is the Federal Reserve System a Governmental or a Privately controlled organization? http://www.monetary.org/is-the-federal-reserve-system-a-governmental-or-a-privately-controlled-organization/2008/02)

Well examine evidence in the Federal Reserve legislation; in how the Fed operates;
AND

for money is not issued by our government, but by private banks.

The Board of Governors is independent of the federal government

AmosWEB 13 ([a3] AmosWEB, Economic Encyclopedia, Board Of Governors, Federal Reserve
System, http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=Board+of+Governors,+Federal+Reserve+System)

The composition and structure of the Board of Governors is designed, like the rest
AND Agency, who are charged with carrying out the policies of the President.

they have to win that the Federal Reserve falls under one of the 3 branches of government
USCOA 82 [a4] (United States Court of Appeals, Lewis v. United States, 680 F.2d 1239 (1982), No. 80-5905)
It is clear from this that in some circumstances, the

Federal Reserve Bank can

AND
voluntarily submit to a complete audit, and every time, it refuses.

The Board of Governors falls under the FOMC which is part of the Federal Reserve System, not the USfg
Board of Governors 9/14/12 (Board of Governors of The Federal Reserve System, What is the FOMC and when does it
meet?http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_12844.htm)

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the monetary policymaking body of the AND
discussions, and contribute to the assessment of the economy and policy options.

The Board of Governors is legally independent of the federal government

Amos 13 (AmosWEB, Economic Encyclopedia, Board Of Governors, Federal Reserve System, http://www.amosweb.com/cgibin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=Board+of+Governors,+Federal+Reserve+System)

The composition and structure of the Board of Governors is designed, like the rest
AND Agency, who are charged with carrying out the policies of the President.

AT: Independent Within Government

Links to our limits DA anything associated with the government becomes topical
Zarlenga [a5] 2/11/08 (Stephen, Former Executive Committee Member of the American Institute for Economic Research, Economist Who
First Refuted Mengers Theory of the Origin of Money, Director of The American Monetary Institute, an Independent Study of Mo netary History, Theory, and Reform, Is the Federal Reserve System a Governmental or a Privately controlled organization? http://www.monetary.org/is-the-federal-reserve-system-a-governmental-or-a-privately-controlled-organization/2008/02)

Wed suggest the phrase independent within the government is much too ambiguous and has the effect of conveying great power while avoiding responsibility.

6) The Federal Reserve Banks are not listed as government organizations on any directory
Zarlenga [a1] 2/11/08 (Stephen, Former Executive Committee Member of the American Institute for Economic Research, Economist Who
First Refuted Mengers Theory of the Origin of Money, Director of The American Monetary Institute, an Independent St udy of Monetary History, Theory, and Reform, Is the Federal Reserve System a Governmental or a Privately controlled organization? http://www.monetary.org/is-the-federal-reserve-system-a-governmental-or-a-privately-controlled-organization/2008/02)

Private ownership does not guarantee private control they can be two different things. AND as government organizations by the telephone companies, a small but telling fact.

Its not even owned by the federal government

Martin 95 (Harry, The Federal Reserve Bank, http://dmc.members.sonic.net/sentinel/naij2.html) With the advent of the Federal Reserve a new currency was issued - Federal Reserve AND of money. The Federal Reserve is technically owned by the commercial banks.

Not part of the government AMI, 08 (American Monetary Institute, Is the Federal Reserve System a Governmental or a Privately controlled organization? February
11, 2008,http://www.monetary.org/is-the-federal-reserve-system-a-governmental-or-a-privately-controlled-organization/2008/02)

It will be clear from the following points that the Fed is definitely not part

AND as government organizations by the telephone companies, a small but telling fact.

2NC Financing
Investment requires capital expenditure Anderson 6 (Edward, Lecturer in Development Studies University of East Anglia, et al., The Role of
Public Investment in Poverty Reduction: Theories, Evidence and Methods, Overseas Development Institute Working Paper 263, March, http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/1786.pdf)
1.3 Definitions

We define (net) public investment as public expenditure that adds to the AND
1995; Sahn and Younger, 2000; and World Bank, 2002).

public

Quantitative easing isnt capital expenditure Wadsworth, 12 Mark, Senior Writer for Zimbio, Quantitative Easing does NOT increase the deficit or the total National Debt,
http://www.zimbio.com/Quantitative+Easing/articles/z-0ESaI0oKx/Quantitative+Easing+NOT+increase+deficit+total x. On that final point, what

really annoys me is the notion that AND economy"? No neither, it's had no impact on the economy whatsoever.

The bonds would be issued by the states and be expenditure from the stateyour solvency advocate
China Daily 8/17, Lau, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/201208/17/content_15682382.htm
One possibility is for the

Fed, in its next round of bond buying,

AND
e.g., salaries of the state government employees) per se.

AT: oversight
No oversight Federal Reserve, 12 (Who owns the Federal Reserve? March 30, 2012,
http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm) As the nation's central bank, the Federal Reserve derives its authority from the Congress AND the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms.

Politics Links

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Obama is the Velcro president all agency action links.
Nicholas and Hook 10. (Peter and Janet, Staff Writers LA Times, Obama the Velcro president, LA Times, 730, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730/3) If Ronald Reagan was the classic Teflon president, Barack Obama AND

is made of Velcro

the face of the oil spill. The buck stops with his office."

The President still has to spend capital in congress

Taylor 96 Director Natural Resource studies, Cato Institute [Jerry, Congressional Testimony,
p.http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-jt091296.html]
Another problem with the theory of agency expertise is the assumption that agencies are sufficiently AND to pressure agencies, members of Congress are largely free from electoral accountability .

And, rollback Congress will reverse policies it hasnt approved

Seidenfeld 01 Professor of Law, Florida State University (Mark Politics and Policy: Presidential
Administrations and Administrative Law: The Pyschology of Accountability and Political Review of Agency Rules 51 Duke L.J. 1059, December 2001)
Our constitutional democracy seems wedded, at least in theory, to legislative supremacy. AND

to programs that the agency has implemented that the legislature does not condone.

Agency actions cost political capital in Congress

Choo 2000 Professor of Law Yale Law [Robert, Summer 2000, Rutgers Law Review ]
Negotiation is as much a matter of power as it is of technique, principle AND to consider utilizing alternative procedures such as reg neg in the first place.

Taking a position costs capital

Shull & Shaw 99 - Research Prof of Poli Sci @ U New Orleans & Survey Specialist at the National
Opinion Research Corporation [Steven & Thomas, Explaining Congressional-Presidential Relations, p. 135-136] Position taking is measured as the number of times the president takes a position on AND reputation and thereby also affect his ability to influence legislators in future situations.

Taking a position on an issue costs capital mobilizes the minority

Klein, 10 columnist for Newsweek, former associate editor for The American Prospect (Ezra, 1/25.
How presidents polarize. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezraklein/2010/01/how_presidents_polarize.html)

The figure atop this post comes from Frances Lee's "Beyond Ideology," and it AND

agenda, they still focus on it in order to destroy his presidency.