Experiment No: __

STUDY OF UNIFORM FLOW FORMULAE IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Object:

To study uniform flow formulae for open channel using Mannings formula.

Theory:
The flow is said to be uniform when the properties of flow remain unchanged with respect to distance. The main characteristics of uniform flow are1. The depth, area of flow, velocity and discharge remain constant at all cross sections of the channel. 2. The energy line, the free water surface and bottom of the channel are parallel to each other. Therefore the slope of the energy line Se, the slope of water surface Sw and the bed slope So are equal. Many uniform flow formulae have been developed to find out the mean velocity of flow for turbulent uniform flow in open channel. These are known as Uniform Flow Formulae. The most widely used formulae are the Chezys and Mannings formulae. For the present experiment Mannings Formula is to be used. Mannings Formula: V= Where, n = Mannings roughness coefficient with dimensions. R = Hydraulic radius S = Bed slope

Apparatus: A tilting flume set up. Details of Apparatus:

The apparatus consists of a 6.0 m long tilting flume of 0.30 m width and 0.45 m depth. The depth of flow is to be measured with a calibrated scale mounted on a trolley. Screw jack is fixed on the downstream end of the flume to adjust the slope. Discharge is to be measured with the help of orificemeter with Cd = 0.65 and 30.0 mm diameter. A differential manometer is used to measure pressure head.

Procedure:
1. Set the channel at a suitable positive bed slope (So) and measure it. 2. Open the inlet valve of water supply and allow the flow in the flume. 3. Achieve steady and uniform flow in the flume. 4. Measure the depth of flow with the gauging scale. 5. Repeat the procedure width different bed slopes and different discharges.

Observations:
1. Width of tilting flume B = 0.30 m 2. Length of tilting flume = 6.00 m 3. Coefficient of discharge of orificemeter, Cd = 0.65

Observation table:
Sr No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Slope of the channel (dy/dx) Depth of flow in channel y (m) Manometer Readings m of water h= h1 h2 (h2-h1) Discharge Q m3/s

Calculation Table:
Sr No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q m3/s A (b x y) m2 P (2y + b) m V (Q/A) m/s R2/3 S1/2 C= n= R2/3S1/2 V Avg value of n

Graphs:
1. Q vs C 2. Q vs n 3. C vs n

Results:
1. Average value of Chezys Constant, C = . 2. Average value of Mannings constant, n = .

Conclusion:
1. Value of Chezys coefficient increases with increase in discharge. 2. Mannings coefficient decreases with increase in discharge. 3. There is inverse relation between C and n.