QUANTUM COMPUTING

1. HISTORY: 1970: the beginning of quantum information theory 1980: Yuri Manin set forward the idea of quantum computations 1981: Richard Feynman proposed to use quantum computing to model quantum systems. He also describe theoretical model of quantum computer 1985: David Deutsch described first universal quantum computer 1994: Peter Shor developed the first algorithm for quantum computer (factorization into primes) 1996: Lov Grover developed an algorithm for search in unsorted database 1998: the first quantum computers on two qubits, based on NMR (Oxford; IBM, MIT, Stanford) 2000: quantum computer on 7 qubits, based on NMR (Los-Alamos) 2001: 15 = 3 x 5 on 7- qubit quantum comp. by IBM 2005-2006: experiments with photons; quantum dots; fullerenes and nanotubes as "particle traps" 2007: D-Wave announced the creation of a quantum computer on 16 qubits

2. INTRODUCTION: A quantum computer is a machine that performs calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics, which is the behavior of particles at the subatomic level. A quantum computer is a computation device that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors. Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), quantum

computation uses quantum properties to represent data and perform operations on these data.

3. WHAT IS QUANTUM COMPUTING? Quantum computing represents information with devices that may be in one or the other of two distinct states. Wave functions define the states in the case of quantum computing. A qubits states can be identified with zero and one, and their wave functions written as 0 and 1. Quantum computing draws its fascinating power from aspects of quantum mechanics that resemble nothing in classical physics. In addition to being in state 0 or state 1, a qubit also can be in a combination of the two called a superposition: = a0+ b1 The coefficients a and b may be selected from the complex number domain, restricted only by the normalization condition a + b = 1.
2 2

3.1.

Quantum Computers: Quantum computers, which have not been built yet, would be based on the strange principles of quantum mechanics, in which the smallest particles of light and matter can be in different places at the same time. In a quantum computer, one "qubit" - quantum bit - could be both 0 and 1 at the same time. So with three qubits of data, a quantum computer could store all eight combinations of 0 and 1 simultaneously. That means a three-qubit quantum computer could calculate eight times faster than a three-bit digital computer. Typical personal computers today calculate 64 bits of data at a time. A quantum computer with 64 qubits would be 2 to the 64th power faster, or about 18 billion billion times faster. n physical bits can store one of 2n numbers at any time.

n qubits can store all 2n numbers at once

4. WHY USE QUANTUM COMPUTING? Many practical problems require too much time if we attempt to solve them on usual computers. For example, it takes more than the age of the Universe to factor a 1000-digits number into primes! The increase of processor speed slowed down because of limitations of existing technologies, quantum computers can provide "truly" parallel computations and operate with huge data sets.

5. WHERE IT IS USED? 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. Chemistry Physics Nanotechnology Business & Commerce Biology & Medicine Material Science & Engineering

6. ADVANTAGES: The advantages of quantum computing are as follows: 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. Could process massive amounts of complex data. Ability to solve scientific and commercial problems. Process data in a much faster speed.

6.4.

Capability to convey more accurate answers.

7. DISADVANTAGES: The disadvantages of quantum computing are as follows: 7.1. Security and Privacy Issues

7.1.1. Ability to crack down password (s) 7.1.2. Capability to break every level of encryption 7.2. Moral, ethical, social, and economic issues

7.2.1. Growing too much dependency on machines 7.2.2. Advanced technology falling into evil hands 7.2.3. Economic division: who can/cannot afford technology

8. LIMITATIONS: 8.1. Decoherence

8.1.1. Quantum system is extremely sensitive to external environment, so it should be safely isolated 8.1.2. It is hard to achieve the decoherence time that is more than the algorithm running time 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. Error correction (requires more qubits!) Physical implementation of computations New quantum algorithms to solve more problems Entangled states for data transfer

9. REFERENCES:

Bardram, J. E., Designing for the Dynamics of Cooperative Work Activities in Intl Journal Proc. of the 1998 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Seattle, Washington, USA, ACM Press, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 27-48, aug 2012. ssen, C. (2002): The parameters of Common Information Spaces: the Heterogeneity of coop-erative Work at a Hospital Ward, Proceedings of the 2002 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Nov. 2002. ACM, pp.